1

karGFisan
KWCa
karnaMykBIsansYK
mkEpndI
edayelak
eG> EGl nig cy hIl

www.gillministries.com

esovePAEdlmanenAkgclnaTaMgenHKW
siTiGMNacrbs;GkeCO
rebobEdlmankar)at;bg; nigrebobEdlcab;epImTTYlCyCmH
BYkCMnuMEdlmanCyCmH
tamryRBHKm<Irkickar
karRbTanGMNacrbs;RBHsRmab;kareR)as[Ca
karTTYlkargarnUvGMNac nkareR)as[CaEdlmkBIRBH
GMeNayTankargarCa
savk RKGFib,ay RKpSaydMNwgl
RKKgVal nigRKbeRgn
karpSaydMNwglRbkbedaykarGsar
Epnkarrbs;RBH KWCakareQagcab;BiPBelakTaMgmUl
rUbPaBnkarekItCafI
KWCakardwgfa elakGkenAkgRBHRKIs
KMrUnkarrs;enA
cab;epImBIRBHKm<IrsBaacas;
karsresIr nigkarfVaybgM
karRtLb;mkCaGkfVaybgMRBH
karrs;enARbkbedayGFiFmCati
tamryGMeNayTannRBHviBaaNbrisuT

esckIepIm
esckIGFisanKWCaksiTi nigCaPaBeBjeljdKYr[RBWRBc EdlCakarcaM)ac;cMeBaHdMeNIrRKIsanEdl manCyCmH

enAeBlEdleyIgCECkKaGMBImnusS enaHcUrsab;nUvkarbeRgntamkaEstefb bGanBIesovePA mYyeTAesovePAmYyeTot

KWvahak;bIdUcCaesovePAnImYy mankaryl;dwgepSgBIKa sUm,IEtniymnykmankar epSgKapgEdr . cMeBaHesovePATImYy
esckIGFisanKWCakarTUlsUmCMnYs . esovePAmYyeTot KWCaEpk sgam . rIesovePATIbIvij KWCakarniyayeTAkan;RBH
nigkarsab;RBHGg . esckIGFisan KWCaEpkTaMgGs; nesovePATaMgenH ehIyvakenAEtminTan;maneRcInRKb;RKan;Edr .
RKb;TaMgesckIBitenAkgRBHKm<Ir KWCakarsg;eLIgvij elIesckIBitdTeTot vaeFVI[)aneBjelj RKb;RKan;TaMgRsug .
escdavID)ansresrfa bUkrYmGs;TaMgRBHbnlnRTg;eTAeXIjfa BitRtg;TaMgGs; TMnukdMekIg 119160k .
elaksavkb:ulk)ansresrfa eRBaHmin)anxannwgR)ab;Gkral;Ka BIRKb;TaMg KMnitrbs;RBHeT kickar 2027 .
eTaHCay:agNakeday rUbmnnkarsikSarbs;eyIg KWenAEtmanCacMNuc nigCaduMdEdl .
eyIgminFab;mankarRbvayRbtb;CamYynwgPaBBitTaMgenH bEnmeTAelIkarsikSaenHenaHeT . emeron nImYyKWmanmYyduM .
yIgminGacsikSaedayRKan;EtykmYyEpk
edIm,I[)anyl;dwgnUvGVIEdlCaesckI
GFisandBitenaHeLIy
.
sckIGFisanKWminEmnRKan;EtCakarsab;dl;RBHb:ueNaHenaHeT
.
esckIGFisank
minEmnRKan;EtCakarniyayeTAtambMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RBHCabnbnab;
kminEmnRKan;EtCakarTUlsUmenaH
Edr
KWCakarTaMgGs;EdlmanenAxageRkamenH
eyIgminGactaMgmUldanCIvit
bCaeKallTirbs;eyIgeTAelIesckIBit
EdleyIgcUlcit
nigesaHGegIy
nUvkarsRmakenaH)aneT . ]TahrN_ eyIgCaBYkkUnRBH ehIyRBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa RbsinebIeyIgTUlsUm enaHeyIgnwg)anTTYl .
eTaHCay:agNakeday RBHeysUvRTg;kmanbnlfa RbsinebIeyIgeFVI)ab enaHRBHRTg; nwgminsab;BBakGFisanrbs;eyIgeLIy .
esckIBitmYyEdlmankarCab;Tak;TgKa eTAvijeTAmk cMeBaHGk dTeTot . enAkgkarsikSaelIesckIGFisan
enaHeyIgminGacRkeLkemIleTAEtRtwmRBHBrenaHeLIy . eyIg kRtvEtRkeLkemIleTAGVIEdltRmv[manpgEdr
EdlRtv)aneFVIeLIgsRmab;eyIgral;Ka RBmTaMgsRmab;kar TTYlxusRtvpg. eyIgRtvEtsikSa edIm,I[manlTPaBdRbesIrbMput
KWsRmab;karRbwkSarbs;pgRBHTaMgRsug .

BImYyqaMeTAmYyqaM eyIgmankarsak;esIrcMeBaHkardak;karsikSarYmKaenH BIeRBaHvaFab;manrYcmkehIy ehIyCanickal

eyIgkmankarsikSaCaeRcInNas;mkehIyEdr
.
eyIg)aneFVIkartamrykarkMNt;cMNaMnUvTMBr
nImYy

Edl)ansresrkMLgeBlCaeRcInqaM
ehIyeyIgkminTan;dwgfa
karenHeyIgGacRtwmEteFVIkarcab;epIm
GFisansaredImeLIgvijTaMgGs;enaHeT . esovePATaMgmUlEdl)ansresrnUvesckIBitnesckIGFisand sMxan; EdlmankarxVHcenaH
enaHeyIg)anRKb)aMgcMnYnmYy bkBIrvKEdr . esckIGFisanrbs;eyIg KWEdlRBH RTg;)andwknaMelakGktamrykarsikSaenH
ehIybnab;mkk)ancUleTAkgCIvitnkarsikSa nigmankarBiesaFn_ BIesckIGFisan .
eyIg)anTUlsUmfa ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgrab;bBalTaMgRBHbnlenAkgRbeyaKrbs;eyIgfa nwgmankar CaeRcIneTot
EdleyIgGacniyayfa
RbsinebIeyIg)aneRbIEtxeyagenaH
.
bnab;BImansMNYrCaeRcInryenAkg
RBHKm<Ir
enaHBYksisSnwg)anRbLgCab;Caerogral;qaMehIy KWeyIg)anrkeXIjEtBIrbInak;b:ueNaH EdlGac niyayfa BYkeK)anemIlxeyag
Edl)anpl;mk[enAkgesovePA KWEdlBYkeK)ankMBugEtsikSaenaH . eyIg )andwgxnfa vaminEmnCaBakrbs;eyIg

kminEmnCaBakrbs;GkniBnEdr Edlrs;enAenaH . rIBakrbs;eyIg KWGacTTYlkarbeRgnBIGVIEdlRTg;)anmanbnlfa

{cUrRsg;TaMgGs;} ykecjmkBIRBHKm<Irb:ueNaH . RBHRTg; )ansnanwgeyIgfa RBHbnlrbs;RTg;nwgminRtLb;eTACa\tRbeyaCn_eLIy
. dUcCaRTg;dKg;enA RTg;EtgEt caMyamCab;CaniccMeBaHRBHbnlrbs;RTg; KWRBHbnlrbs;RTg;EdlCaesckIGMNr ehIyesckIGMNrenaH
Edl manenAkgcitrbs;eyIg . dUecH eyIg)anBayamRKb;eBlTaMgGs; edIm,IbBaak;nUvRBHbnlrbs;RBHGg .
enaHBakGj EdlecjBImat;GjeTA kminEdlvilmkGjvij eday\tekItply:agdUecaHEdr
KWnwgeFVIsMerctamesckIb:gR)afaenAkgcitGj ehIynwgcMerInekIneLIg
kgkarGVIEdlGjcat;eTAeFVIenaH eGsay 5511 .
rYcRBHeyhUv:amanbnlmkfa g)aneXIjRtvehIy BIeRBaHGjBayam
nwgeFVIsMerctamBakrbs;Gj eyerma 112 .
TUlbgM)aneXIjRBHbnlRTg; TUlbgM)anTTYlTanelbcUlGs;ehIy
RBHbnlrbs;RTg;CaesckIGMNr ehIyCaTIrIkraydl;citTUlbgM
d,itRBHeyhUv:a CaRBHnBYkBlbrivareGIy
TUlbgM)anehAtamRBHnamRTg; eyerma 1516 .

GMBIGkniBn
elakeG>EGl nigcy hIl KWCaGkmancMeNHevahaCaGnrCati CaGkniBn RBmTaMgCaGkbeRgnRBHKm<Ir.
enAkgebskkmkargarCasavkrbs;Kat; elakeG>EGl )aneFVIdMeNIreTACaeRcInRbeTsnCnCatinana Cag50CnCati elIBiPBelak
eday)anGFib,ayeTAkan;hVgmnusSrab;ryBan;nak; nigmanmnusSCaeRcInrab;lannak; )ansab;tamviT nigTsSnatamTUrTsSn_pgEdr .
BYkeKmanesovePAemeronCaeRcIn EdlmanCagBIrlank,al )andak;lk;enAshrdGaemrik . BYkeK)ansresr esovePACaeRcIn
Edl)anbkERbCaeRcInPasa nigRtv)aneKykeTAeRbIenAsalaRBHKm<Ir RBmTaMgfak;sikasala enACuMvij BiPBelak .
CIvitEdlmankarpas;ERbeBjeedayGMNac
Edl)anmkBIesckIBitedaysarRBHbnlnRBH
)anpHecjeLIgeTA
dl;CIvitGkdTeTot tamrykarGFib,ay karbeRgn karsresrdmanTwkdmrbs;BYkeK RBmTaMgkarpSaytamvIedGU nig
tamrykarsab;GUDIy:Urbs;BYkeK .
sirIldKYr[RBWRBcnRBHvtmanrbs;RBH KWRtv)anTTYlkarBiesaFn_enAkgkarsresIr nigkarfVaybgM enAkg
kmviFIsikasalaepSg
eBlEdlGkeCOTaMgLay)anRsavRCavrkeXIjnUvrebob
EdleFVI[BYkeK)ankayCaGkfVaybgM
RBHedayesckIBit nigedayGs;BIcit . manmnusSCaeRcIn)anRsavRCavrkeXIjnUvxatnCyCmHfI nigKYr[PJak;epIl
RBmTaMgmanPaBkahan tamrykarbeRgnrbs;BYkeK GMBIsiTiGMNacrbs;GkeCO .
rIGkRsIhIl)anbNHbNaldl;GkeCOCaeRcIn
CaCMhaneq<aHeTAkan;kargarCaGFiFmCati
EdlRBHRTg;)an
RbTandl;BYkeKedaypal;xnmak; edayGMNacnkareR)as[Carbs;RBH EdlhUrtamrydrbs;BYkeK . manmnusS CaeRcIn)aneron
edIm,I[)anTTYlnUvkarGsartamrebobGFiFmCati
EdlBYkeK)anbgrtKaeTAdl;GkdTeTot
tamry
GMeNayTanTaMg9nRBHviBaaNbrisuTkgkarrs;enA nigkarbMeBjkargarrbs;BYkeK .
TaMgelakeG>EGl nigGkRsIcy )ansikSa ehIyTTYl)annUvkRmitfak;m:asrneTvviTa . rIelakeG>EGl kcg;
)anTTYltMENgbNitEpkTsSnviCa enAkgkRmitfak;eTvviTa EdlecjBIsklviTalyTsSnRKIsanpgEdr . kickar garrbs;BYkeK
)antaMgmUldanRKwHenAelIRBHbnlRBH KW)antaMgelIRBHeysUv edIm,I[manesckICMenOrwgmaM RBmTaMg)an beRgn
edaynUvGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
kargarrbs;eK KWCakarbgajbMPWmkBIesckIRsLaj;dGs;BIcitnRBHdCaRBHvrbita . karGFib,ay nigkarbeRgn rbs;BYkeK
KW)anRbRBwteTAedayGMNacnkarcak;eRbgtaMg EdlmanTIsmal; karGsar nigkareR)as[Ca KWCakarGsar EdlmanrlkrMeBIk
eRkamGMNacRBHecsarbs;RBH .
TIsmal;drs;revIk Edlrab;bBalnUvsMeNIcbrisuT karyMenAcMeBaHRBHPkrbs;RBHGmas; RBmTaMgkarsEmg
nUvkarRBWRBcnsirIlrbs;RBH nigGMNacEdlRtv)anTTYlkarBiesaFn_tammnusSCaeRcIn Edl)ancUlrYmRbCuMrbs;BYkeK .

