Phan 2 Cac Thong So Co Ban Cua Anten

nten v truyn sng GVHD: Nguy n Ng Lm
Phn 2: Cc thng s c bn ca anten - 17 -

Phn 2:
CC THNG S C BN CA ANTEN
( th bc x, cng bc x, phng chiu, cng bc x, hng tnh, li,
hiu sut anten v hiu sut bc x, bng thng, tr khng ng vo v in tr anten, din tch
hiu dng anten, mi quan h gia hng tnh v din tch hiu dng ca anten, nhng din tch
tng ng ca anten.)
Nhng thng s ca anten miu t hiu nng ca anten khi xt v kha cnh phn b nng
lng trong khng gian, hiu sut cng sut, phi hp tr khng Nhng thng s bc x c
lin quan vi nhau. C mt s thng s khng c ni n trong y, nh nhit anten v
nhng c trng ca nhiu. Chng s c tho lun sau trong phn lin quan n truyn bng
sng v tuyn v hiu nng h thng.
2.1 th bc x:
th bc x l hnh v nhng thuc tnh ca bc x hoc ca anten nh l mt hm ca
ta gc.
th bc x c xc nh trong vng xa, ni m s phn b cng sut bc x trong
khng gian khng ph thuc vo khong cch. Chng ta thng o v v cng ~ | ( , ) |
hoc cng sut thu ~
| ( ,) |
= | ( , ) |
.
Tia qut trong khng gian bin thin ca cng sut thu hoc bc x mt bn knh khng
khng i tnh t anten gi l th cng sut.
Tia qut trong khng gian bin thin ca ln vng in tch (t tnh) mt bn knh
khng khng i tnh t anten gi l trng bin .
Thng thng, th miu t vng gi tr (cng sut) chun ha vi gi tr ln nht.
Lu : th cng sut v th trng bin l ging nhau khi tnh ton v v vi dB.
th c th c v 3-D ( v ) u bin thin, hoc 2-D. Mt hnh v 2-D c quan
st nh l mt lt ct ca th 3-D vi mt mt phng = , thng thng l mt phng
hoc mt phng = , trong mt phng phi c cha thnh phn ln nht ca th.


V th: tia qut ca th c v bi t tnh chiu di ca vector bn knh | ( , ) |
tng ng vi ( , ) , u ca RP t l vi ln ca vng | ( , ) | (trong trng hp ca mt
th trng bin ) hoc t l vi mt cng sut | ( , ) |
(trong trng hp ca mt
th cng sut).

Mt s khi nim lin quan n th:
a) th ng hng l th ca mt anten c bc x nh nhau trong moi hng. y
l mt khi nim l tng (khng th t c). Tuy nhin, n dng nh ngha nhng thng
s khc ca anten. N c miu t nh mt hnh cu c tm trng vi v tr ca bc x ng
hng.


b) Anten nh hng l mt anten c hiu nng bc x hoc thu mt vi hng ln
hn cc hng cn li. Thng thng, n gii hn c t cho nhng anten c hng tnh
cao hn nhiu anten lng cc na bc sng.

c) Anten v hng l mt anten c th bc x khng theo hng trong mt mt
phng cho trc v hng tnh trong bt k mt phng trc giao no (v d anten n).

d) th chnh l th 2-D ca nhng anten tuyn tnh phn cc, v trong mt
phng E ( mt mt phng song song vi vector E v c hng ca bc x cc i) v mt phng
H (mt mt phng song song vi vector H v c hng ca bc x cc i)



e) Bp bc x l mt phn ca th bc x c cng bc x cc b l tng i nh.
Bp bc x c phn loi nh sau: bp chnh, bp ph, bp th cp, bp ngc.


2.2 rng chm tia:
rng na cng sut (HPBW) l gc gia hai vector xut pht t gc ca th v i
qua hai im ca bp cc i m hai im c cng sut bng na cng sut cc i.
rng gia nhng im khng u tin (FNBW) l gc gia hai vector xut pht t gc
ca th v tip tuyn vi chm chnh.
Thng thng, FNBW HPBW.



