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3G Tutorial
3G Tutorial
Preface...
The authors would like to acknowledgement material contributions from:
0 Murtaza
Amiji, NMS Communications 0 Samuel S. May, Senior Research Analyst, US Bancorp Piper Jaffray 0 others as noted on specific slides
We intend ongoing improvements to this tutorial and solicit your comments at:
rbt@nmss.com 0 and/or marc_orange@nmss.com
0
http://www.nmscommunications.com/3Gtutorial
Outline
History and evolution of mobile radio
0 Brief
history of cellular wireless telephony 0 Radio technology today: TDMA, CDMA 0 Demographics and market trends today 0 3G vision, 3G migration paths
on GSM-MAP or on IS-41 today 0 3GPP versus 3GPP2 evolution paths 0 3G utilization of softswitches, VoIP and SIP 0 Potential for convergence
Outline (continued)
Evolving services
0 SMS,
Business models
0 Whats
9 October 2002
Slide 4
3G Tutorial
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
Mobile Subs
19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01
2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 6 7 3 4 5
5 1 2 6 7
7 3 4 5 1
2 6 7 3
Frequency reuse
0 typically
First Generation
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
0 US
trials 1978; deployed in Japan (79) & US (83) 0 800 MHz band two 20 MHz bands 0 TIA-553 0 Still widely used in US and many parts of the world
Norway, Demark & Finland 0 Launched 1981; now largely retired 0 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985 0 Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe
Second Generation 2G
Digital systems Leverage technology to increase capacity
0 Speech
Utilize/extend Intelligent Network concepts Improve fraud prevention Add new services There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
0 IS-54/ 0 iDEN 0 DECT
calls per radio channel using repeating time slices through 1980s; bakeoff 1987
IS-54 / IS-136 standards in US TIA ATT Wireless & Cingular use IS-136 today
0 plan 0 NTT
to migrate to GSM and then to W-CDMA DoCoMo has largest PDC network
iDEN
Used by Nextel Motorola proprietary system
0 time
below 800 MHz cellular band replacement for old PMR services
Nextel has highest APRU in US market due to Direct Connect push-to-talk service
on business use, i.e. wireless PBX 0 very small cells; in building propagation issues 0 wide bandwidth (32 Kbps channels) 0 high quality voice and/or ISDN data
performance (32 Kbps channels) 0 deployed across Japanese cities (high pop. density) 0 4 channel basestation uses one ISDN BRI line 0 basestations on top of phone booths 0 legacy in Japan; new deployments in China today
users share same frequency band 0 discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G
First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994 Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996) Used by Verizon and Sprint in US Simplest 3G migration story today
cdmaOne -- IS-95
TIA standard IS-95 (ANSI-95) in 1993 IS-95 deployed in the 800 MHz cellular band
0 J-STD-08
band
provides data rates up to 14.4 kbps 0 IS-95B provides rates up to 64 kbps (2.5G) 0 Both A and B are compatible with J-STD-08.
All variants designed for TIA IS-41 core networks (ANSI 41)
GSM
Groupe Special Mobile , later changed to Global System for Mobile
0 joint
division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz) 0 900 MHz band; later extended to 1800MHz 0 added 1900 MHz (US PCS bands)
defined interfaces; many competitors 0 network effect (Metcalfes law) took hold in late 1990s 0 tri-band GSM phone can roam the world today
M subs / 800 M subs in July 2001 & Cingular deploying GSM in US today
Number of subscribers in the world (Jul 2001)
CDMA 12% US TDMA 10% GSM 71% PDC 7%
1G Separate Frequencies
Frequency
200 KHz
Frequency
Time
developed for the military 0 resists jamming and many kinds of interference 0 coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
3G Vision
Universal global roaming Multimedia (voice, data & video) Increased data rates
0 384 02
International Standardization
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
0 radio
IMT-2000
0 ITUs
umbrella name for 3G which stands for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
TIA, TTA, TTC, CWTS. T1, ETSI - refer to reference slides at the end for names and links on evolution of access and core networks
Macrocell
Microcell
Picocell
evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes called 2.75G of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne
from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD from China;
operators dont need additional spectrum 0 3x promises higher data rates than UMTS, i.e. WCDMA
(and argued!)
(UMTS)
Committed standard for Europe and likely migration path for other GSM operators
0 leverages
Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe
0 at
TD-SCDMA
Time division synchronous CDMA Chinese development (bargaining tool with West?)