Matika
emeronTI 1

etIesckIGFisanKWCaGVI? -------------------------------------------------------------------------11
emeronTI 2
karyl;dwgnUvmUldanRKwH ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
emeronTI 3
RBHeysUvRTg;GFisan--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
emeronTI 4
{RBHGmas;RTg;)anbeRgneyIg[ecHGFisan}---------------------------------------------------------67
emeronTI 5
karGFisannaMmknUvlTpl ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 89
emeronTI 6
karcUleTAkgCIvitnesckIGFisanEdlmaneCaKCy -------------------------------------------------- 115
emeronTI 7
semgnesckICMenO -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 141
emeronTI 8
karGFisanedaynUvsiTiGMNac--------------------------------------------------------------------169
emeronTI 9
GMBIdYgcitEdlERskyMeTArkRBH-------------------------------------------------------------------191
emeronTI 10
{ebIGkral;KaenACab;nwg}---------------------------------------------------------------------- 213

emeronTI 1
etIesckIGFisanKWCaGVI?
esckIepIm
kmaMgdmaneBjedayGMNacecsabMput
esckIGFisandBit
KWCakmaMgdmaneBjedayGMNacecsabMput
enAelIBiPBelaksmysBVfenH . esckIGFisandBit naMmknUvkmaMg
nRBHdmansiTiGMNacrbs;eyIg bBaleTAkgskmPaB . eTaHCay:ag Nakeday
esckIGFisandBit KWCakarbM)at;nUvPaBTukRBy Edlman enAkgCMnan;rbs;eyIg .
BYkRKIsanesIrEtTaMgGs;
min)anbeRgnBIrebobGFisanmkBI
RBHbnlrbs;RBHeT b:uEn )ansikSaeronsURtedaykarsab; bedaykar
BiesaFn_BIGkdTeTot KWCaKMrUEdleFVI[mankarPan;RcLMCaerOy .
enAkgBYkCMnuMBIburaNrbs;eyIg eyIgmankarRbCuMGFisanenAyb; fBuF .
eyIg)anGgyCargVg;
ehIyRKb;KaGacbeBajnUvbBaarbs;eK
RBmTaMgGs;GkEdlCaRkmRKsar nigmitPkirbs;BYkeK . GBawgBYkeK
GacR)ab;eyIgBIGVI EdlBYkeK)anKitnUvcemIyEdlKYreqIy . enAeBl
EdleyIg)annk,alGFisan enaHRtvykcitTukdak;eTAelIRbFanbT rbs;eyIg
KWEdleyIg)anbMePcnUvbBaaxH ehIyminGacR)ab;[BYkeK TUleTARBH)an .
enAs)ah_bnab;eTot eyIg)anBBIbBaaxH nigkar seRmccitdUcKa sRmab;cemIyenaH
.
eyIg)anCECkKaGMBIBYkekg
CMTg;
EdlBi)akRKb;RKg
rhUtdl;BYkeK)anTTYlnUvkarrIkceRmIneLIg
.
eyIg)anCECkKaGMBICmWmharIkrbs;nagGanhuIlda rhUtnag)anTTYl nUvGnickmeTA.
cMeBaHvKnsMNUmBrGFisan
Edl)anRbkasenAkgBYkCMnuM
KW)an
sak;enAesIrEtCaeRcIns)ah_dUcKa
.
eyIgkesIrEtminEdl)anBGMBI
cemIyxHcMeBaHkarGFisanrbs;eyIg
ehIyCaeRcInqaMbnab;mk
eyIgk
)ane)aHbg;karRbCuMGFisanenaHeTA
.
BYkeKkMBugEtmankarRcbUkRcbl;
eBlevlaCaGviCmanenaHk)ansitenAEtkgbBaa
enAkgCIvitnRKb;Ka
ehIykhak;dUcCaKankarGVINamYyekIteLIgteTAeTotEdr .
tamrykarsikSaenH eKaledArbs;eyIgKWRtvEtcab;yknUvsac; erOgfI
Rss;eLIgvij edIm,IGFisan . tamryKMrUenAkgRBHKm<Ir Edl mancMnYneRcIn
enaHeyIgnwgeronsURtBIesckIGFisanBIGVIEdlman nigBI rebobGFisan .

EdkeKalEdlmanERcH
CaeRcInqaMkngmk eyIg)ansg;cgan)ayrbs;eyIg[)ansat )ateLIgvij .
kargarTImYyKWeyIgRtvEteFVI
enaHKWCarbs;Edldac;edac
dUcCaTU
nigtuEvgkcas;Nas;ehIyEdr sUm,IEtCBaaMg Bidan nigkRmalxH kcas;Nas;pgEdr .
rIeQIkmanGayucas; KWmankarlM)akxaMg Nas;Edr EdleyIgRtvkarrkEdkeKal
enaHKWmanRtwmEtRbEvg 7/50- 10/00sg;TIEm:Rt b:ueNaH (three and
four inches long) 1 GuIg= 2/65 sg;TIEm:Rt.
eyIgRtvkarEdkKas;FM edIm,IeFVIkarruHerIrbs;TaMg enaH ehIymanrbs;xH
ebIeyIgerIecjnwgmankar)at;bg;xH rbs;TaMgenaH EtgmansUrsemgegIteRcc
BIeRBaHrbs;TaMgenaHRtvkarkarBar[)an lCaTIbMput .
CaeRcIns)ah_eRkaymk
eyIg)anbegIykargarenH
KWCakMLg
eBlnkarsresIrtemIg
cab;epImdMeNIrkar
kgmYyrMeBcenaHehIyEdl
)aneXIjedayviBaaN
nUvEdkeKalERcHmYykgcMeNamEdkeKalTaMg
enH
Edl)ansNkecj . k)anBsUregIteRccmgeTot . k)an TUleTARBHfa
{RBHGmas;eGIy} {etImanGVIekIteLIgdUecH?}
RTg;kmanbnlmkfa
{TaMgGs;enaHehIy
EdlGk)anbeRgn
CaeRcInqaMmkehIyenaH EdlRtv)anxUcGs;ehIy . rbs;TaMgenaHsuTEt
.
rwgBi)aknwgerI b:uEn BYkvaRtvEterIecj}
cUreyIgeFVIkarRbLgBIkargarxHdUcCa {EdkeKalEdlmanERcH} enH
EdlmanenAkgKMnitrbs;eyIg eBleyIgeFVIkarGFisanenaH .
esckIGFisanKWminEmnCa
karcab;epIm

{edaysak;esIr}

edIm,I[RBHRTg;eFVIkarsRmab;Ca

RbeyaCn_dl;eyIgenaHeT .
Gs;ryeBlCaeRcInqaMmkehIy
karbnWdUcCamnusSkMBugEtsuM
Tanedaysak;esIr edIm,I[RBHRTg;)aneqIy . BYkeK)andwgfa RBHRTg; GaceFVIkar)an
b:uEn
suMedaykarsgSnUvesckIseRmccitrbs;RTg;
edIm,I
[RTg;)aneFVIy:agdUecaHsRmab;BYkeK KWedaysarEtBYkeKKantmy:ag dUecaH .
karTUleTARBHBIbBaaTaMgLayrbs;eyIg
eyIgBBIkarniyayrbs;mnusSeTArkRBH BIbBaaTaMgLayrbs; BYkeK
KWhak;dUcCaRBHRTg;min)anRCabBIbBaaenaH
ehIybnab;mk
eyIg

10

BBIkarTUleTARBHrbs;BYkeK nUvGVIEdlBYkeKRtvkar[RTg;eFVI . vaCakar

EdlBYkeKTUlfVayeTARBHnUvbg;GVI EdlBYkeKcg;[RBHRTg;)aneFVI ehIy bnab;mk
kmansgwmfa RTg;nwgeFVIkarenaH .
RbsinebIeyIgGFisanbneTAeTotGMBIbBaaTaMgLay EdlBYkeK man
enaHBYkeKnwgmanbBaakan;EtFMeLIg xagEpkKMnitrbs;BYkeKCamin xan .
kareFVI[RBHeCOcMeBaHrebobdmantmEdleyIgman
manmnusSCaeRcInBayameFVI[RBHeCO BIrebobdmantm Edl mnusSman .
{RBHdCaRBHeGIy
nagm:aramanesckIRsLaj;dl;RTg;
Canic
.
nag)anbeRgnenAkgsalaeronfGaTit Gs;ryeBl20qaM mkehIy .
nageFVICaRbBnl
nigCamaydl
.
eyIgral;KaRtvkarnag
ehIyeyIgk)anTUlsUmeTARTg; > > >} . enaHKWCamUldannesckI GFisan
nigesckICMenO eTAelIesckIlrbs;mnusSehIy .
karbBaHbBalGkdT BIkarRbkbTak;TgCamYyRBHrbs;eyIg
esckIGFisanxHhak;bIdUcCa
BYkeK)aneFVIkarGFisanrYcehIy
edIm,I[)aneFVIkarbBaHbBalGkdT
cMeBaHkarRbkbTak;TgdGsar
CamYynwgmnusSEdl)anenACamYynwRBH .
karsEmgedaymankarsgS nigkarmineCO
manBYkGkGFisanCaeRcIn
enAkgBYkCMnuMCMnan;cas;rbs;eyIg
)an
eFVIkarsEmgedaymankarsgS
nigedaykarmineCO
.
enAeBlEdl
eyIg)anr:ayr:ab;eTAdl;Gk
BIerOgr:avEdlGaRkk;
enaHeyIg)anrs;enA
kgbNasadBitdl;mnusS EdleyIg)anRsLaj; . enAeBlEdleyIg
)ansUm[mnusSGFisanGMBIerOgenH
berOgenaH
enaHeyIg)ankMBugEt
niyayeGcGUcehIy . {RKan;EtR)ab;elakGkBIerOgenH dUecHerOgenaH
elakGknwgdwgBIrebobGFisanehIy}
enaHnwg)anRtLb;mkCalMnaMedIm
cMeBaHkarsnnaCaeRcIn .
GVIEdleyIg)anehAfaCaesckIGFisan
enaHKWCabBaIeQaHnkar
GFisanrbs;GarkSEdleyIg)aneXIj enACuMvijeyIg . CMnYs[nUvkar GFisanenH
eyIg)ancMNayeBlCaeRcInem:ag enAkgkarRBy)armdekA KKuk

esckIGFisanKWCa
manTRmg;nesckIGFisanCaeRcIn ehIykmanTRmg;CaeRcInpg Edr
EdlmanenAkgBYkRKIsan nigkgsPaBkarN_epSgeTot . TRmg; mYyKWmin {RtwmRtv}
eT
ehIymanTRmg;mYyeTotkCa
{kMhusqg}
Edr
.

11

TRmg;mYyKWminRbesIrCagTRmg;mYyeToteT . karseRmcRBHTyrbs; RBH

KWEdleyIgGnuvtedaynUvRKb;erOgTaMgGs;enaH
enAkgeBldlM)ak
KWEdlRTg;)aneFVICaGkdwknaMeyIgenaHg .
manBaksmIepSgKaCaeRcIn EdlRtv)aneKeRbIsRmab;kar GFisan
enAkgRBHKm<Ir .
karCECkeTAkan;RBH

karsuM bkareFVIsMNUmBr

kareFVIsMNUmBrtamlixit

esckIGFisanKWCaTRmg;dsamBabMputmYy
nkarsEmgenAkg
CIvitrbs;RKIsan KWCakarniyayeTAkan;RBH . karniyayeTAkan;RBHKW EdlBYkGkeCO
CakUnnesckICMenO
KWCakarniyayxSwbeTAkan;RBHnam
nRBHvrbita
BIGVIEdlmanenAxagkgbMputrbs;BYkeK .
RBHKm<IrkaLaTI 46 Ecgfa ehIyedayeRBaHGkral;KaCakUn
)anCaRBHRTg;cat;RBHviBaaNnRBHraCbuRtaRTg; [mkkgcitGkral;Ka [bnWeLIgfa
Gb,aRBHvrbitaeGIy .
karGFisanKWCakarTUlsUmeTARBH
sRmab;RBHBrCaesckIRtvkar
bCakarTUlEfgeTAdl;RBHGg nUvkarseRmccit bCakarcg;)anxaMg .
RBHKm<Ir1r)akSRt 410 Ecgfa y:aebsenH Kat;)anGMBavnav
dl;RBHnsasn_GRsaEGlfa
ebIRTg;nwgRbTanBrmkTUlbgMeTAeGH
RBmTaMgvatRBMEdnrbs;TUlbgM[TUlayeLIg
ehIy[RBHhsRTg;)an
enACamYynwgTUlbgM
edIm,InwgrkSaTUlbgMmin[RbRBwtGaRkk;eLIy
RbeyaCn_min[TUlbgMekItcitRBy RBHRTg;keR)asRbTandl;Kat;dUcCa )ansUm .
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa eyIgral;KaRtvEtTUlsUm .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 2122 Ecgfa kal)anBdUecaH enaHeKman esckIGsar
rYckedIrecjBIRTg;)at;eTA .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1623x/24 Ecgfa >>>GVIEdlGkral;Kanwg
sUmdl;RBHvrbita edaynUveQaH enaHRTg;nwgRbTan[ taMgBIedImmk
Gkral;Kamin)ansUmGVI edaynUveQaHeT \LvcUrsUmcuH enaHGkral;Ka nwg)an
edIm,I[esckIGMNrrbs;Gkral;Ka)aneBareBjBit .
Bak {kareFVIsMNUmBrtamlixit} mannyfa kaERsk sUm[CYy .
enAeBlEdleyIgERskTUlsUm[RBHCYy
enaHeyIgTTYl
sal;fa

12

eyIgKanlTPaBnwgCYb edIm,IniyayBIesckIRtvkaredayxn eyIgpal;enaHeT

ehIykminGacBwgsuMCMnYyrbs;RBHedayxngpal;)an enaHEdr .
RBHKm<Ir1saMyUEGl 117 Ecgfa enaHeGlIeqIyfa dUecHsUm GeBaIjeTA
RbkbedayesckIsuxcuH sUm[RBHnsasn__GRsaEGl RTg; eR)as[)ansMercdl;nag
tamesckIEdl)ansUmBIRTg;cuH .
kareFVIkarTUlsUm[pt;pg;

karTTUcGgVrsuM

kareFVInUvkarCYysuMeTas

skmPaBnkarfVaybgM

karGFisanKWCakarTUlsUmnUvkarpt;pg;
Edlmannyfa
TUlsUm
edaymankarbnabxn bCakarTUlsUmedayesaHGs;BIcit .
RBHKm<Ir1BgSavtarkSRt 833 Ecgfa ebIkalNasasn_ GRsaEGl
Carasrbs;RTg; Rtvcaj;enAmuxBYkxaMgsRtv edayeRBaHeK )aneFVI)abnwgRTg;
enaHebIeKRtLb;mkRTg;vij
RBmTaMgeKarBdl;RBH
namRTg;
ehIyGFisanTUlGgVrdl;RTg;kgRBHviharenH .
esckIGFisanGac)anCaTRmg;nkarTUlGgVr
nigmanbMNgTUl
sUmedayGs;BIcit bmanbMNgGgVrkCaedIm .
RBHKm<IrnikmnM 88k Ecgfa enaHpaer:anRTg;ehAmU:es nigeGIru:n
mkmanbnlfa
sUm[GgVrdl;RBHeyhUv:a
[RTg;bnykEgbecjBIGj
ehIyBIrasGjeTA>>> .
esckIGFisanKWCakarCYysuMeTas
EdlCaFmta
KWCaesckI
GFisanTUlsUmsRmab;CaRbeyaCn_dl;GkdT .
RBHKm<IreGsay 5312 Ecgfa ehtuenaHGjnwg[RTg;man
cMENkCamYynwgBYkGkFM
ehIyRTg;nwgEckrbwbCamYynwgBYkGkdxaMg
BUEk
BIeRBaHRTg;)anRccRBlwgecj rhUtdl;sab; eK)anrab;RTg;TukCa GkTTwgc,ab;
bu:EnRTg;)anTTYlrgeTasnGMeBI)abrbs;mnusSCaeRcIn
ehIy)anGgVrCMnYsmnusSEdlTTwgc,ab;vij .
enAkgRBHKm<IrvivrN
esckIGFisanKWminRtwmEtCakarbBaneTA
EdleFVI[KanesckIkMhwgenaHeT KWCakarbBaneTA edaymanesckI kMhwgvij .
kardut[manesckIkMhwg
KWCaskmPaBnkarTTYlxusRtv
kgkarfVaybgM
KWCaesckIGFisanrbs;BYksg .

