01 Basics CVXCVXCV

Technische Universitt Mnchen
1. Chapter Basics
Content
1. 2. 3. 4. Energy demand and definition of solar thermal power History of solar thermal power Physics and thermodynamics Measurements and solar potential
1. Primary energy demand worldwide - today

14000,0 Million tonnes oil equivalent 12000,0 10000,0 8000,0 6000,0 4000,0 2000,0 0,0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011
2010: 12.002 Million tonnes of oil equivalent ~ 140,000 TWh
1. Primary energy demand worldwide - tomorrow

18000,0 Million tonnes oil equivalent 16000,0 14000,0 12000,0 10000,0 8000,0 6000,0 4000,0 2000,0 0,0 1990
Source: BP Energy Outlook 2030: January 2011
2030: 16.432 Million tons of oil equivalent > 190,000 TWh
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
1. Solar Thermal Power Plants - What is this?

Not to be mixed with:
Solar thermal systems (flat and tubular collectors) or photovoltaic systems
There are two types of solar thermal power plants:

Using concentrated incident solar radiation on an absorber (CSP Concentrated Solar Power) Without using concentrated solar radiation
2. History Ancient Age

1000 BC: In Central America, parabolic reflectors were used as lighters 3rd Century BC: Greeks attacked enemy ships using concentrated sunlight (Archimedes)
Source: independent.co.uk
1000 BC
500 BC
500 AD
1000 AD
1500 AD
2000 AD
5
2. History Ancient Age

100 AD Heron of Alexandria: Solar driven water heater Till 400 AD, the Vestal Virgins in Rome ignited the sacred fire once a year using a burning lense
Source: archinform.net
1.000 BC
500 BC
500 AD
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6
2. History - Middle ages to Modern times

No significant developments until 1500 AD
1500
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2000
1.000 BC
500 BC
500 AD
1000 AD
1500 AD
2000 AD

In 1515, Leonardo da Vinci experimented with parabolic-mirror concentrators to improve cloth drying
Source: culturalheritageimagin.org
1500
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8

1690: Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus developed focusing mirrors with a diameter of 1.60 m for experiments in porcelain making 1772: Isaac Newton experimented with concave mirrors
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9

1816: Robert Stirling developed the Stirling engine
Source: stirling.5x.to
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Further developments in solar ovens / cookers and first steps toward the development of solar cell 1876: William Adams wrote a book titled Solar Heat: A Substitute for Fuel in Tropical Countries
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1878: Augustine Mouchot introduced a solar steam generator at the world exhibition in Paris
Source: Detail.de
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2. History Modern times

1913: Frank Shuman: 55PS-Plant (40 kW) in Egypt (3,500 m) with parabolic collectors. Later on, the plant was closed and destroyed.
Source: solarhaven.org
1500
1600
1700
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13

Hardly any further development until the 1970s Development during 70s to 80s was rather theoretical in nature and hardly any plants were built.
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1.000 BC
500 BC
500 AD
1000 AD
1500 AD
2000 AD
14

1981 Research project Solar One, Mojave Desert, California: 10 MW- Solar tower power plant
Source: solarserver.com
1980
1985
1990
1995
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2005
2010
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1984: Kramer junction, Mojave Desert, California: 14 MW- First commercial CSP with parabolic trough Expansion until today: 354 MW
Source: dlr.de
1980
1985
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16

1997 Almera: 10 kWel- Dish-Stirling Pilot plant 1999 Solar Two (retrofit of Solar One)
Source: theirearth.com
1980
1985
1990
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17

2006 Andalusia: Commencement of Andasol 1: First CSP in Europe with 50 MWel in operation since 2008
Source: Solar Millennium
1980
1985
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18

2008: Egypt: Construction start of first CSP in Africa with 50 MWel 2009: Establishment of the DESERTEC Foundation
1980
1985
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2. History Current Situation