0 relatively
spectrum; as little as 1.6 MHz; time division duplex (TDD) with high spectral efficiency
Migration To 3G
2.5G 2G 1G
Analog Voice
GSM
2.75G
Intermediate Multimedia
3G
Multimedia
Packet Data
Digital Voice
GPRS EDGE
115 Kbps 384 Kbps
W-CDMA (UMTS)
Up to 2 Mbps
NMT
9.6 Kbps
TDMA TACS
9.6 Kbps
GSM/ GPRS
(Overlay) 115 Kbps
TD-SCDMA
2 Mbps?
iDEN
9.6 Kbps
iDEN PDC
9.6 Kbps (Overlay)
AMPS CDMA
14.4 Kbps / 64 Kbps
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV Over 2.4 Mbps
144 Kbps
PHS
64 Kbps
1984 - 1996+
1992 - 2000+
2001+
2003+
2003 - 2004+
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
x x
x x x
900, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2500, ? MHz (TDMA), W-CDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCMDA
3G Tutorial
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
Evolving CN Architectures
Two widely deployed architectures today GSM-MAP -- used by GSM operators
0 Mobile
Application Part defines extra (SS7-based) signaling for mobility, authentication, etc.
IP still being defined -- many years away 0 GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) provides a path for interoperation, i.e. roaming, today
Typical 2G Architecture
PSDN
BSC BTS BSC HLR SMS-SC MSC/VLR BSC
PLMN
MSC/VLR BSC
Tandem CO CO
PSTN
Tandem CO
MSC Mobile Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register
Network Planes
Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one plane for voice circuits and another plane for signaling Some elements reside only in the signaling plane
0 HLR,
home location register has permanent data 0 VLR: visitor location register keeps local copy for roamers
PSTN-to-Mobile Call
PLMN
(Visitor)
PLMN
(Home)
PSTN
(SCP) HLR Where is the subscriber? (STP) 4 Provide Roaming 3 5 Routing Info VMSC 6 IAM GMSC (SSP) 2
SCP
MS
BSS VLR
(SSP)
GSM 2G Architecture
NSS BSS Abis E A B MS BTS BSC MSC VLR C D H HLR GMSC PSTN
PSTN
SS7
AuC
BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller MS Mobile Station
NSS Network Sub-System MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC GSM Global System for Mobile communication
Enhancing GSM
New technology since mid-90s Global standard - most widely deployed
0 significant
Frequency hopping
0 overcome
dynamic frequency and channel assignment allocate radio resources to minimize interference 0 Also used to determine mobiles location
TFO Concepts
Improve voice quality by disabling unneeded transcoders during mobile-to-mobile calls Operate with existing networks (BSCs, MSCs)
0 New
TRAU negotiates TFO in-band after call setup 0 TFO frames use LSBits of 64 Kbps circuit to carry compressed speech frames and TFO signaling 0 MSBits still carry normal G.711 speech samples
Limitations
0 Same
speech codec in each handset 0 Digital transparency in core network (EC off!) 0 TFO disabled upon cell handover, call transfer, inband DTMF, announcements or conferencing
GSM Coding
D C
G.711 / 64 kb
C D
GSM Coding
D C
Ater TRAU
A MSC
PSTN*
MSC
GSM Coding
T F O
T F O
GSM Coding
D C
Ater TRAU
A MSC
PSTN*
MSC
8 rates: 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.15 & 4.75bps, plus silence frames (near 0 bps) 0 SMV 4 rates: 8.5, 4, 2 & 0.8kbps
in overlay (cell edges); 1x reuse in underlay channels to surpass 9.6 Kbps limit (50k)
Share aggregate channels among multiple users All new IP-based data infrastructure No changes to voice network
PSTN
SS7
PSDN
IP
GGSN
BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller
NSS Network Sub-System MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GPRS General Packet Radio Service
1997
2000
2003
2003+
3G
GSM evolution
EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution Increased data rates with GSM compatibility