13

RBHKm<IrvivrN 58 Ecgfa luH)anykRkaMgeTAehIy enaH tYmanCIvitTaMg4

nigBYkcas;TMu24 nak;kTMlak;xnRkabcuHenAmuxkUnecom TaMgkan;sug nigBanmas
EdleBjedayeRKgRkGUberogxn eRKg RkGUb enaHCaesckIGFisanrbs;BYkbrisuT
.
etIvaCakarKYr[xaccMeBaHesckIGFisanrbs;BYksg
EdlRtv
)anpkpak;enAkgeKammasenAnKrsansYKedayrebobNah+
etIesckI
GFisanNamYy EdlmantmcMeBaHkarkarBar? BitR)akdNas; minRtv
eFVIbBaIeQaHnkarxUcxat GMeBI)ab kartjEt karRBy)arm nigPaB
GataniymenaHeLIy . b:uEnKWCakarlmdl;GkehIy cMeBaHkarGFisan
dUcCaesckIGFisanrbs;RBHeysUv EdlRTg;Rtv)anBrenAelIeQIqag enaH .
RBHKm<IrlUka 2334k Ecgfa RBHeysUv RTg;manbnlfa
RBHvrbitaeGIy sUmGt;eTasdl;GkTaMgenHpg d,iteKmindwgCaeKeFVIGVI eT >>> .
BitR)akdNas; esckIGFisanrbs;elakespan KWEdlKat;Ca GkeFVITukrkm
KWRtvEt)antaMgenAkgnKrsansYK EdlCaGkmanskm PaBfVaybgM .
RBHKm<Irkickar 759/60 Ecgfa eKecalespannwgf kMBug
EdlKat;TUlGgVrdl;RBHfa RBHGmas;eysUveGIy sUmTTYlviBaaN TUlbgMpg
enaHKat;lutCgg;cuH rYcERskeLIgCasMeLgxaMgfa RBH Gmas;eGIy
sUmkMurab;)abenHdl;eKeLIy kalKat;)aneBaldUecaHehIy enaHkedklk;eTA
sulkyl;RBmkgkarsMLab;Kat;Edr .
kargarbeRmI
mankargarbeRmIdBitR)akdbMputmYy
dl;RBHenAkgkarGFisan
sRmab;RbCarasrbs;pgRTg; .
RBHKm<IrlUka 237 Ecgfa enACaemm:ayRbEhlCa84qaM k
enAEtkgRBHviharminEdlecjeLIy Kat;eKarBTaMgyb;TaMgf eday kartm
ehIyGFisan .
elaksavkb:ul
)ansresrenAkgRBHKm<IreGePsUr
EdlniyayBI
kareFVIkarkgkarGFisan .
RBHKm<IrkUl:Us 412 Ecgfa GkeG):aR)as Ca)avbMerInRBH RKIs
EdlmkBIBYkGkral;Ka Kat;sUmCMrabsYrmkGkral;KaEdr Kat; xMRbwgGFisanCanic
[Gkral;Ka)anQrCaRKb;lkN_ ehIyeBjxat tamRBHhbTynRBHRKb;CMBUk .

14

karTMnak;TMngCamYynwgRBH
RBHRTg;)anbegItelakGdam
nignageGv:aKWedIm,I[mankarRbkb
Tak;TgCamYynwgGgRTg;pal;enaHg . RTg;)anyagcuHmk enAeBlf elIy
ehIyRTg;)anyagedIrCamYynwgBYkeK
rhUtdl;eBlEdlBYkeK)an
eFVI)abcUleTAkgrUbPaBrbs;eK . cab;taMgBIfenaH rhUtmkdl;eBl \LvenH
mankarseRmccitdmanCeRmAeRCAcUleTAkgmnusSCati
edIm,I
[)anedIr
nigTUleTAkan;RBH .
esckIGFisanKWCakarRbkbTak;TgCamYynwgRBH
.
rIRBHRTg;
manbnleTAkan;mnusSvij tamryRBHbnlrbs;RBHGg nigedaynUv RBHviBaaNbrisuT
ehIymnusSniyayeTAkan;RBHtamkarGFisanvij .
{karTMnak;TMng} KWmannyfa karEckcayGs;BICeRmAcitrbs; eyIgdyUrGEgVg
nigCakarTTYlGarmN_CamYynwgGkdTmak;eTot
.
karenHmannyfa
manpvBIrnkarsnnaenaH .
etIelakGkFab;)ancMNayeBlCamYynwgmnusS
Edl)anCECk
minecHQb;QreTb enAkEngeFVIkargar enAkgRkmRKsar enAkgpH enAkgLanCaedIm
enHKWCabBaa RBmTaMgminEdlmankarcg;dwgnUverOgr:av NamYy EdlelakGk)anKit
b)anTTYlGarmN_enaH? bnab;BIeBl evlaEdlelakGk)ancab;epImql;BImUlehtuGVI
EdlelakGk)anenATI enaH .
enaHKWCapvEdleyIgral;KaCaeRcIn
)anRbRBwteFVIcMeBaHRBH
.
eyIgmanbBaInkareFVIenaH RBmTaMgcMNayeBlrbs;eyIg enAkg meFa)aymYy
KWenAkgerOgelanEdlniyayEtmak;g . GBawg KWCa RBHEdlRTg;)ancab;epImeqIy
enaHeyIgBitR)akdfa eyIg)anrt;ecjBI eBlevla nigBIpvedayRbjab;Rbjal; .
edIm,I[mankarTak;TgCamYy nwgRBHvij enaHeyIgRtvEtniyayeTAkan;RBHGg
nigebIk[RTg;manbnl mkkan;eyIgvij .
bBaIEdlminecHcb;minecHehIy
RBHrbs;eyIgral;Ka RTg;KWCaRBHnkarpas;brEdlminecHGs; minecHehIy
sUm,IEtbnHhimkmindUcKaEdr
.
pvEdleyIgGacGFisan
)anKWCapvEdlminecHcb;minecHehIyenaHg .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIgKWCaRBHKm<IrdKYrsJb;EsJg
cMeBaHesckIGFisan
nigkarniyayCaesckIGFisanedayERskGMBaveTArkRBH ERskehAsUm dl;RBH
karrg;caMRBH nigkaregIbemIleTARBHhsrbs;RBH .

15

mankarGFisanEdlRBmeRBgKa edayesckICMenO karrMedaH kareFVIsgam

siTiGMNac nigkarCaeRcIneTot . karGFisandBitR)akd TaMgGs;enH
KWCakarGFisaneTAkan;RBH EdleFVI[mankarrIkrayxaMg .
RBHKm<IrsuPasit 158x Ecgfa >>>EtesckIGFisannmnusS eTogRtg;
CaTIKab;RBHhbTydl;RTg;vij .
niymnyFmta

cUreyIgeFVIkarRbwkSaKa edaymanniymnynesckIGFisany:ag samBabMput

.
esckIGFisanKWCakarniyaynUvsankarN_mYy enAcMeBaHRBH Gmas;
karsab;BnUvcemIyrbs;RTg;
nigkarniyayBIbMNgRBHhbTy
rbs;RBH
enAkgsankarN_TaMgenaH . karGFisanKWCakarnaMykBIsan sYKmkEpndI .

karGFisanCaPasaBIr
karGFisanedayviBaaN nigedayR)aCJa

elaksavkb:ul)ansresrGMBIesckIGFisanCaPasaBIr
KWCakar
GFisanedayviBaaN nigedayR)aCJa .
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 1414/15k Ecgfa ebIGFisanCaPasa dT
enaHKWCaviBaaNEdlGFisan Et\tmanRbeyaCn_dl;R)aCJaesaH dUecH RtveFVIdUcemc
RtvGFisanedaynUvviBaaN ehIyRtvGFisan edaynUvR)aCJapg>>> .
elaksavkb:ul)anGFisanedaynUvviBaaN
ehIybnab;mkk)an
GFisanedayR)aCJa . etIkarenHmannyfa Kat;)anGFisantampvmYy
btampvdTeTot bEdlKat;)anGFisanCadMbUgedaynUvviBaaN ehIy bnab;mk
edaynUvR)aCJab?
enAkgRBHKm<IreGePsUr
Kat;)ansresrGMBIkgkmaMgrbs;eyIg
ehIyeyIgEtgEtbBab;CamYynwgerOgenaH
edaynUvR)aCJarbs;eyIg
.
eTaHCay:agNakeday
karsEmgRBHbnldEdlenH
KW)anniyayCa
eRcInGMBIesckIGFisanenH .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 617-20 Ecgfa cUrykesckIsegaHTukCa mYkswk
nigdavrbs;RBHviBaaNEdr
KWCaRBHbnl
RBmTaMgeRbIesckI
GFisan
nigesckITUlGgVrRKb;y:ag edIm,IGFisan edayRBHviBaaNral; eBlral;evla
ehIycaMyamkgesckIenaHg
edaynUvRKb;TaMgesckI
xab;xn
nigesckITUlGgVr[BYkbrisuTTaMgGs;
ehIy[pg
RbeyaCn_
[RBH)anRbTanBaksMdImk
[)anebIkmat;edaykahan
nwgsMEdg

16

BIesckIGafkM)aMgndMNwgl EdlxJMCaTUtCab;Rcvak; edayeRBaHdMNwgl enaHg

edIm,I[manesckIkahankgdMNwgl RbeyaCn_[xJM)anniyay tamEdlKYrKb,I .
elaksavkb:ulmanRbsasn_fa eyIgTaMgGs;KaRtvEtBak;mYkn esckIsegaH
nigRBHbnlRBHenACab;CamYyeyIg RBmTaMgesckI GFisanedayviBaaN . ehtuGVI?
KWedaysarKat;k)anGFisanCalkN
buKl
.
{srecjBImat;enaH
GacRtv)anRbKl;mk[ EdlGac niyayedayGg;Gac enAeBlEdlRtvEtniyay}
.
enAeBlEdleyIg)ancab;yknUvRBHbnlrbs;RBH
nigesckI
GFisanedayviBaaN
enaHkarGFisanedayR)aCJarbs;eyIg
nwRtv)an
RtLb;CamanplEp . KMnitrbs;eyIgnwg)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmg Edl mkBIRBH .
KMnitrbs;eyIgnwg)anRtLb;mkCaPW ehIybnab;mk eyIg GacmankarGg;Gac
RBmTaMgmanesckIGFisanRbkbedaykarRtwmRtv
edaymankarGFisanxagR)aCJarbs;eyIg .
RBHviBaaNbrisuTKg;enAkgeyIg
KWCaRBHKuN nigkarRbTanBr

enaHKWCakarEdleyIgGacsal;)an

elakeharasakarI )anTayTMnayBIkaryagmkrbs;RBHviBaaN brisuT .

Kat;)anTaysMedAelIRBHGgdCaRBHviBaaNnRBHKuN nigRBH Br edayGnueRKaH
nigesckIGFisanEdlRbkbedayRBHKuN .
RBHKm<IrsakarI 1210k Ecgfa Gjnwgcak;nisSymkelIBYk vgSdavID
nigBYkGkenARkgeyrUsaLim [eKmancitRbkbedayKuN nig esckITUlGgVr>>> .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa
eyIgral;Ka
eyIgmin)anTTYlviBaaNrbs;elakiyeT
KWTTYl
RBHviBaaNEdlmkBIRBHvij
edIm,I[)ansal;Gs;TaMgRBHKuN
EdlRBH
)anpl;mkeyIg>>> bu:En mnusSxagsac;Qam eKminTTYlesckIxag
RBHviBaaNnRBHeT
BIeRBaHCaesckIlg;elIdl;eK
krksal;min)anEdr
d,itRtg;esckITaMgenaH RtvBicarNayl;xagviBaaNvij 1kUrinfUs 212/14 .
elaksavky:Uhan)ansresrfa
kalNaRBHGgenaH
KWCaRBHviBaaNnesckIBit)anmkdl;
enaH
RTg;nwgnaMGkral;KacUlkgRKb;TaMgesckIBit
d,itRTg;nwgmanbnl
min
EmnedayGagRBHGgRTg;eT
KWnwgmanbnlcMeBaHEtesckINaEdlRTg;B
ehIynwgsMEdg[Gkral;Kadwg karEdlRtvmk y:Uhan 1613 .