HPBW l thng s tt nht miu t thuc tnh phn gii ca anten. Trong k thut
radar cng nh cng ngh v tr v tuyn, kh nng phn gii ca anten l quan trng hng u.
2.3 Cng bc x
Cng bc x trong mt hng cho trc l cng sut trn mt n v gc khi c
bc x trong hng bi anten.
a) Gc khi
Mt n v gc khi (st) l gc khi vi nh ca n l tm ca mt hnh cu c bn knh
r, mt i din l phn mt cu c din tch bng vi din tch ca mt hnh vung c cnh r.
Trong mt khi cu khp kn c 4 st.
=
(2.1)
Lu : nh ngha trn tng t nh nh ngha ca mt gc 2-D bng radian, =
/ ,
vi
l di ca cung to bi gc trong vng trn bn knh .



Mt din tch nh ds trn mt ca khi cu c bn knh r trong ta cu c tnh nh
sau:
=
sin (
) (2.2)
V vy: = sin ( ) (2.3)
V =
(2.4)
b) Cng bc x U:
=
( / ) (2.5)
Mt biu thc hu ch tng ng (2.5) nh sau:

= ( )
(2.6)
T by gi, chng ta s biu din cng sut bc x l . C mt lin h mt thit gia
cng bc x U v mt cng sut P ( l ln vector Poynting vng xa). T :
=
) (2.7)
Sau : =
. (2.8)
T ta thy mt cng sut ca vng xa ph thuc vo khong cch vi ngun pht
theo t l 1/
, t ln ph t l vi 1/r. Nh vy cng bc x U ch ph thuc vo

phng hng( , ) , khng ph thuc vo khong cch r.
th cng sut l hnh v ca hm | ( , ) | , thng c chun ha vi gi tr ln
nht ca n.
vng rt xa, thnh phn theo phng bn knh b loi tr, v phn cn li t theo
phng ngang ca in v l pha v c ln nh sau:
= (2.9)
l l do ti sao vng xa, vector Poynting ch c mt thnh phn bc x v n l mt
s thc miu t mt bc x:

= =
| |
| |
(2.10)
Sau , vi mt bc x, chng ta c th trnh by theo quan h vi trng in:
( , ) =
| |
(2.11)


ng thc (2.11) ch mt quan h hu ch gia th cng sut v th trng bin :
( , ) =
( , , ) +
( , , ) =
( , ) +
( , ) (2.12)
Trong :
( , ) v
( , ) biu th th trng vng xa anten.

V d:
1) Cho cng bc x v th ca mt bc x ng hng:
( , , ) =

( , ) =
4
=

( , ) = 1
th chun ha ca mt bc x ng hng ch n gin l mt hnh cu c bn knh
n v.

2) Cng bc x v th ca mt dipole rt nh:
T phn 1: mc nng lng ca trng in vng xa anten l:

( )
sin = >
( , ) = sin ,
=
| |
( )
( , ) =
.

2.4 Hng tnh:

2.4.1 nh ngha v v d:
hng tnh ca mt anten (trong mt hng cho trc) l t s ca nng lng bc x
trong hng vi nng lng trung bnh ca tt c cc hng. Nng lng bc x trung bnh
trn tt c cc hng bng ton b cng sut bc x ca anten chia cho 4. Nu mt hng
khng c ch r th iu m ch hng bc x cc i.
hng tnh cng c th c nh ngha l t l gia cng bc x (RI) ca anten
mt hng cho trc v RI ca mt vt bc x ng hng c cng cng sut:
( , ) =
( ,)
= 4
( ,)
, (2.13)


V

hng tnh l mt i lng v hng. hng tnh cc i lun 1
V d:
1) Hng tnh ca mt ngun bc x ng hng nh sau:
( , ) =
=
= 4

( , ) = 4
( ,)
= 1

= 1

2) Hng tnh ca mt lng cc v cng b nh sau:
( , ) =
( )
( , ) =
; ( , ) = .
( , )
Nh cng thc (2.6):
= =
sin =
8
3

( , ) = 4
( , )
=
3
2
= 1.5
Bi tp: tnh hng tnh cc i ca mt anten vi cng bc x = sin (p n:
= 1.27 )
hng tnh ring ca mt anten c xc nh cho mt trng phn cc cho trc.
N c nh ngha nh l mt phn ca cng bc x, tng ng vi mt phn cc cho
trc, c chia cho cng bc x trung bnh trn tt c cc hng.
hng tnh ton cc l tng tt c nh hng thnh phn cho c hai phn cc trc
giao.
=
(2.14)
Trong :


= 4
= 4

2.4.2 hng tnh trong quan h vi cng bc x ( , )
( , ) = .
( , ) (2.15)
= =
sin

(2.16)

( , ) = 4
( ,)

( ,)
(2.17)

= 4

( ,)
(2.18)

2.4.3 Chm gc khi
A
:
Chm gc khi
A
ca mt anten l gc khi m tt c dng cng sut ca anten i
xuyn qua l hng s v bng cng bc x cc i U
0
cho tt c cc gc trong vng
A.