0 still
200 KHz bands; still TDMA 0 8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate 0 shorter range (more sensitive to noise/interference)
IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGE 0 new GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core network
network evolves from GSM-only to support GSM, GPRS and new W-CDMA facilities
3GPP Release 5
IP Multimedia Services (IMS) w/ SIP & QoS
3GPP Release 6
IP network; contents of r6 still being defined
PSTN
SS7
PSDN
IP
GGSN
PSTN
SS7 IP/ATM
Gc Gi
PSDN
Out-of-band negociation
0 Select
same codec at both ends during call setup 0 Supports sudden channel rearrangement (handovers, etc.) via signaling procedures 0 When TrFO impossible, TFO can be attempted e.g. transit between packet-based and circuitbased core networks
2G PLMN
MSC CS-MGW CS-MGW
TRAU
2G MS
3G UE
GMSC Server
C D
T F O
T F O
GSM Coding
D C
PSTN
SS7 IP/ATM
Gc Gi
AuC
IP Network
IP
Mg Mc MGCF
organization, as 3GPP closely tied to GSM and UMTS 0 Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains
ATM stage
1xRTT - IP packet support (like GPRS) 1xEVDV - Adds softswitch/ voice gateways 3x Triples radio data rates
BTS
MS
BTS - Base Transceiver Station BSC - Base Station Controller MS - Mobile Station MSC - Mobile Switching Center HLR - Home Location Registry SMS-SC - Short Message Service - Serving Center STM Synchronous Transfer Mode
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or AAL1 over SONET
BTS IS-95
PST N
MSC
MS
BSC Proprietary Interface A1 Signaling interface for call control and mobility Management between MSC and BSC A2 64 kbps bearer interface for PCM voice A3 Signaling interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff
SMSSC
A5 Full duplex bearer interface byte stream (SMS ?) A7 Bearer interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff
CDMA2000 1x Network
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or IS-2000 A Ref (A1, A2, A5) STM over T1/T3 BTS AAL1 over SONET
PST N
MSC
MS
SMSSC
Internet
BTS
BTS - Base Transceiver Station RADIUS over UDP/IP BSC - Base Station Controller MS - Mobile Station MSC - Mobile Switching Center HLR - Home Location Registry SMS-SC - Short Message Service - Serving Center AAA STM Synchronous Transfer Mode PDSN Packet Data Serving Node AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PDSN Home Agent Mobile IP Home Agent A10 Bearer interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data A11 Signaling interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data
IP Router
IP Firewall
IP Router
Home Agent
RADIUS protocol
Route packets between mobile stations and external packet data networks Collect usage data and forward to AAA server
PPP and mobile IP connections 0 Authorization: service profile and security key distribution and management 0 Accounting: usage data for billing
location of mobile IP subscribers when they move from one network to another 0 Receive packets on behalf of the mobile node when node is attached to a foreign network and deliver packets to mobiles current point of attachment
IP BTS - IP Base Transceiver Station IP BSC - IP Base Station Controller AAA - Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PDSN - Packet Data Serving Node Home Agent - Mobile IP Home Agent
IP BTS
Internet
IP Firewall IP Router IP Router
IP BSC
IP BTS
AAA
PDSN
Home Agent
IS-2000
S IP P ro x y
MGCF (Softswitch)
SG W
P ST N
Circuit switched voice
M GW
Internet
IP Firewall PDSN + Router IP Router
SIP Proxy Session Initiation Protocol Proxy Server MGCF Media Gateway Control Function SGW Signaling Gateway (SS7) MGW Media Gateway (Voice)
IP BSC
IS-2000
Nextgen MSC ?
