Control & coordination

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported me during the writing of this prestigious powerpoint presentation. My deepest thanks to Lecturer, [Mrs. Harwinder mam] the Guide of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. She has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful people at my school & home for their full support.

Thanx mam, frnz. & students mam, frnz.

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Bibliography
All the information in this ppt is collected from the mentioned sources 1. INTERNET
google.com , slideworld.com, youtube.com etc.

2. N.C.E.R.T BOOK
control & coordination

Functioning of nerves

Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)(involuntary) Sympathetic Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic nervous System (voluntary) Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Working of Nervous System

CNS PNS

1. Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system 2. Somatic (voluntary) nervous system

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Stimulus Sensory System (neurone) CNS (Brain / spinal cord)

Motor System (neurone)
Somatic system (voluntary) Striated muscle Autonomic system (involuntary) Smooth muscle & glands

Effe ctor

Response

Brain protected by cranium Spinal cord by vertebral column

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Working of human brain

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Cerebro-spinal fluid: supplies oxygen & nutrients; absorbs shock; maintain shape & prevent collapse

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1b

1c

1e 1e

1e

Hypo thalamus

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1. Numerous convolution - more neurones 2. Voluntary function 3. Left half controls the right side of body while right half controls the left side of body 4. Right hemisphere spatial & musical sense 5. Left hemisphere mathematical & language
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Degree of representation of the different muscles of the body in the motor cortex

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1. Sensory areas receive impulse form different receptors. 2. Motor areas send out impulse to different effectors 3. Association areas - integrating, interpreting and storing information, memory, learning , reasoning & intelligence
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Cerebrum

Ventricle

Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Medulla oblongata Cerebellum 19 Spinal cord

1. Made of 2 cerebellar hemispheres 2. Right half control left side and left half control right side 3. Coordinate (but not initiate) muscle contraction (voluntary) and maintain balance & posture (involuntary) 4. Well developed in fast moving animals (e.g birds & fishes)
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1. Main control centre for autonomic nervous system (e.g. heartbeat, blood pressure) 2. Receives impulse from internal organ and relays to effector (via medulla and spinal)
Hypo thalamus

3. Monitor hormone (e.g. thyroxine), metabolite (e.g. CO2) & body temperature 4. Linkage of nervous & 21 hormonal system

1. Control unconscious & involuntary actions (influenced by impulses from hypothalamus) 2. Brain reflex centre to regulate autonomic activities (heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, swallowing, salivation, sneezing, vomiting and coughing). 3. Contains chemoreceptors (e.g. pH)

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1.Coordinating centre for involuntary reflex action 2.Provide pathway for transmitting impulse to and from the brain that controls voluntary actions
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CNS PNS

1. Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system 2. Somatic (voluntary) nervous system

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(1) Autonomic Nervous System of PNS (involuntary)

(2) Somatic Nervous System of PNS (voluntary)

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1. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System 2. Automatic and involuntary control 3. Control all internal organs (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle) 4. 2 systems act antagonistically to maintain a steady internal environment 5. Motor neurones connect CNS to motor organ
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adrenalin

Neurotransmitter = noradrenalin Widespread effect Withstand stress / emergency

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Neurotransmitter = acetylocholine Effect localized & individual Opposite to sympathetic Maintain steady state
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Brain + lower part of spinal

Middle part of spinal

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Features (1) Fibre from

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Thoracic, Cranial, sacral lumbar (2) Neurotransmitter Noradrenalin Acetylcholine (3) For (4) Effect Stressful widespread Non-stressful localized
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1. Spinal reflex: spinal cord; Cranial reflex: brain 2. Inborn, stereotyped, rapid, automatic 3. Unconscious & involuntary (not involve cerebrum) 4. Cannot prevent nor modify 5. Instinctive behaviour & immediate protection

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(1) Stimulus (2) Receptor

sensory neurone

(3) CNS (spinal cord)

motor neurone

(4) Effector (5) Response

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d b

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b c

e d
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1. Acquired (not inherited) through training or learning. 2. Replace a normal stimulus by a unrelated stimulus to give same response. 3. Initial skills by voluntary; then become unconscious (conditional reflex) 4. Enable animal to modify behaviour to adapt the environment (i.e. avoid danger)
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1. Intentional & conscious by thinking & reasoning 2. Receptor Spinal cord sensory area (cerebrum)
d

3. Association area (cerebrum) for integration & decision. 4. Motor area (cerebrum) Motor neurone Relay Effector

b c

d
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Reflex Action
(1) Inborn , instinctive (2) Cerebrum not involved (3) Involuntary & unconscious (4) Fast action (5)Same stimulus same response

Conditional reflex Voluntary Action

Acquired via experience / learning Cerebrum involved Voluntary & less conscious Slow action Unrelated stimulus same response Acquired via thinking / reasoning Cerebrum involved Voluntary & conscious Slow action Same stimulus different response
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SUBMITTED BY
NAME SANKET AJIN CLASS XTH B R.NO - 6
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The end
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