17

karGFisanedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT

enAkgRBHKm<IryUdas eyIg)anrkeXIjfa
b:uEn Gkral;KaCaBYksnPaeGIy cUrrkSaxnkgesckIRsLaj; rbs;RBHcuH
RBmTaMgrg;caMesckIemtakruNarbs;RBHeysUvRKIs
CaRBH
Gmas;neyIg
[)anCIvitGs;kl,Canicvij yUdas x>20 .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa
RBmTaMgeRbIesckIGFisan
nigesckITUlGgVrRKb;y:ag
edIm,I
GFisanedayRBHviBaaNral;eBlral;evla
ehIycaMyamkgesckIenaH
g
edaynUvRKb;TaMgesckIxab;xn nigesckITUlGgVr[BYkbrisuTTaMg Gs; eGePsUr
618 .
mansMNYrmYy)anmkdl;fa
etIeyIgGFisanedayviBaaN
Ca
PasadTxagFmCatirbs;eyIgb? EmnehIy vaGacmanlTPaBeFVIy:ag dUecaH .
eyIgdwgfa eyIgkMBugeFVIy:agdUecH KWenAeBlEdleyIgsab;B nUvesckIGFisan
BIerOgr:avTaMgLayEdleyIgminGacdwg)an .
eBlCadMbUgEdl)anekIteLIgcMeBaH
KW)ankMBugEtGFisanCa
mYyGkrYmkargar
KWenAeBlEdl)ancab;epImebIkbrLany:ageBj
el,n
EdlGaceFVI[mankarxUcxat)an edIm,I[qab;)anpas;fI . min )andwgedaysac;Qam
EdlnagFab;)ancUlrYmenAkgkarxUcxatenaHeT. enAeBlEdl)anbBab;esckGFisan
enaHeyIg)anRkeLkemIlKaeTA vijeTAmk . )anKitfa {\tmanGVIxUcxatesaH} .
rIBaksmITImYy rbs;nag KWfa {min)andwgfa GkdwgGMBIerOgxUcxatenaHeLIy} .

esckGFisan nigGMeNayTannRBHviBaaNbrisuT

vaCakareBareBjedayGMNacecsa enAeBlEdleyIgral;Ka)an GFisan

nigebIk[GMeNayTannRBHviBaaNbrisuT bgrmkkgeyIg edayesrIenaH
KWCakarFmtaEdleyIgGFisanBIerOgr:av EdleyIgmin )andwgtamEpkxagrUbkay
bnab;mk eyIg)ancMNayeBlGFisan edayviBaaN CaPasadT .
cMeNHenHKW)anmktamryGMeNayTanCa
PasadT
nigkarbkERb
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat; bkBaksmIn R)aCJaCaedIm .
GMeNayTannRBHviBaaNbrisuT KW)aneFVIdMeNIrkarenAeBlmYy rMeBcPam
EdleyIg)andwgBIerOgr:av
EdleyIgmin)andwgBImunmk
.
eyIg)andwgy:agc,as;las;BIrebobGFisan
ehIyedayeRBaHEteyIg
eTIbEtnwg)andwgBBIRBHmkCalkNbuKl
GMBIsankarN_y:agdUecaH

18

tmrEdlminGacnwgEfg)an

karlUtlas; nigTenTwkrs;

enaHesckICMenOrbs;eyIgnwgmankmaMgCaGFiFmCati
.
eyIgGnuvtGMeNayTannesckICMenO enaHkarGsarnwgekIteLIg .

enAeBlEdl

elaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa
RBHviBaaNRTg;kCYyesckIkMesayrbs;eyIgEbbdUecaHEdr
d,it
eyIgmindwgCaKYrGFisansUmGVIeT
EtRBHviBaaNRTg;CYyGgVrCMnYseyIg
edaydMgUrEdlrkEfgBMu)anvij bu:En RBHGgEdlsg;cit RTg;RCabnUvKMnit nRBHviBaaN
d,itRBHviBaaN RTg;CYyGgVrCYsBYkbrisuT [RtvnwgRBH hbTyRBH r:Um 826/27 .
etIelakGkFab;)anTTYlnUverOgr:av)anekIteLIg
EdlKYrQWcab;
y:agGaRkk;GaRkIbMput
EdlKanmeFa)ayNaGacnwgfaEfg)anb?
rI
xagEpkrUbkayvij
etIelakGkFab;)anTTYlnUvkarRkabcuH
eTAelIekAGI
beTAelIkRmalEdrbeT . cUrtaMgcitGFisanedaymanCeRmAeRCA b:uEn
EdlelakGkmankarQWcab;CaeRcIndl;em:H
EdlGacnwgEfg)anenaH
.
enAeBlCabnbnab;mkeTot
elakGkRtvEtBitR)akdfa
BaksmIEdl
elakGk)anniyayeTAkan;cMeNamBYkmnusSCati edaykaryl;dwg enaH rvagelakGk
nigRBH
.
enHKWCatmrEdlminGacnwgEfg)an
.
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;nwgeFVICMnYselakGk
ehIybnab;mk
elakGkGac
cab;epImTTYlGarmN_fa mansniPaB)anmkdl;xagkgcitrbs;Gk .
enHKWCakarbgrmknRBHviBaaNbrisuT
tamryBYkGkeCO
KWenA
kgRBHKm<Iry:Uhan)anEcgmky:agdUecH
GkNaEdleCOdl;
enaHnwgmanTenTwkrs;hUrecjBIeBaHxn
mk dUcCaKm<IrsMEdgehIy EtesckIenHKWRTg;manbnlBIRBHviBaaN>>> y:Uhan
738/39k .

karsMxan;nesckIGFisan
ksiTidFMbMput
esckIGFisanKWCaksiTidFMbMput
nCIvitGkRKIsan
niCaksiTi
EdlEtgEtnaMmk nUvkarTTYlxusRtv . RBHBrEdl)anmkenAkgcemIy
nesckIGFisan RBmTaMgesckIsnaBI {RKb;GVITaMgGs;} {RKb;kar} {RKb;erOgr:av}
KWsRmab;BYkGs;GkEdlGFisanenaHg . RBHRTg;)an RbTanBrdl;RbCarasrbs;RTg;
nUvPBVsMNagdGsar EdlGacpl; RBHBrenaHeTAdl;GkdTeTot nigdl;xngpgEdr

19

. karTTYlxusRtv nUvGVIEdleyIgman nigGVIEdleyIg)an)at;bg;eTAenaH

nwgRtv)aneTAdl; GkdTvij KWenAeBlEdleyIgmin)anGFisanenaH .
RBHeysUvmanbnlfa eyIgRtvEtGFisan
RBHeysUvmanbnlfa eyIgral;KaRtvEtGFisan .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 66 Ecgfa EtGk kalNaGFisan enaHRtv
[cUleTAkgbnb; ehIybiTTVar rYcGFisandl;RBHvrbitanGk EdlRTg;
Kg;enATIlak;kM)aMgcuH
enaHRBHvrbitanGk
EdlTteXIjkgTIlak;kM)aMg
RTg;nwgRbTanrgVan;dl;GkenATIRbckSc,as; .
RBHeysUvRTg;min)anmanbnlfa
{RbsinebIGkGFisan}
enaHeT
KWRTg;manbnldUecHvijfa {eBlEdlGkGFisan} enaHvij . RTg;)an
kMNt;TukCamundl;BYksisS ehIyEdleyIgRtvEtGFisan .
mnusSnesckIGFisandGsar

esckIGFisanrbs;BYkCMnuMCMnan;edIm

enAkgRBHKm<IrEdlmanenARKb;x bEdlekItmaneLIgsRmab; ehtuplmYy

ehIyEdleyIg)ankt;RtanUvesckIGFisan rbs;elak GR)ahaM elakm:Ues
elakeGlIy:a elakeGlIes elakeGesKal elak eyerma elakdanIEy:l
elaky:UNas elakm:an:aes elakenehma elaky:aebs elakeG):aR)as elakb:ul
nigGksMxan;esIrEtTaMgGs; rhUtmkdl;RBHeysUv .
enAkgBYkCMnuMCnan;edIm mankEngGFisansMxan;Nas; .
RBHKm<Irkickar 114 Ecgfa BYkGkTaMgenHmancitRBmeRBg Ka
edayBayamkgesckIGFisan
CamYynwgBYkRsI
RBmTaMgm:ara
Ca
mataRBHeysUvnwgbgbnRTg;Edr .
RBHKm<Irkickar 242 Ecgfa GkTaMgenaHkenAEtBayamkg
esckIbeRgnrbs;BYksavk ehIykgesckIRbkbKa RBmTaMgkarkac; nMbug
nigesckIGFisanpg .
RBHKm<Irkickar 125/12 Ecgfa dUecH eKkXMueBRtsTukenA kgKuk
EtcMENkxagBYkCMnuM eKxMRbwgGFisandl;RBH[Kat;Gs;BIcit>>> luHKat;BicarNaehIy
enaHkeTApHm:araCamayy:Uhan-m:akus CakEng EdlmnusSCaeRcIn)anRbCMuKaGFisan
.
RBHKm<Irkickar 131/3 Ecgfa rIkgBYkCMnuMenARkgGan;TIy:Uk
enaHmanRKGFib,ay nigRKbeRgnxH>>> dUecH eRkayEdl)antm ehIy GFisan
RBmTaMgdak;delIGkTaMg2 enaHkebIk[eKeTA .

20

)esckIsegb etIGVIeTACaesckIGFisan?
esckIGFisan KWminEmnCakarcab;epImedaymankarsak;esIr cMeBaHRBH
edIm,I[)anCaRbeyaCn_sRmab;eyIgenaHeLIy
.
vaminEmnCa
eBlevlankarTUleTARBH
nUvbBaarbs;eyIgenaHeT
.
vaminEmnCa
kareFVI[RBHRTg;eCOTukcit nUvPaBmantmrbs;eyIg brbs;GkdT eTotenaHeLIy .
vakminEmnCameFa)ayEdleFVI[mankareCOTukcit
dl;GkdTeTot
nUvrebobxagEpkRBlwgviBaaN EdleyIgmanehIy enaHeT .
esckIGFisanKWCaeBlevlankarTak;TgCamYynwgRBH
nkar
niyayeTAkan;RBHGg
nigkarsab;nUvkareqIytbrbs;RTg;
KWenAeBlEdl
eyIgmankarrak;Tak;rs;rayCamYynwgRTg; TukdUcCamitsmaj;dGsar dUecaHEdr .
karGFisanKWCaeBlevlankarcUlmkkan;RTg; edayman esckIRtvkarepSg
nigesckIRtvkarsRmab;GkdTeTotCaedIm .
RBHRTg;)anRbTanBrtammeFa)ayBIry:agsRmab;eyIg
edIm,I
GFisanedayviBaaN nigGFisanedayR)aCJa . RTg;)anRbTanBrdl; eyIg
nUvlTPaBedIm,IGFisanedayviBaaN rhUtdl;karyl;dwgrbs; eyIgRtv)anTTYlnUvBnW
edIm,I[eyIgGacGFisantambMNgRBHhbTy
rbs;RTg;
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21

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22

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23

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24

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25

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26

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27

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28

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29

eyIgGaccUleTAxagkgedayGg;Gac

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30

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Gg;Gac nigeBjeTAedaykarFanaBIesckICMenO .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 1022 Ecgfa enaHRtv[eyIgcUleTACitTaMg
mancitesaHRtg; nigcitdwgBitR)adk ehIyesckICMenO RBmTaMgmancit
eR)aHEjkCasat rYcBIbBaacitEdlesAhgpg ehIy)anlagrUbkaynwg
TwkdsatEdr .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 416 Ecgfa dUecH Rtv[eyIgral;Kamkdl; blg
nRBHKuNedaykahan
edIm,InwgTTYlesckIemta
ehIyrk)anRBH
KuNsMrab;nwgCYydl;eBlRtvkarcuH .
enaHehIyKWcMeBaHGs;GkEdlfVaynUvsiTiGMNac
nigRBHelahit
dmantmrbs;RBHeysUv EdlGaccUleTACitRBH)an edayGg;Gac nig
edayeCOCak;enAkgkarGFisanenaH .
siTiGMNacrbs;eyIgenAkgRBHRKIs
manmnusSCaeRcIn)anTUlsUmdUecHfa {RbsinebIRBHRTg;esay raC
ehIyGaceFVIkarxHenAkgelakiy
EdlRTg;sBVRBHhbTycg;eFVI
enaHehtuGVI)anCaeyIgRtvEtGFisan?}
{ehtuGVI)anCaRBHRTg;minbeNjGarkSecjBIEpndIenHecj
enA
eBlEdlRTg;)anKg;enAsansYK?}
{RbsinebIeyIgGFisan[)anEvg b[)anxaMg [)anKab;RBH hbTy
bedayERsk[)anRKb;RKan;lm enaHRbEhlCaeyIgGaceFVI[ RBHRTg;eCOCak;)an
edIm,I[RTg;nwg)anbeBajskmPaBeFVI[)anCa RbeyaCn_dl;eyIgehIy} .
{cMeBaHehtuplxH RBHRTg;hak;dUcCasak;esIr nwgeFVIskmPaB enAelIEpndI
b:uEn RbEhlCaesckIGFisanrbs;eyIg GacmankaresIr sak;cMeBaHRBHGg