IP B TS
AAA
Hom e Agent
point for hooks and extensions 0 Controls traffic between visited mobile system and home mobile system
GLR as roaming users HLR GLR as VLR/SGSN at visited network with all VLRs in visited network
HLR
Home PLMN
GLR
Visited PLMN
term fix
common specifications (esp. IETF RFCs) 0 Align terms, interfaces and functional entities 0 Developing Harmonization Reference Model (HRM)
3G Tutorial
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
PSDN
PC
SMEs
SMSSMSSCSME-
GMSC Gateway MSC IWMSC InterWorking MSC Service Center Short Messaging Entity
HLR
SMS Principles
Basic services :
0 SM
MT (Mobile Terminated) 0 SM MO (Mobile Originated) 0 (3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled 0 (3GPP2) User can acknowledge
SMS Transport
Delivery / Submission report
0 Optional
MS
SC
in 3GPP2
Messages-Waiting
0 SC
informs HLR/VLR that a message could not be delivered to MS informs SC that the MS is again ready to receive SS7; SMSC may have IP option
Alert-SC
0 HLR
EMS Principles
Enhanced Message Service Leverages SMS infrastructure Formatting attributes in payload allow:
0 Text
formatting (alignment, font size, style, colour) 0 Pictures (e.g. 255x255 color) or vector-based graphics 0 Animations 0 Sounds
SMS spec had room for payload formatting 0 2G MS ignore special formats
Speech (AMR coding) 0 Audio (MP3, synthetic MIDI) 0 Image, graphics (JPEG, GIF, PNG) 0 Video (MPEG4, H.263) 0 Will evolve with multimedia technologies
Supports an MMBox, i.e. a mail box Optional support of media streaming (RTP/RTSP)
MMS Architecture
SMTP, POP/IMAP SN SN
MMS Relay / Server
MAP
MMS User Agent
SMTP
MM4
SN
PLMN
UE HLR MM1
SN SN
MMS Relay / Server (or ProxyRelay Server) WAP Gw
PDN
MM7
SOAP/HTTP WSP-HTTP
(*) Optional
SN
Value-Added Services Application
Location
Driven by e911 requirements in US
0 FCC
mandated; not yet functioning as desired 0 most operators are operating under waivers
network technologies (measurements at cell sites) 0 handset technologies 0 network-assisted handset approaches
Location Technology
Cell identity: crude but available today Based on timing
0 TA:
Time of Arrival 0 TDOA: Time Difference of Arrival 0 EOTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference 0 AOA: Angle of Arrival
Location-Based Services
Emergency services
0 E911
Commercial services
0 coupons
Network internal
0 Traffic
Location Information
Location (in 3D), speed and direction
0 with
timestamp
QoS measure
PDE
PDE
SN PDE
PDE - Position Determining Entity MPC - Mobile Positioning Center ESRK - Emergency Service Routing Key ALI DB - Automatic Location Identification Data Base
over RR/BSSAP
CN
SN
GMLC (LCS Server) LCS Client
SGSN
LMU Location Measurement Unit SMLC Serving Mobile Location Center GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center
Location Request
MLP Mobile Location Protocol
0 from
Location Interop Forum 0 based on HTTP/SSL/XML 0 allows Internet clients to request location services
Kbps H.324 video structure 0 MPEG 4 video coding 0 AMR audio coding
RNC
3G-324M Mobile
MSC
IP Network
H.323
H.248 or RAS
RTP
PSTN I/F
Control stacks ISDN call setup | H.323 or SIP H.245 negotiation | over TCP Video repacking of H.263 frames Audio vocoder AMR - G.711 Packet stream jitter buffering
IP I/F
November 6, 2002
Slide 91
PSTN I/F
Control stacks ISDN call setup H.245 negotiation Audio/video sync and stream control Video buffering of H.263 frames Audio buffering of AMR frames
November 6, 2002
Slide 92
delays OK
Issues remain
0 Always
on IP isnt always on; radio connection suspended if unused; 2-3 seconds to re-establish
Sprint has announced they will be offering a push-to-talk service on their 1xRTT network
All IP Services
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 3GPP Multi-Media Domain (MMD) 3GPP2 Voice and video over IP with quality of service guarantees
0 Obsoletes
3G QoS
Substantial new requirements on the radio access network Traffic classes
0 conversational,
Ability to specify
0 traffic
handling priority 0 allocation/retention priority 0 error rates (bits and/ or SDUs) 0 transfer delay 0 data rates (maximum and guaranteed) 0 deliver in order (Y/N)
IMS Architecture
Media Server Application Server
Internet
Gi Mb ISC Gi/Mb Mb
SIP phone
PS
UE SGSN
Gm
HSS
IM-MGW GGSN
Go Cx
MRF
Mp Mb
Mb TDM ISUP
IMS
Mw Mg
PSTN
Mn MGCF CPE
P-CSCF Signaling CSCF Call Session Control Function IM-MGW IM-Media Gateway MGCF Media Gateway Control Function MRF Media Resource Function
CSCF
SIP
ISC
Application Server