( , ) sin
(2.19)
Mi quan h gia nh hng cc i v chum gc khi l hin nhin, nhn t (2.18)
v (2.19):

= 4/
(2.20)
hiu (2.19) c xy dng nh th no, theo di ngun gc t bn di (chng phn
nh chnh xc ngha nh ngha bn trn):
= =
( , ) sin

2.4.4 Biu thc gn ng cho nh hng:
S phc tp trong tnh ton nh hng ca anten D
0
ph thuc vo
( , ) , c th t
hp t b mt ca khi cu.


Trong hu ht cc trng hp trong thc t, hm trn khng c sn trong nhng dng gii
tch ng (c th l mt tp d liu). Thm ch nu c sn trong gii tch ng, tch phn trong
(2.18) c th khng nghim. Trong thc t, n gin hn biu thc khng hon ton chnh xc
thng c s dng tnh gn ng v nhanh hn. Nhng cng thc c da vo c s
hai mt phng trc giao, rng na cng sut ca th.
a) Cng thc ca Krau:
Cho anten vi bc x chnh hp v vi bc x ph khng ng k, chm gc khi
A

c tnh gn ng bng vi HPBW trong hai mt phng trc giao:

(2.21)
Trong HPBW c tnh bng radian. Dng khc ca (2.21) l:

(2.22)
Vi
c tnh bng .
b) Cng thc ca Tai v Pereira:

(2.23)
Gc trong (2.23) c tnh bng radian.
2.5 li ca anten
li G ca anten l t s gia cng bc x U mt hng cho trc v cng
bc x (s c trnh by), nu cng sut cung cp cho anten c bc x ng hng.
( , ) = 4
( ,)
(2.24)
li l i lng v hng, rt ging vi hng tnh D. Khi anten khng tht thot,
tc l khi P
in
= , t ( , ) = ( , ) . Theo , li ca anten a vo tnh ton mt
mt ca h thng anten. N c tnh ton thng qua cng sut vo, y l mt i lng c th
tnh c, khng ging nh hng tnh, n c tnh thng qua cng sut bc x .
C nhiu nhn t lm xu i qu trnh truyn nng lng t b pht n anten (hoc t
anten n b thu):
Tht thot do khng phi hp tr khng.
Tht thot do ng truyn.
Tht thot do anten: tht thot in mi, tht thot do tnh dn, tht thot phn
cc.


Cng sut bc x bi anten lun b hn cng sut a vo h thng anten, P
, tr
khi anten c tch hp nhng linh kin tch cc. iu gii thch ti sao .
Theo chun IEEE, li khng bao gm nhng mt mt c ngun gc t khng phi hp
tr khng v t phn cc khng khp.
V th, li ch a vo tnh ton tht thot in mi v tnh dn ca anten.
Cng sut bc x c lin quan n cng sut vo thng qua mt h s gi l hiu sut bc
x:
= .
, 1 (2.25)
( , ) = . ( , ) (2.26)
li thnh phn nh gi mt trng phn cc cho trc c nh ngha theo cch
ging nh lm vi hng tnh thnh phn, xem (2.14).
2.6 Hiu sut anten
Hiu sut ton b ca anten e
t
c dng nh gi s tht thot nng lng u vo
ca anten trong cu trc ca anten. N bao gm tt c nhng tht thot do ghp khng i xng
v tht thot in mi v dn in (din t bi hiu sut anten e nh nh ngha ca chun IEEE):

(2.27)
Trong :
e
r
hiu sut phn x (do khng phi hp tr khng)
e
p
l hiu sut do ghp phn cc
e
c
l hiu sut do tnh dn in
e
d
l hiu sut do in mi
Hiu sut phn x c th c tnh thng qua h s phn x ng vo anten:

= 1 | |
(2.28)
c th o c hoc tnh c thng qua tr khng nh sau:
=
(2.29)
Z
in
l tr khng ng vo ca anten v Z
c
l tr khng c trng ca ng dy vo. Nu
khng c tn hao do phn cc, hiu sut ton b c lin quan vi hiu sut bc x nh sau:


= ( 1 | |
) (2.30)
2.7 Hiu sut trng:
Hiu sut chum l t s gia cng sut bc x trong mt gc hnh nn 2
vi cng sut
bc x ton b. Gc 2
c th l gc bt k, nhng thng th l gc gia nhng im khng

u tin.
=
( ,)
( ,)
(2.31)
Nu anten c bc x chnh dc theo trc z ( = 0), cng thc (2.31) nh ngha BE. Nu
l gc m c s xut hin nhng im khng (hoc cc tiu) trong hai mt phng phn cc,
th BE s cho chng ta thy phn ca cng sut bc x ton phn c chia thng qua chum tia
chnh.
Anten hiu sut rt cao rt cn trong radar, o phng x v thin vn hc.
2.8 rng bng tn (bng thng)
l dy tn s, trong nhng c tnh ca anten (tr khng ng vo, th) ph hp
hot ng n nh.
Nhng c tnh c yu cu l phi chc chn, c th l tr khng vo, th bc x,
rng chm tia, phn cc, bc bc x ph, li, hng tnh, hiu sut bc x. Ring
bng thng c th gm: tr khng theo tn s, th bng tn
FBW ca anten dy rng c th c miu t bng t s tn s trn n tn s di, trong
cht lng anten c th chp nhn c:
=
(2.32)
Anten dy rng vi FBW ln 40:1 c th thit k c. V vy anten c th tham kho
rng tn s khng ph thuc anten.
Vi anten bng hp, FBW c din t l t l phn trm ca hiu tn s bng thng vi
tn s trung tm:
=
. 100% (2.33)
Thng thng, f
0
= (f
max
+f
min
)/2 hoc



2.9 Tr khng ng vo
Z
A
= R
A
+jX
A
(2.34)
Trong , R
A
l in tr anten v X
A
l in khng ca anten. Nhn chung, in tr anten
c hai phn:

(2.35)
Trong , R
r
l in tr bc x, R
l
l in tr hao ph.
Tr khng ca anten c quan h vi cng sut bc x
, cng sut hao ph P

l
, v
nng lng phn x theo cng thc sau:

+P
d
+2]o( w
m
-w
c
)
0.5I
0
I
0
(2.36)
Trong , I
0
l dng vo anten; W
m
l nng lng t trng trung bnh, W
e
l nng lng
in trong vng gn anten. Khi nng lng in v t trung bnh bng nhau s xy ra cng
hng v phn phn hi ca Z
A
khng cn. Vi anten lng cc ng knh nh,cng hng
xy ra khi chiu di ca anten gn bng mt s nguyn ln na bc sng.

2.9.1 in tr bc x
in tr bc x lin quan n cng sut bc x thng qua p hay dng vo anten. V d,
theo phng php tng ng Thevenin:
R
=
2H
| I|
2
, (2.37)
V d: tm in tr bc x ca mt lng cc nh theo t l (l/ z)
Chng ta c c kt qu cng sut bc x ca mt lng cc nh trong phn 3 nh sau:

d
= p
n
3
[
IAI
x
2
(2.38)
R
d
= p
2n
3
[
AI
x
2
(2.39)



2.9.2 Mch tng ng ca anten pht

(a) S tng ng Thevenin

(b) S tng ng Norton
Trong m hnh trn, gi s ngun pht c ni trc tip vi anten. Nu c mt ng
truyn gia ngun pht v anten (thng trong cc trng hp), th tr khng tng ng Z
g
=
R
g
+jX
g
ca ngun pht c a vo ng vo ca anten. ng truyn thng c tn hao ng
k.
Nhc li: tr khng ng truyn ca mt ng truyn di cho bi
Z
n
= Z
o
z
L
+z
0
tanh ( yL)
z
0
+z
L
tanh ( yL)
(2.40)
Trong , Z
0
l tr khng c trng ca ng dy, y l hng s truyn, Z
L
l tr khng
ti, v Z
in
l tr khng ng vo. Trong trng hp ng truyn khng tn hao:


Z
n
= Z
o
z
L
+]z
0
tan ( [L)
z
0
+]z
L
tah ( [L)
(2.41)
Vi y = ][.
Cng sut cc i c phn phi n anten khi c phi hp tr khng:
_
R
A
= R
I
+ R
= R
g
X
A
= X
g