31

edIm,I[RTg;eFVIkarenaH)an
.
minRBmKg;enAkgsanPaBrbs;eyIgenaH?}
{RbEhlCaRTg;min)anyl;karenaHeTdwg
R)ab;eTARTg;GMBIkarEdlkngputeTAenaH
RTg;eFVInUvGVIEdleyIgeFVIkarseRmccitenaH} .

ehtuGVI)anCaRBHRTg;
ehIyeyIgRtvEtTUl
rMBkdl;RTg;rhUtdl;eBlEdl

etIRBHCanrNa?
elak Shirley Guthrie )ansresrfa {RBHRTg;minEmnCaCIta
EdlKg;enAsansYKdx<s;
KWCaGkEdleFVIkarRKb;y:agsRmab;eyIg
ehIy
eFVI[CIvitrbs;eyIg)anedayrlUn RBmTaMgPaBQWcab; nigPaBgayRsYl enaHeT .
RTg;kminEmnCaescEdlkan;GMNacpac;kar
enAsansYKdx<s;
EdlCaGkeFVI[eyIgmankartk;st edaykarrMelaP edayPaBminGac Bakr)an
edayGMNac nigedaysirIlrbs;RTg;enaHEdr} .
{RBHKm<Ir)anR)ab;eyIgnUverOgBIry:ag GMBIkarrs;enA nigraCrbs; RBH . TImYy
RTg;KWsitenAkgPaBBit manbTiGMNac RTg;esayraC EdlRKb;RKan;lm
edayRBHGgRTg;pal; EdlmanlTPaBedIm,IeFVInUvGVI EdlRTg;sBVRBHhbTy . TIBIr
KWRTg;CaRBHBitR)akd
EdlGaccUlmk
CitmnusS
nigeFVIRBHGgRTg;[sal;nUvTICeRmAnpv
enAeBlEdlRBHRTg;
nwgCYy
ehIynwg)anCaKUknrbs;BYkeKEfmeTotpg} .
{RTg;minEmnCaescEdlkan;GMNacpac;kar
nigminEmnCaCIta
b
kminEmnCaGkEdlGkpSMTaMgBIrenaHEdr . b:uEn RTg;KWCaRBHdBit RBm
TaMg)aneFVI[manesrIPaBdl;mnusSCati nigcMNgcMeBaHBYkeK KWRTg;min )anKg;Cit
nigminKg;qayBIBYkeKenaHeLIy RBmTaMgmaneBjeday GMNacecsa enAeBlEtmYypg
Edr} .

cMNaM cMeBaHkarTaMgBIry:agenaH KWRtv)aneKykecjBI eKallTirbs;RKIsan

e)aHBum<eday suIGilsuI Rbis rIcmu:n vuWCINa (CLC Press,

Richmond, Virginia).
enAeBlEdleyIgBayamyl;dwgBIRBH enaHeyIgrkeXIjnUv KMnitmnusSCati
KWqay ehIytUcxaMgNas; ebIFab;)aneFVIy:agdUecaH . eyIgmankarlMeGogeTArk
KWRKan;EtCakarTMngRtwmEtBIrbIb:ueNaH
.
RBH
RTg;eFVIeRcInCag
EdleyIgFab;)anyl;enaHeTAeTot

32

aCrbs;RBH

RBHRTg;esayraC . enHKWCaRbeyaKmYyEdlcglbgaj nUv

karRKb;RKgCaGFiFmCatirbs;RBH . RBHRTg;eBjelj . y:agem:ck eday
kRTg;minenAeRkamkRmitEpkxageRkAeLIy . RKb;TRmg;nrebob rs;enATaMgGs;
KWmanenAkgRBMEdnnnKrrbs;RTg; .
RBHRTg;minRtwmEtmanesckIGt;Ft;b:ueNaHeT
KWGgRTg;pal;
Edl)andak;kRmitnUvbuKliklkNenaHg . ]TahrN_ RBHRTg;man
esckIRsLaj;dRKb;lkN_ ehIyRTg;knwgmineFVIGVImYyEdlCakarrMelaP bMBanEdr
KWRTg;manesckIRsLaj;dRKb;lkN_vij .

etImnusSCanrNa?
escdavID)aneFVIkargardGsar KWCakarBnl;dl;eyIgGMBIRBH nigmnusSCati .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 84-9 Ecgfa enaHetImnusSCaGVI EdlRTg; nwkrBkdl;eK
ehIykUnmnusSpg EdlRTg;eR)asdUecH d,itRTg;)aneFVI[ eKTabCagBYkeTvtaEtbniceT
k)anbMBak;sirIl
nigekreQaH[
TukCa
mkud
RTg;)antaMgeK
[RttelIGs;TaMgkarnRBHhsRTg; k)anbBaH bBalRKb;TaMgGs;[enAeRkameCIgeK
KWGs;TaMgecom nigeKa eGI TaMg stVRBpg Gs;TaMgstVehIrelIGakas nigRtIenAsmuRT
KWstVpgTaMgBYg EdlEhlenApvTwk RBHeyhUv:a CaRBHGmas;neyIgeGIy RBHnam
RTg;RbesIrenARKb;elIEpndIy:agNaeTA .
GkTTYlnUvsiTiGMNac
enAeBlEdlRBHRTg;begItelakGdam nignageGv:a[dUcCarUb GgRTg;mk
enaHKWRTg;)anbegItBYkeK[dUcCalMhGakasEdlsataMg nigBYkviBaaNGaRkk;rbs;va
Rtv)anbeNjecjKWenAeBlEdlBYkeK Rtv )anRKEvgecjBInKrsansYKmk .
erOgr:avTImYyKWEdlRTg;manbnlGMBI
elakGdam
nignageGv:a
KWbnab;BIRTg;)anbegItBYkeKmkdUecHfa
{cUr
[BYkeKmanGMNacRKb;RKgelIrbs;TaMgGs;cuH} .
RBHKm<Irelakub,ti 126/27 Ecgfa RTg;kmanbnlfa cUr
eyIgeFVImnusS[dUcCarUbeyIg [manPaBdUceyIgehIy[manGMNacelI RtIsmuRT
stVehIrelIGakasnigstVeCIg4
EdlenAelIEpndITaMgmUl
RBm
TaMgstVlUnvarEdlvarenAEpndIpg
RTg;kbegItmnusS[dUcrUbGgRTg;
KW)anbegIteK[cMnwgrUbGgRTg;enaHg kbegIteKeLIgCaRbsCaRsI .

33

enAelIEpndIenH KWRTg;CaRBHdmanbTiGMNac nigRKb;TaMgGMNac ecsa

Edl[)aneFVICatMNagnGMNacRKb;RKgrbs;RBHGg dl;BYk mnusSCati .
RTg;)andak;GMNacRKb;RKgrbs;RBHGg eTAelIEpndIenH enAkgdrbs;BYkeKehIy
GMNacRKb;RKgmannyfa
dak;[enAeRkambgab;
edIm,I[naMmk
enAeRkamkarRKb;RKg edIm,Ic,aMgdeNImyk)an nigcab;ykeFVICaTas .
etImanGVIenAelIEpndI
EdleFVI[EpndIdRKb;lkN_
KWEdlRBHRTg;
)anbegItsarCafI EdlRtvkarkarRKb;RKg karc,aMgdeNImyk nigeFVI[
rYcputBIPaBCaTasb? KWCasataMgnigBYkviBaaNGaRkk;rbs;va .
sUm,IEtelakGdam
nignageGv:a)aneFVI)abehIy
enaHRBHRTg;k
min)andkyksiTiGMNac EdlRTg;)anRbTan[eTABYkeKEdr . KWmnusS
CatieTEdl)ancuHcUleTAnwgsataMg ehIysataMgk)ankayCaRBHrbs; elakiyenH .
Gs;ryeBlCagbYnBan;qaMmkehIy
EdlsataMg)ankan;
kab;nUvsiTiGMNac
edayKanbBaasksajNamYy
KWBIeRBaHRKb;erOgr:av
TaMgLayEdlva)anRtLb;mkCaRBH EdlminGacnwgTamTarykBIva RtLb;mkvij)an .
ehtuGVI? BIeRBaHva)antaMgxneFVICatMNagBIkarenaH dl;mnusS CatiehIy .
elakGdamcugeRkay

enAeBlEdleyIg)anyl;dwgfaGkNaCaelakGdamTImYyehIy
enaHKWCaGkenaHehIyEdl)anbegItKat;mk[manenA
KWEdleyIgGac
yl;dwg)anBImUlehtuGVI
EdlCakarsMxan;sRmab;eyIg
KWEdlRBHeysUv
RTg;)anyagmkCaelakGdamcugeRkayenaHg .
elakGdamTImYyKWRtv)anbegIteLIg [edIrdmansiTiGMNacenA elIEpndIenH
. Kat;Rtv)anbegIteLIg[manGMNacRKb;RKgelIsataMg nigBBYkviBaaNGaRkk;rbs;va
. Kat;Rtv)anbegIteLIg[)anRbkbTak; TgCamYynwgRBH .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anyagmkCaelakGdamcugeRkay
KWRTg;)an
kaymkCamnusSdRKb;lkN_ . RBHeysUvRTg;)anyagmk ehIyedIr
edaymansiTiGMNacenAelIEpndIenH edIm,IeFVIkarRbqaMgTb;Tl;CamYynwg sataMg
ehIyrs;enAkgCIvitdRKb;lkN_ RBmTaMg)ansuKtCMnYsGMeBI)ab rbs;eyIgral;Ka
KWRTg;CayBabUCadRKb;lkN_enaHg .
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 1545 Ecgfa dUcCaesckIEdlEcgTuk BI elakGdam
EdlCamnusSmundMbUgfa )anRtLb;CamanRBlwgrs; Et elakGdameRkaybgs;
CaviBaaNdeR)as[rs;vij .

34

eyIgRtvBitR)akdfa
RBHeysUvRTg;min)anGnuvtenAelIEpndIenH
edayGMNacecsarbs;pgRTg;CaRBHraCbuRtanRBHenaHeLIy
.
KWRTg;
)andak;nUvPaBCaGkmansiTieTAmag ehIyGnuvtenAelIEpndIenHkgPaB CamnusSvij
KWCamnusSdRKb;lkN_ CamnusSEdlRBHRTg;)anbegIt elakGdammk[manenAenaHg
.
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 26-8 Ecgfa EdleTaHebIRTg;manrUbGgCaRBH keday
Kg;Etmin)anrab;esckI EdlesInwgRBHenaH TukCaesckIEdlKYr kan;xab;eLIy
KWRTg;)anlHbg;RBHGgRTg;
mkykrUbPaBCa)avbMerIvij
RBmTaMgRbsUtmkmanrUbCamnusSpg ehIyEdleXIjRTg;manPaBCa mnusSdUecaH
enaHkbnabRBHGgRTg;
TaMgcuHcUlsab;bgab;
rhUtdl;TI
mrN
KWRTg;TTYlsuKtCab;elIeQIqagpg .
enAeBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anQrenAelITUk
ehIyRTg;)anman
bnleTAkan;mnusSCadMbUgfa
{sUm[esckIsuxsanmandl;Gkral;Ka}
EdlmanPaBdsb;sat;bMput . enaHehIyKWCaGMNacRKb;RKgelI
edaynUvkarsuKt enaHRBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVI[sataMgTTYlnUv PaBbraCy
k)ancab;ykkUnesarRtLb;mkvij RBmTaMg)anRbTaneTA [dl;BYkGkeCO
edIm,I[)anCarUbkayrbs;RTg; nigCaBYkCMnuMrbs;RTg; .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1619 Ecgfa nwg[kUnesarnnKrsansYK dl;Gk
ebIGknwgcgTukGVIenAEpndI
enaHnwgRtvcgTukenAelIsansYK
Edr
ehIyebIGknwgRsayGVIenAEpndI
enaHnwgRtvRsayenAsansYK
Edr .
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa
RTg;nwgsg;BYkCMnuMeLIg
ehIyTVarsan
XuMRBlwgmnusSnwgminGacTas;TTwg)aneLIy . RBHeysUvRTg;manbnl fa
y:agNakeday ebIeyIg)ancgGVIenAEpndI enaHknwgRtvcgenA sansYKEdr
ehIyebInwgRsayGVIenAEpndI enaHknwgRtvRsayenA sansYKEdr .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anBNnaBIsiTiGMNacCaTUttMNag enAkgRBH Km<Irm:akus .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1334 Ecgfa enHdUcCamnusSmak; Edlcak
ecalpHecjBIRsukeTATIqay
kRbKl;GMNacdl;BYk)avRBav
RBmTaMg
dak;kar[eFVIRKb;Ka ehIypaMGkqaMTVar[caMyampg .
enAeBlEdleyIgGFisan
enaHeyIgbeBajnUvGMNacecsa
nig
siTiGMNacrbs;RBH edIm,IeFVIkarenAelIEpndI . rIenAkgnKrsansYKvij

35

RBHRTg;manRKb;TaMgsiTiGMNac
b:uEnenAelIEpndIenH
RTg;)anRbTannUv
siTiGMNacrbs;RTg;enaH eTAdl;BYkCMnuM KWeTAdl;elakGk nigEdr .
siTiGMNacEdlRtvEt)anTTYlnUvkarBiesaFn_ enAelIPBEpndI enH
KWRtvEtecjmkBIGs;GkEdlenAkgRBHRKIsTaMgGs;
qnesrI

