Sach Quy Trinh Ky Thuat Cay Cao Su - 2004

I
OUY TR|MH KY THUAT

CAY CAD SU
TONG CONG TY CAO SU VIET NAM
Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, nam 2004
Ch ao bien soan
Le Van Bnh
Pho Tong Giam oc Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam
Mai Van Sn
Vien Trng Vien Nghien cu Cao su Viet Nam
Ban sa oi quy trnh ky thuat
Trng ban: Tran Th Thuy Hoa
Th ky tong hp: o Kim Thanh
Quy trnh ky thuat san xuat cay giong
Pham Th Dung, Pham Van Hang va Tran Th Thuy Hoa
Quy trnh ky thuat trong mi va cham soc cao su kien thiet c ban
Le Mau Tuy, Pham Van Hang va Nguyen Tan c
Quy trnh ky thuat khai thac mu va cham soc cao su kinh doanh
Nguyen Anh Ngha, o Kim Thanh,
Nguyen Nang, Nguyen Van My va Nguyen Tan c
Quy trnh ky thuat Bao ve thc vat
Phan Thanh Dung va Pham Van Vinh
Ban bien tap
Nguyen Tan c, Pham Van Vinh,
Tran Th Thuy Hoa va o Kim Thanh
II
en nam 2003, dien tch cao su thuoc Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam
at 219.600 ha, trong o 173.700 ha ang c khai thac mu. Dien
tch cao su nay trai rong t ong Nam bo en Tay Nguyen va mien
Trung, ieu kien sinh thai cua cac vung nay rat khac nhau, sinh trng va
nang suat cua cay cao su cung thay oi tuy ieu kien moi trng.
Nang suat cao su tren vn cay cua Tong Cong ty Cao su a cao dan,
t 0,7 tan/ha/nam vao nhng nam 1990 en 2003 at nang suat bnh quan
la 1,52 tan/ha/nam; tai Tay Nguyen la 1,15 tan/ha/nam, tai ong Nam bo
va Quang Tr la 1,56 tan/ha/nam.
Thanh tu ky thuat at c trong nganh cao su va qua la t s ong
gop cua bo giong cao san cung cac bien phap nong hoc tien bo c uc
ket t nhng e tai, cong trnh nghien cu va kinh nghiem cua san xuat.
Nham nang cao sc canh tranh cho nganh cao su Viet Nam trong thi
hoi nhap, can a nang suat len 1,4 2 tan/ha/nam, ong thi rut ngan chu
ky kinh te nhng van am bao ke hoach san lng, nang cao hieu qua von
au t va nhanh chong ng dung cac tien bo ky thuat (giong cao san, trong
bau co tang la, quy hoach chu ky khai thac mu trong 20 nam ket hp ng
dung chat kch thch, cao up co kiem soat, s dung mang chan nc ma,
phong tr benh hieu qua ).
e cap nhat cac quy trnh ky thuat ap ng yeu cau tren, Tong Cong
ty Cao su Viet Nam giao cho Vien Nghien Cu Cao su Viet Nam va Ban
Quan ly ky thuat phoi hp bien soan Quy trnh ky thuat cay cao su nam
2004 va thu thap y kien ong gop cua can bo ky thuat cac cong ty cao
su e hoan chnh Quy trnh.
Ban Quy trnh ky thuat cao su nam 2004 la mot cong trnh tap the cua
cac can bo ky thuat trong nganh cao su, c bien soan va chnh sa rat
cong phu, tuy nhien, kho tranh sai sot va se lac hau trc nhng tien bo cua
khoa hoc ky thuat va san xuat. V vay, Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam va
Vien Nghien Cu Cao su Viet Nam rat mong nhan c cac y kien ong
gop, phan hoi e tiep tuc sa oi cap nhat Quy trnh nham ap ng yeu cau
nang cao chat lng va hieu qua kinh doanh cua nganh cao su.
Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, ngay 01 thang 07 nam 2004
Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam
III
Lo| no| dau
IV
Phan J
Ouy trinh ky thuat san xuat oay giong 1rong noi va ohan soo
oao su kien thiet oo ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J
Chng 1: Quy trnh ky thuat san xuat cay giong cao su . . . . . . . . . . .2
Muc I: Ky thuat lam vn ng tum tran 10 thang tuoi . . . . . .2
Muc II: Ky thuat lam vn ng bau cat ngon . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Muc III: Ky thuat lam vn ng tum bau co tang la . . . . . . .11
Muc IV: Ky thuat lam vn ng bau co tang la . . . . . . . . . .13
Muc V: Quy trnh ky thuat vn nhan go ghep cao su . . . . . . .15
Muc VI: Quan ly vn san xuat cay giong cao su . . . . . . . . . .19
Chng II: Quy trnh ky thuat trong mi cao su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Muc I: Cac tieu chuan ky thuat chu yeu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Muc II: Chuan b at, thiet ke lo va xay dng vn cay . . . . .21
Muc III: Trong cao su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Muc IV: Trong xen trong vn cao su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Chng III: Cham soc cao su trong mi va cao su kien thiet c ban .26
Muc I: Lam co vn cao su kien thiet c ban . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Muc II: Bon phan cho vn cao su kien thiet c ban . . . . . . . .27
Muc III: Cong tac bao ve vn cay cao su kien thiet c ban .28
Chng IV: Quan ly vn cao su kien thiet c ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Phan ||:
Ouy trinh ky thua t khai tha o nu 8 oha n so o oao su kinh doanh . .BP
Chng I: Nhng quy nh chung ve viec khai thac mu . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Chng II: To chc khai thac mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Muc I: Che o khai thac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Muc II: Thiet ke, m mieng cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
lLC LLC
Muc III: Cac yeu cau ky thuat trong viec khai thac mu . . . . .46
Muc IV: Kch thch mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Muc V: Mang chan nc ma cho cay cao su . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Chng III: Cham soc vn cay kinh doanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Muc I: Lam co vn cao su kinh doanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Muc II: Bon phan cho vn cao su kinh doanh . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Muc III: Cong tac bao ve vn cay cao su kinh doanh . . . . . .55
Chng IV: Quan ly vn cao su kinh doanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Muc I: Phan cap quan ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Muc II: Che o kiem tra ky thuat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Muc III: Quan ly ho s tai lieu ky thuat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Phan |||:
Ouy trinh ky thuat bao ve thuo vat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GB
Chng I: Sau benh chnh tren cay cao su va bien phap x ly . . . . . . .64
Muc I: Cac sau benh chnh tren cay cao su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Muc II: Benh la . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Muc III: Benh than canh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Muc IV: Benh mat cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Muc V: Benh re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Muc VI: Nhng tac hai khac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Muc VII: Sau hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Chng II: Co tren vn cao su va bien phap x ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Chng III: S dung, bao quan thuoc va an toan trong cong tac bao ve
thc vat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Phu |uc J: Phan hang dat trong oao su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .HP
Phu |uc P: lot so huong dan dieu tra danh gia nuo do benh hai
va oaoh pha thuoo vao binh phun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H4
V
VI
Quy trnh ky thuat cay cao su - 2004 1
Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam Vien Nghien cu Cao su Viet Nam
Phan |:
OUY TR|MH KY THUAT SAM XUAT CAY
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K|EM TH|ET CD BAM
2 Quy trnh ky thuat cay cao su - 2004
Chng I
QUY TRNH KY THUAT
SAN XUAT CAY GIONG CAO SU
Muc I:
KY THUAT LAM VN NG TUM TRAN 10 THANG TUOI
ieu 1: Thi vu lam vn ng
at hat t thang 7 en thang 8.
ieu 2: Chuan b at
Dat lam vn ng gan nguon nc ti, at tot, bang phang,
thanh phan c gii nhe (u tien chon at tht pha cat). Khong chon
at ngap ung, soi cm, a ong. V tr vn ng thuan tien cho
viec i lai cham soc va van chuyen.
DKhai hoang va lam at xong trc ngay 30/6. at khai hoang
sach cay coi, lum bui, ra sach goc re va c cay ba cho ti xop.
Neu at co pH KCl < 4, bon voi bot 500 kg/ha, voi bot c rai
eu tren toan dien tch roi cay vui.
ieu 3: Thiet ke vn ng
DV n ng c thie t ke theo ye u ca u cho ng xo i mo n, cho ng u ng
va o mu a ma, thua n tie n cho vie c thi co ng, cha m so c va qua n ly .
DVn ng c chia thanh nhng o kch thc 20 m x 10 m,
cac o cach nhau bang ng i. Vn ng co quy mo di 1 ha
th ng i rong 2 m. Vn ng co quy mo tren 1 ha co ng
chnh rong 5 m, ng phu rong 3 m.
DBo tr ca y tro ng theo kie u nanh sa u tre n ha ng ke p (90 + 30 cm) x 20cm,
v i khoa ng ca ch nh sau:
Hai hang n cach nhau 30 cm.
Hai hang kep cach nhau 90 cm.
Cay cach cay 20 cm.
DMat o thiet ke 80.000 iem/ha; sau cac lan ta loai, so tum
ghep at tieu chuan u e trong mi ai tra t nhat 70 ha Tay
Nguyen va t nhat 80 ha ong Nam bo.
Do i v i nh ng vu ng co gio l n, ca n la m ha ng cha n gio cao tre n 2 m.
ieu 4: Lam ranh vn ng
Dao ranh sau 50 cm, rong 50 cm.
DBon lot phan chuong hoai 20 tan/ha (hoac cac dang phan hu
c khac co chat lng tng ng) va phan lan nung chay 1
tan/ha.
DTron eu phan vi at, lap ranh lai trc khi at hat khoang 15
ngay.
Doi vi at de b ong nc khi ma ln, phai len lp cao 10 -
15 cm, rong 90 cm, hai mep lp cach nhau 30 cm.
ieu 5: Chuan b hat giong
DChon hat lam goc ghep: u tien s dung hat cua cac dong vo
tnh GT 1, PB 260, ke en la hat PB 235, VM 515. Tranh dung
nhng loai hat giong co ty le bach tang cao. Can chon cac vn
cao su sinh trng tot, ty le thuan giong cao e thu hat. Chon hat
mi rung co mau sang bong, nang, cng, phoi nhu con ti. Hat
giong sau khi thu lm ve phai rai thanh lp day 15 - 20 cm va
ram ngay trong vong 3 ngay.
DSo lng hat giong can cho 1 ha vn ng tum 10 thang
khoang 1200 kg.
DX ly hat: Hat c x ly bang cach at nga hat, go nhe e vo
hat nt ra pha lo mam, sau o ngam trong nc sach 24 - 30 gi,
sau khi ngam c 12 gi th thay nc sach mot lan, sau o vt
ra ram vao lp cat.
DRam hat thuc mam trong cac lp ram co be rong 1 m, ng i
gia cac lp rong 0,5 m, nen lp ram c o mot lp cat day 15
cm, pha tren co mai che. Hat sau khi x ly c trai thanh mot
lp va phu cat u kn hat, so lng khoang 1000 1200 hat/m
2
.
Hnh 1: S o thiet ke luong va hang trong vn ng tum tran
ieu 7: Ti nc
DNgay sau khi trong cay, neu tri khong ma th phai ti cho
cay khong b heo.
DChe o ti can phu hp vi loai at va thi tiet e cay sinh
trng nhanh. Trong mua kho, nen ti nc t nhat 2 lan/tuan vi
lng nc khoang 10 lt/m
2
/lan.
DThi gian ti nc: trc 10 gi sang va sau 3 gi chieu.
DCham soc lp ram: Ti nc bang thung bup sen, 2 lan moi
ngay vao luc 6 - 7 gi sang va 16 17 gi chieu vi lng nc
khoang 4 lt/ m
2
/lan ti. Neu co ma u am th khong ti. Tranh
e nc ong tren lp ram.
DHang ngay kiem tra neu thay kien, moi xuat hien th x ly bang
thuoc tr kien, moi (nh Bassa 0,2 %).
ieu 6: Trong cay ra vn ng tum
DSau khi ram c 8 - 10 ngay, hat a phat trien thanh cay con.
Chon nhng cay co than mam va re coc dai khoang 3 10 cm
em trong ra vn ng va trong qua trnh van chuyen phai tranh
lam h hai than mam va re coc. Nen chon nhng cay co cung o
cao e trong cung hang.
DMoi iem choc mot lo trong mot cay, re coc hng thang xuong
at, neu cay nao b h gay than mam re coc phai loai bo. Hat c
phu mot lp at mn day 1 cm roi em at chat re. at hat thang
hang theo khoang cach quy nh.
DTrong vong 10 ngay sau khi at hat, hang ngay kiem tra e loai
bo va at hat khac thay the ngay nhng cay khong at yeu cau do
b gay, benh, nh sinh trng b h hai, yeu t, x mu tren than.
Hnh 2: Chon cay con t lp ram hat e trong tren vn ng
ieu 8: Lam co
Vn ng phai c gi sach co. Khi lam co tranh gay hai cay
con. Lam co t cuoi trc khi ghep mot thang.
ieu 9: Bon phan
DLoai phan, lieu lng va so lan bon theo bang 1.
DThi gian bon: Bon lan th nhat khi cay at hai tang la on nh,
cac lan bon sau cach nhau 30 ngay. Lan bon phan cuoi cung trc
khi ghep t nhat mot thang.
DCach bon: Tron eu ba loai phan ngay trc khi bon. Lan th
nhat rai phan gia hai hang n cach goc 10 cm; t lan hai tr i
rai phan doc hai ben hang kep cach goc 15 cm. Sau khi bon, xi
nhe e vui lap phan. Vao mua kho, bon phan ket hp vi ti
nc am.
Bang 1: Lng phan bon cho cao su vn ng tum (80.000 iem / ha)
Hnh 3: Cach bon phan cho vn ng tum tran 10 thang
Lan bon
Ure Lan nung chay Clorua Kali
kg/ha g/cay kg/ha g/cay kg/ha g/cay
1
2
3
4
160
240
240
320
2
3
3
4
320
320
320
-
4
4
4
-
80
80
80
160
1
1
1
2
Cong 960 12 960 12 400 5
DAp dung ky thuat ghep mat xanh va xanh nau theo phng
phap ghep ca so. Chon mat nach la va vay ca co mam sinh
trng tot e ghep.
ieu 13: Bng, x ly va bao quan tum
DM bang ghep sau khi ghep 20 ngay.
ieu 10: Ta loai
Ta loai 2 lan:
DLan 1: Khi cay at 3 4 tang la, ta bo nhng cay qua xau, coi
coc, khong phat trien.
DLan 2: Trc khi ghep 10 15 ngay, ta bo nhng cay sinh
trng qua kem va khong the ghep c.
ieu 11: Phong tr benh va con trung
(Xem Phan III - Quy trnh ky thuat bao ve thc vat cay cao su).
ieu 12: Ghep cay
DTien hanh ghep khi ng knh goc ghep o cach mat at 10cm
at tren 10mm va khi cay co tang la tren cung on nh.
DVn ng va vn nhan phai c ti nc ay u e tien
hanh ghep rai vu t thang 2 en thang 6. Tranh ti nc vao ngay
ghep. Trong mua ma, khong ghep luc goc cay con t.
Hnh 4: Chon mat vay ca va mat nach la e ghep
DSau khi m bang 15 ngay mi bng tum i trong. Ch bng
nhng cay co ng knh goc o cach mat at 10 cm at ng
knh t 16 mm tr len.
DCat ngon tum o cao 5 cm cach m tren cua mat ghep, mat cat
nghieng 30
0
ve pha oi dien vi mat ghep. Boi vaselin tren mat
cat ngay sau khi cat.
DCat trui re bang nhng khong c pham vao re coc. Cat cha
re coc dai t nhat 40 cm tnh t co re. Vet cat nghieng so vi truc
ng cua re.
DPhan tum t co re tr xuong c x ly bang cach nhung trong
hon hp sen set gom 2/3 bun nhao + 1/3 phan bo (trau) ti + 4%
phan supe lan + nc.
DBo tum thanh tng bo 20 cay bang day mem, chu y e mat ghep
quay vao pha trong.
DSau khi b ng va x ly tum xong ne n c tro ng ngay trong nga y.
DTrng hp phai van chuyen i xa th thi gian bao quan khong
qua 7 ngay sau khi bng. Khi van chuyen, xe phai co mui che
thoang mat, san xe phai c rai mot lp mun ca am hoac bao
bo nhung nc. Tum c xep thanh tng lp tr au, c moi hai
lp bo tum phu bao bo am. Ti nc 2 lan/ngay vao luc tri mat.
Tai ni trong, cac bo tum c xep ng trong ho sau 50 cm, ay
ho co mot lp cat 10 cm tren co mai che mat. Lay cat phu kn
phan re tum va thng xuyen ti nc gi am.
Muc II:
KY THUAT LAM VN NG BAU CAT NGON
ieu 14: Thi vu
at hat bat au t thang 7 en thang 10.
ieu 15: a iem
Gan nguon nc co u lng ti, thuan tien cho xe co i lai van
chuyen.
ieu 16: Thiet ke va ao ranh
Vn ng c thiet ke theo yeu cau chong xoi mon, chong ung
vao mua ma, thuan tien cho viec thi cong, cham soc va quan ly.
Vn ng c chia thanh nhng o kch thc 20 m x 10 m, cac
o cach nhau bang ng i. Vn ng co quy mo di 1 ha th
ng i rong 2m. Vn ng co quy mo tren 1 ha co ng chnh
rong 5 m, ng phu rong 3 m.
Hang n: Xep 1 hang bau vao ranh, khoang cach gia 2
tam ranh cach nhau 0,7 0,8m.
at bau xuong ranh o sau 2/3 chieu cao bau hoac at bau
cao hn mat at 10 cm, cac bau c at canh nhau tao thanh
khoang trong gia va khong lap at vao khoang trong nay.
ieu 17: Quy cach bau
DDung bau PE nguyen sinh, day 0,08 mm; na chieu dai bau
phan ay co uc nhieu lo, cac lo cach nhau 6 cm, ng knh lo 5
mm.