Internet
Media Server
PS UE P-CSCF
Mw
Gm
PS UE P-CSCF
Visited IMS
Internet
Mobile IP Home Agent MS Access Gateway Border Router Core QoS Manager MGW MRF MRFC Signaling AAA Authentication, Authorization & Accounting MGW Media Gateway MGCF Media Gateway Control Function MRFC Media Resource Function Controller MRFP Media Resource Function Processor Session Control Manager MRFP
TDM ISUP
SIP phone
Packet Core
Integrated in P-CSCF
MMD
MGCF
PSTN
CPE IM-MGW + MGCF P-SCM = P-CSCF I-SCM = I-CSCF 3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping S-SCM = S-CSCF L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions
3G Tutorial
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
Killer Applications
Community and Identity most important
0 postal
mail, telephony, email, instant messaging, SMS, chat groups community 0 designer clothing, ring tones - identity
$63B (worldwide) (1997) 0 phone service $256B (US only) 0 See work by Andrew Odlyzko; here: http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/recent.html
without all IP infrastructure 0 Text messaging plus speech recognition-enabled voice services 0 Evolve from as new services become available
Multi-application platform
0 Integrate
TDM voice and IP data 0 Support multiple applications 0 Flexible billing and provisioning
Directions
0 Make
request via voice 0 Receive initial response in text 0 Get updates while traveling via voice or SMS or rich graphics
One-to-many messaging
0 Record
message via voice or text 0 Deliver message via voice, SMS, WAP, or email
or voice menus 0 Voice to hear message 0 Voice or text to select (and authorize payment)
Unified communications
0 While
listening to a voice message from a customer, obtain a text display of recent customer activity
and voice alert 0 Voice conference, and text updates, while traveling to site of emergency
Early Deployments
Cricket matches (Hutchinson India)
0 SMS
broadcast with phone # & URL 0 Choice of text display or voice (text-to-speech)
voice menus to existing text-based service 0 Voice flattens menus, eases access
GGSN
SGSN
SIP
3G MSC Server
H.248
RNC
3G Wireless Network
3G Tutorial
History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models
3G
Software/Hardware Cost
CDMA Upgrade To 2.75G Is Expensive; To 3G Is Cheap GSM Upgrade To 2.5G Is Cheap; To 3G Is Expensive TDMA Upgrade To 2.5G/3G Is Complex, And Requires: Takeaway: AT&T And Cingular Have A Difficult Road To 3G
3G Spectrum Expensive
Only $15k~$20k per basestation Allows operators to experiment with data plans.
But Falls Short Because: Typically 30~50 Kbps GPRS decreases voice capacity
Modem GSM/TDMA Analog Modem GPRS ISDN CDMA 1x EDGE DSL W-CDMA Cable
Technology 2G Wireless Fixed Line Dial-up 2.5G Wireless Fixed Line Digital 2.75G Wireless 2.75G Wireless Fixed Line DSL 3G Wireless Fixed Line Cable
Throughput <9.6 Kbps 9.6 Kbps 30-40 Kbps 128 Kbps 144 Kbps 150 - 200 Kbps 0.7 - 1.5 Mbps 1.0 Mbps 1.0 - 2.0 Mbps
EDGE is 2.75G, with significantly higher data rates than GPRS Deploying EDGE significantly cheaper than deploying W-CDMA Takeaway: Look for EDGE to gain traction in 2002/2003+
Operators need to learn how to make money with data Likely to stay many years with GPRS/EDGE/CDMA 1x Bottom line: wide-scale 3G will be pushed out
RISK:
CDMA IS-95 (2G) has been slow to launch in China. -Why would the launch of 3G be any different? PHS (2G) with China Telecom/Netcom is gaining momentum.
DoCoMo Has The Right Model When will the others wake up?
the added convenience of mobile 0 same user interface (doesnt rely on small screens) 0 same programs, files, applications, Websites.
Low cost, low barriers to entry. Organizations can build own networks
0 Like
N M S COMMUNICATIONS
Technology for tomorrows networks
ITU GSM, W-CDMA, UMTS Third Generation Patnership Project (3GPP) IS-95), IS-41, IS2000, IS-835
CWTS (China)
ARIB (Japan) TTC (Japan) TTA (Korea) ETSI (Europe) T1 (USA) TIA (USA)
Wireless Internet Forum: http://www.mwif.org 0 UMTS Forum : http://www.umts-forum.org 0 GSM Forum : http://www.gsmworld.org 0 Universal Wireless Communication: http://www.uwcc.org 0 Global Mobile Supplier: http://www.gsacom.com
Location-Related Organizations
LIF, Location Interoperability Forum
0 http://www.locationforum.org/ 0 Responsible
for Mobile Location Protocol (MLP) 0 Now part of Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, LIF, SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless Village
N M S COMMUNICATIONS
Technology for tomorrows networks