2011, about 1.17 GWel of CSP power is installed worldwide: 582 MWel are in Spain, 507 MWel in the U.S 17 GWel of CSP projects are currently being planned worldwide: 8 GWel in USA, 4.5 GWel in Spain, 2.5 GWel in China
20
3. Physics and thermodynamics

Radiation: Photon Photon (derived from Greek: phs - "Light") is an elementary excitation of the quantized electromagnetic field
It exhibits properties of both waves and particles

Wave-particle duality
Photons are massless (m = 0 kg) Photons move at the speed of light

In vacuum this is 0 300 000

21

Radiation: All wavelengths have the same propagation speed, 0 in vacuum
= =
1
Wavelength 1 Frequency Period []
Planck's constant describes the relationship between energy and frequency of a photon
Energy of an photon: = Planck's constant = 6.636 1034
The shorter the wavelength (or higher the frequency), the greater is the Energy of the photon
22

Radiation: Spectrum
Source: Incropera, DeWitt

23
Absorption
Reflection
Transmission
Emission
The absorption coefficient indicates how much radiation is absorbed
The reflectance indicates the relationship between incident and reflected radiation
The degree of transmission indicates the relationship between incident and transmitted radiation The value of varies between 0 and 1 Transmittance is strongly dependent on the material
The emissivity indicates how much radiation is emitted by the body
The value of varies between 0 and 1 The darker the body, the higher the degree of absorption
The value of varies between 0 and 1 Reflectance is strongly dependent on the material
The value of varies between 0 and 1. For mirrors = 0 and for an ideal black body = 1
24

Interaction of radiation with matter: Reflection Law of reflection: Angle of incidence is equal the angle of reflection = Both angles along with the normal of the mirror lie in the same plane
Normal
Incident ray Reflected ray
Mirror
25

Black Body An ideal black body absorbs all incoming radiation completely and emits with a specific maximum intensity The spectrum of radiation emitted by a black body depends solely on its temperature
Absorptance = 1 Emissivity = 1 Reflectance = 0 Transmissivity = 0
The sun is very close to being an ideal black body

26

Planck's law
=
where
1 5 1
1 = 2 2 = 3.74 1016 /2 2 = / = 1.44 102 = 1.38 1023

(Boltzmann Constant)
Temperature of the radiating surface T
27

Planck's law
Plancks radiation spectrum
The wavelength of maximum intensity decreases with increasing temperature The higher the temperature, the higher is this maximum intensity
Source: Wikipedia
Wavelength in m
28

Stefan-Boltzmann law (Josef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann) Specifies the thermal power emitted by an ideal black body as a function of its temperature = 4
Radiation [] Stefan-Boltzmann-Constant = 5.67 108 24 Surface area of the body 2 Absolute Temperature
29

Stefan-Boltzmann law (Josef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann) For a non-black body, the following equation applies: = 4 With the weighted average of the emissivity over the wavelengths ()
30

The Sun: General data Almost spherical radiating source Diameter: = 1.392 106 km Surface temperature: approx. 5777 K Core Temperature: 15 Million K The Earth: General data Almost spherical Source: uni-kiel.de Diameter: = 1.271 104 km Surface temperature: 390 K (-89.6 C Antarctic +58 C Libya) Core Temperature : <7000 K
31

1/r Inverse square law for energy quantities (Solar Radiation) Surface Power Density [W/m]
2 = 0 =
2 2
1/r Inverse distance law for linear field quantities (Acoustic quantities) Sound pressure, Sound velocity, Sound deflection

1
Source: wikipedia
32

The Sun: Solar constant The amount of radiation that reaches the earths atmosphere = 1360
2
The actual density of the radiation outside the Earth's atmosphere determines the average solar constant 0 . It was standardised by the World Meteorological Organization in 1982:
0 = 1367 7
33

The Sun: Solar constant
Comparison between spectral irradiance of solar radiation(solid line) and black body(dashed line)
Spectral Radiance
Wavelength in m
34

