You are on page 1of 8

rsdK;cspfpmqdkawmf tcsKyfwef;q&maz

&ef0if; (awmifwHcg;)
aw;rdwdkif; tdk;emonf trsdK;yg qJcsifayghav;?

tcsKyfwef;q&maz
1200-1256

tcsKyfwef;&yf udk tpJy+yD; tcsKyfwef;armifaz/ aemufawmh tcsKyfwef;q&maz &,fvdk


emrnfausmf=um;cJhwJh
rsdK;cspfpmqdkawmf}uD;u
udk,fhtrsdK;om;awudk
pnf;urf;Sdapcsifvef;vdk/
nD!wf=uapcsifvef;vdk tm;rvdk tm;r&jzpf+yD; a&;cJhwJh aw;xyfwyk'fudk owd&rd=uOD;rSmyg?
tcsKyfwef;q&maz u jrefrm ouU&mZf 1200jynfhESpfzm; tif;0Zmwdyg? q&maz &J rdcifu
obifonfrsdK;dk;jzpfygw,f? yk*Hrif;vufxufrSm toHk;awmfcHpma&; tjzpf tr_xrf;wJh zcif OD;a&muf
eJtwlwl tr&yl&r udk rdom;pk vdkufygcJh=uw,f?
yk*Hrif; eef;us+yD; rif;wkef;rif; eef;wufawmh yk*Hrif; vufxufu tr_xrf;aw tem;,l&wJhtxJrSm
OD;a&muf vnf;ygcJhw,f? q&mazwdk rdom;pku tcsKyftvkyfynmwwfurf;=uawmh pm;0wfaea&;twuf
q&maz i,fpOfuwnf;u rdom;pk eJh 'dk;wlaygifzuf vkyfudkif pm;aomufcJh&w,f?
rif;wkef;rif;}uD;u rEav;ropfwnfwJhtcg/ tr&yl&r u vdkufygajymif;acsifwJh rol rom;awudk
vkyfief;csif; wl&m/ wl&m tvdkuf/ tpkaw/ &yfuufaw/ 0if;}uD;awrSm ae&mcsxm;ay;cJhw,f? 'DaetxdyJ/
rEWav;r&J&yfuufawudk wef;/ 0if;/ &yf/ pk vdkac:ygao;w,f?
pdwW&r[D vdk ac:wJh rEav;r usHK;awmifzufxdyfu tcsKyfwef; udk q&maz wdk rdom;pk ajymif;a
aexdkifygw,f? q&mazeJrdom;pku b0&yfwnfa&;twuf tyfcsKyftvkyfawudk vkyfudkifpm;=u&olawrdk/
tcsKyfwef;rSm ae&m&ygw,f? tcsKyfwef; qdkwm tyfcsKyfonfaw aewJh &yfuufyg? tyfcsKyfwef; vdkvnf;
ac:ygw,f? jrif;ukef;ESD;wef; vdkvnf;ac:ygw,f?
0goemygwJh pmay udkvnf; wzufu a&;aeawmh/ q&maz &Jpmawudk vludufrsm;vmw,f?
tcsKyfwef;&yf udktpJy+yD; tcsKyfwef;armifaz/ 'Daemufawmh tcsKyfwef;q&maz vdk emrnfausmfcJhw,f?
q&maz &Jpmawu av;csdK; eJ aw;xyfawyJrsm;w,f? Zmwfpmawa&;wmrSm ajymifajrmufavawmh
ZmwfynmSif todkif;t0dkif;rSm ausmf=um;cJh+yD; touf 20 t,fuwnf;u i,fi,f,f,feJ q&m
emrnfwyfjyD; tac:cHcJh&olygyJ?
Zmwfpmawta&;rsm;+yD; bk&ifuvnf; odyf+yD; rarmufpm;vdk q&maz &J pmawu acwfydifpmqdk
pavOD;ykn &J pmawavmuf vlodrrsm;cJhyg? q&maz u pmqdk yifzuf pavOD;ykn xuf touf 10
ESpfi,fygw,f? pavOD;ykn udk rif;wkef;rif;}uD;uyJ q&mOD;ykn vdkac:avhSdygowJh? aemufawmhrSom
pavq&m OD;ykn vdkac:vm=uw,fvdk rSwfom;zl;ygw,f?