DKch thc bau PE tuy theo loai at. oi vi at o dung bau
co kch thc 16 x 33 cm hoac 18 x 35 cm. oi vi at xam dung
DMat o thiet ke vn ng bau cat ngon am bao trong mi t
120 160 ha ke ca trong dam:
T 120.000 130.000 ba u/ha ne u kch th c ba u la 18 x 35 cm.
T 150.000 160.000 ba u/ha ne u kch th c ba u la 16 x 33 cm.
DThiet ke hang theo 2 cach:
Hang kep: Xep 2 hang bau trong ranh, cac bau at canh
nhau co khoang trong gia va khong nen lap at vao khoang
trong nay. Khoang cach gia 2 tam bau la 1,2 m.
Hnh 5: Ky thuat at bau
bau co kch thc 18 x 35 cm, neu dung bau 16 x 33 cm th can
cham soc can than hn.
ieu 18: Cho at vao bau
DChon at tot e vao bau (co the lay at tai cho hoac ch t ni
khac en). oi vi at xam, lu y chon at co ket cau tot e tranh
v bau.
DLoai phan bon lot:
Phan lan nung chay: 8 - 10 g / bau.
H u c vi sinh: 10 gam/ ba u hoa c pha n chuo ng hoai 50 100 g / ba u.
DCho at vao bau: Tron that eu at vi phan theo nh lng.
Xuc at o vao bau, loai bo at cuc, o ay 2/3 bau lac eu va
u chat, o them na cho at ay bang mieng bau hoac cach
mieng bau 1 cm, bau at phai tron eu khong gay gia.
ieu 19: Chuan b hat giong
So lng hat giong can cho 1 ha vn ng bau cat ngon khoang
1.200 - 1.600 kg/ha tuy theo mat o thiet ke va loai hat giong.
Chon va x ly hat giong nh ieu 5 muc I.
ieu 20: Trong cay vao bau
DX ly, ram hat, cham soc lp ram nh ieu 5 muc I.
DChon nhng cay co re coc va than mam dai khoang 3 10 cm
at vao bau. Khi trong can chon nhng cay cung chieu cao at
vao tng hang cho eu.
DTrc khi trong cay vao bau mot ngay, phai ti nc cho at
trong bau u am va xop.
DMoi bau c trong mot cay ngay gia tam roi nen at chat re,
phu at mn kn hat. Trong cay vao luc tri mat (trc 10 gi sang
va sau 3 gi chieu).
DHang ngay kiem tra e loai bo va at hat khac thay the ngay
nhng cay khong at yeu cau do b gay, benh, khong co nh sinh
trng, cay yeu t, x mu tren than...
ieu 21: Ti nc
Ti u nc ngay sau khi trong cay vao bau e nen at chat
quanh bo re, khong lam heo cay. Trong mua kho phai ti nc
thng xuyen va quy nh che o ti phu hp tuy theo loai at,
thi tiet. Thong thng nen ti moi ngay mot lan t khi trong cay
vao bau en luc cay at 1 tang la on nh, ti hai ngay mot lan
khi cay at 1 - 2 tang la va 3 - 4 ngay ti mot lan khi at tren 2
tang la, lng nc ti khoang 10 lt nc/m
2
/lan.
ieu 22: Lam co
V n ng pha i c gi sa ch co . Co trong ba u c nho ba ng tay.
ieu 23: Bon phan cho vn ng bau
Bang 2: Lng phan bon cho cao su vn ng bau cat ngon
Loai phan
Lan bon
Lan th 1
(g/bau)
Lan th 3
(g/bau)
Lan th 4
(g/bau)
Lan th 5
(g/bau)
Cong
(g/bau)
Ure 2 3 3 4 12
Lan nung chay 4 4 2 - 10
Clorua Kali 0,5 1 1 - 2,5
Cong (g/bau) 6,5 8 6 4 24,5
DLoai phan, lieu lng va so lan bon theo bang 2.
DThi gian bon: Bon lan 1 khi cay at 2 tang la on nh, cac lan
sau cach nhau 30 ngay. Ngng bon trc khi ghep 30 ngay.
DKy thuat bon: Tron that eu 3 loai phan, rai phan eu sat thanh
bau. Tranh bon trc tiep vao goc.
DTi nc khi bon phan: Bon phan en au th ti nc ngay
en o, ti am cho en khi phan tan hoan toan.
(Xem Phan III - Quy trnh ky thuat Bao ve thc vat cay cao su)
ieu 25: Ghep cay
Do ln goc ghep: Khi cay trong bau co ng knh goc o cach
mat at 10 cm at tren 8 mm th tien hanh ghep. Tranh ti nc
trong ngay ghep, sau khi ghep phai ti nc ay u neu ghep
trong mua nang. Trong mua ma, khong ghep khi goc ghep con
t.
DThi gian ghep: oi vi vn ng bau c cham soc ung ky
thuat, cay u dinh dng, sinh trng tot, co the ghep rai vu t
thang 2 8.
DGo ghep: Co tuoi canh tng ng vi goc ghep, troc vo.
ieu 26: Chuan b bau cat ngon e trong
DSau khi ghep 20 ngay th m bang. Sau khi m bang t nhat 15
ngay mi cat ngon.
DCat ngon nhng bau co cay ghep song at ng knh goc tren
12 mm o cach mat at 10 cm. Cat ngon o cao 5 cm cach m
Hnh 6: Bau cat ngon chuan b trong
tren cua mat ghep, mat cat nghieng 30
0
ve pha oi dien vi mat
ghep. Ngay sau khi cat boi vaselin len tren mat cat.
DSau khi cat ngon th nhac bau len khoi ranh, cat bo phan re am
ra khoi bau roi tap trung bau lai mot cho e chuyen i trong. Thi
gian cat ngon en khi trong khong qua 7 ngay.
Lu y: Trc khi em bau i trong, gi bau va u am e tranh
long goc, v bau.
Muc III :
KY THUAT LAM VN TUM BAU CO TANG LA
ieu 27: Chuan b
DViec chon at, thiet ke, ao ranh, quy cach bau, cho at vao
bau, ti nc tng t nh ieu 15, 16, 17, 18 va 21, Muc II -
Ky thuat lam vn ng bau cat ngon.
Dat bau vao ranh co o sau bang na chieu cao bau.
ieu 28: Quy cach bau va tum
DKch thc bau: 18 x 35 cm.
DQuy cach tum tran: ng knh goc at t 13 mm tr len o
cach co re 10 cm, uoi chuot thang, dai 27 cm tnh t m di mat
ghep khi s dung bau 18 x 35 cm hoac dai 25 cm khi s dung bau
16 x 33 cm, vet cat re coc hi vat, mat ghep song on nh.
ieu 29: Thi vu at tum vao bau
De san xuat tum bau 2 - 3 tang la trong trong thi vu trong mi
hoac trong dam th tum c at vao bau trc o khoang 5 thang.
DThi vu:
ong Nam bo va Tay Nguyen: t 15/11 en 31/12.
Mien Trung va Ha Tnh tr vao: t 1/5 en 15/6.
Ba c Trung bo (Nghe An - Thanh Ho a): t tha ng 8 e n tha ng 9.
ieu 30: Ky thuat trong tum vao bau
Trc khi trong tum 1 - 2 ngay, at trong bau phai c ti nc
cho en khi bao hoa, t ti ay bau. Dung cay noc khoet lo gia
tam bau, cam tum vao lo sao cho m di mat ghep cach at 1 cm,
mat ghep quay ra pha ngoai roi nen chat at xung quanh re tum.
Tum trong ti au ti nc ti o. Sau khi trong xong moi ngay
ti 1 lan, t khi cay at 1 tang la tr len, ti 2 ngay 1 lan hoac
co che o ti phu hp theo ieu kien tng vung. Trong mua
nang, luon ti nc cho at trong bau u am.
ieu 31: Cham soc
DVn ng phai c gi sach co, dung cuoc e lam co gia hai
hang kep cach thanh bau 5 cm, dung tay nho co trong bau.
DLam dan che: Vn ng tum bau trien khai vao mua kho
(ong Nam bo va Tay Nguyen) nen lam dan che nang vi o cao
thuan li cho viec cham soc.
DThng xuyen kiem tra cat bo choi dai va choi ngang kp thi
e tang ty le am choi va giup cho tc ghep phat trien tot.
DM da n che: Khi cho i a pha t trie n c mo t ta ng la , pha i m ma i
che, m da n e ca y quen na ng va co u a nh na ng, tra nh be nh la .
Bang 3: Lng phan bon cho cao su vn ng tum bau co tang la
Loai phan
Lan bon
Lan th 1
(g/bau)
Lan th 2
(g/bau)
Lan th 4
(g/bau)
Lan th 5
(g/bau)
Cong
(g/bau)
Ure 2 4 4 4 10
Super lan 4 4 4 - 12
Clorua Kali 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 6
Cong
(g/bau)
7,5 9,5 9,5 4 30,5
Bang 4: Lng phan bon cho cao su vn ng bau co tang la
Loai phan
Lan bon
Lan th 1
(g/bau)
Lan th 2
(g/bau)
Lan th 3
(g/bau)
Lan th 4
(g/bau)
Cong
(g/bau)
Ure 2 3 3 4 12
Super lan 4 4 2 - 10
Clorua Kali 0,5 1 1 - 2,5
Cong
(g/bau)
6,5 8 6 4 24,5
ieu 32: Bon phan
Loai phan, lieu lng va so lan bon theo bang 3.
DThi gian bon: Bon lan 1 khi cay at 2 tang la on nh, cac lan
sau cach nhau 30 ngay.
DKy thuat bon: Tron that eu 3 loai phan, rai phan eu sat thanh
bau. Tranh bon trc tiep vao goc.
DTi nc khi bon phan: Bon phan en au th ti nc ngay
en o, ti nhieu lan cho en khi phan tan hoan toan.
ieu 33: Phong tr benh cho cao su trong vn ng tum bau co tang la
(Xem phan III - Quy trnh ky thuat Bao ve thc vat cay cao su)
ieu 34: Chuan b bau em trong
DSau khi cay at hai tang la on nh th tien hanh ao bau lan 1,
cac lan ao bau sau o cach lan trc 30 ngay.
DChon nhng bau co 2 -3 tang la co tang tren cung on nh va phan
rieng tng nhom co mc sinh trng nh nhau e em i trong.
Lu y: Trc khi em bau i trong, gi cho bau va u am e
tranh long goc, v bau.
Muc IV:
KY THUAT LAM VN NG BAU CO TANG LA
ieu 35: Thi vu
at hat t thang 7 en thang 8.
ieu 36: Chuan b
DViec chon at, thiet ke, ao ranh, quy cach bau, cho at vao
bau, ti nc tng t nh ieu 15, 16, 17, 18 va 21 Muc II -
Ky thuat lam vn ng bau cat ngon.
Dat bau vao ranh co o sau bang na chieu cao bau.
ieu 37: Bon phan thuc
Loai phan, lieu lng va so lan bon theo bang 4.
DKy thuat bon: Nh ieu 23 muc II.
DMoi lan bon phan cach nhau 30 ngay.
ieu 38: Ghep cay va cat ngon goc ghep
DKhi cay co ng knh goc o cach mat at 10 cm, at t 8 mm
tr len, tien hanh cho ghep va ch ghep khi cay co tang la tren
cung on nh. Khi thi tiet kho han, phai ti nc u am cho bau
trong thi vu ghep.
DThi gian ghep: Goc ghep va go ghep at tieu chuan theo quy
nh, troc vo tot th tien hanh ghep rai vu t thang 2 5.
ieu 39: Cat ngon goc ghep
Xem ieu 26 muc II.
ieu 40: Cham soc bau ghep co tang la
DChuyen va sap bau: Bau cat ngon c chuyen en mot v tr
khac, at sau di at 10 cm, sap thanh hang oi, mat ghep quay
ra pha ngoai. Hang kep cach mep nhau 60 cm.
DCham soc bau: Thng xuyen nho co trong bau. Lam sach co
gia cac hang. S dung phan bon la khi can thiet. Phong tr benh,
ta choi thc sinh va choi ngang kp thi.
Hnh 7: Bau ghep 1 va 3 tang la chuan b trong
ieu 41: Tuyen bau co tang la em trong
Bau cat ngon c cham soc tiep trong vn ng e choi ghep
moc mam va phat trien c 1 - 3 tang la (sau cat ngon khoang 30
- 60 ngay) va ch chon bau co tang la tren cung on nh e trong.
Muc V:
QUY TRNH KY THUAT VN NHAN GO GHEP CAO SU
ieu 43: Cay giong e lam vn nhan
Vn nhan go ghep co the c thiet lap bang cac loai cay giong
nh tum tran, bau cat ngon hoac at hat trong thang ghep tai lo
(350 - 400 kg hat/ha)
ieu 44: Thi vu
Thi vu e lam vn nhan tuy theo loai cay giong c s dung
va vung trong:
Dong Nam bo va Tay nguyen:
Trong tum tran 10 thang tuoi: t 1/6 - 15/7
Trong bau cat ngon: 15/5 - 31/8
Trong hat ghep tai lo: Lam at trc 15/7, at hat trc
30/8, ghep thang 6 - 7 nam sau, ca ngon thang 10.
DMien Trung:
Trong bang tum tran hoac bau cat ngon: thang 9 -10.
Trong hat ghep tai lo: Lam at trc 31/8, at hat trc
thang 9 - 10, ghep thang 9 - 10 nam sau.
ieu 45: Chuan b at
Tng t nh ieu 2 muc I - Ky thuat lam vn ng tum tran 10
thang tuoi.
ieu 46: Thiet ke
DThiet ke phai at yeu cau chong xoi mon, chong ung vao mua
ma, thuan tien cho viec cham soc va quan ly.
DVn nhan c chia thanh nhieu o nho. Kch thc o co the
dai 50 - 100 m, rong 20 - 30 m. Cac o cach nhau bang ng rong
3 m. ng van chuyen chnh rong 5 m.
DCa y tro ng theo ha ng n, ca y ca ch ca y 0,4 m, ha ng ca ch ha ng 1 m.
DMat o thiet ke 25.000 goc/ha ong ac e co the cung cap:
Nam 1: 14.000 m go xanh nau
Nam 2: 22.000 m go xanh nau
T nam 3: 30.000 m go xanh nau
T nam th 4 tr i: Bnh quan 30.000 m go/nam.
Thi gian khai thac vn nhan go ghep toi a la 10 nam.
D vu ng co gio l n ca n pha i la m ha ng ra o ca y cha n gio cao tre n 2 m.
ieu 47: Lam at
Dao ranh rong 50 cm, sau 50 cm.
DBon lot phan chuong hoai 30 tan/ha hoac cac loai phan hu c
co chat lng tng ng va phan lan nung chay (15% P
2
O
5
)
1.100 kg/ha. Rai phan theo ranh, tron eu phan va at trong ranh.
(Xem Phan III - Quy trnh ky thuat bao ve thc vat cay cao su)
ieu 49: Cham soc vn nhan go ghep
DTh ng xuye n ca t bo cho i th c sinh va cho i ngang. Na m th 2 -
3, mo i go c ch a 2 cho i kho e. T na m th t tr i, ch a 3 - 4
cho i/go c tu y o l n cu a t ng go c.
DVn nhan phai c gi sach co. Co the diet co bang thu cong
hay dung hoa chat (xem Quy trnh ky thuat bao ve thc vat cay
cao su).
ieu 50: Bon phan
Loai phan va lieu lng xem bang 6.
DChia eu lng phan tren e bon lam ba lan, bon khi at u am.
Trong thi gian 1 - 1,5 thang trc ngay cat go ghep khong c
bon phan cho vn nhan.
Hnh 8: Thiet ke iem trong trong vn nhan
x------- 1m -------x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
Bang 6: Lng phan bon thuc hang nam tren vn nhan go ghep
Loai phan thuc
Nam 1 T nam 2 tr i
kg/ha
g/cay kg/ha g/cay
Ure
Lan nung chay
Clorua Kali
500
687
287
20,0
27,5
11,5
750
2.062
287
30
82,5
11,5
Cong (g/bau) 1.474 59,0 3.099 124,0
0,4m
DBon bo sung nh ky 3 nam 1 lan phan hu c vi sinh gia ranh
vi so lng 1.500 kg/ha.
ieu 51: Ti nc
Trong nam au, can phai ti nc ngay au mua kho e choi
phat trien. Neu can s dung go e ghep rai vu trong mua kho th
phai ti u am e de boc vo go ghep. Lng nc ti 80
m
3
/ha/lan ti, ti 2 lan/tuan va lien tuc trong 6 tuan.
ieu 52: Thanh loc giong
Can bo ky thuat chuyen trach giong kiem tra vn nhan t nhat 2
lan/nam e cat bo choi thc sinh va choi khong ung giong.
ieu 53: Tieu chuan canh go ghep
DCanh go ghep phai co kch thc va tuoi canh tng ng vi
goc ghep, troc vo de dang.
DTuy theo giong, so lng mat ghep khac nhau nhng bnh quan
chung phai at 10 mat hu hieu tren 1 m canh go ghep dang xanh
hoac xanh nau.
ieu 54: Nang tang la va cat canh go ghep
DNang tang la: Trc khi cat canh 25 - 30 ngay, dung dao ben
cat la cha cuong con 1 - 2 cm. Cat cac tang la di thap, cha lai
1 tang la tren cung on nh hoac cha 2 tang neu tang la tren cung
cha on nh.
DCat canh go ghep: Ch cat e s dung nhng canh go ghep co
t nhat 2 tang la va tang la tren cung on nh. Mat cat nghieng 35
o
ve pha ngoai goc. Cat canh vao luc ram mat (trc 10 gi sang
va sau 3 gi chieu). Tuyet oi khong e canh ngoai nang.
Nam th nhat: Cat canh ghep cach cho phat choi 15-20 cm.
Nam th hai: Cat canh ghep cach mat at 50 cm.
T nam th 3 tr i: Cat canh ghep cach cho phat choi 10 cm.
ieu 55: Bao quan, van chuyen canh go ghep
DCanh go ghep sau khi cat phai c bao quan tot. Thi gian t
khi cat en khi s dung khong qua 5 ngay.