(2.42)
Theo nguyn l, chng ta c th c c cc cng thc sau trong trng hp phi hp tr
khng:
a) Cng sut phn phi cho anten
P
A
=
|v
g
|
2
8( R
r
+R
l
)
(2.43)
b) Cng sut hao ph do nhit ca ngun pht
P
g
= P
A
=
|v
g
|
2
8R
g
=
|v
g
|
2
8( R
r
+R
l
)
(2.44)
c) Cng sut bc x
= P
=
|v
g
|
2
8
R
r
R
r
+R
l
2
(2.45)
d) Cng sut hao ph do nhit ca anten
P
=
|v
g
|
2
8
R
l
( R
r
+R
l
)
(2.46)

2.9.3 S tng ng ca anten thu

(a) S tng ngThevenin


(b) S tng ng Norton
Sng ti gm c in p V
A
u anten (c o khi anten h mch). Tr khng ghp
lin hp c yu cu gia anten v ti (my thu) c c cng sut cc i:

(2.47)
Theo nguyn l, chng ta c th c c cc cng thc theo sau trong trng hp phi
hp tr khng:
a) Cng sut phn phi cho ti

=
|
=
|
(2.48)
b) Cng sut hao ph do nhit ca anten

=
|
(2.49)
c) Cng sut phn bc x (re-radiated)

=
|
(2.50)
d) Cng sut thu c ton phn

=
|
)

=
|
(2.51)
Khi c phi hp tr khng, mt na cng sut thu c c phn phi cho ti, v mt
na mt mt trn anten. Mt mt trn anten l do hao ph nhit P
l
v hao ph phn bc x P
r
. Khi
anten khng hao ph, mt na cng sut c cung cp co ti v na cn li bc x ngc tr li
khng gian. Nh vy mt anten thu ch l mt b tn x.
Tr khng ng vo ca anten ph thuc vo tn s. V vy n ch c th phi hp vi ti
trong mt bng tn s nht nh. N cng c th b nh hng bi cc tn s k cn.



2.9.4 Hiu sut v hao ph ca anten
Hiu sut bc x e c a vo tnh ton hao ph do in mi v truyn dn ca
anten. N l t s cng sut bc x ca anten vi cng sut bc x ton phn a vo u anten
(anten pht).
=
(2.52)
Mt s cng thc hu dng trong tnh ton:
a) in tr DC:

( ) (2.53)
l c trng dn in (S/m)
l l chiu di dy dn (m)
A l tit din dy dn (m
2
)
b) in tr b mt tn s cao
tn s cao, dng in b gii hn trong mt lp mng b mt ca dy dn (hiu ng
v). Lp ny thng c gi l lp v. B dy ca lp ny gi l dy v c tnh nh sau:
=
(m) (2.54)
Trong f l tn s c tnh bng Hz, v l thm t, n v (H/m). Nn nh l
cng thc (2.54) ch ng cho nhng dy dn tht tt (/ 1) . dy v t l nghch vi
hng s suy gim = ( ) ca mi trng, = 1/ . Cng thc chnh xc ca c th tm
trong nhng sch gio khoa i hc ngnh in t. Da vo s suy gim theo hm m ca mt
dng in trong dy dn (
, trong x l khong cch tnh t b mt), c th c biu

din dng in ton phn chy dc theo dy dn (theo trc z) l:
= . =

(2.55)
Tro p l chu vi ca dy dn, J
z0
l mt dng b mt, v J
s
l mt dng tng
ng b mt (A/m). in tr b mt R
S
c nh ngha thng qua trng in tip tuyn vi
b mt dy dn v mt dng cng tuyn ca b mt:
E
0
= R
S
.J
S
(2.56)
Dng in b mt J
S
c lin quan vi mt khi dng in J
z0
nh sau: J
S
= J
z0
(xem
(2.55)). T y ta vit li cng thc (2.56) nh sau:


E
0
= R
S
. J
z0
(2.57)
T J
z0
= E
0
, v
= ( )
, cui cng:

() (2.58)
Chng ta cng thy c mt quan h gia in khng tn s cao vi chiu di l, chu vi p
v in tr b mt ca dy dn:

(2.59)
cng thc trn, din tch A
hf
= p khng phi l din tch thc t ca dy dn, n l
din tch hiu dng m dng in tn s cao i qua.