RBHRTg;)anRbTanGMNacRKb;RKg nigsiTiGMNac[dl;mnusS Cati

enAelIEpndIenH
RTg;k)anRbTan[BYkeKmanqnesrIEdr
.
ehIy
RBHRTg;knwgminrMelaPbMBan nUvsiTiGMNacEdlRTg;)anRbTan[dl; mnusSCatienaHeT
ehIyRTg;nwgminrMelaPbMBannUvqnesrIrbs;eyIgenaH Edr .
qnKWCakarnimitBIsiTikgkareRCIserIs . elakGdam nignag eGv:a
)anTTYnUvkarRbTansiTi edIm,IeRCIserIs rvagkarsab;bgab;RBH nig karminsab;bgab; .
RBHRTg;minEdl)andkyknUvsiTi
EdlRTg;)anRbTan[dl;BYk
mnusSCatiTaMgGs; tamryelakGdam nignageGv:aenHecjBIBYkeK eLIy .
eyIgmansiTiedIm,IeRCIserIs . eyIgGaceCORBH bmineCOdl; RBHGgk)an .
eyIgGacRsLaj;RBHGg
bminGacRsLaj;RBHGg)an
eyIgGacbeRmI
nigminbeRmIRBHGg)an . karykcitTukdak;eRCIserIs nUvGVIEdleyIgeFVICaerogral;naTI
Caerogral;fnUvkickarCarbs;eyIg . karTTYlxusRtvsRmab;GVI EdlekIteLIg
KWedaysarEtkareRCIserIsTaMg enH enaHKWCarbs;eyIgTaMgGs;Edr .
etIeyIg)anBnUvsMNYrrbs;BYkGkeCOy:agdUcemcxH
{etIRBHRTg;
)anGnuBaat[erOgr:avdKYr[xacenH ekIteLIgy:agdUcemcxH?}
RBHRTg;min)anGnuBaat[karenaHekIteLIg)aneLIy . minGBawg b?
esckIBitenH minEmnnaMmknUvkarpnaeTasenaHeT KWvanaMmknUv esrIPaBvij .
GMeBIEdlRbkbedayvismFm )anKreLIgCaKMnrBItMNvgS mYyeTAdl;tMNvgSmYyeTot
.
GarkS)anbegIneLIgeTAdl;cMNucEdl
eFVI[esckIBithak;dUcCaesIrEtRtv)ankb;eTATaMgGs;ehIy . b:uEn RBH
bnlnRBHKWenAEtCaesckIBitdEdl
.
siTiGMNacenAelIEpndIenHKWCa
rbs;pgeyIgral;KaehIy
.
RBHeysUvRTg;)anykRtLb;mkvijsRmab;
eyIgral;KaehIy . RTg;RbTan[eyIgral;KanUvkUnesarsiTiGMNac .
manEtrbs;mYyeTEdlsataMg bBBYkviBaaNGaRkk;rbs;vaGaceFVI)anenA elIEpndIenH
KWGVIEdlmnusSCati)anGnuBaat[BYkva)aneFVIEtb:ueNaH . vaCaeBlevlaEdleyIgral;Ka
RtvEtGg;GackahaneLIg enAkgRBH eysUvRKIsEtb:ueNaH . eyIgRtvEteronGFisan

36

ehIycab;yknUvGMNac RKb;RKg edaymankarEkCafInUvsiTiGMNacrbs;BYkeyIgenaHg

.
enAkgRBHnamrbs;RTg;
tYnaTI nigsiTiGMNacrbs;eyIgral;Ka KWmanRKb;RKan;enAkgRBH eysUv . dUecH
eyIgRtvEtGFisanCanic eTAdl;RBHvrbitaneyIgral;Ka enAkgRBHnamRBHeysUv .
eyIgral;KaRtv)anTTYl[enAkgRBHeysUv
ehIy
eyIgk)ankayCakUnsnParenAkgRBHGgEdr eyIg)antPab;Ca mYynwgRTg;ehIyEdr
KWRKb;y:ag eyIgral;KamanenAkgRBHeysUv .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 146/13 Ecgfa RBHeysUvmanbnleTAKat; fa Capv
CaesckIBit ehIyCaCIvit ebIminmktam enaHKanGkNaeTA RBHvrbita)aneLIy>>>
ehIykarGVIkeday EdlGkral;KanwgsUm eday nUveQaH enaHnwgsMerc[
edIm,I[RBHvrbita)andMekIgeLIgkgRBHraC buRta .

)esckIsegb KWCakaryl;dwgBImUldanRKwH
RBHRTg;)anbegItelakGdam
nignageGv:amk
KWedIm,I[)anRbkb
Tak;TgCamYynwgRTg; . RTg;)anyagmkenAfelIyedIm,ICECkCamYy nwgBYkeK b:uEn
karRbkbTak;TgdlviessenaH EbrCaRtv)at;bg;eTAvij KWcab;eBlEdlelakGdam
nignageGv:a)aneFVI)abTas;nwgRTg;mk
.
siTi
GMNacEdlRTg;)anRbKl;[BYkeKeFVICaTUttMNagenaH EbrCaBYkeK RbKl;[eTAsataMg
Edlva)anRtlb;mkCaGkRKb;RKgelIelakiyenH
eTAvij
.
RBHRTg;GacykBIsataMgRtLb;mkvij nUvRKb;y:agEdlva)an RKb;RKg b:uEn
RTg;min)aneFVIy:agdUecaHeLIy .
RBHeysUvRTg;CaRBHraCbuRtarbs;RBH
RTg;)anyagmkykBI
sataMgRtLb;mkvij
nUvGVIEdlmnusSCati)aneFVI[)at;bg;enaH
.
RBHeysUvRTg;Kg;enAxagsaMrbs;RBHGgdCaRBH ehIyRTg;)anyagmk EpndI
eFVICaelakGdamcugeRkay . RTg;)anedIrenAelIEpndIenHedaynUv siTiGMNac
CamnusSRbsRsI EdlRTg;)anbegItmk[edIrCamYyenaH . RTg;)ansuKtenAelIeQIqag
edIm,Ibg;sgfsRmab;GMeBI)abrbs;eyIg
.
tamryyBabUCarbs;RTg;
enaHeyIgral;Ka)anRtLb;mkCaEpkmYyn
BUCeRCIserIs
KWRTg;)aneRCIserIs[)anenAkgRTg; . enAkgRTg; eyIg )anRtLb;mkCaBYksghg .
RTg;)anRbTan[eyIgedaynUvRBHnam RTg; nigedaynUvsiTiGMNacrbs;RTg; .

37

sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1> cUrBnl;BIBaksiTiGMNac siTiGMNacCaTUttMNag nigqnesrIedayBakpal;xnrbs;elakGk .
2>

etIsiTirbs;GkRKb;rUbcMeBaHkarcUleTAkgRBHvtmanrbs;RBH nigkareFVIsMNUmBrKWCaGVIeTA ?

3>

ehtuGVI)anCaRBHRTg;RKan;EtemIleXIj nUvesckIRtvkarrbs;mnusS
RtvenAeBldRtwmRtv edaymincaM)ac;mankarTUlsUmrbs;BYkeK?

38

ehIyRTg;)anbBannUvRBHBrdRtwm

emeronTI 3
RBHeysUvRTg;GFisan
RBHeysUvRTg;CaKMrUdl;eyIgral;Ka
enARKb;TaMgtMbn;cMeBaHkar
edIrkgPaBCaRKIsanrbs;eyIg . edIm,I[dwgBIGVIEdleyIgRtveFVI enaH
eyIgKYrKb,IsikSaBIGVIEdlRTg;eFVIrYcehIy
.
kMLgeBlEdlRBHeysUv
RTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkicenAelIEpndI
enaHmnusSEtgEt)anmkRTg;
.
BYkeK)anTUlsUmdl;RTg; ehIyRTg;EtgEtRbTanBrtamesckIRtvkar rbs;BYkeK .
RTg;)anedaHBYkeK[rYcputBIcMNgviBaaNGaRkk;
.
RTg;
)aneR)asrUbragkayrbs;BYkeK[)anCa .
RBHeysUvRTg;KWCamnusSnesckIGFisan
.
RTg;)anGFisan
ehIyRTg;k)anbeRgnBYksisSrbs;pgRTg; [ecHGFisanpgEdr .

RBHeysUvRTg;)aneqIytbnUvesckIGFisanrbs;mnusStamesckIRtvkar
RBHeysURTg;)aneqIytbnUvsMNUmBrrbs;mnusS
enAkEngNa
EdlRTg;)anyageTAdl; kMLgeBlbMeBjRBHraCkicrbs;RTg; enAelI EpndIenH .
mankarelIkTwkcitdFMGsarsRmab;eyIg
edaynUvcemIy
TaMgenH
.
eyIgnwgeXIjnUvcemIytamesckIGFisanBIrbIxageRkamenH.
cg;Edr
GkmanCmWXg;mak;)anmkRBHeysUv
eday)anniyayfa
{ebI
RTg;sBVRBHhbTy RTg;GacnwgeR)as[TUlbgMCasat)an} .
cemIydGsarrbs;RBHeysUv enaHKWy:agdUecH {cg;Edr} .
RTg;)ansEmgGs;BIcit EdlmkBIRBHvrbita KWenAeBlEdlRTg;man bnlfa {cg;Edr}
enaH .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 140-42 Ecgfa RKaenaH manmnusSXg;mak;
mkRBHeysUvlutCgg;TUlGgVrfa
ebIRTg;sBVRBHhbTy
RTg;Gacnwge
R)as[TUlbgMCasat)an dUecH RTg;manRBHhbTyklGaNit klUk
RBHhseTABal;Kat;edaybnlfa xMJcg;Edr [CasateTA luHRTg;man bnlehIy
Rsab;EteraKXg;ecjBIKat;)at;eTAehIyKat;)anCasat .
RbsinebIesckIGFisanrbs;eyIg
sRmab;kareR)as[Ca
enaH
RBHRTg;enAEtesaHRtg;nwgeqIytb .
[EteCOb:ueNaH

39

eyIgmanKMrUmYyeTot
cMeBaHkareqIytbeTAnwgesckIGFisan
sRmab;kareR)as[Ca
KWenAeBlEdlGkRKb;RKgRBHviharnsasn_yUda
)anRkabcuHenAeTobRBH)aTRBHeysUv ehIyTUlsUmRBHGgedayesaH cMeBaH
[RTg;)aneR)asdl;CIvitkUnRsIrbs;Kat;[)anCa . KWenAeBl EdlKat;)anTUlsUm
enaHdMNwgdGaRkk;mYy)anmkdl;fa {hYseBl ehIy kUnRsIrbs;elak)ansab;ehIy}
.
b:uEnRBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa {cUrkuMPyeLIy [RKan;EteCO b:ueNaH} .
etIGVIeTA EdleyIgRtvRbQmmuxcMeBaH . enAeBlEdleyIg )anGFisan
ehIymanesckICMenO enaHeyIgnwg)anTTYltamesckICMenO enaH .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 522/23/35-42 Ecgfa enaHmanemsala RbCMumak;
eQaHy:ru:s mkdl;eXIjRTg;kRkabenAeTobRBH)aTRTg; Kat; TTUcGgVrTUlfa
kUnRsITUlbgMCitsab;ehIy
sUmRTg;yageTAdak;RBH
hselIva[)anCa
enaHvanwg)anrs;vij>>>
kMBugEdlRTg;enAmanbnlenA
eLIy
enaHmanmnusSmkBIpHemsalaRbCMu CMrabfa kUnRsIelaksab; ehIy
enAEtrMxancitelakRKeFVIGIeTot
kalRBHeysUv)anBBakeKR)ab;
Rsab;EtRTg;manbnleTAemsalaRbCMufa
kuMxacGI
[RKan;EteCOb:ueNaH
RTg;min[GkNaeToteTACamYyeLIy elIkEteBRts y:akub nig y:Uhan
Cabny:akubb:ueNaH
luHdl;pHemsalaRbCuM
keXIjmnusSkMBug
EtyMERskekItvwkvrCaxaMg RTg;kyagcUleTAmanbnlfa ehtuGVI)anCa ekItvwkvr
ehIyyMdUecH kUnenHminEmnsab;eT KWvaedklk;eTetI eKkesIc Lk[RTg;
EtRTg;edjeKeTAeRkAGs; TukEtBukmaynkUnenaH nigBYk GkEdlenACamYynwgRTg;
naMKacUleTAdMeNkva rYcRTg;cab;dvaman bnlfa talIfaKUmI Rsayfa
kUnRsIeGIy GjR)ab;[geRkakeLIg Rsab;EtkUnRsIenaHkeRkakeLIgedIreTA
d,itmanGayu12qaMehIy mnusSral;KaeKmanesckIGsarCaxaMgRkElg .
tamryesckICMenOrbs;elakGk

bursXg;BIrnak;)andwg k)anERskTUlsUmdl;RBHeysUv .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 927-30k Ecgfa kMBugEdlRBHeysUvRTg;
yagecjBITIenaHeTA enaHmanmnusSxVak;2nak; tamRTg;TaMgERskfa RBHraCbuRtahg
davIDeGIy sUmRTg;eR)asemtadl;eyIgpg
kal)anyagcUleTAkgpHenaH
GkxVak;TaMg2kmkRTg;
ehIy
RTg;manbnlsYrfa etIGkeCOfa GacnwgeFVIkarenH)anbeT GkTaMg2 TUlfa
eCOehIyRBHGmas;eGIy