DNeu s dung trong ngay, canh go ghep c gi am trong bao
bo tham nc, e ni thoang mat.
DNeu phai van chuyen i xa, canh go ghep phai c nhung sap
parafin hai au roi xep tng lp vao thung co xen ke chat em
la mun ca mn a c x ly bang cach ti nc u am trong 7
ngay trc va co tron bot lu huynh 0,1%.
DThung go ghep ch nen cha khoang 100 - 120 canh. Thung co
the lam bang go hoac giay cng khong tham nc, co kch thc
dai 0,7 - 1,1 m, rong 0,3 - 0,4m, cao 0,3 - 0,35 m. Ben ngoai thung
phai co nhan ghi ro ten giong, so lng, ngay gi cat canh, ni
cap, ni nhan.
ieu 56: Ca nh hnh va ca phuc hoi
DCa nh hnh: Sau khi thu hoach go ghep lan au, ch nuoi 1
choi ghep to, khoe. Lan thu hoach th 2, ca canh ong loat cach
at 50 cm e nh hnh. Cac lan thu hoach tiep theo cat sat iem
nh hnh.
DCa phuc hoi: Sau 5 7 nam khai thac go ghep, tien hanh ca
phuc hoi v tr sat ngay pha di iem nh hnh lan au tien.
Hnh 9: Vn nhan a nh hnh
Muc VI:
QUAN LY VN SAN XUAT CAY GIONG CAO SU
ieu 57: Quan ly vn ng
DLap ho s ghi ro ngay, thang, nam trong, loai hat giong, giong
ghep, go ghep, so cay at tieu chuan ghep va ty le ghep song cua
tng t ghep theo tng loai giong.
DLap nhat ky theo doi s dung hat giong, phan bon, lao ong
cham soc, tang trng va bao ve thc vat...
Dnh ky theo doi cac ch tieu tang trng vn ng e co bien
phap ch ao kp thi.
DTo chc khoan cham soc cho cong nhan tren dien tch co nh
va yeu cau am bao chat lng vn cay.
ieu 58: Quan ly vn nhan
DLap ho s theo doi ay u ly lch vn nhan ve goc ghep va
giong nhan: ten, ni cung cap, thi gian thc hien, so lng qua
cac nam
DThong ke ve cong lao ong, vat t s dung, chi ph
Dnh ky theo doi tnh hnh sinh trng cua goc ghep, choi ghep
e co bien phap ch ao kp thi.
DMoi vn phai co bang ghi ten giong ro rang.
ieu 59: Kiem nh giong va thanh loc vn nhan
DVn nhan phai c Vien Nghien cu Cao su Viet Nam kiem
nh va thanh loc giong nh ky.
DCac yeu cau ve kiem nh giong do Vien Nghien cu Cao su
Viet Nam quy nh cu the.
Chng II
QUY TRNH KY THUAT TRONG MI CAO SU
Muc I:
CAC TIEU CHUAN KY THUAT CHU YEU
ieu 60: Thi gian kien thiet c ban
Dat trong cao su c phan thanh hang Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb va III.
Tieu chuan phan hang at trong cao su theo vung sinh thai c
neu trong phu luc 1.
DThi gian kien thiet c ban cua lo cao su tnh t nam trong c
quy nh tuy theo mc o thch hp cua vung at canh tac, cu the
nh sau:
Vung at thch hp hang I (Ia va Ib) : 6 nam
Vung at thch hp hang II (IIa va IIb) : 7 nam
Vung at thch hp hang III : 8 nam
ieu 61: Tieu chuan vn cay nam th nhat
Vao thi iem kiem ke vn cay cuoi thang 12 cua nam trong, ty
le cay ghep phai at:
Dong Nam bo va Tay Nguyen: Cay song tren 95% vi 80% cay
co 3 tang la tr len.
DMien Trung t Ha Tnh tr vao: Cay song tren 95%, cay at 2
tang la tr len.
DBac Trung bo (Nghe An, Thanh Hoa): Cay song tren 95% vi
80% cay at 5 tang la tr len.
ieu 62: Tieu chuan tang trng hang nam be vong than cay
Hang at
Nam
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hang Ia va Ib 10 20 30 39 48 Khai thac Khai thac Khai thac
Hang IIa va IIb 8 17 26 35 42 48 Khai thac Khai thac
Hang III 7 12 18 26 34 42 46 Khai thac
Bang 6: Tieu chuan tang trng hang nam be vong than cay o
o cao 1 m (cm)
Tieu chuan be vong than cay ghep o tai v tr cach mat at 1 m vao
thi iem kiem ke cuoi nam phai at mc quy nh ghi bang 6.
Ghi chu: Cao su vung Bac Trung bo trong vu xuan, vanh cac nam
au at cao hn nhng tang vanh trong cac nam thap hn nen thi
gian kien thiet c ban cung trong khoang tren.
ieu 63: Tieu chuan vn cay khi het thi gian kien thiet c ban
Mot lo cay khi het thi gian kien thiet c ban phai co ty le cay hu
hieu at tren 90% mat o thiet ke, trong o co t nhat 70 % so cay
at tieu chuan khai thac.
ieu 64: Nang suat thiet ke
Nang suat bnh quan cho 20 nam khai thac la 2 tan/ha/nam oi vi
at hang I; 1,7 tan/ha/nam oi vi at hang II va 1,4 tan/ha/nam
oi vi at hang III.
Muc II:
CHUAN B AT, THIET KE LO VA XAY DNG VN CAY
ieu 65: Tieu chuan at trong cao su
e am bao mc tang trng nh ieu 62 va nang suat nh ieu
64, at trong cay cao su phai co o doc di 30%, cao o di 700
m, khong b ngap ung, khong co lp laterit hoac tang soi, a trong
pham vi o sau 80 cm cach mat at.
ieu 66: Khai hoang va lam at trong cao su
DKhai hoang lam at trong cao su c thc hien theo Quy trnh
ky thuat khai hoang va xay dng vn cay do Tong Cong ty Cao
su Viet Nam ban hanh.
DKhi ban giao e tai canh, trong mi cao su, at phai c khai
hoang hp ly bao am cac yeu cau bao ve at mau, chong xoi
mon, chong ung va hoan chnh cac cong trnh xay dng vn cay
bao gom ng lo, ng lien lo, mng e chong xoi mon
vung at doc, mng thoat nc vung at thap.
DChuan b at trong phai hoan tat trc thi vu trong mi ba
thang. at co co tranh phai s dung hoa chat diet het co trc khi
lam at.
ieu 67: Thiet ke lo cao su
DLap s o mat bang va thiet ke lo trong tren ban o co ty le
1/10.000 e lam c s cho viec thiet ke ngoai thc a.
DKch thc lo trong
Cac khu vc co a hnh doc di 8% th thiet ke lo 25 ha
(500 x 500 m).
Cac khu vc co a hnh doc tren 8% th thiet ke lo nho hn,
hnh dang lo tuy a hnh cu the.
DThiet ke hang trong
at doc di 8%: Trong thang hang theo hng Bac Nam.
at doc t tren 8%: Thiet ke hang theo ng ong mc
chu ao.
DMat o va khoang cach trong
Mat o 476 cay/ha (7 m x 3 m) ap dung cho vung at thuoc
hang Ia hoac giong cao su khong thch hp trong day nh RRIM
600,
Mat o 512 cay/ha (6,5 x 3 m), 555 cay/ha (6 x 3 m) va 571
cay/ha (7 x 2,5 m) ap dung cho vung at thuoc hang I b, II va III.
vung at doc hn 8%, khoang cach hang cay thay oi
theo ng ong mc, bo tr cay tren hang thay oi t 2 - 3 m e
bao am mat o thiet ke 512 - 571 cay/ha.
ieu 68: Chong xoi mon va chong ung
DVung co o doc tren 8% phai co he thong b chac chan e
chong xoi mon.
- Khoang cach b:
o doc 8 - 10%: Hai b cach nhau khoang 15 hang cao su.
- Kch thc b: ay rong 2 m, mat rong 0,5 m, cao 0,8 m.
DVung at doc a thiet ke hang theo ng ong mc co the tao
mat bang cho tng ho trong vi kch thc 1 x 1 m. Cac nam sau
trong qua trnh lam co hang tao dan ng i noi cac iem trong
tren cung hang.
DThiet lap sm tham phu ho au gia hang. Neu khong phai gi
tham thc vat t nhien co chieu cao 15 - 20 cm e chong xoi mon
va bao ve at.
Muc III:
TRONG CAO SU
ieu 69: ao ho, bon lot
DHo co kch thc dai 70 cm, rong 50 cm, sau 60 cm, ay ho rong
50 x 50 cm. Khi ao phai e rieng lp at mat va lp at ay.
Tren at doc th e rieng lp at ay ve pha di doc. ao ho e
ai trc khi bon phan va lap ho khoang 15 ngay. Co the s dung
c gii e ao ho vi kch thc ho bang hoac ln hn.
DBon lot: Moi ho 300 g phan lan nung chay, 10 kg phan chuong
u hoai. Neu s dung cac dang phan hu c khac e bon lot phai
c s ong y cua Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam.
DCong viec lap ho c thc hien trc khi trong t nhat 5 ngay.
Lay lp at mat lap khoang na ho; Sau o tron eu phan hu c,
phan lan vi lp at mat xung quanh e lap ay ho. Cam coc
gia tam ho e anh dau iem trong.
ieu 70: Thi vu trong
DCh trong khi thi tiet thuan li, at co u o am. Thi vu trong
cu the cho tng vung nh sau:
ong Nam bo va Tay Nguyen: Trong tum t 1/6 en 15/7;
Trong bau t 15/5 en 31/8.
Mien Trung t Ha Tnh tr vao: Trong t 15/9 en 31/10.
Bac Trung bo (Nghe An, Thanh Hoa): Trong bang bau cat
ngon hoac bau co tang la vao vu xuan (thang 2 - 3).
DTrong dam cung c thc hien trong thi vu neu tren.
ieu 71: Giong cao su
Phai thc hien ung theo c cau giong cua tng giai oan do Tong
Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam ban hanh. Moi lo trong mot giong,
khong trong lien vung qua 200 ha cho mot giong.
ieu 72: Tieu chuan cay giong
DTieu chuan tum tran 10 thang tuoi
ng knh cua tum o cach mat at 10 cm t 16 mm tr
len. Mat ghep tot, song on nh.
Tum khong b troc vo, khong b dap. Re coc tum phai thang,
sau khi x ly dai t nhat 40 cm tnh t co re.
DTieu chuan bau cat ngon
ng knh goc ghep o cach mat at 10 cm at t nhat 14
mm. Mat ghep tot, song on nh.
Bau at khong b be, cay khong b long goc.
DTieu chuan bau co tang la
ng knh goc ghep o cach mat at 10 cm at toi thieu
12 mm. Choi ghep co t nhat mot tang la on nh, khoe.
DTieu chuan tum bau co tang la
Choi ghep co t nhat hai tang la on nh, khoe.
ieu 73: Trong cay
DTrong tum
Trc khi trong can don sach co, re cay,...
xung quanh ho, sau o dung cuoc moc at trong
ho len ti o sau bang chieu dai cua re cay tum.
at tum thang ng, mat ghep quay ve
hng gio chnh, m di mat ghep ngang vi
mat at. Lap ho lai bang phan at va lay len;
lap tng lp at mot va dam ky e at bam chat
vao tum. Sau cung, dung at ti xop phu kn co
re, ngang m di mat ghep.
DTrong bau
Trc khi trong can don sach co, re cay,...
xung quanh ho, sau o dung cuoc moc at trong
ho len ti o sau tng ng vi chieu cao bau.
Dung dao ben cat sat ay bau va phan re coc
nhu ra khoi bau. Trng hp re coc b xoan
trong bau th phai cat het phan re xoan.
at bau vao ho cho thang ng, mat ghep
quay ve hng gio chnh, m di mat ghep
ngang vi mat at.
Ra ch ba u PE theo ng tha ng ng ro i ke o
nhe tu i ba u le n. Ke o tu i ba u t i a u th la p a t e
ne n cha t ba u t i o . Chu y kho ng la m be ba u.
Hnh 10:
Ky thuat trong bau
A. Cat ay bau
B. at bau xuong
ho, rach 1/2 tui bau
ap at.
C. Keo dan tui bau
va lap at en
mieng ho.
D. Vun at, hoan
chnh
A
B
C
D
ieu 74: Trong dam
Phai trong dam va nh hnh vn cay ngay t nam th nhat, cham
nhat la nam th hai. Trong dam bang cay con ung giong va co
mc phat trien tng ng vi cay tren vn.
DTrong dam trong nam th nhat:
Hai mi ngay sau khi trong, kiem tra e trong dam nhng
cay chet va cay co mat ghep chet. Dung bau cat ngon, bau 1 - 2
tang la on nh hoac tum bau tren 2 tang la on nh e trong dam.
So lng cay giong can c chuan b e trong dam so vi
so lng cay trong mi trong nam th nhat la 15% oi vi phng
phap trong bau va 25% oi vi phng phap trong tum.
DTrong dam trong nam th hai:
Dam bang bau hoac tum bau co 2 - 3 tang la. So lng cay
chuan b e dam d kien la 5 % hoac theo ket qua kiem ke cuoi
nam th nhat e chuan b u dam vao au vu trong mi.
Muc IV:
TRONG XEN TRONG VN CAO SU
ieu 75: Quy nh chung
DCo the trong xen cay ho au, lua, rau mau gia hang cao su
trong 3 nam au.
Lu y: Cay trong xen khong anh hng cao su va khong la ky chu
cua nhng mam benh cua cay cao su. Phai bon phan cho cay trong
xen, luan canh hp ly va dung cac d tha thc vat sau khi thu
hoach e tu goc cho cay cao su.
DTren at bac mau, at doc, phai thiet lap tham phu cay ho au
ngay t nam au. Tren dien tch co xen canh cay ngan ngay, phai
thiet lap tham phu ho au ngay sau khi ngng trong xen.
DKhong trong xen cay ngan ngay tren vn cao su co o doc tren
8% v viec lam at co the gay xoi mon nghiem trong.
ieu 76: Khoang cach trong xen
DTrong xen au, lua:
Nam th nhat : Trong xen cach hang cao su moi ben 1,5 m
oi vi lua va 1 m oi vi cay au.
Nam th hai, nam th ba: Trong xen cach hang cao su toi
thieu 1,5 m.
DThiet lap tham phu ho au:
Co the trong thuan hoac hon hp mot so loai cay thch hp
vi nhau, bo sung cho nhau e phat huy toi a tac dung cua tham
phu. Duy tr tham phu cach goc cao su 1,5 m.
Cho n ca c loa i ca y ho a u nh Kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides),
Mucuna (Mucuna cochichinensis), au long (Calopogonium
mucunoides) e tro ng xen.
Bon phan cho tham phu giup tham phat trien nhanh ngay
nam au, bon lot lan luc trong cay tham phu.
Chng III
CHAM SOC CAO SU TRONG MI
VA CAO SU KIEN THIET C BAN
Muc I:
LAM CO VN CAO SU KIEN THIET C BAN
ieu 77: Lam co tren hang cao su
D nhng ni co tranh, le, lo o phai diet sach ngay t au bang
cac bien phap canh tac, hoa chat, c gii, thu cong,...
DNam th nhat: Sau khi trong xong phai don mat bang quanh goc
cao su rong 2 m (cach goc cao su moi ben 1m) 3 lan/nam. Co sat
goc cao su phai nho bang tay, tranh dung cuoc v de lam h hai
cho cay. ni at doc nhieu phai lam co bon thay v lam co hang
e giam bt xoi mon. Khi lam co hang khong c keo at ra khoi
goc cao su.
DT nam th hai tr i, lam co cach goc cao su moi ben 1,5 m.
DT nam th 2 en nam th 5 lam co 4 lan/nam; Nam th 6 en
nam th 8 lam co 2 lan/nam.
DHan che lam co thu cong tren hang, u tien tr co bang thuoc
diet co. S dung thuoc diet co theo Quy trnh ky thuat bao ve thc
vat cay cao su.
ieu 78: Quan ly gia hang cao su
DPhat don co, choi gia hai hang cao su, ch e duy tr tham co
thap cach mat at khoang 15 - 20 cm. Nam th nhat phat co 2
lan/nam, nam th hai en nam th nam phat 4 lan/nam, nam th
sau, th bay va nam th tam phat 2 lan/nam. Neu co s dung hoa
chat e diet co th giam so lan phat co.
DHan che cay at gia hang t nam th hai tr i, tuyet oi
khong cay vung at co o doc hn 8%. Tren at bang ch cay
gia hang khi can lam at trong xen, khoang cach ng cay en
hang cao su toi thieu la 1,5 m.
ieu 79: Tu goc
DTu goc gi am: Phup bon, vun at hoac tu goc vi d tha thc
vat (co dai, cay tham phu hoac phu pham t cay trong xen) vao
au mua kho trong hai nam au. Trc khi tu goc phai xi pha
vang lp at mat. Lu y tu cach goc 10 cm, ban knh tu goc 1 m,
day toi thieu 10 cm. Sau khi tu goc phu len tren mot lp at day
5 cm. nam au va nam th hai co the s dung c gii e cay tu
goc vao au mua kho vi mot ng cay moi ben cach hang cay
1 m va lat at vao goc.
DTu goc thng xuyen: vung ngoai truyen thong vi cao su
nen tu goc thng xuyen trong cac nam au vi vat lieu la d tha
thc vat nh tren.
Muc II:
BON PHAN CHO VN CAO SU KIEN THIET C BAN
ieu 80: Bon phan vo c
DLng phan: Lng phan bon thay oi tuy theo hang at, mat
o trong va tuoi cay theo bang 7. Cac loai phan vo c ngoai danh
muc quy nh, khong phai cac dang phan bon thong dung nh ure,
phan lan nung chay va kali clorua th eu phai c s ong y cua
Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam mi c bon tren ai tra.
DSo lan bon phan: Phan vo c c chia bon lam 2 - 3 t trong
nam. Nam au tien thi gian gia cac lan bon phan cach nhau t
nhat 1 thang. Nam th hai tr i bon vao au va cuoi mua ma.
