Professional Documents
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Pillai Sreejith
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Introduction
Offshore Safety Case Training
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
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Major Modifications
List down the major modifications (process / marine) that occurred in your offshore installation/s in the past 1 year to tell them that the risk profile has changed:
Examples:
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Flare system modifications Addition of a hydrocarbon process equipment Change in mooring system Addition of gas compression facilities
Offshore Training pack
Corporate HSE Management System Show your HSEMS through a flow chart or a diagram to explain how periodic risk assessment/s are done to update safety case, as part of global sustainability reporting / CSR.
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steps involved:
Offshore site visit (to assess the safety critical element / barrier performance); Risk Assessment (using realistic field inputs such as barrier performance to be used in QRA event gates in frequency analysis); and Safety Case update
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Potential Major accidents for offshore complex; Offshore Safety Case; Safety Barriers in the offshore complex / installation; and Safety training assessment.
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Key Message Once the safety systems /barriers fail, there can be major accidents!!!
Only you can operate and maintain safety systems without flaws.
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
Session Break
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pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
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Learning objectives
To understand major accidents; To understand the difference between occupational/personal, marine and process hazards; To understand the Swiss Cheese accident causation model and Bow Tie barrier concept; To learn the importance of barriers in controlling major accidents and To appreciate the need to maintain the safety systems in order to control / mitigate major accidents.
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Major Accident
(UK HSE SC Regulations,2005 ) A Major Accident defined by UK HSE is:
A fire, explosion or the release of a dangerous substance involving death or serious personal injury to persons on the installation or engaged in an activity or in connection with it; An event involving major damage to the structure of the installation or plant affixed thereto or any loss in the stability of the installation; The collision of a helicopter with the installation; The failure of life support systems for diving operations in connection with the installation; and Any other event arising from a work activity involving death or serious personal injury to five or more persons on the installation or engaged in an activity in connection with it.
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Major Accidents
Examples
Deadliest accident so far: 1988 Piper Alpha (167 fatalities); 2nd deadliest: 1980 Alexander L. Kielland Accommodation rig capsized during a storm (123 fatalities); 3rd deadliest: 1989 Seacrest drillship capsized during a typhoon (91 fatalities ); and 9th Deadliest: 2005 Mumbai High Platform fire (22 fatalities).
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Blowouts Riser & Pipeline releases Process Hydrocarbon Releases Fire & Explosion Ship Collision Dropped Objects Transportation Accidents Helicopter crash Projectile/Missile impact Structural damage Turret Failure Cargo Tank explosion
Offshore Training pack
Occupational Hazards
Personal or Occupational Health and Safety Hazards Can give rise to incidents or accidents that primarily affect one individual worker for each occurrence
Occupational Accidents
Mainly those accidents that can be controlled by the use of PPEs
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BP Texas City Refinery Fire and Explosion (15 killed, 180 injured)
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Marine Accident
Ship collision in Japanese waters causing major damage (July 27, 2007)
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Loss Iceberg
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H A Z A R D
Major accident
C O N S E Q U E N C E S
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Construction /Engineering activities Maintenance activities Offshore Training pack Operations activities
Em ergency response Safe Refuge (M uster Area ) M itigation Firewater Pum ps Detection ESD system Firewater Ring main M anual W ater Fire Fighting Equipm ent Deluge System W ellhead Isolation Blowdown Valves ESD M anual Pull Stations HVAC M anual Foam Fire Fighting Equipm ent Blowdown Valves ESD M anual Pull Stations Firewalls
Instrumentation , i.e. TAHH / LALL / LAHH / PALL / PAHH Relief System (PSV )
Escape Routes
Emergency Lighting Emergency Power (UPS ) Internal Com munications & Alarms External Com munications Helideck Crash Equipm ent M iscellaneous Safety Equipm ent TEM PSC & Life rafts Helicopter Facilities Direct to Sea Equipm ent
Inspections
Navigational Aids PTW
Pedestal Cranes
CMMS
Maintenance
/
Audits
Gaseous System s
Turret failure
Ignition control
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Safety Barriers
Explanation-Example 1
Ignition Control
Hazardous Area Classification Use of Ex type equipment (do you know how they are designed? Why cant they be designed as vapour / gas tight?) Flash back arrestors, spark arrestors Static charge discharge control (bonding, when do you install bonding? Why is this done?) Lightning control (how do you control these hazards?) Inert gas system for cargo tanks Use of inert gas system to dilute hydrocarbon vapours at vents
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Safety Barriers
Explanation-Example 2 What are the difference between Passive Fire Protection (PFP) & Active Fire Protection (AFP)? Examples of PFP?
Fire walls In tumescent coatings (ESD valves?) Heat shields on the escape routes?
Examples of AFP?