V d: mt lng cc c chiu di na bc sng c lm bng ng ( = 5.710
)
S/m). Tnh hiu sut bc x e, nu tn s hot ng f = 100 MHz, bn knh dy dn l b=3x10
-4

v in tr bc x l R
r
= 73 .
Gii:
= 10
= > =
= 3 = > =
= 1.5
= 2 = 1810

Nu dng in chy dc theo anten l u, cng sut hao ph tn s cao s phn b u
trn dipole. Tuy nhin, dng in c phn b hnh sin dc theo anten di na bc sng l:
( ) =

Cng thc (2.59) by gi c th s dng tnh in tr tn hao tn s cao trn mt
thnh phn sai bit c chiu di v cng nh dz:



Cng sut mt mt tn s cao trn thnh phn dn dy dn nh dz c trnh by nh
sau:

( )

Cng sut hao ph ton phn dc theo anten dipole :

/
/
/
/
, = 2

/
/

( ) , =
/
/

. 0.5

in tr tn hao R
l
c nh ngha thng qua cng sut hao ph:

Chng ta suy ra:

= 0.5
= 0.5
1
p
_
n]
0
c
= 0.349 ( )
Hiu sut ca anten l:
c =
R
r
R
r
R
l
=
73
73+0.349
= 0.9952
c
dB
= 10log
10
0.9952 = 0.02.

2.10 Din tch hiu dng ca anten A
e

Din tch hiu dng ca anten l t s ca cng sut u anten vi mt dng cng
sut ca mt phng sng ti trn anten. Nu khng chn hng, hng c chn l hng c
mt bc x ln nht.


A
c
= P
A
/ w
(2.60)

Trong :
A
e
l din tch hiu dng (m
2
)
P
A
l cng sut phn phi t anten n ti (W)
W
i
l mt dng cng sut ( ln vector Poynting) ca sng ti (W/m
2
)
Dng s tng ng Thevenin ca anten thu, ta c th thy ng thc (2.60) c lin
quan n tr khng ca anten v din tch hiu dng nh sau:
A
c
=
| I
A
|
2
R
L
/ 2
w
i
=
| v
A
|
2
2w
i
R
L
[( R
r
+R
l
+R
L
)
2
+( X
A
+X
L
)
2
]
(2.61)
Nu c phi hp tr khng(R
A
=R
L
):
A
c
=
| v
A
|
2
8w
i
1
( R
r
+R
l
)
(2.62)
Do dng khu ca anten nn din tch hin dng ca anten lun nh hn din tch thc
t. Khu ca anten vi phn b bin v pha khng i xuyn qua khu c din tch hiu
dng cc i, y l lc din tch thc t bng vi din tch hnh hc. Hiu sut khu ca
anten dy ln hn din tch b mt ca chnh dy . Thnh thong, hiu sut khu ca mt
anten c c lng nh l t s din tch hiu dng ca anten v din tch vt l ca n:
e
up
= A
c
/ A
p
(2.63)
V d: mt sng phng u c a ti trn mt mt lng cc rt ngn. Tm din tch
hiu dng A
e
bit in tr bc x l R = 80( nl/ )
v y l trng phn cc tuyn tnh dc

theo trc ca dipole. So snh A
e
vi din tch b mt vt l ca dy dn, nu =
=
/ 300, trong d d l ng knh ca dy.
Gii:
V lng cc rt ngn, chng ta c th b qu mt mt do truyn dn. Dy anten khng c
hao ph in mi. V vy chng ta tha nhn rng R
l
= 0. Vi iu kin phi hp tr khng (hiu
ngm l nh th nu khng c iu kin c th khc)

=
|

Lng cc rt ngn v chng ta c th gi thuyt l cng trng in l nhu nhau
dc theo anten. T , in p c to bi sc in ng ca sng ti l:


= | |
ln vector Poynting l
= | |
/ ( 2) . T y ta c:

=
| |
| |
= 0.119

Din tch vt l ca dipole l:

= =
10
= 2.110

Hiu sut khu ca dipole nh sau:

=
.
.
= 568.2

2.11 Mi lin quan gia nh hng D
0
v hiu sut khu ca anten:
Cch n gin nht tm ra mi quan h ny l thng qua hai bc sau:
Bc 1: chng minh rng t s D
0
/A
e
l ging nhau vi mi anten. Xt hai anten A1 v
A2. Gi s A1 l anten pht v A2 l anten thu. Gi s khong cch gia hai anten la R. mt
cng sut pht ra t A1 ti A2 l:

Trong , P
1
l cng sut bc x ton phn bi A1 v D
1
l nh hng ca anten A1.
Cng sut thu c bi A2 v phn pht cho ti l:

Trong A
e2
l hiu sut ca anten A
2
.