DCach bon:
Bon phan khi at u am, khong bon phan vao thi iem co
ma ln, ma tap trung.
T nam th nhat en nam th t: Cuoc ranh hnh vanh khan
hoac xam nhieu lo hoac bau lo quanh goc cao su theo hnh chieu
cua tan la e bon phan, sau o lap at vui phan.
Khi cay cao su a giao tan oi vi at bang phang hoac doc,
t doc th rai eu phan thanh bang rong 1m gia hai hang cao su,
xi nhe lap phan. Tranh lam t re ln cua cay cao su; oi vi at
co o doc tren 15 % th bon vao he thong ho gi mau va lap vui
kn phan bang la, co muc hoac at (theo thiet ke lo tren at doc,
ieu 68). Neu vn cay cha co he thong ho gi mau t ban au
th co the thiet lap he thong ho tng t cac nam sau.
Lu y: Ho gi mau phai c vet bt at tch tu hang nam, khong
e at vui lap.
Phan bon qua la cung c s dung trong hai nam au vi so lan
phun nh c gii thieu bang 7; ni trong tre th tang so lan
phun qua la vao nam th hai.
ieu 81: Bon phan hu c
DPhan hu c c s dung nham cai tao ly tnh at, tang lng
mun va cung cap mot phan dinh dng cho cay. Nhng vn cao
su KTCB sinh trng kem hn bnh thng phai c khao sat va
phan tch ve ly, hoa tnh cua at e co c s e xuat cu the ve viec
bon phan hu c ket hp vi phan vo c nham lam tang hieu qua
cua phan bon.
DPhan hu c c bon vao ho nho doc hai ben hang cao su theo
hnh chieu cua tan la, sau o vui at lap phan.
DTat ca cac loai phan hu c c s dung e bon bo sung cho
cao su eu phai at yeu cau chat lng va phai c s ong y
cua Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam.
Muc III:
CONG TAC BAO VE VN CAY CAO SU KIEN THIET C BAN
ieu 82: Cat choi thc sinh, choi ngang
DSau khi trong phai cat choi thc sinh va choi ngang kp thi e
cho choi ghep phat trien tot.
DTa canh, tao tan: Trong cac nam au KTCB can thng xuyen
kiem tra cat bo nhng canh moc lech tan, canh moc tap trung.
D vung thuan li tao tan o cao 3 m tr len. vung co gio
manh nen gi o cao phan canh t 2,2 m tr len.
D vung t thuan li, vao mua thay la cua cac nam au phai ta
canh co kiem soat: Khi cat ta choi ben, duy tr 3 - 4 choi ngang
gan ngon e ho tr ngon chnh. Lu lai canh t o cao 2,2 m e
nh hnh tan. Moi v tr phan canh tren than chnh ch gi lai 1
canh.
(Xem Quy trnh ky thuat bao ve thc vat cay cao su)
ieu 84: Phong chong chay
Hang nam vao au mua kho tien hanh lam cac cong tac e
phong chong chay cho lo cao su cu the nh sau:
Phat don sach co quanh ba lo.
Lam sach co, quet don canh, la kho tren hang cao su rong
moi ben 1,5 m.
Phat don choi, co gia hang cao su e tranh moi la.
Trong moi lo cao su don sach co, la e lam cac ng bang
cach ly rong 10 m cach nhau 100 m.
Tuyet oi khong ot la trong lo cao su.
ieu 85: Bao ve lo cao su
nhng vung trong cao su co kha nang de b trau bo hoac thu
rng pha hai phai co nhng cong trnh bao ve. ao hao hoac lam
hang rao chong trau bo va cac loai thu rng tuy theo ieu kien cu
the cua tng ni. Cac n v phai to chc lc lng trc gac bao
ve vn cay.
Chng IV
QUAN LY VN CAO SU KIEN THIET C BAN
ieu 86: Quan ly lo cao su
Moi lo cao su phai co tru xi mang tren o ghi ten lo, nam trong,
dien tch, mat o, giong va phng phap trong.
Moi lo co ho s ly lch gom s o mat bang, phieu kiem ke hang
nam va ly lch vn cay. Ho s ly lch tng lo phai c lu tr
nong trng va cong ty.
ieu 87: Phan cap quan ly vn cay
1. Trach nhiem cua Tong cong ty Cao su
Ban hanh quy trnh ky thuat trong mi va cham soc cao su KTCB.
Kiem tra viec thc hien quy trnh ky thuat cua cac cong ty.
To chc tap huan ky thuat cho can bo cua cac cong ty.
Kiem tra so lng va chat lng vn cao su KTCB vao cuoi nam.
To chc khen thng cho cac cong ty tuy theo ket qua kiem ke,
phan loai chat lng vn cao su KTCB vao cuoi nam.
2. Trach nhiem cua giam oc cong ty
Quan ly va to chc thc hien tot cong tac xay dng c ban vn
cay theo ke hoach khoi lng c giao, bao am thc hien tot
cong tac trong mi, cham soc cao su KTCB theo ung quy trnh
ky thuat cua Tong Cong ty Cao su VN ban hanh.
To chc kiem ke chnh xac so lng va chat lng vn cao su
KTCB vao cuoi nam.
S, tong ket, rut kinh nghiem ve viec quan ly vn cay cao su.
3. Trach nhiem cua giam oc nong trng
Quan ly ho s ly lch cua cac lo cao su ke ca phan dien tch at a
c quy hoach cua nong trng.
To chc kiem tra, nghiem thu ve so lng, chat lng cong viec
thc hien cua cac oi thuoc nong trng hang quy va cuoi nam.
S, tong ket, anh gia, rut kinh nghiem ve cong tac trong mi,
cham soc vn cay cao su hang nam cua nong trng.
4.Trach nhiem cua oi trng
Thng xuyen kiem tra on oc viec thc hien quy trnh ky thuat.
Tham gia nghiem thu khoi lng cong viec thc hien cua cac to.
Tong hp so lieu bao cao cua cac to e bao ve nong trng.
5. Trach nhiem cua to trng
Hng dan cu the cac thao tac ky thuat cho to vien.
Tham gia nghiem thu khoi lng cong viec thc hien cua to.
Ghi chep so lieu ban au ve moi yeu to lien quan en lo cao su
ma to quan ly.
6. Trach nhiem cua cong nhan cham soc
Moi cong nhan cham soc c giao khoan cham soc tren mot dien
tch cao su nhat nh tuy theo tnh trang cua lo. Cong viec giao
khoan c ghi cu the trong hp ong khoan.
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Phan ||:
OUY TR|MH KY THUAT KHA| THAC NU
8
CHAN SDC CAD SU K|MH ODAMH
Chng I:
NHNG QUY NH CHUNG
VE VIEC KHAI THAC MU
ieu 88: Tieu chuan cac loai vn cao su cao mu
a. Tieu chuan vn cay cao su mi a vao cao mu:
DCay cao su at tieu chuan m cao khi be vong than cay o cach
mat at 1 m at t 50 cm tr len, o day vo o cao 1 m cach mat
at phai at t 6 mm tr len.
DLo cao su kien thiet c ban co t 70% tr len so cay hu hieu
at tieu chuan m cao th c a vao cao mu.
b. Tieu chuan vn cay a vao cao up co kiem soat:
DVn cay kinh doanh bnh thng c a vao cao up co kiem
soat t nam cao th 11.
c. Tieu chuan m cao vo tai sinh:
DKhi m cao lai tren vo tai sinh, o day vo phai at t 6 mm tr
len.
DNhng trng hp khac vi quy nh neu tren phai co y kien
cua Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam mi c thc hien.
ieu 89: Phan loai vn cay khai thac va viec thanh ly vn cay
DNhom I: Vn cay ang nam cao th 1 en nam cao th 10.
DNhom II: Vn cay ang nam cao th 11 en nam cao th 17.
DNhom III: Vn cay ang nam cao th 18 en nam cao th 20.
Viec thanh ly vn cay phai do Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam
quyet nh.
Chng II:
TO CHC KHAI THAC MU
Muc I:
CHE O KHAI THAC
ieu 90: oi vi dong vo tnh khong thch hp che o cao nang (v du:
PB 235, VM 515, PB 260, RRIV 4) va cac giong mi (bang II, bang III)
DVn cay nhom I:
- Nam cao 1 : 1/2Sd/3 6d/7
- Nam cao 2 - 5 : 1/2Sd/3 6d/7.ET 2.5% Pa 3/y
- Nam cao 6 - 10 : 1/2Sd/3 6d/7.ET 2,5% Pa 4/y
DVn cay nhom II:
- Nam cao 11 14 : (a)1/2Sd/3 6d/7.ET 2,5% Pa 5/y + 1/4Sd/3
6d/7 7m/12.ET 2,5% La 4/y.
(b)1/4Sd/3 6d/7.ET 2,5% La 6/y (ap dung
trong ieu kien thieu lao ong).
- Nam cao 15 17 : 1/2Sd/3 6d/7 6m/12.ET 2,5% Pa 4/y,
1/2Sd/3 6d/7 5m/12.ET 2,5% La 4/y
DVn cay nhom III (cao tan thu):
- Nam cao 18 19 : 1/2Sd/3 6d/7.ET 5% Pa 4/y + 1/2Sd/3
6d/7 7m/12.ET 5% La 4/y
20 : Tuy tnh hnh thc te vn cay, ap dung
che o cao huy
ieu 91: oi vi cac dong vo tnh thch hp che o cao nang (v du:
GT1, RRIM 600, PR255, PR 261, PB 255, RRIC 121, RRIV 2)
DVn cay nhom I:
- Nam cao 1 : 1/2Sd/3 6d/7.ET 2.5% Pa 2/y
- Nam cao 2 - 5 : 1/2Sd/3 6d/7.ET 2.5% Pa 4/y
- Nam cao 6 - 10 : 1/2Sd/3 6d/7.ET 2,5% Pa 5/y
DVn cay nhom II:
- Nam cao 11 14 : (a)1/2Sd/3 6d/7.ET 2,5% Pa 5/y +
1/4Sd/3 6d/7 7m/12.ET 2,5% La 6/y
(b)1/4Sd/3 6d/7.ET 2,5% La 8/y (ap
dung trong ieu kien thieu lao ong).
1/2Sd/3 6d/7 5m/12.ET 2,5% La 5/y
- Nam cao 18 19 : 1/2Sd/3 6d/7.ET 5% Pa 6/y + 1/2Sd/3
6d/7 7m/12.ET 5% La 6/y
20 : Tuy tnh hnh thc te vn cay, ap
dung che o cao huy
ieu 92: oi vi khu vc Bac Trung bo (t Tha Thien Hue tr ra)
DVn cay nhom I:
- Nam cao 1 - 2 : 1/2Sd/2 6d/7
- Nam cao 3 - 5 : 1/2Sd/2 6d/7.ET 2,5% Pa 2/y
- Nam cao 6 - 10 : 1/2Sd/2 6d/7.ET 2,5% Pa 3/y
DVn cay nhom II:
- Nam cao 11 14 : (a)1/2Sd/2 6d/7.ET 2,5% Pa 4/y +
1/4Sd/2 6d/7 7m/12.ET 2,5% La 3/y
(b)1/4Sd/2 6d/7.ET 2,5% La 5/y (ap
dung trong ieu kien thieu lao ong).
1/2Sd/2 6d/7 5m/12.ET 2,5% La 3/y
- Nam cao 18 19 : 1/2Sd/2 6d/7.ET 5% Pa 3/y +
1/2Sd/2 6d/7 7m/12.ET 5% La 3/y
20 : Tuy tnh hnh thc te vn cay, ap
dung che o cao huy
ieu 93: Nguyen tac thiet ke mieng cao ap dung cho vn cay m cao
theo quy trnh cu
oi vi vn cay khai thac m cao theo quy trnh cu, tuy thuoc
vao ieu kien thc te, thiet ke m mieng cao up co the cung pha
hoac khac pha vi mieng cao nga. Tuy nhien, neu cao phoi hp
up nga cung pha th hai mieng cao phai cach nhau t nhat 50 cm.
Muc II:
THIET KE, M MIENG CAO
ieu 94: Chia phan cay cao:
So cay trong moi phan cay cao c chia da vao ieu kien a
hnh vn cay, mat o cay cao, nam cao, tnh trang vo cao, che
o cao. oi vi vn cay nhom I, phan cay phai chia on nh t
nam th hai sau khi m cao. oi vi vn cay nhom II, phan cay
phai c phan chia ngay t au nam, tranh phan chia lai khi bat
au cao up gay xao tron san xuat, kho quan ly. Quy nh so cay
cao mu/phan theo bang 8.
Ghi chu: (*) Chia theo (a), (b) nh quy nh muc I: Che o khai
thac
Moi phan cay cao phai c anh dau phan chia ro rang va anh
so th t phan cay cao.
ieu 95: Trang b vat t cho cay cao
DCay cao c trang b ay u cac vat t kieng, mang, chen va
mang chan nc ma. Trong trng hp cao phoi hp up nga, co
the trang b vat t rieng cho moi mieng cao.
DKieng buoc cach mieng tien 35 cm cho ca 2 mieng cao nga va
cao up co kiem soat, cac vn cay nhom I, nhom II khong c
ong kieng vao than cay cao su. Buoc kieng bang day lo xo thep
f = 0,8 mm hoac bang day nylon.
DMang ong di mieng tien 10 cm oi vi cao nga va 15 cm
oi vi cao up co kiem soat, sau cach go 2 mm, o doc cua mang
so vi truc ngang la 30
0
DChen hng mu bang at nung co trang lp men s trong long
chen hoac bang chen nha mat trong lang, dung tch chen t 500
ml - 1000 ml tuy nhom cay.
DVao mua ma phai trang b mang chan nc ma cho cay cao su.
ieu 96: Thiet ke mieng cao
a. Chieu cao mieng cao:
DCay mi m cao co mieng tien cach mat at 1,3 m. Cao mieng
nga lien tuc sau nam mat cao vo nguyen sinh B0-1, sau o
chuyen mieng cao sang mat cao vo nguyen sinh B0-2, cung cao
o cao 1,3 m cach mat at.
DCao up co kiem soat khi v tr mieng tien nam trong khoang t
1,3 m en 2,0 m cach mat at.
DT o cao 2,0 m tr len c goi la o cao ngoai tam kiem soat
Bang 8: So cay cao mu/phan theo nam cao va theo a hnh, mat o
at doc
400 - 500 250 - 300 350 - 400 250 - 350 200 - 300
at doc
hoac mat
o tha
350 - 450 200 -250 300 - 350 200 - 300 150 - 250
a hnh,
mat o
Nam cao
1 - 10
11 - 14 (*)
15 - 17 18 - 20
(a) (b)
b. o doc mieng cao:
oi vi mieng cao nga: Quy nh o doc mieng cao t 30
0
- 34
0
so vi truc ngang tuy nhom cay khai thac.
- Cay nhom I : 34
0
- Cay nhom II : 32
0
- Cay nhom III : 30
0
oi vi mieng cao up: Quy nh o doc mieng cao la 45
0
.
c. Thiet ke mieng cao:
DDung cu e thiet ke mieng cao gom:
Rap ch U.
Thc cay 150 cm co anh dau v tr mieng tien, v tr cam
mang, v tr treo kieng.
Day co 3 gut (100 cm) e chia than cay ra lam hai hoac bon
phan bang nhau.
Rap (c) co can e bao am o doc.
Thc anh dau hao dam hang thang.
Moc rach.
Thc, rap cua 2 mieng cao nga va up c anh dau va thiet ke
khac nhau.
DCach thiet ke:
Mieng cao nga:
Dung rap ch U kiem tra va anh dau cay u tieu chuan cao.
Mieng tien c m ong loat cung mot pha trong lo va
hng ra gia hang e de quan sat, kiem tra va quan ly.
at thc cay e rach ranh tien, anh dau v tr mieng tien,
v tr cam mang hng mu va v tr treo kieng.
Dung day co ba gut e chia than cay cao su lam hai phan
bang nhau.
Xac nh ranh hau bang mot ng rach doc theo than cay.
at rap ngay ung v tr ranh tien e rach mieng cao chuan
va cac ng rach chuan hao dam hang quy.
Dung thc anh dau hao dam hang thang, vach dau chuan
ranh tien va ranh hau.
Khi mng tien dai 10 - 11 cm, sau en lp da cat mn (kieu
au voi, uoi chuot), mng tien phai thang goc so vi mat at.
Sau khi thie t ke mie ng ca o xong th trang b va t t cho ca y ca o.
Mieng cao up:
Trong cung mot lo, mieng tien cung phai c thiet ke ong
loat theo mot pha thong nhat.
at thc cay va moc e rach ranh tien t v tr 1,3 m cach
at thang len pha tren.
Dung day co ba gut e chia than cay cao su lam hai phan (cho
mieng cao 1/2S) hoac bon phan (cho mieng cao 1/4S) bang nhau.
Xac nh ranh hau bang mot ng rach doc theo than cay.
at rap ngay ung v tr ranh tien e rach mieng cao chuan
va cac ng rach chuan hao dam hang thang hoac hang quy gia
hai ranh tien va hau. Lu y o doc cua mieng cao up phai la 45
0
ngay t khi m cao, khong cho phep m o doc thap hn roi
chuyen t t len o doc quy nh.
Khi mng tien t mieng tien en v tr cam mang (dai 15
cm), sau en lp da cat mn (kieu au voi, uoi chuot), mng
tien phai thang goc so vi mat at.
Sau khi thie t ke mie ng ca o xong th trang b va t t cho ca y ca o.
d. M them:
DVao au mua cao va thang 10 hang nam m cao them nhng
cay a u tieu chuan m mieng cao. Rieng khu vc Bac Trung bo,
m cao them vao au mua cao va thang 8 hang nam. au nam th
ba m cao tat ca cac cay co be vong than tren 40 cm. e tranh
hien tng oc ao, mieng cao cay m sau van m o cao 1,3 m
cach mat at, nhng en nam cao th bay phai chuyen ong loat
vn cay sang mat cao B-02.
ieu 97: M mieng cao
a. Mieng nga:
Sau khi thiet ke, cao xa mieng 3 nhat dao:
- Nhat 1: Cao chuan.