b,feJa&;wJh armifykwfpnf/ qefwjynf aw;wyk'f vdk pmqdkSd+yD;/ i,femrnf armifykwfpnf vdkac:wJ


pavq&mOD;ykn uawmh bk&ifhajrmufpm;cH&olyDyD tqifajycJhw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm q&mazuawmh
tvkyfrsdK;pHkatmif vkyfudkifpm;cJh&w,f?
pmpyf pmqdk yifzufjzpfvmawmh pavOD;ykn eJ q&maz wdk wOD;eJwOD;tay: udk,f&nfao;wJhpmaw/
wzufom;udk EdSrfhcs uJh&JwJh pmaw tjyeftvSefa&;=uw,f? 'gayr,fh q&maz &J pmawrSm *rRa'go
udkaSmif+yD;a&;avhSdwmudkaw&ygw,f?
cg;awmif;usdKuf ydwkef;ydwfu,fESifh usHK;xdyfu iaz/ ukef;jydwW wap> vdk toa& [dwfErf;?

pavOD;ykn

vlyHkoef a&m aewJht&yfygrusefatmif/ pmqdkyifzuf pavOD;ykn &J &ifh&ifhoD;oD;


pmcsdK;wmudkcHcJ&ygw,f? ruQ&mrif;om;qDrSm ykqdk; cg;awmif;usdKuf eJ q&maz "g;xrf;jyD; taqmifudkif
tjzpf tr_xrf;aewmudkjrifwJhtcg pmqdkyifzuf pavOD;ykn u tcsufaumif;,l+yD; cg;awmif;usdKuf eJ
q&maz&JyHkudkaz:+yD; EdSrfhcs vdk pmzJvdkufwmygyJ? vltrsm; av;pm; =unfndK tm;udk;=uwJh ruQ&mrif;om;
qDrSm q&maz tr_xrf;wmuawmh rif;om;udk =unfndK&if;pJSd+yD; cH,lcsufcsif;vnf;wlnDvdk jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
q&maz&J kyf&nfu
vlacsmvlvSwOD; r[kwfayr,hf pavOD;ykn pmcsdK;oavmufawmh
tkyfrqdk;vSbl;vdk oltquftE,fawu tpOftqufajymcJh=uw,f? eef;wif;yef;csDq&m}uD;
OD;apmarmif qJcJhwJh yHkwlwckuvJ&if oufaojyp&mawmhrSd=uyg?

tcsKyfwef;q&maz
1200-1256

yef;csD-OD;&Jaomif; okyfaz: a&;qJw,f?


q&maz eJ pavOD;ykn wdk tjyeftvSef pmpyf=u pmcsdK;=u+yD;/ uAsmwdkufyJ jzpfvm&wJh
ta=umif;&if;uawmh/ emrnfausmf ,if;awmfrav;ZmwfrSm tqdkydkifvSwJh ,if;awmfrav; qdkvdkufvdk

emrnfodyf}uD;om;wJh q&maz &J =uifaz:uJ av;csdK; idkcsif;wyk'fudk OD;ykn u pmajymif uAsmavSmif


zsufa&;wmupygw,f?
onfb0 onfr#eJwef&ay?
aemifb0aomfrS/ armifvSudkydkvdkcspfr,f/ rsdK;ppfwJhaq?
Ak'<a[ anmifauJozef;?
yifh0wfu,f !mwHaurS/ vJao=upwrf;? ?