40

enaHRTg;kBal;EPkeK edaybnlfa cUr[)andUcesckICMenO rbs;GkcuH

EPkeKk)anPWeLIg>>> .
cUr[manPaBR)akdRbCa
manmnusSxVak;BIrnak;)anGgyenAmat;fl; kMBugEtsuMTan . enA
eBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anyagmktamenaH enaHBYkeK)anERsky:ag xaMgfa
{RBHGmas;eGIy sUmGaNitemtadl;eyIgpg}
enaHRBHeysUvRTg;)aneqIyfa
{etIGkcg;[eFVIy:agdUcemc?}
etIBYkeK)ankMBugEtTUlsUmluykak; bkBYkeKkMBugEtTUlsUmsRmab;kar eR)as[Ca?
RBHKm<Irm:afay 2029-34 Ecgfa kalkMBugEtecjBIRkg eyrIxUrmk
enaHmanmnusSmIredrdasedIrtamRTg;eTA keXIjmanmnusS xVak;2nak;GgyenAEk,rpv
eKBfaRBHeysUvRTg;yagtamTIenaH
kERsk
eT,Igfa
RBHGmas;
CaRBHvgShgdavIDeGIy sUmRTg;eR)asemtadl; eyIgpg
bNamnusS eKhamGkTaMg2enaH kMu[mat; EteKERskrwtEt xaMgeLIgfa
RBHGmas; CaRBHvgShgdavIDeGIy sUmRTg;eR)asemta dl;eyIgpg
enaHRBHeysUvRTg;Qb;
kehAGkTaMg2enaHmkmanbnlsYrfa
etIcg;[eFVIGVI[Gk
eKTUlRTg;fa RBHGmas;eGIy sUmeR)as[EPk eyIg)anPW eLIgpg
RTg;manesckIklkgRBHhbTy kBal;EPkeK Rsab;EtEPk )anPWeLIg
rYceKedIrtamRTg;eTA .
cUrcgcaMfa enAeBlEdlGs;GkEdlenACuMvijBYkeK )anniyayfa {cUresmcuH
Tuk[RTg;enAedaysat;esmpg} enaHBYkeKenAEtbn ERsksuMTUlGgVrteTAeTot .
eTaHCay:agNakeday BYkeKenAEtmin RKb;RKan;lmnUvPaBR)akdRbCaenaHEdr .
cMeBaHKMrUenH
KWmanesckIBit
BIry:agsRmab;eyIg
.
eyIgenAEtRtvkarERskTUlsUmeTARBHCabn
eTot
KWsUm,IEtGkdTeTot)anniyayfa[Qb;keday
keyIgenAEtbn
nUvPaBR)akdRbCaenHCanic .
CYsCuleLIgvijnUvkarGaRkk;
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1714-21 Ecgfa kal)anmkdl;hVg mnusSehIy
enaHmanmak;mklutCgg;
RkabenAcMeBaHRTg;TUlfa
RBH
Gmas;eGIy
sUmRTg;eR)asemtadl;kUnTUlbgM EdlqtRCkpg vaevTna Nas; ecHEtdYleTAkgePIg
nigkgTwkCajy TUlbgM)annaMvamkBYk sisSRTg;Edr EteKemIlminCaesaH

41

RBHeysUvRTg;manbnleqIyfa
dMNmnusSEdlmineCO
ehIy
mancitevoceGIy
etIRtv[enACamYynwgGkral;Kadl;kalNa
etIRtv
[RTaMnwgGkral;Kadl;kalNaeTot cUrnaMvamkeNH enaHRBH eysUv
RTg;benasdl;GarkS
ehIyvakecjBIekgenaHeTA
rYcekgenaH
)anCacab;taMgBIevlaenaHmk
enaHBYksisSmkRBHeysUvedayELk
TUlsYrfa
ehtuGVI)anCa
eyIgedjGarkSenaHmin)an
RTg;manbnltbfa KWedayeRBaHEtGkral;KamanesckICMenOtic eBkb:ueNaH
d,itR)ab;CaR)akdfa
ebImanesckICMenO
dUcRKab;BUC1
y:aglit
enaHGkral;KaGacnwgniyayeTAPMenHfa cUrerIecjBITIenH eTA enATIenaHcuH
enaHnwg)andUecaHehIy
kKankarGVIEdlGkral;Ka
eFVImin
ekItenaHeT
EtGarkSEbby:agenH vaecjeTAedaysarEtGFisan ehIy nigtmGt;b:ueNaH .
BYksisS)ansYreTARBHeysUv
GMBIkarxVHGMNacecsarbs;BYkeK
enAkgsankarN_enH ehIyRBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTandl;BYkeKnUv mUlehtu nUvkarmineCO
ehIyRbTannUvdMeNaHRsaydl;BYkeK [BYkeK )anGFisanedaytmvij .

CIvitnkarGFisanrbs;RBHeysUv
RKb;y:agEdleyIgman
RKb;y:agEdleyIgenA
RKb;y:agEdl
eyIgRtveFVIKWtamryRBHeysUv . RbsinebIRBHeysUv RTg;RKan;EtCa RBHraCbuRtanRBH
CaelakGdamcugeRkay
CamnusSRKb;lkN_
Rtvkar
cMNayeBlEtmak;gCamYynwgRBHb:ueNaH
etIeyIgRtvkaredIm,IeFVIy:ag
dUecaHeRcInCagkarenaHeTAeTotbGI .
etIGVIeTAEdlGac)anCakarsMxan; enAkgkarsikSaeTAelIesckI GFisan
RbesIrCagesckIGFisanrbs;RBHeysUvbGI
.
eyIgrkeXIj
CIvitnesckIGFisanbEnmeTot rbs;RBHeysUv Edl)ankt;RtaTuk enA kgRBHKm<IrlUka
RbesIrCaCagRBHKm<IrdMNwgldTeTot .
karGFisanenAeBlRBHGgTTYlBiFIRCmuCTwk

RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisan
enAkgBiFIbuNRCmuCTwkrbs;RTg;
.
eyIgminRtvTTYlEfgR)ab;BIGVI
EdlRTg;)anGFisanenaHeT
KWeyIgdwg)an
RtwmEtEdlRTg;)anGFisan ehIyRBHRTg;)anTTYlkarxusRtvb:ueNaH .
RBHKm<IrlUka 321/22 Ecgfa luHkalbNaCnTaMgb:unan )an
TTYlbuNRCmuCehIy enaHRBHeysUvkTTYlEdr rYckMBugEdlRTg; GFisan
enaHRsab;EtemXrebIkeLIg ehIyRBHviBaaNbrisuTkyagcuH mksNitelIRTg;

42

manrUbragdUcCastVRBab
kBsMeLgecjBIemXfa
GjCaTIeBjcitGjNas; .

CakUnsnPa

RTg;)anGFisanenAeBlRBwkRBlwm
RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisanenAeBlRBwkRBlwm enATIkEngsat; .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 135 Ecgfa kalenAggwtminTan;PWRsagenA eLIy
enaHRTg;etIneLIgyagecjeTATIsat; ehIyGFisanenATIenaH .
RTg;)anGFisanmuneBlEdlRTg;seRmcRBHTyeFVIkarGVImYy
RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisan muneBlEdlRTg;)anseRmceFVIkarCa cm,gNamYy
.
RBHKm<IrlUka 612/13 Ecgfa enARKaenaHRTg;ecjeTAPM edIm,InwgGFisan
rYcRTg;GFisandl;RBH
drabTal;PW
luHPWeLIgRTg;ehA
BYksisSmk
kerIsyk12nak;EdlRTg;ehAfasavk .
RTg;yagecjeTAGFisan
RBHeysUvRTg;EtgEt)anseRmcRBHTyecjeTAGFisanvij
enA
eBlEdlmnusS)ankkkujmkRTg;
nig)anTTYlkareR)as[)anCaenaH
RTg;min)anKitBIesckIRtvkarrbs;BYkbNaCneT
EtRTg;)ancMeNay
eBl
edIm,IecjeTAGFisanvij .
RBHKm<IrlUka 515/16 Ecgfa b:uEn ecHEtBniyayBIRTg;kan; EtxaMgeLIg
kmanmnusSkkkujmksab;pg
ehIy[RTg;)aneR)asCMgWeK
[Capg
EtRTg;fyecjeTATIsat;edIm,I GFisanvij .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 646 Ecgfa kalRTg;)an[eKeTAGs;ehIy
enaHkyageLIgeTAelIPM edIm,InwgGFisan .
RTg;)anGFisanmuneBlRTg;)aneFVI)adihar
RBHeysUvRTg;)anTUlsUmRBHBrmkBIRBHGmas;
edIm,I[)an
GaharmkcEmtdl;BYkeK
ehIyRTg;)aneRbIBYksisS[Eckdl;BYkeK
.
esckIGFisanKWCaCMhanTImYy enAkgkareFVIkarGsar edIm,IcEmtdl; mnusS5000nak;
.
RBHKm<IrlUka 916/17 Ecgfa enaHRTg;yknMbug5nigRtI2
egIbTteTAelIemX ehIyRbTanBr rYckac;RbTandl;BYksisS[elIkeTA [bNamnusS
eKkbriePaKEqtTaMgGs;Ka rYcRbmUlcMNitEdlenAsl; )an12knk .

43

RTg;)anGFisanCamYynwgBYksisS
RTg;)anGFisanedayRBHGgRTg;pal;
ehIyRTg;k)anGFisan
CamYynwgBYksisSdTeTotpgEdr .
RBHKm<IrlUka 918k Ecgfa RKamYy kalRTg;kMBugEtGFisan edayELk
ehIyBYksisSkenACamYy>>> .
RTg;)anGFisansRmab;BYkekg
RTg;)anGFisandak;RBHhselIekgtUc nigGFisan[BYkeK .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1913k Ecgfa lMdab;enaH maneKnaMekg tUcmkRTg;
edIm,I[RTg;dak;RBHhsGFisan[va>>> .
RTg;)anGFisan[elaksm:UnedaynUvRBHnam

RBHPkrbs;RTg;)anERbBN

esckIGFisanKWnaMmknUvGMNr

RTg;)anGFisan[sisSRTg;mak;edaynUvRBHnam .
RBHKm<IrlUka 2231/32 Ecgfa RBHGmas;kmanbnlfa sm:UneGIy
emIlsataMg)ansUmcg;)anGkral;Ka RbeyaCn_nwgErgGk ral;Ka dUcCaErgGgr
b:uEn)anGFisan[Gk
edIm,Imin[esckICMenO
rbs;Gkvinas)at;eLIy
kalNaGk)anERbcitvilmkvij enaHcUrcMerIn[ bgbnGk)anxab;xneLIg .
eBlmYy
KWenAeBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisan
enaHRBHPk
nigRBHBsrbs;RTg; )anERbBN .
RBHKm<IrlUka 928/29 Ecgfa RbEhlCa8feRkayEdlman
bnlesckITaMgenaHmk enaHRTg;ykeBRts y:Uhan nigy:akubeLIgeTA elIPM
edIm,IGFisan kalRTg;kMBugEtGFisan enaHEbbPaBRBHPkRTg;k pas;ERb
ehIyRBHBsRtLb;CasRBat .
enAkgRBHKm<IrlUka
eyIgminRtwmEtRtv)anTTYlkarEfgR)ab;nUv
esckIGFisanrbs;RBHeysUvenaHeT
KWeyIgkmin)anTTYlEfgR)ab;BIGVI
EdlRBHGgRTg;)anGFisanenaHEdr .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1021 Ecgfa enAevlaenaHg RBHeysUvRTg;
kMBugEtrIkrayedayRBHviBaaN kmanbnlfa RBHvrbita CaRBHGmas; nsansYK
nigEpndIeGIy TUlbgMsresIrdl;RTg; BIeRBaHRTg;)anlak; esckITaMgenHnwgBYkGkR)aCJ
ehIynwgBYkQasv Et)ansMEdg[BYkkUn ekgyl;vij eGI RBHvrbitaeGIy
d,itRTg;)ansBVRBHhbTyy:ag
dUecaH .

44

RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisansRmab;eyIg
enAeBjmYyCMBUk17nRBHKm<Iry:Uhan
)anRbTan[BYkeyIgnUv
esckIGFisandGsarmYyrbs;RBHeysUv . eBlevlarbs;RTg;enAelI EpndIenH
KW)anCitQancUlmkdl;TIbBab;ehIy
RTg;k)anGFisan
sRmab;BYksisS
BYkGkeCOenAeBlenaH RBmTaMgsRmab;Gs;GkNaEdl )anedIrtamRTg; .
sUmtemIgsirIldl;TUlbgM enaHTUlbgMnigfVaysirIldl;RTg;vij
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 171-19 Ecgfa kalRBHeysUvmanbnl
esckITaMgenaHrYcehIy enaHkegIbRBHenRteTAelIemX TUlfa RBH vrbitaeGIy
kMNt;)anmkdl;ehIy sUmdMekIgRBHraCbuRtaRTg; edIm,I[ RBHraCbuRta)andMekIgRTg;Edr
dUcCaRTg;)anRbTan
[RBHraCbuRtaman
GMNacelIRKb;TaMgmnusS
edIm,InwgRbTanCIvitdenAGs;kl,Canic
dl;
Gs;GkEdlRTg;)anRbTanmkRBHraCbuRtaEdr enHCaCIvitdenAGs;kl, Canic
KW[eK)ansal;dl;RTg;dCaRBHBitEt1 ngRBHeysUvRKIs Edl RTg;)ancat;[mkpg .
TUlbgM)anbBab;nUvkargarrbs;TUlbgMehIy
TUlbgM)andMekIgRTg;enAEpndI TUlbgM)anbegIykar EdlRTg; RbKl;mk[eFVI
\LvenH
RBHvrbitaeGIy
sUmdMekIgTUlbgMeLIgCamYy
nwgRTg;pg
edaysirIlEdlTUlbgMmanCamYynwgRTg; kgkalEdl elakiyminTan;)anekItenAeLIy
.
TUlbgM)ansEmgBIRBHnamRTg;
BYkGk EdlRTg;)anRbTanmkTUlbgM GMBImnusSelak enaHTUl
bgM)anebIksMEdg[eKsal;RBHnamRTg;
GkTaMgenaHCarbs;pgRTg;
ehIyRTg;)anRbTaneKmkTUlbgM eKkkan;tamRBHbnlRTg; \LvenH eKdwgfa
RKb;TaMgGs;EdlRTg;RbTanmkTUlbgM enaHsuTEtekItBIRTg; mk .
TUlbgM)an[dl;BYkeKnUvRBHbnlrbs;RTg;
d,itGs;TaMgRBHbnlEdlRTg;)anRbTanmk enaHTUlbgM)an[ dl;eKehIy
eKkTTYlyk
ehIydwgCaR)akdfa
TUlbgMecjBIRTg;mk
keCOfa
RTg;cat;[TUlbgMmkEmn .
TUlbgM)an[dl;BYkeK
TUlbgMGFisan[eK
minEmnGFisan[elakiyeT
KW[Gs;Gk
EdlRTg;)anRbTanmkTUlbgMvij
BIeRBaHeKCarbs;pgRTg;
rbs;TUl