- Nhat 2: Vat nem.
- Nhat 3: Hoan chnh mieng cao, cao ep ma dao t t en o sau
cao quy nh, tranh cao pham khi m mieng cao.
b. Mieng up:
Sau khi thiet ke, cao xa mieng theo hng cao len 3 nhat dao
tng t nh cach cao nga thong thng, o sau cao phai dan dan
tang len cho en khi cach tng tang vao khoang 1,0 1,3 mm.
Co the cao nga mot vai nhat ve pha di e lam mieng mu
chay lan.
* Mc o hao vo cao luc m mieng cho phep toi a 2 cm oi vi
ca hai mieng nga va up.
Hnh 11: Dung cu thiet ke mieng cao
Dung rap ch U kiem tra va
anh dau cay u tieu chuan
cao.
at thc cay e at ranh
tien, anh dau v tr mieng
tien, mang hng mu va treo
kieng.
Dung day co 3 gut e chia
than cay cao su lam hai phan
bang nhau.
Xac nh ranh hau bang mot
ng rach doc theo than
cay.
Hnh 12 (a): Ky thuat thiet ke mieng cao nga
Rach mieng cao chuan va
cac ng rach chuan hao
dam hang quy.
Dung rap anh dau hao dam
hang thang, vach dau chuan
ranh tien va ranh hau.
Khi mng tien dai 10-11
cm.
Trang b vat t cho cay cao
Hnh 12 (b): Ky thuat thiet ke mieng cao nga
a t th c ca y va mo c e ra ch
ranh tie n t v tr 1,3 m ca ch
a t tha ng le n pha tre n.
Dung day ba gut e chia
tha n ca y cao su la m hai
phan hoac bon phan bang
nhau.
Xac nh iem ranh hau cho
mieng cao 1/4S.
Xac nh ranh hau.
Hnh 13 (a): Ky thuat thiet ke mieng cao up
a t ra p ngay u ng v tr ranh tie n e ra ch mie ng ca o chua n va ca c
ng ra ch chua n hao da m ha ng tha ng hoa c ha ng quy gi a 2 ranh
tie n va ha u.
Hnh 13 (b): Ky thuat thiet ke mieng cao up
Khi mng tien.
Hnh 14: M mieng cao nga
Cao chuan
Vat nem
Cay m cao xong
Lay nhat cao chuan
Cao xa mieng theo hng cao len ba
nhat dao.
Ca o ng a mo t va i nha t ve pha d i e
la m mie ng mu cha y lan.
Hnh 15: M mieng cao up
Muc III:
CAC YEU CAU KY THUAT TRONG VIEC KHAI THAC MU
ieu 98: Thi vu cao mu
DM mieng cao cac vn cay mi a vao khai thac c tien
hanh vao cac thang 3 4 va thang 10. Rieng khu vc Bac Trung
bo (t Tha Thien Hue tr ra) m mieng cao vao cac thang 4
5 va thang 8.
Doi vi cao up, m mieng cao vao cac thang 3 4 (cao up ca
nam), thang 7 (cao up 7 thang/nam) hoac thang 9 (cao up 5
thang/nam).
DRung la sinh ly hang nam sm hay muon tuy theo dong vo tnh,
nen at trong (o, xam), vung tieu kh hau. V vay, vn cay nao
rung la trc th cho ngh trc. Ngh cao luc la bat au nhu chan
chim. Cao mu lai khi cay co tan la on nh. Vn cay nao tan la
on nh trc th cho cao trc.
ieu 99: o sau cao mu
DCao cach tng tang 1,0 - 1,3 mm oi vi ca hai mieng nga va
up.
Tranh cao can (cao cach tng tang tren 1,3 mm), cao sat (cao
cach tng tang di 1 mm), cao pham (cao cham go).
ieu 100: Mc o hao dam, hao vo cao - anh dau hao dam
Doi vi mieng cao nga, hao dam 1,1 - 1,5 mm/lan cao. Hao vo
cao toi a 16 cm/nam oi vi nhp o cao d/3; 20 cm/nam oi vi
nhp o cao d/2.
Doi vi mieng cao up co kiem soat, hao dam khong qua 2
mm/lan cao. Hao vo toi a 3 cm/thang.
Doi vi mieng cao up ngoai tam kiem soat, hao dam khong qua
3 mm/lan cao. Hao vo toi a 4,5 cm/thang.
DHang nam, trc khi bat au cao lai, dung moc hoac dao anh
dau hao vo cao, dung rap vach tren vo cao cac vach chuan e
khong che mc hao vo tng thang, quy ket hp khong che o doc
mieng cao.
ieu 101: Tieu chuan ng cao
Dng cao phai ung o doc quy nh, co long mang, vuong
tien, vuong hau, khong lech mieng, khong vt ranh, khong ln
song.
H
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1
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:
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(
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)
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t
Ghi chu: So trong ngoac n la nam cao lai tren vo tai sinh.
ieu 102: Cong viec trc va sau khi cao mu tng cay
DTrc khi cao mu, phai boc mu day, mu chen, sa lai kieng,
mang, lau sach chen va up tren kieng. Cao xong, nga chen len
va dan mu chay vao chen roi mi qua cao cay khac. ac biet can
lu y viec dan mu chay vao chen oi vi cao up co kiem soat.
DHng i cao theo nhng cay ke can nhau. Sau moi phien cao
phai oi au phan cao.
Doi vi cac giong mau ong mu, sau khi cao xong, nho vao
chen mu t 3 - 5 giot ammoniac co nong o 3 - 5%. Dung dch
ammoniac do nha may s che cung cap.
DCh trut mu sau khi co hieu lenh. Cay nao cao trc trut trc,
dung vet e tan thu mu trong chen, at chen mu lai v tr cu e
hng mu chay tre, tranh trut sot mu.
DPhan cay co boi thuoc kch thch phai to chc trut mu chieu.
ieu 103: Gi cao mu - trut mu - giao nhan mu
a. Gi cao mu:
DTuy ieu kien thi tiet trong nam, bat au cao mu khi nhn thay
ro ng cao. Mua ma, ch vo cay kho rao mi bat au cao. Neu
en 11 - 12 gi tra ma vo cay con t th cho ngh cao.
b. Gi trut mu:
DThi gian ch trut mu tuy thuoc vao thi tiet. Sau khi cao xong
phan cay, cong nhan cao ch hieu lenh cua oi trng, to trng
mi trut mu. Nhng ngay tri chuyen ma co the trut sm hn, mu
trut xong c a ngay ve tram giao nhan mu. Tren dien tch s
dung chat kch thch phai to chc trut mu chieu.
c. Giao nhan mu:
DKhi o mu nc t thung trut sang thung cha phai dung ray loc
mu vi kch thc lo 5 mm. Sau khi trut xong, cong nhan a mu
ve tram giao cho to trng can o so lng mu nc, mu tap cua
tng phan cay, ghi ay u so lieu vao phieu theo doi san lng,
co ghi nhan ca phan chat lng mu. Sau o se tap trung e a ve
nha may. Khi o mu nc t thung cha vao bon cua xe mu phai
co li loc vi kch thc lo 3 mm. C moi 50 - 100 ha lap mot
tram giao nhan mu, co mai che, gian e mu tap va be nc e
trang ra thung.
ieu 104: Dung cu cao mu trang b cho cong nhan
DCong nhan cao mieng nga c trang b 2 dao cao mu, 1 gio
ng mu tap, 1 thung trut 10 lt hoac 15 lt, 1 - 4 thung cha 25 lt
hoac 35 lt, 1 ray loc mu, 1 vet mu, 1 nao vo, 1 on ganh, 2 moc
Hnh 17: Mot so dung cu trang b cho cong nhan cao mu
thung, 1 lo ammoniac, 1 ong m vaselin, 2 vien a mai dao (a
nham va a bun) va gie lau bang vai (Hnh). Vao mua rung la,
moi cong nhan c trang b them 1 choi quet la.
Lu y: Gie lau chen khong c s dung loai vai co si PP (poly
propylene)
DCong nhan cao mieng up c trang b cac dung cu nh cong
nhan cao mieng nga, rieng dao cao phai dung dao chuyen dung
cho cao up. Khong dung dao cao nga e cao up.
DCac dung cu cao mu phai that sach se, dao cao phai co chat
lng tot, c mai ben thng xuyen, chat lng s dung tot.
Dau phan cay cao phai co coc up thung.
Hnh 18: Phng phap boi chat kch thch
Muc IV:
KCH THCH MU
ieu 105: Loai chat kch thch va nong o s dung
DLoai hoa chat kch thch mu c s dung co hoat chat la ethep-
hon (acid 2-chloroethyl phosphonic)
DNong o hoat chat s dung la 2,5% a.i cho cay nhom I va II; 5%
a.i. cho cac vn cay nhom III va vn cay cao tan thu trc khi
thanh ly.
ieu 106: Thi vu ap dung kch thch mu, thi iem boi
D ong Nam bo va Tay Nguyen, boi chat kch thch vao cac
thang 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 va 12.
D Bac Trung bo, boi chat kch thch vao cac thang 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
va 10.
DBoi chat kch thch trc nhat cao ke tiep 24 gi 48 gi.
DKhong boi khi cay con t hoac luc tri sap ma.
DTuyet oi khong c boi trong mua kho, mua rung la.
ieu 107: Phng phap boi chat kch thch mu:
DBoi tren vo tai sinh (Pa: Panel application):
Sau khi khuay eu chat kch thch, dung co nho boi mot bang rong
1 cm, mong eu tren vo tai sinh tiep giap vi mieng cao.
DPhng phap boi tren mieng cao khong boc lp mu day (La:
Lace application):
Sau khi khuay eu chat kch thch, dung co nho boi mot lp mong
eu ngay tren mieng cao. Phng phap nay ap dung cho mieng
cao up.
ieu 108: Dung cu boi chat kch thch
D1 co boi so 8 co be rong 0,8 cm.
D1 hop ng chat kch thch co ghi ro nong o.
ieu 109: Lieu lng s dung, nhp o boi chat kch thch
DCay co tuoi cao t 1 5, boi t 0,5 1 gam/cay/lan theo
phng phap Pa.
DCay co tuoi cao t 6 10, boi t 0,75 1,5 gam/cay/lan theo
phng phap Pa.
DCay co tuoi cao tren 10, boi t 1 2 gam/cay/lan theo phng
phap Pa; t 0,75 2 gam/cay/lan theo phng phap La.
DKhoang cach gia 2 lan boi t nhat la 3 tuan.
ieu 110: Tieu chuan cay c s dung chat kch thch
DBoi chat kch thch cho nhng cay sinh trng bnh thng, ky
thuat cao tot.
DKhong boi chat kch thch cho nhng cay b benh nam hong gay
cut ot, cay b benh loet soc mieng cao nang, cay a rung het la
do benh rung la mua ma, cay co dau hieu kho mieng cao hoac
nhng cay qua nho.
ieu 111: Tieu chuan vn cay s dung chat kch thch mu
DNeu ham lng cao su kho (DRC) cua vn cay di 25% th
khong s dung chat kch thch.
DNeu ty le cay kho mieng cao toan phan cao hn lan kiem ke
trc o theo mc quy nh sau th khong nen boi chat kch thch:
Nam cao 1 10: > 3 %
Nam cao 10 20: > 10 %
ieu 112: An toan lao ong khi s dung chat kch thch
DTranh e chat kch thch dnh tren da, mat. Trong trng hp b
dnh chat kch thch vao da phai ra ngay bang xa phong va nc
am. Neu b dnh chat kch thch vao mat phai ra mat ngay nhieu
lan bang nc sach.
DSau khi s dung phai huy bo bao b ng chat kch thch, khong
s dung lai.
DKhi boi chat kch thch cho mieng cao cao, phai mang knh
phong ho e tranh thuoc ri vao mat.
ieu 113: Bao quan chat kch thch khi cha s dung
DChat kch thch phai luon c gi trong mat, tranh anh nang
trc tiep. Tuan thu theo han s dung ghi tren bao b.
Muc V:
MANG CHAN NC MA CHO CAY CAO SU
ieu 114: Thi vu gan mang chan nc ma
DMa ng cha n n c ma pha i c ga n tre n ca y va o a u mu a ma.
ieu 115: Vat lieu, kch thc mang chan nc ma
DMang chan nc ma co the c lam bang giay dau hoac tam
PE (polyethylene) co o day 0,3 0,02 mm, am bao chat lng
e s dung c hai nam.
DMang co hnh dang cong nh hnh li liem be rong gia
mang khoang 4,3 - 4,5 cm. o dai va o cong cua mang s dung
tuy theo be vong than va chieu dai mieng cao. Mang phai dai hn
mieng cao khoang 20 cm (10 cm vt tien va 10 cm vt hau).
ieu 116: Ky thuat gan mang
a. V tr gan mang:
DMang phai c gan pha tren mieng cao vi o doc t 30
0
en
34
0
so vi truc ngang.
Doi vi mieng cao nga, khi mi bat au m cao cung nh cac
nam cao tiep theo tren cung mat cao, gan mang tren vo nguyen
sinh cach v tr m mieng cao au tien khoang 2 - 3 cm. Khi
chuyen sang mat cao mi v tr gan mang cung tng t.
Doi vi mieng cao up, mang c gan pha tren mc hao vo cao
d kien trong hai nam 5 cm.
b. Co nh mang
DTrc khi co nh mang, dung nao vo nao nhe loai bo lp vo
ban tren than cay ngay tai cho se gan mang. Lu y tranh nao sau
lam h hai tang sinh b.
DDung kim bam so 10 e co nh mang tren cay cao su, khoang
cach gia hai kim t nhat la 5 cm. Khong c bam qua nhieu kim
lam h vo cay.
c. Boi keo:
DKeo phai co o ben sanh deo, chong tham tot, khong anh hng
en vo cay cao su.
DThng xuyen kiem tra lai va boi keo bo sung khi mang b ro r.
DTao hai ng keo thang ng pha ngoai va song song vi
ranh tien va ranh hau e ngan nc ma chay lan vao mat cao.
ng keo boi cach ranh tien/hau khoang 5 cm. Phai boi keo
ngay sat mep di mang va keo dai qua khoi mieng cao khoang
15 cm.
Vien Nghien cu Cao su Viet Nam Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam
Chng III:
CHAM SOC VN CAY KINH DOANH
Muc I:
LAM CO VN CAO SU KINH DOANH
ieu 117: Lam co hang va lam co gia hang
a. Lam co hang:
DLam sach co cach cay cao su moi ben 1 m bang thu cong hoac
bang hoa chat diet co, tranh gay thng ton cho than, khong keo
at ra khoi hang. oi vi at doc ch lam co bon cach goc 1 m va
phan con lai tren hang phat co nh lam co gia hang.
b. Lam co gia hang:
DPhat co thng xuyen gia hang cao su, gi lai tham co day t
10 - 15 cm e chong xoi mon.
DKhong c cay gia hang cao su.
Muc II:
BON PHAN CHO VN CAO SU KINH DOANH
ieu 118: Bon phan vo c
Lie u l ng pha n ho a ho c bo n thu c cho cao su khai tha c theo ba ng 9.
Bang 9: Lieu lng phan hoa hoc bon thuc cho cao su khai thac
Ghi chu: * Phan lan nung chay.
Nam cao
Hang
at
am Lan Kali
N
(kg/ha)
Ure
(kg/ha)
P
2
O
5
(kg/ha)
Lan *
(kg/ha)
K
2
O
(kg/ha)
KCI
(kg/ha)
1 -10
Ia va Ib
IIa va IIb
III
70
80
90
152
174
196
60
68
75
400
450
500
70
80
90
117
133
150
11 - 20 Chung 100 217 75 500 100 167
ieu 119: Bon phan hu c
Doi vi cao su khai thac nhom I, phan lan nung chay va phan
lan hu c vi sinh uc dung luan phien cach nhau mot nam vi
khoi lng nh nhau; Phan lan hu c vi sinh phai co u ham
lng theo quy nh cua ca 3 chung loai vi sinh (vi sinh vat phan
giai xenlulo, vi sinh vat phan giai lan va vi sinh vat co nh am),
vi ham lng P
2
O
5
de tieu>_ 3%.
Doi vi cao su khai thac nhom II, phan lan hu c vi sinh c
s dung e bon hang nam.
ieu 120: Yeu cau ve phan bon - Thi vu va cach bon phan
a. Yeu cau:
DBon phan da tren ket qua chan oan dinh dng.
DLng phan tren bang 9 la lng phan bnh quan tam thi, e
ap dung khi cha co ket qua chan oan dinh dng cu the cho
tng vung.
b. Thi vu bon:
DChia lng phan ra bon lam 2 lan/nam, lan au bon hai phan ba
so lng phan N, K va toan bo phan lan vao thang 4, 5 (au mua
ma) khi u am, lan hai bon so lng phan con lai vao thang 10.
Hnh 19: V tr bon phan cho cao su khai thac
c. Cach bon:
DTron ky, chia, rai eu lng phan theo quy nh thanh bang
rong 1 1,5 m gia luong cao su.
Doi vi at co o doc tren 15 % th bon vao he thong ho gi
mau va lap vui kn phan bang la, co muc hoac at.
Muc III:
CONG TAC BAO VE VN CAY CAO SU KINH DOANH
ieu 121: Phong chong chay cho cay cao su
DLam sach co vn cay t thang 11 - 12 . Thu gom mu at va
cac chat ben la ra khoi vn cay. Lam cac ng ngan la cach
khoang 100 - 200 m.
DMua cao su rung la, to chc quet la, gom la vao gia hang.
Khong c gom hot la ra ngoai lo. Tuyet oi khong c ot la
trong lo cao su.
ieu 122: To chc phong chong chay, cham soc cay b chay
DVao mua kho, cong ty phai co bien phap phong chong chay,
bao ve vn cay. at bien bao cam la tren ng lien lo, ni
thng xuyen co ngi qua lai.