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

tJ'D q&maz &J emrnfausmf =uifaz:uJ av;csdK; udk OD;ykn zsufa&;wJh pmajymif uAsmavSmif u tifrwef
*rRa'go oifhaew,f? q&mazuawmh dkif;vdkufavu,fvdkom qdkygowJh? tJ'D =um;&ol Sufpz,f
pmajymif uAsmavSmifudk emrnf}uD; kyfao;q&m ODomaAsm u qdkvdkufjyefawmh/ y&dwfowftrsm;
cspfcifwJh ,if;awmfrav; eJ q&maz &J trsm;udufwJhpmudkyg rz,fr&m vkyfrd&ma&mufom;w,f?
tJ'DrSmwifyJ/ pmaumif;udk zsuf&rvm;vdk y&dwfowfu pdwfraumif;jzpf=u+yD;/ uAsmavSmifoDcsif;udk
qdkrdwJh kyfao;q&m ODomaAsm vnf; emrnfusqif;om;cJhygawmhw,f? OD;ykn eJ q&maz wdk ESpfOD;pvHk;&J
pmawudkoHk;aewJh ,if;awmfrav; uvnf; OD;ykn qDu bmpmudkrS xyf+yD;rawmif;awmhyg?
trsm;jynfolawu
arwWmxm;vdk =unfndK=uwJholudk eifyJiq rapmfum;rd=uapzdk oifcef;pm
,lp&mygyJ? q&mazu rdkif;yg? 'DavmufyJjyefa&;cJhygw,f?
uAsmavSmif eab aw;udk/ q&ma,mif pav u a&;w,fwJhAsm/ aw;qoifha=umif;?

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

q&maz &J pmawudk zwf=unfh&if refusnf;ufuav;aw tpDt&D txyfxyfaeovdkrdk/ refusnf;ufxyf


tajcygwJh eab vdkac:wJh um&ef udk EdkifEdkifeif;eif;oHk;xm;wmudkaw&ygvdrfhr,f?
ESpfw&m/ cspfSmoifholrdk/ opPmESifhrufr,f/ arwWmjzifh yEMuf,fw,f / wouf0,f,Hkwrf;?
nHkawmf tajcysufapzdk/ avufeJqJum/ ay&ufayh ykvJ!m&,f/ uJygayhbk&m;?

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

tJ'Dvdk refusnf;ufxyf eab eJ arwWmbJawa&;cJhw,f? EkEk tvStyaw a&;wJh pmqdk


jzpfayr,fhfvnf;/ wcsdefusawmh awmfvSefwJhpmqdkb0udka&mufcJhw,f? *rRa'go udkaSmifavhSdwJh q&maz
vnf; udk,fhtrsdK;om;aw aumif;apcsifwJh apwemeJ cyf=urf;=urf;/ xdxdrdrd pmawa&;vmcJh&awmhw,f?
usL;ausmfvmwJh e,fcsJudkawmfvSefzdku rsdK;cspfaw&J b0ay;wm0efjzpfw,fvdk cH,lxm;olawrSmawmh/
jrefrmjynf wjynfvHk; e,fcsJvufatmufudk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; rusa&mufcifuwnf;u/ enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ
e,fcsJudk qefusifaecJh=u+yD? q&maz vnf; uavmifvufeuf udk udkifpJvdk wzufwvrf;u yg0ifcJw,f?
e,fcsJ&J uvdrfunpf tusifhqdk;awukd az:xkwfaxmufjycJhw,f? Zmwdao; Zmwdrmefawwufu=uzdk
v_HaqmfcJhw,f?

jrifuef;/ jrif;ckefwdkif ta&;tcif;jzpfawmh/ uavmifudkifHkwifruyJ/ "g;ygudkifcJh&w,f? ruQ&mrif;om; u