Deluge FM 200 Gaseous Fire Fighting system Fire & Gas Detection system
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A 60 Firewall
Heat Shield
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PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
Prevention barriers
HAC Static Electric Audits
IGNITION CONTROL
Loop checks for BD Audits/Inspection CFIs on Relief Valves
Mitigation barriers
EXPLOSION
Discuss
For major accident control, which side of the bow tie should be strong? Left (prevention) or the right side (mitigation) ? Why?
Major Accident
Discussion trigger: Can a gas explosion be effectively mitigated prevented with water deluge?
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
Learning
Major accidents; Potential major accidents at your offshore installation; Difference between personal / occupational, marine and process accidents; Swiss Cheese & Bow Tie safety concepts; and Importance of safety barriers in controlling major accidents.
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
Session Break
Sreejith
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
Learning Objectives
To learn about the major accidents that occurred in your offshore complex to understand What went wrong?; and To think about the potential barrier failures that might exist at offshore installations which could lead to potential major accidents.
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Offshore Complex
Show the field diagram Show the platforms / FPSOs and the interconnecting pipelines Include the major additions / modifications to highlight to the participants that the installation has changed over the years
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Major Accidents
Identify major accidents, hi-potential incidents, near-misses; Discuss each of the major cases from the detail reports to explain: Causes Consequences Risk reduction recommendations Implementation status Any similar accidents occurred?
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Causes
Examples
Inadequate planning / organization; Flaws in PTW procedures; Written job procedure did not anticipate contributing factors; Failure to follow known job procedure (s); Inadequate training; Supervisor failure to identify unsafe condition; and Failure to communicate.
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Learning
If no concrete action is taken to rectify the cause of
the incident permanently, it might lead to an accident next time round History has proven this; Accidents could happen even with safety barriers in place; Personnel play an extremely important role in promoting safety competency, experience and knowledge is important; and We need to ensure that the safety barriers are maintained so as to control / mitigate accidents.
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Session Break
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In this presentation, the typical potential major accidents for FPSO / platform are included. This will require customisation in line with the field QRA results.
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Learning Objectives
To learn about the potential major accidents that can occur in offshore field and to understand the consequences; To be aware of the major risk contributors at offshore installations; and To be aware of the risk levels for various personnel at your offshore field.
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Internet
9. Structural damage
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Internet
Risk Terminology
Individual Risk (IR) Individual Risk Per Annum is the frequency with which an individual may be expected to sustain fatal harm due to exposure to specific hazards in a year
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Internet
ALARP Triangle
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Manning distribution Transportation details Heat & Material Balance diagram P&IDs PFDs General Arrangement / Layouts Design basis and safety philosophies
Offshore Training pack
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Areas Show the areas considered in the QRA Explain the manning distribution of various personnel categories in the areas Tell them the risks calculated is rather realistic since we have considered more facts
Offshore Installation
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Impairment
Discuss impingement and impairment from pool and jet fires Pool fire impingement on steel structures:
10 minutes
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Frequency Analysis and Event Tree Analysis: Frequency of each accidental event (top event) and branch probabilities are assigned to event tree and outcome event frequency are estimated.
Consequence Modelling: Using the software. The physical effects and damages for each outcome event are estimated
Impact Assessment: Analyse the fire and explosion impact to structures and equipment.
Risk Assessment Fatality Estimation: Determine the risk to personnel from each outcome event. Risk Summation and Risk Ranking: Sum the risks to individual from each outcome events for hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon hazards and identify the dominant risk contributors. Risk Assessment: Compare the risk levels against Individual Risk Acceptability Criteria to determine whether additional measures are necessary to reduce risks to ALARP.
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Risk reducing measures: Apply enhanced or additional control measures and mitigation measures.
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Fire Contours
Show the jet, pool fire contours superimposed on the offshore installation layout drawing to show them the potential effects.
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Transportation Accidents
Helicopter, boat, personnel transfers
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ANOA FIELD
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Consequences: Asset damage (hull, equipment, platform, etc.) Multiple fatalities / injuries
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Protection from side & vertical impacts? Personnel falling from height due to giddiness, loss of grip, high wind, loss of balance, etc.
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Is there an option?
There are hardly any known occurrences of Helicopter crashing into FPSO or platform
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Explain the Individual Risk (IR) for the various personnel categories;
Explain the PLL (Potential Loss Of Life) values for the complex and various personnel categories; Discuss if the IR value is within the ALARP tolerable region; Explain the major risk contributors for the offshore complex; Explain what is base case IR, and ALARP IR cases (sensitivity cases); and Explain what is traffic light system and how is it used to determine Realistic Risk levels?
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How will the TL System used to calculate Offshore Training pack impairment / event frequencies in QRA?