DTo chc oi cha chay co trang b ay u dung cu va phng
tien cha chay. Phan cong cong nhan tuc trc e lam nhiem vu.
DTrng hp vn cay b chay, dung dung dch voi 5% quet len
lp vo cay b anh hng.
ieu 123: Chong xoi mon - Tu sa ng van chuyen
DHang nam cung co hoac lam bo sung cac b chong xoi mon
ni b xoi mon manh.
DCac ng lo, ng truc c thng xuyen tu sa e am bao
tot viec van chuyen mu.
ieu 124: Bao ve vn cay, chong mat cap mu
DCam cac an gia suc (trau, bo) tha rong trong vn cao su hoac
e chung i ngang qua vn cay cao su.
DCa m t tie n cha t pha , o n ta ca y cao su trong v n ca y khai tha c.
DNghiem cam moi hanh vi lay cap mu va mua ban mu trai phep.
ieu 125: X ly vn cay gay o do gio bao
DKhan trng thu don canh nhanh gay o e co the tiep tuc viec
khai thac mu.
DTien hanh kiem tra vn cay b gay o e phan loai tnh trang
thiet hai va co bien phap x ly.
DCac cay ca thanh ly phai c anh dau sn di goc e khi
ca cat khoi nham lan vi cay khac. Sau khi ca cat, anh dau lai
tren mat cat e tien viec kiem tra, quan ly.
Chng IV:
QUAN LY VN CAO SU KINH DOANH
Muc I:
PHAN CAP QUAN LY
ieu 126: Trach nhiem Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam
DBan hanh quy trnh ky thuat khai thac mu cao su.
DBan hanh quy che kiem tra ky thuat khai thac.
DKiem tra viec thc hien quy trnh ky thuat cua cac cong ty.
DTo chc tap huan ky thuat cho cac can bo cua cac cong ty.
DKiem tra vn cay khai thac vao cuoi nam e anh gia ky thuat
cao mu va co bien phap x ly, thng phat ung mc.
ieu 127: Trach nhiem Giam oc Cong ty
DChu trach nhiem trc Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam ve viec
thc hien quy trnh ky thuat khai thac. Ch ao viec thc hien quy
DBao cao tnh hnh gay o ve Ban Quan ly Ky thuat, Tong Cong
ty Cao su Viet Nam.
DX ly vn cay gay o do gio bao nh sau:
Tnh trang cay gay o Bien phap x ly
1
- Cay b gay, tet than (trong pham
vi t goc en chang ba).
- Cay b troc goc.
- Cay b nghieng veo > 45
0
so vi
truc thang ng.
Ca thanh ly
2
- Cay b gay canh cap 1, cap 2.
Ca vat 30
0
phan canh b gay, x ly
vet ca bang cach boi vaselin, e
cay phuc hoi va cao lai.
3
- Cay b nghieng < 25
0
Ca ta bt tan e cay phuc hoi. oi
vi vn cay kien thiet c ban co
the dung day keo cho cay thang
ng.
trnh ky thuat, pho bien sau rong quy trnh ky thuat en cac cap
trong cong ty.
DThng xuyen kiem tra viec chap hanh quy trnh ky thuat va co
bien phap uon nan kp thi cac sai pham ky thuat.
DChu trach nhiem trc Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam ve viec
thc hien quy trnh ky thuat. Phai bao am nang suat a thiet ke,
bao am chu ky khai thac.
Dt nhat 3 thang/lan, to chc kiem tra ky thuat cao tai cac nong
trng.
DCo ke hoach ao tao cong nhan cao mu, xay dng tot phong
trao luyen tay nghe, thi th gioi cao mu e nang cao trnh o tay
nghe cho cong nhan.
ieu 128: Trach nhiem Giam oc Nong trng
DChu trach nhiem trc cong ty ve viec quan ly thc hien ke
hoach khai thac va tnh trang ky thuat vn cay cao su kinh
doanh.
DCh ao thc hien tot quy trnh ky thuat khai thac, cham soc
vn cay kinh doanh, to chc kiem tra on oc thng xuyen, e
ra cac bien phap thng phat ung mc.
DTo chc viec kiem tra ky thuat cao mu hang thang.
DChu trach nhiem trc cap tren ve viec thc hien quy trnh ky
thuat khai thac cua tng to tren tng phan cay.
ieu 129: Trach nhiem oi trng, to trng
Doi trng, to trng khong trc tiep nhan phan cay.
DQuan ly viec thc hien ke hoach san lng mu cua oi, to va
chu trach nhiem ve tnh trang ky thuat va chat lng san pham
do oi, to quan ly.
DQuan ly lao ong cao mu, ky thuat trong pham vi oi, to.
DHang ngay kiem tra so cong nhan cao mu co mat trong oi, to
va bo tr cong nhan cao thay the.
DKiem tra va quan ly so vat t trang b cho khai thac mu e co
ke hoach xin bo sung khi can.
DHang ngay kiem tra ky thuat cac phan cay cao trong oi, to;
uon nan cac sai pham ky thuat kp thi.
DQuan ly chac chan so cay cao cac phan cay cao, kiem tra va
phat hien cay bo cao, cac cay b benh hai e nhac nh cong nhan
cao het cay va bao cho can bo ky thuat e co bien phap phong tr
benh hieu qua, kp thi.
DQuan ly san lng, chat lng mu hang ngay (ong, o mu cho
cong nhan, nhac nh cong nhan tan thu mu).
DQuan ly cong chieu cua oi, to; kiem tra on oc cong tac cham
soc, trut mu chieu.
ieu 130: Trach nhiem cong nhan cao mu
DCong nhan cao mu co trach nhiem cham soc, quan ly va khai
thac phan cay cua mnh theo ung quy trnh ky thuat. Khi phat
hien cay b benh, cay gay, cay kho mieng cao, phai bao cao ngay
vi to trng e co bien phap x ly.
DKhong c t y bo cay cao, trut sot mu. Neu om au hoac co
viec can phai ngh, phai bao trc cho to trng e bo tr ngi
cao the.
DThng xuyen lam ve sinh cho cay cao, ve sinh dung cu, sa
lai mieng cao, boi m vaselin cho cac vet cao pham. Bo sung vat
t con thieu, boi phong benh mat cao vao mua ma. oi vi
nhng cay cao up co kiem soat phai boc sach mu chay lan tren
mat cao nham han che mu chay lan nhng lan cao ke tiep.
DTrc mua ngh cao can lam ve sinh phan cay, tan thu het mu
tap, mu at, gom kieng, mang, chen lam ve sinh sach se, e ni
an toan, quet don, gom la, lam ng ngan la chong chay cho
vn cay.
DTrc khi cao lai, phai kiem tra cay cao, sa sang mieng cao
va trang b ay u cho phan cay cao.
ieu 131: Trnh o tay nghe
DCong nhan cao mu phai qua mot khoa tap huan ly thuyet c ban
va thc hanh cao mu t ba tuan tr len va phai c kiem tra ket
qua hoc tap cuoi khoa. Ch co cong nhan tot nghiep khoa huan
luyen cao mu loai kha tr len mi c bo tr cao.
DRieng cao up co kiem soat, cong nhan phai c ao tao ly
thuyet va thc hanh ky thuat cao up t nhat la mot tuan.
ieu 132: Cong nhan cao thay
DMoi oi khai thac bo tr mot nhom cong nhan d phong a qua
lp huan luyen cao mu, co tay nghe kha, ty le d phong khoang
5% so cong nhan cao mu.
ieu 133: Che o bao cao
DCac cap co nhiem vu bao cao vi cap tren tnh hnh san xuat va
viec thc hien quy trnh ky thuat theo nh ky hang thang, hang
qu va hang nam, co phan tch, anh gia viec thc hien so vi yeu
cau.
ieu 134: Che o thng phat
DCo che o khen thng, khuyen khch bang vat chat thoa ang
oi vi cac ca nhan, tap the co thanh tch xuat sac trong viec thc
hien quy trnh ky thuat, co sang kien cai tien ky thuat hieu qua,
hoan thanh vt mc ke hoach san lng, am bao tot chat lng
vn cay.
DAp dung cac hnh thc ky luat, phat nghiem tuc cac trng hp
ca nhan, tap the thc hien khong tot quy trnh ky thuat, co tnh vi
pham cac ieu khoan quy nh, lam h hai vn cay, gay hau qua
xau cho tai san xa hoi chu ngha.
Muc II:
CHE O KIEM TRA KY THUAT
ieu 135: Che o kiem tra ky thuat
a. Lch kiem tra nh ky (ngoai cac lan kiem tra thng xuyen):
DCap To kiem tra hang ngay.
DCap oi kiem tra 2 lan/thang.
DCap Nong trng kiem tra hang thang.
DCap Cong ty kiem tra t nhat 3 thang/lan.
DCap Tong Cong Ty kiem tra 1 nam/lan.
b. Cach kiem tra xep hang ky thuat:
DMoi phan cay kiem tra 5 cay bat ky.
DSau moi lan kiem tra co ghi chep so loi ky thuat, so iem tr,
xep hang ky thuat. Lay ket qua kiem tra hang thang cua cap Nong
trng lam c s cho viec tra lng nh mc gan lien vi ky
thuat.
ieu 136: Quy c anh dau vi pham ky thuat
Danh dau loi vi pham ky thuat bang viet, phan mau tren cay
kiem tra:
- Cap To, oi: Mau vang.
- Cap Nong trng: Mau trang.
- Cap Cong ty: Mau o.
Cac ky hieu loi vi pham:
ieu 137: Quan ly vn cay
DGhi ten lo, dong vo tnh, dien tch (ha), nam trong, nam m cao
bang sn trang tren nen xanh dng len bon cay cao su bon goc
lo, v tr ghi cach mat at 2 m.
DRanh gii cac phan cay c ghi bang sn v tr tren than cay
cao su au hang cach mat at 1,6 m. Ghi so th t phan cay va ky
hieu gii han +, + cho moi phan cay.
DCac cay ngh cao do benh, dung sn anh dau N tren cay o
cao 1,4m cach mat at, ong thi rut mang, thu kieng chen.
DPhai lap s o mat bang cac lo khai thac. Ghi ly lch ro rang,
dien tch, nam trong, giong, mat o trong, nam a vao khai thac,
so cay hien co, so cay gay o, xac nh v tr cac cay nay tren s
o mat bang ro rang theo hang va v tr cay tren hang.
DHang nam phai theo doi san lng mu, ghi chep nang suat mu
cua tng lo, neu co bien ong ve dien tch hoac so cay phai bo
sung vao ly lch lo.
DCuoi nam tien hanh kiem ke va anh gia nang lc vn cay.
Sat
II
Mieng cao lech
Pham nhe Khong vuong goc
Pham nang Ve sinh kem
Can nhe Cay bo cao
Can nang Tan thu kem
Day dam nhe Trang b, cham soc
cay cao kem
Day dam nang
Mieng cao gn song Vi pham cng o
cao
V
V
V
A
X
W
S o quan ly quy hoach va thiet ke mieng cao, mat cao hang nam
Lo: To, oi: NT: Cong ty:
DVT: Nam trong: Nam cao: TM TC
Khoang cach (mat o):
Muc III:
QUAN LY HO S TAI LIEU KY THUAT
ieu 138: Quan ly ho s tai lieu ky thuat
DCap To co so theo doi ghi chep san lng mu hang ngay cho
tng phan cay va so kiem tra ky thuat cho tng ca nhan trong to.
DCap oi co s o, ly lch lo, theo doi san lng tng lo, tng to,
co so theo doi kiem tra ky thuat, co phan hang, xep loai tay nghe
cong nhan hang thang.
DCap Nong trng, Cong ty tong hp e nam chac tnh hnh dien
tch, nang suat, san lng cac vn cay, tnh hnh lao ong cao
mu, xep hang tay nghe cong nhan cao mu sau khi kiem tra va
anh gia cac ket qua cua cap oi, to, co che o thng, phat ky
thuat.
DCap Nong trng, Cong ty phai lap s o quan ly quy hoach va
thiet ke mieng cao, mat cao hang nam (Hnh 20).
kg/ha kg/c kg/ha kg/c
BI-2 B0-2 BI-1 B0-1
kg/ha kg/c kg/ha kg/c
Tai sinh Nguyen sinh
H0-4 H0-3 H0-2 H0-1
Tai sinh Nguyen sinh
Hnh 20: Mau s o quan ly quy hoach va thiet ke mieng cao, mat cao
hang nam
Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam Vien Nghien cu cao su Viet Nam
Phan III:
QUY TRNH KY THUAT BAO VE THC VAT
ieu 139: ieu khoan chung
DKhi tren vn cay cao su co sau, benh la cha ghi ieu 140
di ay, phai lay mau bo phan cay b hai a ve Tong Cong ty
Cao su Viet Nam hoac Vien Nghien cu Cao su Viet Nam e xac
nh tac nhan gay hai va co bien phap x ly ung va kp thi.
DCac thuoc hng dan e x ly sau, benh va co trong quy trnh
nay a thc hien co hieu qua tren cay cao su. oi vi cac thuoc
mi cha neu trong quy trnh th ch c s dung khi Tong Cong
ty Cao su Viet Nam cho phep tren c s ket qua th nghiem cua
Vien Nghien cu Cao su Viet Nam hoac n v c Tong Cong
ty Cao su Viet Nam uy nhiem.
DKhong c thay oi nong o va lieu lng thuoc/ha a ghi
trong quy trnh.
DThuoc sau khi pha che ch s dung trong ngay.
Chng I:
SAU BENH CHNH TREN CAY CAO SU
VA BIEN PHAP X LY
Muc I:
CAC SAU BENH CHNH TREN CAY CAO SU
ieu 140: Sau benh chnh tren cay cao su
Bang 10 trnh bay cac loai sau benh chnh tren cac bo phan cua
cay cao su e tien tra cu.
Muc II:
BENH LA
ieu 141: Benh phan trang la
DDo nam: Oidium heveae Steinm.
DPhan bo: Khap cac vung trong cao su Viet Nam.
DTac hai: Benh gay rung la non va hoa cao su tren moi la tuoi,
pho bien khi vn cay vao mua thay la.
DTrieu chng: Tren la b benh co nam mau trang hai mat la
(Hnh 23). Cac dong vo tnh b nhiem benh nang: VM 515, PB
235, PB 255, RRIV 4, GT 1...
Hnh 21: Trieu chng benh phan trang
DX ly:
oi vi vn nhan, vn ng va vn cay KTCB, s dung
mot trong hai loai thuoc: bot lu huynh tham nc (Kumulus,
Sulox) nong o 0,3% hoac hexaconazole (Anvil 5SC, Callihex
50SC) nong o 0,15%. Phun len tan la khi co 10% la non nhu chan
chim tren vn va ngng khi 80% la a gia. Thc hien phun thuoc
3 lan, moi lan cach nhau 5 - 7 ngay vao buoi sang t gio.
oi vi vn cay khai thac, ap dung bien phap x ly gian
tiep nh tang cng phan bon vao cuoi mua ma.
Tac
nhan
Bo
phan
b hai
Tac hai tren
Cay cao su vn
nhan va vn ng
Cay cao su vn KTCB va
vn khai thac
Benh La 1. Benh phan trang la
2. Heo en au la
3. Rung la mua ma
4. Benh Corynespora
5. om mat chim
6. La chay nang
1. Benh phan trang la
2. Heo en au la
3. Rung la mua ma va thoi trai
4. Benh Corynespora
Canh 5. Nam hong
6. Kho ngon kho canh
7. Benh nt vo Botryodiploidia
Than 7. Cay con b chay
nang
8. Than b chay nang
9. Set anh
10. Loet soc mat cao
11. Kho mieng cao
Re 12. Re nau
Sau La 8. Cau cau
9. Nhen o, nhen
vang
10. Rep sap
13. Cau cau
14. Sau rom
15. Nhen o, nhen vang
16. Rep sap
Vo cay 17. Sau an vo
Goc re
va re
11. Moi
12. Sung
18. Moi
Bang 10: Bang tra tm sau benh chnh tren cay cao su
ieu 142: Benh heo en au la
DDo nam: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.
DPhan bo: Khap cac vung trong cao su; Tap trung vao mua ma.
DTac hai: Benh gay hai cho la non va choi non co the dan en
chet choi va chet ngon.
DTrieu chng: Benh gay rung la non di hai tuan tuoi, la gia
khong rung th meo mo, mat la go ghe (Hnh 22). Benh gay kho
ngon, kho canh tng phan hoac chet ca cay. Cac dong vo tnh
nhiem benh nang: RRIM 600, GT 1, PB 260...
DX ly : S du ng mo t trong ca c loa i thuo c sau: carbendazim
(Vicarben 50SC, Carbenzim 500FL) no ng o 0,2%. Hexaconazole
(Anvil 5SC, Callihex 50SC) no ng o 0,15%. Ch phun tre n ta n la non,
chu ky phun 7 - 10 nga y/la n.
Hnh 22: Trieu chng benh heo en au la
ieu 143: Benh rung la mua ma va thoi trai
DDo na m: Phytophthora botryosa Chee va Phytophthora
palmivora (Bult.) Bult.
DPhan bo: Benh xay ra trong mua ma, mc o gay hai khac
nhau tuy tng vung va dong vo tnh.
DTac hai: Benh gay rung la gia va thoi trai.
DTrieu chng: ien hnh cua benh la tren cuong la b rung co
mot hoac nhieu cuc mu trang (Hnh 23). Trai cao su nhiem benh
th b thoi, khong rung. Nam cung gay chet tc ghep mi trong
va chet cay con vn nhan, vn ng. Benh cung lay xuong
mat cao, do o khi vn cay b benh rung 50% tan la th phai giam
nhp o cao hoac cho ngh cao trong mua rung la nang.
Cac dong vo tnh nhiem benh nang: RRIM 600, GT1, PR 261...
DX ly: Trng hp vn cao su non b benh th s dung Ridomil
MZ - 72 nong o 0,1 - 0,2% e tr. Neu choi non nhiem benh phai
cat bo phan b thoi va boi thuoc Ridomil MZ - 72 nong o 2% sau
o boi vaselin. Tren vn cay khai thac, khi benh rung la mua
ma xuat hien th boi thuoc Ridomil MZ - 72 nong o 2% phong
tr benh loet soc mat cao.