The Sun: Global radiation The radiation that actually arrives on a horizontal surface on Earth Direct solar radiation and diffused radiation Is dependent on severe weather fluctuations
For CSP, only the direct radiation can be concentrated with optical methods
35
3. Physics and thermodynamics Atmosphere

Absorbed(Lost)11-30 % Solar Radiation 1367 W/m Scattered into space (Lost) 1.6-11 %
Ozone (20-40 km) 0.5-3% Upper Dust Layer (15-25 km) 1-5% Air Molecules (0-30 km) 6-8% Water Vapour (0-3 km) 3-9% Lower Dust(0-3 km) 0.5-5% 0.6-4% 4% 0.4-4% 0.4-14%
Direct to Earth 33-83 %
Diffuse Insolation 5-26 % Source: www.powerfromthesun.net

36

Spectral transmittances through the atmosphere Factors influencing attenuation of solar radiation:
= , , ,3 , ,
1. , : Rayleigh Scattering by Molecules

2. , : Absorption by aerosols 3. ,3 : Absorption by ozone 4. , : Absorption by Water Vapor 5. , : Absorption by air
Source: Baehr, Stephan: Wrme- und Stoffbertragung

37

Sun: Intensity of Radiation
1,2,3 4 5 4 4,5 3 4 4,5
Source: renewable-energy-concepts.com
38
3. Physics and thermodynamics diurnal variations

Sun: Azimuth Angle
Deviation from the southern orientation towards East or West
Azimuth Angle
Source: alternative-energiequellen.com
39

Sun: Angle of inclination Deviation from the horizontal axis
Angle of inclination
40

The Sun: Azimuth and inclination For the optimal yield of a solar system, the absorber should always be adjusted to the Sun.
The Azimuth angle and the angle of inclination should be adapted to the diurnal course of the Sun
For non-trackable absorber in Germany, the ideal Azimuth angle is 0(South) and angle of inclination is 35
41
4. Measurements and solar potential

Pyranometer - Principle
Source: www.powerfromthesun.net
42

Global solar radiation (all the incoming solar radiation received from above by a surface horizontal to the ground) )
Spain 2000 kWh/m2a
America 2200 kWh/m2a
Germany 1200 kWh/m2a
Sahara 2500 kWh/m2a
Australia 2500 kWh/m2a
Source: meteonorm.com
43

Direct solar radiation
Spain 2200 kWh/m2a America 2700 kWh/m2a
Germany 1000 kWh/m2a
Sahara 3100 kWh/m2a Australia 2800 kWh/m2a
Source: meteonorm.com
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Technische Universitt Mnchen

Technische Universitt Mnchen

1. Primary energy demand worldwide - today

2010: 12.002 Million tonnes of oil equivalent ~ 140,000 TWh

Technische Universitt Mnchen

1. Primary energy demand worldwide - tomorrow

2030: 16.432 Million tons of oil equivalent > 190,000 TWh

Technische Universitt Mnchen

1. Solar Thermal Power Plants - What is this?

There are two types of solar thermal power plants:

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History Ancient Age

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History Ancient Age

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History - Middle ages to Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History - Middle ages to Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History - Middle ages to Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History - Middle ages to Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History - Middle ages to Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History - Middle ages to Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History Modern times

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History Modern times

Source: Solar Millennium

Technische Universitt Mnchen

2. History Modern times

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2. History Current Situation

Technische Universitt Mnchen

3. Physics and thermodynamics

It exhibits properties of both waves and particles

Photons are massless (m = 0 kg) Photons move at the speed of light

Technische Universitt Mnchen

3. Physics and thermodynamics

Wavelength 1 Frequency Period []

Technische Universitt Mnchen

3. Physics and thermodynamics

Source: Incropera, DeWitt

Technische Universitt Mnchen

The absorption coefficient indicates how much radiation is absorbed

The emissivity indicates how much radiation is emitted by the body

Technische Universitt Mnchen

3. Physics and thermodynamics

Technische Universitt Mnchen

3. Physics and thermodynamics

The sun is very close to being an ideal black body

Technische Universitt Mnchen