BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

POINT GROUPS
Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of Physics University of Calicut

27 Mar 2013

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Contents
1

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE REPRESENTATIONS OF GROUPS DIRECT PRODUCT CRYSTALL SYMMETRY AND SCHOENFLIES NOTATION 32 POINT GROUPS

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY

A group means a set of elements G: {A,B,C....} of order h, endowed with a law of composition (ie. addition multiplication,matrix multiplication etc) and must satisfy the requirements.
1

The set is closed under law of combination, ie., closure property. The associative law holds A(BC) = (AB)C = ABC There is a unit element (identity) E such that EA = AE = A There is an inverse A 1 to each element A such that AA 1 = A 1 A = E

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS
A transformation which leaves a physical system invarient is called the symmetry transformation. For eg: A nite set of covering operations such as rotation , reection, inversion etc of symmetrical objects. A combination of any symmetry transformations is again a symmetry transformation of the system. There exists an identity transformation which leaves the system invarient. For any symmetry transformation there exists an inverse transformation. So the above set of covering operations form a group.

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE

Figure: The axes and planes of symmetry of a square

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Symmetry transformations of a square continue...

Rotation E The identity. C4 Clockwise rotation

through 900 about an axis passing through centre and normal to the square. 2 C4 Rotation through 1800 about the same axis. 3 C4 Rotation through 2700 about the same axis.

Reection mx Reection in horizontal

ie x-axis. my Reection in vertical ie y-axis. u Reection along diagonal 1-3. v Reection along diagonal 2-4.

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Multiplication table

Multiplication table represents all the product of group elements E E 3 C4 2 C4 C4 mx my E 3 C4 2 C4 C4 mx my C4 C4 E 3 C4 2 C4

2 C4 2 C4 3 C4 3 C4 2 C4

mx mx

my my

u u
mx

v v
my

v u

C4 E 3 C4 my mx

v
my

u
mx

C4 E

v
my 3 C4 C4 E 2 C4

u
mx C4 3 C4 2 C4 E

u
E 2 C4 C4 3 C4

v
2 C4 E 3 C4 C4

u v
my mx

u v

u v

mx my

v u

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

REPRESENTATIONS OF GROUPS

Representation means any group composed of mathematical entities which is homomorphic to the original group. In general square matrices are used as representation of the groups, ie., we associate a matrix (A ) to each group element A such that (A )(B ) = (AB )

(E ) = E , the unit matrix.

These matrices should satises the group multiplication table and in every way represents the group elements.

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

{(1) (E ), (1) (A ), (1) (B ) } and {(2) (E ), (2) (A ), (2) (B ) } be two representations and we
construct a new representation by combining the matrices into larger matrices.

(A ) =

(1) (A )
0

(2) (A )

Applying a similarity transformation scrambles rows and columns giving an equivalent representation which will not be in block form. Such articially enlarged matrix representations are the reducible representation. Representation that cannot be expressed in terms of representations of lower dimensionality are the irredecible representations.
Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

DIRECT PRODUCT GROUP

For some systems the complete symmetry operations can be broken up into two or more types such that the operators of one type commute with those of any other. Let Ga = {E , A2 , , Aha } and Gb = {E , B2 , , Bhb } be two groups of operators such that they commute each other then Ga Gb = E , A2 , , Aha , B2 , A2 B2 , , Aha B2 , , Aha Bhb This form a group of order ha hb . Direct product of two irreducible representations form an irreducible representation.

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

CRYSTALL SYMMETRY
The symmetry of crystal plays an important role in the study of various properties such as diffraction the electronic structure etc. A crystal is regular array of lattice, and with each lattice point we associate a basis such that it is invariant under translations T = n1 a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3 . The covering operations such as rotation, reection, and inversion along with the translation operations form the complete set called the space group of the crystal. The group of operations obtained by setting all translation in the space group elements to zero is called the point group of the crystal. There are about 32 point groups consistent with translational symmetry and a total of 230 space groups.
Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

SCHOENFLIES NOTATION
E Identity . Cn Rotation through
2 n ,

n = 1,2,3,4,6.

Reection in a plane. h Reection in a horizontal plane, ie., a plane

perpendicular to the axis of highest rotation symmetry.

v Reection in a vertical plane, ie., a plane passing

through the axis of highest symmetry

d Reection in a diagonal plane, ie., a plane containing

symmetry axis and bisecting the angle between the two fold axes perpendicular to the symmetry axis
Sn Improper rotation through 2 n , ie., rotation followed by reection about the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation S2 = i Inversion
Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Commuting operations

Two rotations about the same axis. Two reections in perpendicular planes. Two rotation by about perpendicular axis. A rotation and a reection in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The inversion and any rotation or reection.

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

32 POINT GROUPS. Cn
The point groups in which the only symmetry consists of a single n-fold axis of symmetry. Cn consistent with translation symmetry in crystals are C1 ,C2 ,C3 ,C4 and C6

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Cnv
These groups contain a vertical reection plane v in addition to the Cn axis. Since the reection plane contain an n-fold axis,there are . additional n-1 reection planes at angle n In crystal we have C2v ,C3v ,C4v and C6v .

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Cnh
These groups contain a horizontal reection plane h in addition to the Cn axis. In crystal we have C1h ,C2h ,C3h ,C4h and C6h

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Sn
These groups contain an n-fold axis of improper rotations. If n is odd then that groups are identical with Cnh and are not considered. So in crystals we have S2 , S4 and S6 .

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Dn
These groups have n twofold axes perpendicular to the principal Cn axis. In crystal the various Dn groups are D2 , D3 , D4 , D6 .

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Dnh
These groups contain a horizontal reection plane h and Dn symmetry. In crystal we have D2h , D3h , D4h , D6h .

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Dnd
These groups contain elements of Dn togather with a diagonal reection plane d bisecting the angle between the twofold axis perpendicular to the principal rotation axis. The two groups in this class are D2d ,D3d .

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

GROUPS OF HIGHER SYMMETRY

These groups have no unique axis of highest symmetry but have more than one axis which is atleast of threefold symmetry. The ve groups in this category are T ,Td ,Th ,O an Oh . T 12 proper rotational operations of a tetrahedron. {E , 3C2 and 8C3 }

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

Td The full rotation group of order 24 with all covering operations of a regular tetrahedron,including reections. Th Group of order 24 which is the direct product of T with group of inversion operators. Th = T i O Group of all rotational operations of a cube or octahedron. O has 24 elements {E , 8C3 , 3C2 , 6C4 , and 6C2 } Oh The full octahedral group which includes improper rotations and reections. Oh = O i

Syam kumar A.M. Guide:Dr.VISHNU MAYYA BANNUR Department of POINT Physics GROUPS University of Calicut

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO GROUP THEORY GROUPS OF TRANSFORMATIONS SYMMETRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF SQUARE R

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