Hnh 23: Trieu chng benh rung la mua ma
ieu 144: Benh Corynespora
DDo nam: Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.) Wei.
DPhan bo: Benh xuat hien quanh nam va moi giai oan sinh
trng cua cay cao su, gay hai cho cac dong vo tnh cao su man
cam.
DTrieu chng: Xuat hien tren la, cuong la va choi vi nhng
trieu chng khac nhau:
Tren la: Trieu chng ac trng vi vet benh mau en co
hnh dang xng ca chay doc theo gan la. Vet lan rong gay chet
tng phan la, sau o toan bo la oi mau vang cam va rung tng la
chet mot.
Tren choi va cuong la: Vet nt doc theo choi va cuong la
dang hnh thoi, co mu r ra sau o hoa en, vet benh co the phat
trien dai en 20 cm gay chet choi, chet ca cay. Tren go co soc
en, chay doc theo vet benh. Tren cuong la co vet nt mau en
chieu dai 0,5 - 3,0 mm.
DPhong tr:
Khong trong cac dong vo tnh man cam: RRIC 103, RRIC
104, KRS 21, RRIM 725, FX 25, IAN 873, PPN 2058, PPN 2444
va PPN 2447.
Hnh 24: Trieu chng benh Corynespora tren la
Thuo c tr na m: Du ng mo t
trong ca c loa i thuo c sau:
Hexaconazole (Anvil 5SC, Callihex
50SC) no ng o 0,15%, Propineb
50WP nong o 0,5%. Can chu y
phun mat di la vi chu ky 10 - 14
ngay/lan.
ieu 145: Benh om mat chim
DDo na m: Drechslera heveae
(Petch) M.B. Ellis.
DPhan bo: Benh thng phat sinh
tren cay trong hat va tren cay con khi
thi tiet ma nang bat thng. Benh
cung xay ra vung at trung, at
xau.
DTrieu chng: Vet benh ac trng
nh mat chim, kch thc 1 - 3 mm
vi mau trang trung tam va vien
mau nau ro ret ben ngoai. Tren la non gay bien dang va rung tng
la chet mot, trong khi tren la gia vet benh ton tai trong suot giai
oan sinh trng cua la.
Hnh 25: Trieu chng benh Corynespora tren cuong la
Hnh 26: Trie u ch ng be nh
Corynespora tren choi
DX ly: Thuoc goc mancozeb (Dithane M - 45) nong o 0,3%,
ch phun tren tang la non vi chu ky 7 - 10 ngay/lan.
Muc III:
BENH THAN CANH
ieu 146: Benh kho ngon kho canh
DCo 2 nguyen nhan:
- Do hau qua cua cac benh phan trang, heo en au la, rung la
mua ma, dan en kho ngon, kho canh.
- Do gio bao, ret, nang han, set anh, thieu phan bon, ung nc.
Benh co the lam chet cay con va cay KTCB.
DX ly: Tuy theo nguyen nhan gay benh ma co bien phap x ly
thch hp nh bon phan, chong ret, chong han. Phong tr cac benh
la kp thi. Khi cay, canh b benh th phai ca di phan b chet
20 - 25 cm sau o boi mot lp mong vaselin.
ieu 147: Benh nam hong
DDo nam: Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Br.
DPhan bo: Benh nang vung ong Nam bo; Benh thng xay ra
trong mua ma.
DTac hai: Benh xay ra pho bien tren cay 4 - 8 tuoi, vet benh
thng xuat hien tren than va
canh co vo a hoa nau.
DTrieu chng: Ban au vet benh
co mu chay va co t nam hnh
mang nhen mau trang, luc benh
na ng na m chuye n sang ma u
ho ng. Khi ca nh che t, la kho
khong rung, pha di vet benh
moc ra nhieu choi.
DX ly: Phat hien benh sm e
x ly kp thi. Dung mot trong
nh ng loa i thuo c sau: vali-
damycine (Validacin 5L,
Vanicide 5SL) nong o 1,2%,
hexaconazole (Anvil 5SC,
Callihex 50SC) nong o 0,5%.
Cac loai thuoc tren can phoi hp
vi chat bam dnh nong o 1%,
phun bang bnh phun eo vai co
H
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voi noi dai vi chu ky 10 - 14 ngay/lan. Sau khi phun, phai kiem
tra, anh dau cay benh e x ly lai neu benh cha khoi. Ngng
cao nhng cay b chet tan va cay b benh nang. Vao mua kho, tien
hanh ca cat cay, canh b chet va a ra ba lo e ot.
ieu 148: Benh nt vo Botryodiploidia
DDo nam: Botryodiploidia theobromae Pat.
DPhan bo: Benh xuat hien tren cay cao su vung ong Nam bo,
gay hai vo hoa nau cua cao su tren ba nam tuoi.
DTrieu chng: Tren vo hoa nau co nhieu mun nho kch thc 1 -
2 mm, sau o cac mun nay lan ra toan bo than canh. Cuoi cung ca
than canh b nt va co mau nau, mu r ra t nhng vet nt. Lp
bieu b day len do nhieu lp vo ban tao thanh. Tren than cay benh
oi khi xuat hien choi, nhng cay b nhiem benh nang hau nh
sinh trng b chng lai va co trng hp chet ca cay.
Hnh 28: Trieu chng benh nt vo
nhe
Hnh 29: Trieu chng benh nt vo
nang
DPhong tr: Thuoc tr nam goc carbendazim (Vicarben 50HP,
Carbenzim 500FL) nong o 0,5%. Dung bnh eo vai co voi dai
phun t toan bo than cay 2 - 3 lan vi chu ky 2 tuan/lan.
Muc IV:
BENH MAT CAO
ieu 149: Benh loet soc mat cao
DDo nam: Phytophthora palmivora va Phytophthora botryosa.
DPhan bo: Benh xay ra pho bien vung ma va o am cao, nhiet
o thap.
DTac hai: Xuat hien tren vet thng mi va ng cao mi cua
cay cao su khai thac trong mua ma.
DTrieu chng: Ban au la nhng soc en nho, thang ng tren
mat cao, cac vet benh se lien ket thanh soc ln, vo thoi nhun, mu
va nc vang r ra co mui hoi thoi. Ben di vo benh co em mu.
Benh nang co the pha huy mot phan hoac ca mat cao. Cac dong
vo tnh cao su nhiem benh nang: RRIM 600, PB 310, PB 255, PR
255...
DX ly:
- Phong: Khong cao mu khi cay con t. Vn cay phai sach co,
thong thoang; Thng xuyen lam ve sinh mat cao.
- Tr: S dung thuoc metalaxyl + mancozeb (Ridomil MZ - 72,
Mexyl MZ - 72) pha nong o 2% trong nc hoac co them chat
bam dnh, quet bang rong 1 - 1,5 cm tren mieng cao sau khi thu
mu.
Hnh 30: Trieu chng benh loet soc mat cao
Lu y: Ch ap dung bien phap phong tr bang thuoc khi co trieu
chng benh xuat hien. Cac cay b benh nang phai cho ngh cao e
cha tr dt iem roi mi cho cao lai. Tuyet oi khong tron them
at vao thuoc e lam mau anh dau.
ieu 150: Benh kho mieng cao
DBenh xuat hien tren vn cay khai thac, cha ro nguyen nhan,
hien van c xem la mot benh sinh ly. Hien nay cha co bien
phap x ly triet e.
DTrieu chng: Cay cao ang cho mu bnh thng, xuat hien cac
oan kho mu ngan tren mieng cao. Vet kho lan nhanh va sau o
cay b kho mu hoan toan. Co the phan cay kho mu thanh hai loai:
- Kho mu toan phan: Mieng cao b kho hoan toan, mat cao b kho
va xuat hien cac vet nt tren vo cao.
- Kho mu tng phan: Mieng cao b kho tng oan ngan. Neu cho
cay ngh cao mot thi gian th cay co the phuc hoi va cho mu bnh
thng.
DX ly:
- Phong: Cao ung che o cao quy nh. Cham soc, bon phan ay
u cho vn cay, nhat la vn co boi chat kch thch mu. Khi vn
cay nhom I, II co ty le so cay kho mieng cao tren 6% phai ieu
chnh giam che o cao, khi tren 10% so cay kho mieng cao phai
bao lanh ao cac cap e co bien phap x ly nh ngh cao, cham
soc, bon phan hoac giam cng o cao.
- Tr: Khi thay cay cao khong co mu la dau hieu b benh, phai ngh
cao. Dung ot chch th mu pha di mieng cao, c cach 5 cm
chch mot lo theo bang doc xuong pha di e xac nh gii han
vung b kho. T cho o cao song song vi ng cao cu mot
ng sau ti go e cach ly, chong lan rong xuong phan vo pha
di. Cho ngh cao 1 - 2 thang sau o kiem tra tnh trang benh neu
khoi th cao lai vi cng o nhe hn.
Muc V:
BENH RE
ieu 151: Benh re nau
DDo nam: Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. H. Cunn.
DPhan bo: Cay cao su trong tren nhng vung trc ay la rng
co nhieu cay than go hay vn cay tai canh. Neu khai hoang, lam
at khong ky th co nguy c de nhiem benh do nguon nam a co
san lay qua cay cao su.
DTac hai: Gay chet cay.
DTrieu chng: Bieu hien cua benh xuat hien tren tan la va re,
can quan sat ket hp hai phan e co xac nh chnh xac nhat.
- Tren tan la: Tan la coi coc, la co mau xanh hi vang co rut va
cup xuong. Nhieu canh nho phan di tan b rung la; Sau o
toan bo tan la b rung va cay chet. Trieu chng nay ien hnh cho
cac loai benh re.
- Phan re: Tren re benh moc nhieu re con chang cht, dnh nhieu
at a day 3 - 4 mm va kho ra sach. Sau khi ra sach, mat ngoai
re co mau vang nau. Phan go chet co nhng van mau nau en, de
bop nat. Qua the thng xuat hien tren than gan mat at. Trieu
chng tren re la dau hieu chnh e xac nh cay b nhiem benh.
DPhong tr:
- Phong: Khi khai hoang phai don sach tan d thc vat e giam
nguon lay nhiem ban au.
- Tr: Vi cay b benh va nhng cay ke can, dung thuoc goc hexa-
conazole (Anvil 5SC, Callihex 50SC) nong o 0,5% pha trong
nc ti quanh goc trong ban knh 0,5 m vi lieu lng 3 - 5
lt/cay va phai x ly 2 - 3 lan vi
chu ky 2 thang/lan.
Hnh 31:
Trieu chng tren re va go
Hnh 32:
Trieu chng tren co re
Vi cay b benh nang, dung m Calixin 10% (pha trong hon
hp vaselin va dau hat cao su) quet len phan re chnh.
Vi cac cay b chet, ca cach mat at 10 - 15 cm sau o
dung Garlon 250 pha nong o 5% trong dau diesel quet len vet
cat e tieu diet nguon benh.
Muc VI:
NHNG TAC HAI KHAC
ieu 152: Chay nang
DLa b chay nang la do chuyen cay con ot ngot trong bong ram
ra nang hoac ti nc t trong luc tri nang gat. Than cay con b
chay nang cung xay ra do mat at nong, tu sat goc cay, co tranh
day ac.
DPhan bo: Hien tng chay nang thng thay tren la, than cay
cao su con tren vung at soi, at cat bac mau.
DTac hai: Tren cay con vn ng va cay KTCB.
DTrieu chng: Cay chet hoac b kho ong loat cung mot pha
oan than gan mat at. tren mat la th b chay loang lo.
DX ly:
- Vn ng, vn nhan can ti nc ay u vao luc tri mat. Tu
goc phai cach xa goc cay cao su 10 cm va phu mot lp at mong.
- Phai phup bon, tu goc cho cay mi trong, diet sach co tren hang
cay. Ni thng xay ra chay nang th dung voi nong o 5% quet
len oan than a hoa nau gan mat at.
ieu 153: Set
DHien tng set anh xay ra bat thng trong mua ma, cay b
hai tng cum. Set anh lam tan la heo rat nhanh, thng gay ra
chet ca cay hoac mot pha cua cay. Tng tang cua cay va b set
anh chuyen qua mau nau tm. Cay b chet, khi be vo b chet co
si t nh mang nhen. Mot hay hai ngay sau tren than xuat hien
bot mau vang nhat do mot xam nhap. Can phat hien sm, ca cat
bo bo phan b chet, quet voi nong o 5% tren than va boi vaselin
tren vet cat.
Muc VII:
SAU HAI
ieu 154: Cau cau an la (Hypomeces squamosus)
Sau thuoc bo canh cng, canh co mau anh kim thng song tng
cum 3 - 4 con, nup pha di mat la, gia chet khi ri xuong at,
bay khong xa, an gam la gia cha gan la lai. Au trung an re cao
su. Bat cau cau bang vt, phun thuoc tr sau Bi 58 nong o 0,25%
hoac Sumicidin theo hng dan tren nhan dan bao b thuoc.
ieu 155: Sau rom va sau o an la (thuoc ho Noctuidae va Tortricidae)
Sau an la va choi non cay cao su, khi co dch hai ln th phun
thuoc Basudin hoac Bassa theo hng dan tren nhan dan bao b
thuoc.
ieu 156: Nhen o va nhen vang
DXuat hien trong mua ra la mi cung luc vi benh rung la phan
trang. Nhen thng gap tren cay cao su vn cay con va vn
cay KTCB. Nhen nam mat di la. La b nhen vang gay hai th
co gn song, hai mep la khong oi xng nen de lam vi trieu
chng thieu kem (Zn). La b nhen o hai th hai ben mep la co lai.
DX ly: Ch phun thuoc khi dch hai nang. Phun Bi 58 0,2%,
Polysunfua Canxi 1/100 - 1/70.
ieu 157: Sau an vo
DGay hai cho vo nguyen sinh va tai sinh lam anh hng en qua
trnh khai thac mu cao su. Mot so loai thng gap la Euproctis
subnotata, Hemithe brachteigutta va Acanthopsyche snelleni.
DPhong tr: Co the diet tr bang mot so loai thuoc tr sau nh:
DDVP, Thiodan, Sumicidine nong o 0,1 - 0,3%.
ieu 158: Moi gay hai cay cao su
DDo Globitermes sulphureus Haviland va Coptotermes curvig-
nathus Holmgren thuoc ho Termitidae, bo Isoptera.
DMoi thng lam thanh nhng ng bun t noi len tren mat
at. Moi an re lam chet cay.
DX ly:
- Khong lap rac, co ti xuong ho trong. Tu rac gi am phai xa
goc cao su, lam co khong gay vet thng co re.
- Chlopyryfos (Lentrek 40EC) nong o 0,15 - 0,2% ti len to moi
vi lieu lng 4 - 5 lt/to moi hoac quanh goc cay vi lieu lng
0,5 - 1,0 lt/cay.
- Nhng vung co moi hay gay hai, khi chuan b hon hp phan bo
ti e ho re tum pha them chlopyryfos nong o 0,5%. Vi cay
bau, ti chlopyryfos nong o 0,5% lieu lng 50 ml/bau 2 - 3
ngay trc khi em trong.
ieu 159: Sung hai re cay (ho Melolonthidae)
DSung la ten goi chung cho au trung cua cac loai bo ray canh
cng. Au trung mau trang kem, than cong ch C. Sung an re cay
ti, gay chet cay va gay o.
DX ly: Dung thuoc tr sau Bi 58 pha nong o 0,05% ti xung
quanh goc hoac rai thuoc tr sau khac. Ni thng co sung th
phai x ly at trc luc at hat cao su bang Bi 58 hoac thuoc tr
sau khac.
ieu 160: Rep sap (Lepidosaphes cocculi va Pinnaspis aspidistrae).
DLa con trung chch hut, gay hai cho la va choi non tren cao su
KTCB 1 - 2 nam tuoi va vn nhan, ng lam rung la, sinh trng
coi coc. Rep thng gay hai trong mua kho. Ngoai cay cao su
chung con gay hai cho cay trong xen va cay tham phu.
DX ly: Dung Bi 58 pha nong o 0,05% phun tren phan cay b
hai.
Chng II:
CO TREN VN CAO SU VA BIEN PHAP X LY
ieu 161: Diet co
oi vi vn ng lam co thu cong la chnh. Ch c dung thuoc
diet co khi cay cao su con co oan vo than a hoa nau tren 0,5 m
cach mat at. Thuoc diet co s dung la glyphosate IPA 480 g/lt
vi lieu lng 2 2,5 lt/ha.
ieu 162: Co tranh (Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv.)
DDung thuoc tr co glyphosate IPA 480 g/lt vi lieu lng 4 - 5
lt thuoc/ha.
DLng nc t 25 - 30 lt/ha neu dung may phun CDA. Lng
nc 400 - 500 lt/ha neu dung bnh phun eo vai hoac may phun
khac. Ch dung nc sach e pha thuoc.
DThi vu phun: Tot nhat la khi co sinh trng manh, la con xanh,
cha ra hoa (t au mua ma, khoang thang 6 en thang 10).
DThi gian phun thuoc vao buoi sang, khong phun buoi chieu.
Phun xong 4 - 6 gi trc khi co ma th hieu qua diet co cao nhat.
DKhong phat co, cay, cuoc trong khu vc phun thuoc t 3 - 4 tuan
sau khi phun, e thuoc lu dan xuong diet than ngam cua co. Sau
thi gian nay co the cay trong xen.
DKhong e thuoc tiep xuc vi la, choi non, vo xanh cay cao su.
ieu 163: Cac loai co khac
DDung mot trong cac hon hp sau:
- Glyphosate IPA 480 g/lt vi lieu lng 2,0 2,5 lt/ha.
- Glyphosate IPA 480 g/lt vi lieu lng 2,0 lt/ha phoi hp vi
metsulfuron-methyl (Ally 20 DF, Alliance 20 DF) 50 - 60 g/ha
hoac vi triclopyr (Garlon 250) 0,5 lt/ha.