rif;wkef;rif; udk u,fwifwJtcgrSm aemufyg;u vdkufygcJhw,f?/ uaemifrif;&Jom;awmf/ ywdrf;pm;
olykefxwJhtcg
yvdyfppfa=umif;twdkif;/
anmif&rf;rif;om;&Jwyfu
olykefwyfawudk
Sif;vif;wJhtcgrSmvnf; yg0ifwdkufckdufchJw,f?
rif;wkef;rif;vufxufrSm tdENd, bk&ifcHcsKyf vmvnfawmh rif;trdefeJ &efukefr udk q&mazeJ
,if;awmfrav; wdku om;+yD; udqdk azsmfajz&w,f? tJ'DrSm jrefrmaw txftjrwfxm;wJh eef;oHk;
xD;jzLESpfvufrdk;+yD; bk&ifcHcsKyfudkudqdkwmjrifcJh&awmh/ rwef&mudk tvkyfcdkif;&rvm;vdk oHk;cifhywJhbk&ifudkyg
pdwfem+yD;jyefcJh&w,f?
aemufwv=umawmh
tJ'Dbk&ifcHcsKyfvnf;
ydkbvJ
qdyfurf;rrSm
tusOf;pcef;wckudk
ppfaq;aewkef;/
tusOf;om;wOD;&JvufcsufeJu,fvefw,f?
q&mazu
wjynfvHk;ausmfwJh aw;xyfwyk'fa&;cJhw,f?
ydwfSm+yD ZD0d/ bkef;rwef bkef;wef}uHw,f/ qHk;kyferf om;aygh 0DZd/ rif;wkwk ac;ao ao/

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

tJ'Daw;xyfudk b,favmufvludufrsm;ovnf;qdk&if/ ZmwftzJawu rdp>maumif "g;xdk;Zmwf


emrnfwyfvdk Zmwfvrf;qif+yD; qdk=u/ yJu=uwJhtxdygyJ? aw;xyf&J xl;jcm;csufu aw;xyfvdkqdkcsifqdk/
'grSr[kwf AHkaxmufoH eJ 0dkif;zJ+yD;qdkvdkvnf;&atmifa&;xm;wmygyJ?
ausmfvef;ru ausmfvmawmh/ e,fcsJ t&mSdawu rcHcsdrcHomjzpf=u+yD;/ pma&;wJholudk ta&;,lyg/
yJawrSmvnf; rujyapygeJ qdk+yD; twdkifcH&ygava&m? aemufqufwJ &v'fuawmh bk&ifcHcsKyf udk
oduQmusapwJhpm a&;wJhtr_eJ q&maz tusOf;uscH&avw,f? atmufjrefrmjynfudkodrf;xm;wJh
e,fcsJusL;ausmfol udk txufjrefrmjynf bk&ifu rsufESmomay;+yD; r[mrdwfvkyfae&csdefqdkawmh/
tus,ftus,f r+idrf;z,f rjzpfapcsifwma=umifh udk,fvludk udk,fwdkifta&;,l&wmrsdK; jzpfEdkifayr,fh/
q&maz crsm ESpfcgem&jyefawmhw,f?
aw;xyfwyk'fudk tcsKyfxJrSma&;+yD;/ rdwfaq&if; +AJwdkufpma&; OD;xef;0 uwqifh/ awdkuf0efrif;
aqmif=uOf;ay;vdk rif;wkef;rif;}uD;u =um;em&w,f?
orkwdtwuf i0ufu '%fcH/
txufu twefwefudk aeef;pHrod/
Spf ckESpf awmifrsufESmwif/ ruQ&mrif;ESifhygSd/
yvdyfa=umif; atmifyef;ac armifxrf;acsapbd/
anmif&rf; aq&0du/ yuwd oufao/
&efolawmf abdkbm;/ azudk,fpm; wdkufcJh&ay/
,ckjzifh aumif;arvefw,f/ qdk;arcH xdyfwkH;ESifhav;?

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

tJ'Daw;xyfa=umifh q&maz tcsKyfuvwfcJh&ygawmhw,f? tcsKyfu vwfapwJh aw;xyfqdk+yD;