Partially degraded
Acce ptab le
Not accepta
ble
Earlier risk IR 1 Risk after Safety System performance Assessment IR 3 Base case risk IR 2
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Learning
Individual Risk for all offshore personnel are within the acceptable limits; Understanding potential major accidents for offshore installations (causes and consequences); Understanding the major risk contributors at offshore field; and Understanding the personnel risk levels for various categories.
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Session Break
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pilliai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
Learning objectives
To understand the objective of Safety Cases; To understand The UK HSE Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 2005; To understand the typical SC update triggers; and To know the Typical Safety Case contents.
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Safety Case-Definition
A documented body of evidence that provides a convincing and valid argument that a system is adequately safe for a given application in a given environment
Safety Case exists for Nuclear, Offshore, Aviation, and Rail industries
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UK Offshore Operators, says Cullen, must adopt this new philosophy on safety, producing a Safety Case'. This includes continuous hazard assessment over the plant's lifetime, fault tree analysis, which looks at all the ways an error could develop, and takes account of ways that 'human factors' contribute to disasters
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Forthwith: Immediate, at once Lord Cullen recommended that the 4 (FEA, ESSA, EERA,SIGA) be carried out by the offshore operators immediately before the 1992 safety case regulation was released. Sreejith Offshore Training pack
Safety Case
First SC Regulations came into force in 1992; Cullen Forthwith studies:
A Fire Risk Analysis; An assessment of the risk of ingress of smoke or gas into the accommodation; A review of the ability of emergency systems to withstand severe accident conditions; and An evacuation, escape and rescue analysis.
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
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Learning
Origin and objectives of Safety Case; Piper Alpha Accident & Safety Case; The UK HSE Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 2005; Typical SC contents; and Typical SC update triggers.
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Session Break
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pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
Learning objectives
To understand the critical role of safety barriers / safety systems in controlling major accidents using Bow-Tie diagram; To understand safety barriers on offshore installations; To appreciate the need to maintain the barriers through maintenance system, inspections, etc.; and To identify and monitor performance of safety barriers through lead and lag indicators.
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
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Internet
MAE
Preventative
Emergency re
Instrumentation , i.e. TAHH / LALL / LAHH / PALL / Inspections PAHH Relief System (PSV )
Escape R
Firewater Pumps Firewater Ring main Manual Water Fire Fighting Equipment Deluge System Wellhead Isolation Blowdown Valves ESD Manual Pull Stations HVAC Manual Foam Fire Fighting Equipment Blowdown Valves ESD Manual Pull Stations Firewalls Gaseous Systems
Emerge Lightin
Emerge Power (U
Navigational Aids
PTW
Extern Communica
Pedestal Cranes
Audits
CMMS
Tur ret failures Projectile /missile Impacts
Helideck C Equipm
Transportation Accidents
TEMPSC rafts
Helicop Faciliti
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Direct to Equipm
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Internet
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Accident Trajectory
Lagging indicator
Lagging indicator
Leading indicator
Lagging indicator
Permit-to-work
Leading indicator
Staff Competence
System defects
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PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
HAC Static Electric Audits
IGNITION CONTROL
Loop checks for BD Audits/Inspection CFIs on Relief Valves
EXPLOSION
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Internet
How effective are YOUR safety systems? Traffic light system was used to assess the performance of safety systems; Each of the safety systems were assessed based on:
Critical Maintenance Test (CMT) results; Accidents / incidents; Maintenance backlogs; and Audit findings.
Sreejith Offshore Training pack
Partially degraded
Acce ptab le
Not accepta
ble
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MAE
Preventative
Emergency re
Instrumentation , i.e. TAHH / LALL / LAHH / PALL / Inspections PAHH Relief System (PSV )
Escape R
Firewater Pumps Firewater Ring main Manual Water Fire Fighting Equipment Deluge System Wellhead Isolation Blowdown Valves ESD Manual Pull Stations HVAC Manual Foam Fire Fighting Equipment Blowdown Valves ESD Manual Pull Stations Firewalls Gaseous Systems
Emerge Lightin
Emerge Power (U
Navigational Aids
PTW
Extern Communica
Pedestal Cranes
Audits
CMMS
Tur ret failures Projectile /missile Impacts
Helideck C Equipm
Transportation Accidents
TEMPSC rafts
Helicop Faciliti
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Direct to Equipm
Maintenance Management
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Internet
Learning
Concept of Safety barriers in major accident control; and Role of offshore personnel in ensuring integrity of safety barriers by monitoring performance indicators; and Performance of safety systems to control major hazards cannot be monitored using LTIs which calls for a shift in focus.
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Key Message Once the safety systems fail, there can be major accidents!!!
Only you can operate & maintain safety systems without flaws.
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Sreejith Offshore Training pack