= 4

By gi gi s A1 l anten thu v A2 l anten pht. Chng ta c th suy ra sau y:

= 4

Nu P
1
= P
2
, th theo nguyn l thun nghch trong in t
(*)
,
, V vy:

= >
=
Nh vy chng ta chng minh l nh nhau cho moi anten.


Bc 2: Tm t s =
cho mt anten dipole v cng b. nh hng ca

dipole vo cng nh l
= 1.5 (Xem v d ca mc 4 phn 2 ny). Hiu sut khu ca anten

vo cng nh l
= 3
/ 8 (Xem v d mc 10 chng ny). V vy:

=
=
.
8
=
(2.64)
ng thc (2.64) dng nu c khng c hao ph, phi hp tr khng v phi hp phn
cc trong h thng anten. Nu nhng h s ny c mt th:

= ( 1 | |
) |
(2.65)
T (2.20) v (2.64), chng ta c th trnh by mt cch n gin mi quan h gia gc
khi chm tia ca anten
A
v A
e
:

(2.66)

2.12 Nhng din tch tng ng khc ca anten:
Trc tin, chng ta nh ngha din tch hiu dng ca anten (hoc l khu hiu
dng) l din tch m khi nhn vi mt cng sut sng ti, kt qu l cng sut phn phi cho
ti P
A
( u ca anten). Vi cch tng t, chng ta nh ngha din tch tn x A
S
. l din
tch m khi nhn vi mt cng sut sng ti, kt qu l cng sut tn x:

=
|
(2.67)
Trng hp phi hp tr khng:

=
|
=
|
(2.68)
Din tch hao ph l din tch khi nhn vi mt sng ti kt qu l cng sut hao ph
ca anten:

=
|
2w
i
, m
2
(2.69)
Trong trng hp c phi hp tr khng:
A
I
=
| v
A
|
2
w
i
R
l
( R
r
R
l
)
2
=
| v
A
|
2
w
i
R
l
R
A
2
, m
2
(2.70)


Din tch gi l din tch m khi nhn n vi mt cng sut sng ti kt qu l cng
sut ton phn c bt gi bi anten.
A
c
=
P
t
w
i
=
| I
A
|
2
( R
r
+R
l
+R
L
)
2w
i
(2.71)
Khi c phi hp tr khng:
A
c
=
| v
A
|
2
w
i
( R
r
+R
l
+R
L
)
( R
r
+R
l
)
2
=
| v
A
|
2
8w
i
( R
A
+R
L
)
R
A
2
=
| v
A
|
2
4w
i
1
R
A
(2.72)
Din tch gi l tng ca din tch hiu dng, din tch hao ph v din tch tn x:
A
c
= A
e
+ A
l
+ A
s
(2.73)
Khi c phi hp tr khng:
A
e
= A
l
+ A
s
= 0.5A
c
(2.74)
Khi c phi hp tr khng v khng c hao ph:
A
e
= A
s
= 0.5A
c
(2.75)



BI TP PHN 2:
2.1 Cho mt ngun pht c ni tr 40 ( ) v bin nh l 10 (V).Ngun c gn vo anten
c tr khng l 50 + j10 ( ).
a) Tm cng sut hp th bi anten.
b) Tm h s phn x v h s phi hp.
c) Tm cng sut ngun.
d) Cho hiu sut anten 75%, tm in tr v cng sut bc x.
e) Tm cng sut tn hao trn anten.

2.2 Cho mt anten bc x vng xa vi trng in c hm bin l F(,) = cos cho hiu
sut anten l 75%.Gi s dng ng vo l 0,5 (A).
a) Tnh vector mt bc x.
b) Tnh cng bc x.
c) Tnh cng sut bc x bi anten.
d) Tnh in tr tn hao.
e) Tnh in tr vo ca anten.
f) Tnh cng sut nhn c trn anten.