ausmf=um;cJhjyefw,f? r=umcifrSmyJ/ rif;wkef;rif;}uD;&J avomaqmifrSm taqmifawmf+rJ &mxl;eJ
tr_xrf;cifh&cJhw,f?
q&maz&J ykqdk; cg;awmif;usdKuf ta=umif; &,forf;ao;cJhzl;wJh pavOD;ykn uawmh jrifuef;/ jrif;ckefwdkif
rif;om;awudk tcgay;wJhtr_eJ &mZ0wfoifh+yD;/ acwW xdef;odrf;xm;cH&wkef;/ refOD;omtdk; vufxJrSm
vludkac;owfvdk b0qHk;cJh&Smw,f? pmqdkyifzufcsif;jzpfcJhayr,fh/ b0wl pmayynmSifwOD;udk/
rvdkrkef;xm; trsufym;wmoufoufa=umifh tqHk;pD&ifvdkufwJhtcsufudk q&mazu rauseyfEdkifcJhyg?
udk,fhxuf
tiftm;}uD;olqdkawmhvnf;
eD;&m"g;udka=umuf&vdk
jyefrajymomwJhta=umif;udk
a&;jyvdkufygao;w,f?
[kwfovdk jyefrrufombl;/ wkwfwjyuf "g;yg/ kwfw&uf jcm;rumonf/ tem;rSm vufiif;/
owd eJynmudk/ pOfrum rSefxm;rS/ &efyg;rnfhcktcg/ aESmbdkoifhpm/
oabmvdkuf rajymomonf/ a,mq&m vkyfprf;csifhav;?

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

oDaygbk&if vufxufa&mufjyefawmhvnf;/ oDaygbk&if tkyfcsKyfa&;&J tm;aysmhwJh tcsufawudk q&maz


u jrifayr,fh rajymomcJhjyefyg?
jrefrmaw pnf;urf;azguf/ xD;eef;aysmufjzpfjyD/

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

1247 ckESpf jzpfygw,f? vmacs+yD? e,fcsJoabFmaw vm=u+yD? uif;0efrif;}uD;OD;aumif; u


oDaygbk&ifudkeef;cs+yD;/ anmif&rf;rif;om; udk eef;wifzdk wdwfwqdwf t}uH}uD;}uD;eJ pDpOfcJhwJhtwdkif;/
rckcH&/ ckcHv#if olykef vdktrdefxkwfxm;awmh/ oabFmOD;rSm anmif&rf;rif;om; udk wifvmwJh
e,fcsJoabFmaw jrif;+cHtxd aESmuft,SufrSd a&mufvmw,f? oabFm OD;rSmygvmwmu
anmif&rf;rif;om; twkjzpfaew,f? anmif&rf;rif;om; tppfu umvuwWm;rrSm u,fvefcJh+yD?
OD;aumif;vdrfxkwf/ oDaygywf vdkqdkayr,fh uif;0efrif;}uD;OD;aumif;
udk,fwdkifvnf;
e,fcsJusL;ausmfol&J
tvdrfrdcJhavw,f?
e,fcsJusL;ausmfolu
npf^m%feJ
rvdrfhwywf
vkyfvmwma=umifh tidkufrdom;cJh=u&jyefygw,f?
aemufusacs+yD? ausmcsvdk "g;jyrSef;od+yD qdkayr,fh aemufqHk;taeeJ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymurf;usifwJh
ausmufajrmif;0ef udk apvwf+yD; ppfajy+idrf;zdkta&; awmif;yefwJhtcg/ &wemyHkr}uD;udk odrf;zdkppfcsDvmwJh
AdkvfcsKyfu tcsKdowf+yD;/ vufeufomcsyg/ bk&ifcHcsKyf udkajymay;r,fvdk qdk+yD; ppfcsD+rJcsDvmw,f? 'DvdkeJyJ
oDaygbk&if e,fcsJvufudkygcJhw,f?
vufeufukef tyfESH o v#ifjzifh/ cifhvdk&m awmif;yef yghr,fvdk/ csdKvSpm ^m%feDpufwmrdk/ cifhvdk&m
,lapvdkrufrdw,f/ wefcdk;ysufb,f trSm;ayy/ rsdK;ueufE,fzm;?