Chng III:
S DUNG, BAO QUAN THUOC VA AN TOAN
TRONG CONG TAC BAO VE THC VAT
ieu 164: S dung thuoc
De s du ng thuo c co hie u qua pha i theo ye u ca u 4 u ng nh sau:
- ung thuoc: Moi thuoc ch dung e phong tr cho oi tng
thch hp. Thuoc tr nam benh khong dung e diet sau, diet co.
Khong dung cac thuoc trong danh muc a cam.
- ung luc: ung giai oan phat sinh phat trien cua tac nhan gay
hai e thuoc co tac dung diet at hieu qua cao.
- ung cach: Moi loai thuoc co cach dung khac nhau. Phai theo
ung ac tnh cua thuoc va s hng dan trong quy trnh.
- ung lieu lng: Khong t y tang hoac giam lng thuoc v se
anh hng en hieu qua phong tr hoac gay tac dung ngc gay
hai cho ngi va cay cao su.
ieu 165: oc tnh cua thuoc bao ve thc vat (BVTV)
DTat ca cac thuoc BVTV eu co the gay oc en con ngi va
moi trng.
To chc Y Te the gii (WHO) chia thuoc BVTV thanh 4 nhom
oc hai:
- Nhom I: rat oc LD50 < 50 mg/kg trong lng c the
(TLCT)
- Nhom II: oc cao LD50 t 50 - 500 mg/kg TLCT
- Nhom III: oc trung bnh LD50 t 500 - 5000 mg/kg TLCT
- Nhom IV: oc yeu LD50 > 5000 mg/kg TLCT
Tr so LD50 cang nho th mc o oc hai cang nguy hiem.
ieu 166: An toan khi dung thuoc bao ve thc vat
DKhong an, hut thuoc trong khi ang phun thuoc. Khong dung
thuoc vao muc ch khac nh tr ghe, rep, ch, muoi...
DCan co trang b bao ho lao ong khi pha che va phun thuoc. Sau
khi phun phai thay quan ao va giat sach. Thi gian tiep xuc thuoc
toi a 6 gi trong ngay.
DKho ng s du ng bnh phun b ro r co the ga y ngo o c. R a sa ch bnh
sau khi phun va kho ng o xuo ng ao, ho hoa c ni cha n tha gia su c.
DKhong phun ngc chieu gio va tranh e thuoc tiep xuc vi tat
ca cac bo phan cua c the. Neu b dnh thuoc can ra ngay va ra
nhieu lan bang nc sach va xa bong. Neu cam thay met nen ngh
ngi va thay ngi khac.
DKho ng s du ng bao b ng thuo c va o ba t ky mu c ch na o kha c.
DKhong s dung bao b thc pham e ng thuoc BVTV.
DKhong s dung tre em va phu n co thai vao bat ky cong viec
g co lien quan en thuoc BVTV.
DTrong trng hp b ngo oc ap dung tat ca phng tien e cap
cu, va a en c quan y te gan nhat cung vi thuoc gay ngo oc.
ieu 167: Bao quan thuoc bao ve thc vat
DThuoc can co nhan hieu ro rang.
DCa c loa i thuo c pha i xe p rie ng theo o i t ng pho ng tr va co te n rie ng.
Trong kho khong e thuoc BVTV lan vi phan bon.
DKhi nhan, phat thuoc phai ky nhan gia ben giao va ben nhan
e quan ly an toan.
DKho cha thuoc nen xa dan c, nguon nc, thc pham va gia
suc. Kho can xay dng vng chac bang vat lieu kho chay, ni
khong b ngap ung. Kho phai co cac phng tien cha chay,
phong oc va cap cu.
ieu 168: S cu khi b nhiem thuoc bao ve thc vat
DKhi b nhiem thuoc bao ve thc vat can lam ngay cac bc:
- Nhanh chong chuyen nan nhan ra khoi vung nhiem thuoc.
- Neu nan nhan khong con th, can tien hanh ho hap nhan tao.
- Thay quan ao nhiem thuoc, lau ra c the nan nhan bang xa
bong va nc sach. Tranh gay vet thng tren da v se lam thuoc
xam nhap vao c the nan nhan nhanh hn.
- Neu mat b dnh thuoc, phai ra nhieu lan bang nc sach, t
nhat trong 15 phut.
- Neu uong, nuot phai thuoc khong nen gay non ma ngoai tr co
hng dan tren nhan thuoc. Ch dung ngon tay hay long ga moc
hong lam non ma. Khong dung nc muoi va khong bao gi
c dung mieng tiep xuc vi nan nhan.
- Cho na n nha n uo ng dung dch than hoa t tnh (3 muo ng canh pha
trong 200 ml n c) co ta c du ng ha p thu cha t o c trong ng tie u ho a.
- Neu nan nhan b co giat dung gac, lc chan gia hai ham rang
e tranh nan nhan can t li.
- Gi am, thoang va yen tnh cho nan nhan va nhanh chong a
ngay en c s y te gan nhat cung vi thuoc gay ngo oc.
ieu 169: Trieu chng ngo oc thuoc bao ve thc vat
DTat ca thuoc BVTV eu gay oc cho ngi s dung. Trieu
chng co the bieu hien ngay sau khi b nhiem oc, hoac sau vai
gi hoac vai ngay. Tuy vao oc tnh, lieu lng, mc o nhiem va
thi gian tiep xuc vi thuoc ma co bieu hien khac nhau.
DNgo o c nhe : au a u, buo n no n, cho ng ma t, me t mo i, ra t da
(ma t, mu i, ho ng), tie u cha y, o mo ho i, a n kho ng ngon (ma t v gia c).
DNgo oc trung bnh: Non ma, m mat, au bung d doi, mach
ap nhanh, kho th, co ong t mat, o mo hoi nhieu, c (bap tht)
run ray, co giat
DNgo oc nang: C bap co giat, khong th c, mat tnh tao,
mach ap yeu (khong bat c mach). Trong mot vai trng hp
co the gay t vong.
DKhi tai nan xay ra, nan nhan b me man tc th, chac chan a b
ngo oc thuoc, can co bien phap cap cu kp thi.
Lu y: Trng hp ngo oc nang bieu hien sau 12 gi ke t khi
tiep xuc vi thuoc la do nguyen nhan khac.
DKieu ngo oc:
- Ngo oc cap tnh: la hau qua cua tai nan, hoac t t, hoac do tiep
xuc lap i lap lai nhieu lan vi mot lng thuoc ang ke.
ieu 170: To chc va quan ly cong tac bao ve thc vat
DTo chc mang li:
- Cap Nong trng co to chuyen trach bao ve thc vat.
- Cap Cong ty co can bo chuyen trach bao ve thc vat.
Can bo bao ve thc vat va to chc chuyen trach bao ve thc vat phai
nam vng cac trieu chng va ky thuat phong tr cac benh hai chnh
thng thay cua cay cao su, d tnh, d bao tnh hnh sau benh cua n
v e hng dan phong tr kp thi.
Dieu tra: Moi khi ieu tra, cac ky thuat vien da vao cach anh gia
a quy c e tnh ty le benh (TLB %), mc o b benh (CSB %) tren
tng vn, tng dong vo tnh cao su. Sau o tong hp lai e bao cao ve
cap quan ly trc tiep.
Phu |uc J:
PHAM HAMG AT TRDMG CAD SU
1. Cac mc o gii han cua cac yeu to chu yeu cua at trong cao su:
DTuy theo a hnh va o ong nhat cua khu vc d kien trong
cao su, tien hanh khao sat lay mot mau at ai dien cho dien tch
t 10 - 25 ha. Ni co a hnh phc tap va at khong ong nhat th
so iem khao sat phai nhieu hn. So iem khao sat c nam tren
ng cheo cua khu vc se trong mi.
Dat trong cao su c phan hang da vao tnh chat at va vung
trong. e anh gia tnh chat at thch hp cho cao su, can phai
khao sat sau yeu to chu yeu nh: o sau tang at, thanh phan c
gii, mc o lan lon ket von hoac a soi trong tang at trong, o
day tang at mat va ham lng mun, chieu sau mc nc ngam
va o doc. Tng yeu to chu yeu cua at trong co anh hng en
sinh trng va san lng cua cao su c anh gia va phan lam 5
mc o gii han (0, 1, 2, 3 va 4) theo bang 12.
2. at trong cao su c phan hang theo qui nh nh sau:
a. Nhng vung co ieu kien kh hau phu hp cho sinh trng va
san lng cua cao su (khong co nhng gii han ln ve cac yeu to
kh hau), co cao trnh di 600 m so vi mat nc bien.
DCan c vao mc o gii han cua sau yeu to neu bang tren, at
trong cao su c phan hang nh sau:
Ia: ch co yeu to mc o gii han loai 1.
Ib: co mot yeu to mc o gii han loai 2.
IIa: co t 2 yeu to mc o gii han loai 2 tr len hoac mot
yeu to mc o gii han loai 3.
IIb: co hn mot yeu to mc o gii han loai 3.
III: co yeu to mc o gii han loai 4.
DNgoai ky hieu phan hang at trong cao su nh tren, can ghi cu
the cac mc o gii han cua tng yeu to cua at trong cao su e
lam c s cho viec d toan au t.
b. Nhng vung co cao trnh t 600 - 700 m:
Dat trong cao su c phan hang nh ieu kien (a), nhng
giam xuong mot hang. Th du t hang Ia xuong hang IIa, Ib xuong
hang IIb, t hang IIb xuong hang III.
c. Nhng ni ngoai vung truyen thong trong cao su (nh mien
Trung co nhieu yeu to gii han ve kh hau nh gio bao, nhiet o
cao trong vung gio Lao, nhiet o thap trong mua ong), at trong
cao su c phan hang thuoc loai III. oi vi nhng khu vc trong
vung mien Trung neu khong b gii han ve gio bao, nhiet o qua
cao hoac qua thap th at trong cao su van c phan hang nh
ieu kien (a) nhng giam xuong mot hang.
TT Cac yeu to gii han
Mc o gii han
0 1 2 3 4
1 o sau tang at =
H (cm)
>200 (H 0) > 150-200
(H 1)
> 120-150
(H 2)
80-120
(H 3)
< 80
(H 4)
2 Thanh phan c gii
= T
50% cat +
50% set va
tht (T 0)
50-70%
set va tht
(T 1)
50-70% cat
(T 2)
70 - 90% cat
hoac 70 - 90%
set (T 3)
> 90%
cat
3 Mc o ket von, a
soi = (% the
tch)
< 10%
( 0)
10-30%
( 1)
30-50%
( 2)
> 50-70%
( 3)
> 70%
( 4)
4 Ham lng mun
cua lp at mat 0-
30 cm = M (%)
4% (M 0) > 2,5-4%
(M 1)
1-2,5%
(M 2)
< 1%
(M 3)
5 Chieu sau mc
nc ngam = W
(cm)
> 200
( W 0)
> 150-200
(W 1)
120-150
(W 2)
80-120
(W 3)
< 80
(W 2)
6 o doc = D (%) < 8
(D 0)
8-12
(D 1)
> 12-20
(D 2)
> 20-30
(D 3)
> 30
(D 4)
Bang 11: Bang phan loai mc o gii han nhng yeu to chu yeu cua
at trong cao su
Phu |uc P:
NDT SD HUDMG OAM |EU TRA AMH
G|A NUC D BEMH HA| VA CACH PHA
THUDC VAD B|MH PHUM
I. H ng da n, ie u tra a nh gia m c o be nh ha i tre n v n ca y cao su:
1. Phng phap lay mau ieu tra:
- Chon 3 - 5 iem/lo theo ng cheo goc hoac bac thang.
- Chon so iem, so cay ieu tra va phan cap benh nh sau:
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
Bang 12: So cay ieu tra va cap benh
Loai benh iem ieu tra So cay/iem Tong so cay Cap
benh
Phan trang la
Rung la mua ma
Heo en au la
Loet soc mieng cao
Nam hong
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
20
20
10
50
50
100
100
50
0-5
0-5
0-5
0-7
0-4
Ghi chu:
Cap 0: Khong benh
Cap 1: Rat nhe (Rnh)
Cap 2: Nhe (Nh)
Cap 3: Trung bnh (TB)
Cap 4: Nang (N)
Cap 5: Rat nang (RN)
2. Phan cap benh phan trang:
Co 5 cap benh nh sau:
3. Phan cap benh rung la mua ma:
Ghi chu: La vang va la xanh rung di at la ac iem chnh e
anh gia mc o nang nhe cua benh rung la mua ma.
Bang 13: Bang phan cap benh phan trang
Cap benh Tren canh Mau sac la
1
om trang hoac om dau nhn lau
mi thay benh.
La on nh xanh am
2
1/4 so la tren canh co benh, om
benh rai rac tren la.
Tan xanh va co la non rung
3
1/2 so la co benh Tan la xanh 4 ot chuoi va co vai
canh rung la.
4
Nam phu kn la hoac 1/2 so la
heo, la bien dang
Tan la xanh ot chuoi hn 1/2 so
canh rung het la, la con lai quan
vang va rung nhieu di at.
5
Nam phu kn la hoac 1/2 so la
heo, la bien dang
Hn 1/2 so canh rung het la. Tren
canh ch con lai cuong la, la phu
kn at.
Bang 14: Bang phan cap benh rung la mua ma
Cap
benh
Tam nhn La Trai La rung di at
0
Xanh bnh thng Xanh bnh thng
1
Ti gan mi
thay la vang
Rat kho tm Rat t trai thoi moc La rung rat t
2
Ti gan mi
thay la vang
De nhn thay la vang,
vai canh la rung
Thoi moc 1/4 so trai
tren cay
La rung rat t
3
Thay t xa
de dang
La vang nhieu hoac
rung 1/4 so la tren
canh
1/2 tong so trai b thoi La rung nhieu va
nhn ro khi vao lo
4
Thay t xa
de dang
La rung 1/2 so la tren
canh
3/4 tong so trai b thoi La trai mot lp
mong
5
Thay t xa
de dang
La rung 3/4 so la tren
canh
Kho nhn thay trai
xanh
La trai kn mat at
Ghi chu:
Cap 1 en cap 5: Soc benh tnh theo chieu dai mieng cao
(CDMC).
Cap 6 en cap 7: Benh hai tnh theo dien tch mat cao
(DTMC).
5. Phan cap benh nam hong:
4. Phan cap benh loet soc mat cao (LSMC):
Bang 15: Bang phan cap benh loet soc mat cao
Mc o Cap benh Mc o b hai
Rat nhe Cap 1 Co soc en nho rai rac tren ng cao
Nhe Cap 2
Cap 3
Cap 4
- Mot soc hay nhieu soc benh gop lai khoang 3-4 cm
CDMC.
- Cac soc benh gop lai chiem 1/8 - 1/4 CDMC.
- Soc benh lan rong gan lien nhau, chiem 1/4 - 1/2 CDMC.
Trung bnh Cap 5 Vo benh loet soc t mem chiem tren 1/2 CDMC, ngay kho
thay moc trang, co mu chay.
Nang Cap 6 Cac vet loet to chiem 1/4 - 1/2 DTMC phat trien len tren vo
tai sinh, nc r vang chay ra.
Rat nang Cap 7 Cac vet loet chiem tren 1/2 DTMC.
Bang 16: Bang phan cap benh nam hong
Mc o Cap benh Mc o b hai
Cap 1 Benh rat mau khoi neu cha
tr kp thi.
Co mu chay, nam mau trang, nam nh
mang nhen.
Cap 2 Benh mau khoi neu cha
kp thi.
Nhn ro vet benh nam mau hi hong, la
xanh.
Cap 3 Cha kho khoi Nam mau hong, dop vo, chay mu nhieu,
la chuyen mau.
Cap 4 Khong the cha tr khoi Nam mau hong, vo benh thoi, chay mu
nhieu, la vang khong rung, pha di moc
nhieu choi dai.
Neu co nhieu vet benh tren cung mot cay, anh gia vet benh nao
nang nhat co tac hai nhieu en tan cay.
Lu y: Trong mua benh cac cong ty can to chc ieu tra tnh hnh
benh hai nh ky 1 thang/lan.
II. Cach pha thuoc Booc-o:
1. Pha Booc-o 1% (1: 1: 100):
- 1 kg sunpha t o ng (co ma u xanh da tr i) pha trong 80 lt n c.
- 1 kg voi bot pha trong 20 lt nc sau o o nc ong
loang vao nc voi ac, va o va khuay (khong c o ngc
nc voi vao ong).
Th chat lng dung dch Booc-o bang cach dung mot que
sat mai sang nhung vao dung dch a pha khoang 3 phut. Neu au
que sat b r vang th phai them nc voi vao t t en khi que sat
khong oi mau. Dung dch Booc-o 1% ch pha u dung trong
ngay. Khong pha dung dch trong thung cha bang nhom hoac sat.
2. Cach pha Booc-o ac 5% (1: 4: 20):
- 1 kg sunphat ong, 4 kg voi bot, 20 lt nc.
- Pha 1 kg sunphat ong trong 10 lt nc sach, loc bo can.
- 4 kg voi bot trong 10 lt nc, loc bo a soi.
- o nc ong vao nc voi khuay eu.
6. Cong thc tnh ty le benh va mc o benh:
DTnh ty le benh (TLB):
So cay (la) b hai
% Ty le benh = --------------------------------x 100
Tong so cay (la) ieu tra
DTnh mc o b benh (CSB %):
Tong cac tch cua moi cap benh x So ca the b benh cung cap o
CSB % = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x 100
Tr so cap benh cao nhat x Tong so ca the ieu tra
Ch ao bien soan
Le Van Bnh
Pho Tong Giam oc Tong Cong ty Cao su Viet Nam
Mai Van Sn
Vien Trng Vien Nghien cu Cao su Viet Nam
Ban sa oi quy trnh ky thuat
Trng ban: Tran Th Thuy Hoa
Th ky tong hp: o Kim Thanh
Ban bien tap
Nguyen Tan c, Pham Van Vinh,
Tran Th Thuy Hoa va o Kim Thanh
Trnh bay:
Lam Thien Long

Sach Quy Trinh Ky Thuat Cay Cao Su - 2004

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