2.3 Trng in t vng xa ca mt anten c cho bi:
1
]
1
cos sin cos ) ( j

r
e
r E
jkr

Tm s phn cc anten dc theo:
a) Trc (+x)
b) Trc (+y)

2.4 Cho trng vng xa anten [ ]
+ 2 cos 1 ) (
jkr
e r E .V th bc x trong cc mt phng
khc nhau.


2.5 Cho mt anten hot ng tn s 400MHz.Khi n hot ng nh anten pht n bc x
trng in vi h s nh hng l D(,) = 1,5sin
2
v vector phn cc ( )

, p , hiu sut
anten l 80%.Khi n hot ng nh anten thu v ni n ti phi hp,hy tnh cng sut nhn
c ti ca anten thu nu trng sng ti c dng:
a) ( )

z e r E
x j
inc
2

b) ( )

y e r E
x j
inc
2

2.6 Mt anten c tr khng vo l 75 + j20 (), trong in tr tn hao l 2 ().Anten c
ni my pht c in p h mch l 10 (Vrms) v c in tr ni l 50 ().
a) V s tng ng ca anten trn.
b) Xc nh cng sut tiu th bi anten.
c) Xc nh cng sut bc x v hiu sut ca anten.
d) Tm iu kin v tr khng ni ca my pht cng sut bc x cc i.

2.7 Mt cng sut bc x ca mt anten vng xa c quy lut phn b theo hm
[ ]
0 , /
sin 5
2
2
m w
r
w . Trong r l khng cch t im kho st ti anten.
a) Tm cng sut bc x ca anten.
b) v th nh hng tnh ca anten, xc nh hng bc x cc i.
c) Xc nh li ca anten.

2.8 Tnh li cc i cho 4 trng hp cng bc x chun ha U
n1
= cos, U
n2
= cos
2
,
U
n3
= cos
3
, U
nn
= cos
n
.Bit rng chng khng c bc x ngc v e = 1.

2.9 Mt anten v hng c th trng cho bi E = 10I/r (V/m), vi I l dng vo, r l khong
cch.Tm in tr bc x ca anten.


2.10 Trong thc t ngi ta tnh h s nh hng gn ng
Hp Hp
D

4
bit gc na cng sut
mt phng l 20
0
v l 20
0
.Xc nh h s nh hng bng dB
i
.

2.11 Cho anten c trng bc x
r
e
c E
jkr
4
cos .
3
th bc x ch c mt bp bc x dc
theo trc z, c = const.
a) Tnh cng sut bc x bi anten.
b) Tm h s tuyn tnh D hng = 0.
c) Tm rng na cng sut.
d) Tm gc khi ca anten.

2.12 Cho trng in vng x anten
,
_
sin cos
4
2
r
e
E
jkr

a) Xc nh cng bc x tng qut ca anten.
b) Xc nh cng sut bc x.
c) Cho e = 75%, tnh li tng qut ca anten.

2.13 Anten c tr khng vo Z
A
= 75 + j20 (), in tr tn hao 2 (), li hng cc i l
8dB. Anten ny c ni my pht, bit rng cng sut in anten hp th ng vo 10(W).
a) Tnh bin dng ng vo anten.
b) Cng bc x anten hng bc x cc i.
c) Tm iu kin v tr khng ni my pht cng sut bc x cc i.

2.14 Cho cng bc x chun ha vng xa anten l Sin
2
.
a) Tm h s nh hng cc i ca anten.


b) Tm rng na cng sut v rng gia cc gi tr khng u tin.
c) Bit U
max
= 10
-3
, e = 0,8 V
S
= 10 (V) mch phi hp tr khng gia ngun v anten.
Tm in tr ni ca ngun.
d) Tm cng bc x trung bnh ca anten.
e) Tnh li v h s nh hng ca anten theo dB hng cc i.
f) Tm cng sut bc x v hng tng ng v cng sut bc x ca anten.

- ht Phn 2 -

Phan 2 Cac Thong So Co Ban Cua Anten

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Phan 2 Cac Thong So Co Ban Cua Anten

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nten v truyn sng GVHD: Nguy n Ng Lm

Phn 2: Cc thng s c bn ca anten - 17 -

l di ca cung to bi gc trong vng trn bn knh .

, t ln ph t l vi 1/r. Nh vy cng bc x U ch ph thuc vo

( , ) biu th th trng vng xa anten.

c th l gc bt k, nhng thng th l gc gia nhng im khng

, cng sut hao ph P

, trong x l khong cch tnh t b mt), c th c biu

v y l trng phn cc tuyn tnh dc

cho mt anten dipole v cng b. nh hng ca

= 1.5 (Xem v d ca mc 4 phn 2 ny). Hiu sut khu ca anten

/ 8 (Xem v d mc 10 chng ny). V vy:

cos sin cos ) ( j

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