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

oDaygbk&if udk tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufvmwJh wdkif;wyg;tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd q&maz u uavmif vufeufeJ quf+yD;


wdkufyJ0ifcJhw,f? tm%mudk rw&m;,lxm;wJh wdkif;wyg; e,fcsJtkyfcsKyfolawu wdkif;jynf&J o,HZmw
tqDtESpfawudk pdwfwdkif;us ,lHkruyJ/ jrefrmjynfwjynfvHk;u wdkif;oljynfom;awudkvnf; tifrwef
&uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyftkyfcsKyfavawmh/ wdkif;jynftvHk; }udrfrD;tHk;yrm jzpfcJh&w,f?
jrwfaumZm vSpfqdkjy&rSmjzifh/ owfaZm'g tpfudkusumrS/
acwfndKSvS jrefrmajy/ (tdku,f) [pfidkp&mh tcgay/

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

aea&;xdkifa&;rSm vlwdkif; usyfusyfwnf;wnf;/ 0rf;pmudkvnf; qif;qif;&J&JeJ Smazpm;aomufcJh=u&w,f?


zwfvlrsdK; rcsrf;omonf/ 0rf;pmyif vufylwdkufygvdk/ rsufjzLqdkuf wudef;qif/ +idrf;zdkrjrif/

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

tm%meJ rw&m; zdESdyftkyfcsKyfwJh e,fcsJvufatmufrSm wdkif;jynfu r+idrfoufavawmh usD;vefpmpm;


jzpfae=u&wJhtxJ/ awmrD;avmif/ awma=umif vufcarmif;cwf qdkovdk rsdK;zsufawuvnf; a&epfol udk
0g;ulvdkxdk;=ujyefw,f?
armfbdk&m vrf;rSdygbl;/ rSef;uwdqkwfum/ qef;uvd,kwftcgrSm/ r[kwfwmyifhvif;/
oabmajzmifh a&vdkuf}uHv#if/ aiydkufqH Sm;wJhacwfwif;/
rkom;udk tajymoefonf/ raemuHysuf,if;/

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

rdkufraemf yra[;wdku/ olyax;awmh ac;odkra[mif/ ajyma&m[Jh &mZ0ifajymifatmif/

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

bHk&efol e,fcsJ udk awmh wdkufxkwfypfzdk rud;pm;yJ/ rsufESmrJ tcsif;csif; tdk;rnf;okwfcsif=uwJh olawudk
tJ'Dwkef;u awmifyHeD vdkac:w,f? tJ'DacwfrSmoHk;wJh a'gif;kyfwHqyd feJ &wemyHka'gif;'*Fg;awudk
aiom;tppfrsm;rsm;/ a=u;eDuenf;enf; eJ a&mpyf+yD; oef;xm;w,f? tppfudkwk+yD; twkvkyfxm;wJh
'*Fg;awrSm aiuenf;enf;/ a=u;eDursm;rsm; qdkawmh r=umcifrSmyJ a'gif;kyf&J tawmifyHawu t&ifqHk;
a=u;eDa&mifaway:vmw,f?
awmifyHaweDvmw,f?
awmifyHeD'*Fg;
vdkac:=uw,f?
trsdK;rppfwJh'*Fg;awaygh? aemufawmh awmifyHeD qdkwm udk,hftrsdK;udk udk,frcspfwJh vlqdk; vlnpfawudk
ac:wJhpum;vHk;tjzpf oHk;cJh=uw,f?

jrefrmouU&mZf 1214 ckESpfu &wemykH a'gif;'*Fg;

&ef0if; (awmifwHcg;) pkaqmif;w,f?

q&maz u &rnf;oif; v,f0efa[mif; Adkvfxef;/ Adkvfat;/ t&yf&yfrSmdSwJh tiftm;pkaweJyl;aygif;+yD;


e,fcsJawmfvSefa&;awvkyfaecJhw,f?
awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawuvnf;
e,fcsJtkyfcsKyfolaw&J
acsr_ef;wmudk cHae&awmh wjznf;jznf;eJ tiftm;awenf;vmcJh=u&w,f?
aemufqHk;rSmawmh e,fcsJawmfvSefa&;udk OD;aqmifOD;ufvkyfaewJhtxJu 0ef;odkapmfbm;}uD; vnf;
wkwfjynfe,fpyfzufqDudk ajymif;aom;cJhw,f? jrifpdkif;rif;om; u ausmufqnfzufudkxufom;w,f?
=unfhjrifwdkifrif;om; u awmifwif;}uD;zufudkxufom;jyefw,f? apmfbm; eJ rif;om;aw u
aemufygaweJtwl aSmifwdrf;om;avawmh/ q&maz vnf; tm;avsmhom;cJh&jyefawmhw,f?
rd ypfvdk z aSmifaoonf/ *aumifaw ac;jzpfayghAsdK;/

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

cifrif&if;pJSdwJ Srf;jynfu oHk;q,fapmfbm; qDudk om;rSjzpfr,f? enf;vrf;Sm+yD; e,fcsJ udk


qufvdkawmfvSef=updkqdk+yD;/ rdwfaq&if; +AJwdkufpma&;a[mif; OD;xef;0 eJ q&maz wdk 1251 ckESpfrSm
Srf;jynfudk ajymif;acJh=uw,f? 'DvdkeJ oHk;q,fapmfbm; qDrSm uef;cdkvdk vrf;yef;tqufto,f
raumif;vSwhJ Srf;jynfw0dkuf pnf;Hk;a&;qif;=u&w,f? waerSm udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;wdkif;jynf
jyefvnfxlaxmifzdk ar#mfrSef; ud;pm;aecJh=uw,f? ta&;awmfyHk u vnf;/ atmifyef;qifzdk&m
ar#mfrSef;xm;wmeJ tvSrf;a0;oxuf a0;aecJhjyefw,f?
q&maz Srf;jynfa&mufwm ig;ESpfavmuf t=umrSmawmh 1256 o}uFefuscgeD;cJhjyefw,f? tat;rdvdk
awmfawmfyJ aeraumif;jzpf&mup+yD;/ 'DtcgrSmawmh q&maz twuf/ t+yD;wdkif acgif;cszdk&m
tcsdefa&mufcJh+yD? olcspfwJh/ ol ar#mfwdkif;a0;cJh&wJh/ ol&ifxJu &wemyHkareJ ajynfawmf jrefrmjynf}uD;
udk t+yD;wdkif cJcmcJh&avawmhw,f?
awmfvSefa&;udk tqHk;wdkif qufvkyfcifh&rom;avwJh rsdK;cspfpmqdkawmf}uD; tcsKyfwef;q&maz wa,muf/
wrvefb0rSmawmifrS aumov rif;}uD;&J tdyfrufrsdK;awudk quf+yD;awmhrsm; rufaeaumif;
rufaevdrfhr,fvm;vkd aw;rdcsifp&mygyJ?
wa,mufom; vJvdkaoao/ raxmufxm; qdk;m;acsonf/ rdk;cg;a& tukefaomufwmrdk/
,kHavmufzdk b,fol b,fol/ avmurjyL/ aumov pufaysmfol&,f/ rufawmfrl onfudef;xifhav;?

tcsKyfwef;q&maz

txl;aus;Zl;wifpmjzifh udk;um;jcif;
(1) tcsKyfwef;q&maz (OD;csrf;jr)/ 1977
(2) jrefrmpmayordkif; (OD;abarmifwif)/ jrefrm 1300 jynfhESpf

(3) e,fvSnfh&mZ0if (a'gufwm oef;xef;)/ y/ 'k/ w/ azaz:0g&D 2004


(4) anmif&rf;tvef (a'gufwmxifatmif)/
atmifoef; (rEWav;) jrefrmjyefonf/ atmufwdkbm 1973
(5) rEWav; (&wemykH bdk;rSwfpk)/ arv/ 2009
(6) tESpf 100jynfh rEWav; (audkif;om;)/ 'k t}udrf/ {+yDv 2007
(7) ukef;abmifSmyHkawmf (ndKjr)/ 1967
(8) ukef;abmifudkqefI (a'gufwmrwif0if;/ ynma&;wuUodkvf)/ 'DZifbm/ 2001

You might also like