45

sUmRTg;EfrkSaBYkeKedaynUvRBHnamRTg;

enaHBYkeKnwgmanesckIGMNr

sUmEfrkSaBYkeK[rYcputBIGarkS

sUmeFVICayBabUCadl;BYkeK

bgMTaMgGs;Carbs;pgRTg;
TUlbgM)anefIgeLIgkgeK.

ehIyrbs;RTg;TaMgb:unankCarbs;pgTUlbgM

Edr

GkTaMgenHenAkgelakiy
EtTUlbgMminenAkgelakiyeToteT
TUlbgMnwgeTARTg; RBHvrbitadbrisuTeGIy BYkGkEdlRTg;)an RbTanmkTUlbgM
enaHsUmRTg;rkSaeKedayRBHnamRTg;pg edIm,I[eK )anrYmKaEt1dUcCaeyIgEdr
kalTUlbgMenAkgelakiyCamYynwgeK enaH TUlbgM)anrkSaeK edayRBHnamRTg;Edr
TUlbgM)anrkSaTuknUvGs;Gk EdlRTg;RbTanmkTUlbgM KanGkNamYyRtvvinaseLIy
)anvinasEt1 nak;enaH Edl)andMrUv[Rtvvinasb:ueNaH edIm,I[)ansMerctambTKm<Ir .
\LvenH TUlbgMeTARTg;EtTUlbgMEfgesckITaMgenH enAkg elakiy
edIm,I[eK)anesckIGMNrrbs;TUlbgM
[enAeBareBjkgxneK
TUlbgM)an[RBHbnlRTg;dl;eK
ehIyelakiy)ansb;eK
BIeRBaHeKmin
EmnCarbs;elakiyeT dUcCaTUlbgMkminEmnCarbs;elakiyEdr .
TUlbgMminsUm[ykeKecjBIelakiyeT
KWsUm[RTg;rkSaeK
[
rYcBIesckIGaRkk;vij
eKminEmnCarbs;pgelakiy
dUcCaTUlbgMkmin
EmnCarbs;elakiyEdr .
sUmEjkeKecjCabrisuT edaysaresckIBitrbs;RTg; esckI Bit
KWCaRBHbnlrbs;RTg;
TUlbgM)ancat;eK[eTAkgelakiy
dUcCaRTg;
cat;TUlbgM[mkkgelakiyEdr TUlbgM kEjkxnecjCabrisuTeday yl;dl;eK
edIm,I[eK)anEjkecjCabrisuT edaysaresckIBitEdr .

RTg;)anGFisansRmab;eyIgral;Ka
esckIGFisanrbs;RBHeysUvKW)anenAEtbn
sRmab;BYksisS
nigBYkGkeCOenAeBlenaH
ehIybnab;mkeTot
RTg;)anGFisansRmab;
dl;Gs;GkNaEdl)anedIrtamRTg;pgEdr . karenaHKWrab;bBalTaMg BYkeyIgpgEdr
RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisansRmab;eyIgral;Ka KWenAeBl EdlRTg;)anKg;enAelIEpndIenH
.

46

cMeBaHGs;GkEdleCO

sRmab;BYkGkeCO[)anrYmmkEtmYy

edIm,I[)anfVaysirIl
edIm,I[)anRKb;lkN_

edIm,I[)anmkCafEtmYyenAkgRBHGg

RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1720-26 Ecgfa TUlbgMminGFisan [Gk

TaMgenHEtb:ueNaH KW[dl;TaMgGkNa EdlnwgeCOdl;TUlbgM edaysar
Bakrbs;eKEfmeTotEdr .
edIm,I[TaMgGs;)anrYmmkEtmYy RBHvrbitaeGIy dUcCaRTg;Kg; kgTUlbgM
ehIyTUlbgMenAkgRTg;Edr
KW[GkTaMgenaH)anrYmKaEtmYy
enAkgeyIg
RbeyaCn_[elakiy)aneCOfa RTg;cat;[TUlbgMmkBit .
sirIlEdlRTg;RbTanmkTUlbgM
enaHTUlbgM)an[dl;eKehIy
edIm,I[eK)anrYmKaEtmYy dUcCaeyIgkrYmEtmYyEdr .
KWTUlbgMenAkgeK ehIyRTg;Kg;kgTUlbgM edIm,I[eK)anRKb; lkN_eLIg
drabdl;rYmKaEtmYyCaeRsc
RbeyaCn_[elakiy)andwgfa
KWRTg;Edlcat;[TUlbgMmkEmn ehIyfa RTg;RsLaj;eK dUcCaRsLaj; TUlbgMEdr .
RBHvrbitaeGIy
BYkGkEdlRTg;RbTanmkTUlbgM
enaHTUlbgM
cg;[eKenACamYynwgTUlbgM
kgkEngEdlTUlbgMenAEdr
edImI,[)an
eXIjsirIlEdlRTg;)anRbTanmkTUlbgM
d,itRTg;)anRsLaj;TUlbgM
taMgEtBImunkMeNItelakiyerogmk RBHvrbitadsucriteGIy elakiymin sal;RTg;eT
EtTUlbgMsal;RTg; ehIyBYkGkenHkdwgfa RTg;)ancat;[ TUlbgMmkEdr .

edIm,I[)aneBjedayesckIRsLaj;rbs;RTg;

TUlbgM)an[eKsal;RBHnamRTg; knwgsMEdg[eKsal;teTA eTot

edIm,I[esckIRsLaj;
EdlRTg;RsLaj;dl;TUlbgMM
)anenAkgeK
ehIy[TUlbgMenAkgeKEdr .
cab;taMgBIeBlGFisanenHeTA
RBHeysUv
nigBYksisSRTg;)an
Rbjab;Rbjal;eTAc,arektesm:anI .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 181 Ecgfa kalRBHeysUvmanbnlesckI
TaMgenaHrYcehIy enaHRTg;yageTAxagnayeRCaHekRdn )annaMTaMgBYk sisSeTApg
ehIyRTg; nigBYksisSkcUleTAkgc,ar1EdlenATIenaH .

47

esckIGFisanrbs;RTg;enAEtbn
enAektesm:anI

erOgr:avenAkgRBHKm<Iry:Uhan

erOgr:avenAkgRBHKm<Irm:afay

RBHeysUvRTg;kMBugEtRbQmmuxnwgesckIsab; . RTg;)anRBy RBHhbTy

nigtb;Rbml;
ehIyRTg;k)anRCabfa
RTg;RtvEtGFisan
.
vaCakarseRmcRBHTyrbs;RTg; edIm,I[BYksisS)anrYmGFisanCamYy nwgRTg;pgEdr
b:uEn BYkeK)anRCbcuHeTAvij . eyIgesIrEtTaMgGs;Ka)an dwgBIGVIEdl)anekIteLIgenaH
.
RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisan edaymankarfb;)arm .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1227/28 Ecgfa \LvenH mancittb; Rbml;
etIRtv[TUldUcemc RBHvrbitaeGIy sUmCYysegaHTUlbgM [rYcBIeBlenHpg b:uEn
KWedayehtuenHg
)anCaTUlbgMmkdl;eBlenH
RBHvrbitaeGIy
sUmdMekIgRBHnamRTg;eLIg enaHRsab;EtmanBsMeLgBI elIemXfa Gj)andMekIgehIy
knwgdMekIgeLIgeTotEdr .
karTTYlxusRtvrbs;elakm:afaycMeBaHeBlenH
KWbgajeyIg
nUvPaBCamnusSrbs;RBHeysUv
.
RTg;)anseRmcRBHTycUleTACit
cMeBaHcMNgrbs;GkdT
EdlRtv)anelIkRTg;eLIgkgkarGFisan
.
enAkgPaBCamnusSrbs;RTg;
KWRTg;)anseRmcRBHTyeFVIeTAtambMNg
RBHhbTyrbs;RBH sUm,IEtRTg;RtvTTYlsuKtenAelIeQIqagkeday .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 2636-46 Ecgfa enaHRBHeysUv RBmTaMg BYksisS
keTAdl;kEngehAfa
c,arEKtesm:anI
ehIyRTg;manbnleTA
eKfa
cUrGgyenATIenHsin caMnwgeTAGFisanenAeNaH
rYcRTg;ykeBRts
nigkUnesebedTaMg2nak;eTACamYypg
RTg;
cab;taMgmanRBHhbTyRBy ehIytb;Rbml;CaxaMg kmanbnleTAeK fa
citRByBn;eBk esIrEtnwgsab; cUrenATIenHcaMyamCamYynwgsin.
karGFisanelIkdMbUg
kalRTg;)anyageTAmuxbniceTot
enaHRTg;TMlak;Gg
pab;RBH
PkcuHGFisanfa RBHvrbitanTUlbgMeGIy ebIsinCa)anenaH sUm[
EBgenHknghYsBITUlbgMeTA b:uEn kMutamcitTUlbgMeLIy sUmtamEt
RBHhbTyRTg;vij enaHRTg;yagmkdl;BYksisS eXIjeKedklk; k
manbnleTAeBRtsfa dUecH etIGkral;KacaMyamCamYynwgEt1em:ag min)aneTbGI

48

erOgr:avenAkgRBHKm<IrlUka

cUrcaMyam
ehIyGFisancuH
edIm,Imin[ekItesckIl,gnaM
citeLIy
viBaaNkRbgCaeRscEmn Etsac;QamexSayeT .
enAeBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)aneXIjBYkeK)anedklk;
enaHRTg;
)ansYreTABYkeKfa {etIGkral;KaminenAcaMyamCamYynwgEtmYyem:ag eTbGI?}
ehIybnab;mk RTg;)anR)ab;BYkeKfa ehtuGVI)anCaBYkeKRtv EtGFisan
KWedIm,IkuM[RtvesckIl,g edIm,IkuM[BYkeKeFVItamcitxng .
karGFisanelIkTIBIr
kalRTg;)anyageTAmgeTot enaHkGFisanfa RBHvrbitan TUlbgMeGIy
ebIsinCaEBgenHknghYsBITUlbgMeTABMu)an
elIkEtTUlbgM
TTYl
enaHsUmtamRBHhbTyRTg;cuH .
karGFisanelIkTIbI
cUrcgcaMfa enAyamTIBIr RBHeysUvRTg;k)anyagmkBYkeKmg eTot
kenAEteXIjBYkeKedklk;dEdl RTg;k)anGnuBaatBYkeK[edk lk;eTA .
RTg;min)anhamBYkeKCaelIkTIBIreToteT .
kalRTg;)anyagmkvij enaHkeXIjBYksisSedklk;eTot d,it EPkeKFn;RCb;
rYcRTg;yagecaleKeTAmgeTot nwgGFisanCaKMrb;3dg edaybnlCaesckIdEdl .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisanCaelIkTIbIfa
{sUmseRmctambMNg
RBHhbTyRTg;cuH} .
enaHRTg;yagmkBYksisSmanbnlfa \LvenH Gkral;Kaedk lk;
ehIysMrakkMLaMgeTotb
emIlkMNt;Citdl;ehIy
kUnmnusSRtveK
bBaneTAkgkNab;dnmnusSman)ab cUreRkakeLIg eyIgeTA n Gk
EdlbBanCitmkdl;ehIy .
elaklUkaKWCaevCbNit
Edl)anpl;[eyIgnUvrUbPaBdrs;revIk
nesckIGFisan .
RBHKm<IrlUka 2243/44 Ecgfa enaHmaneTvtaelcmkRTg;
GMBIsansYKmkcMerInkMLaMgfVay
ehIyedayRTg;ekItTukCaxaMg
)anCa
RTg;GFisanTTUcrwtEtxaMgeLIg ejIsRTg;kRtLb;dUcCadMNk;QamdFM Rsk;eTAdI .

enAelIeQIqag
RBHvrbitaeGIy sUmRTg;Gt;eTas[BYkeKpg

esckIGFisanrbs;RBHeysUv KWenAeBlEdlRTg;Rtv)anBrenA elIeQIqag

EdlKYr[xacCaTIbMput
Edl)anEcgenAkgRBHKm<Ir
.
RTg;

49

sERmkCacugeRkayrbs;RTg;

)anRtvTTYlnUvkarcab;cgedaysaRBHhspal;rbs;pgRTg;
.
RTg;)an
RtvTTYlnUvkareCrRbmaf
karsb;
nigkarqagedayRKb;TaMgsaRBHhs
EdlRTg;)anbegItmk . RTg;)anRtveKeFVIXat edayGs;GkEdlRTg;
)annaMesckIsegaHmk[ . RbsinebImnusSNamak; )anRbQmmuxenA elIEpndIenH
EdlFab;)anbNalcMeBaHGkEdlKankarGt;eTas enaHKW CaRBHeysUvehIy .
ehIysUm,IEtRTg;RtvBredaymankarQWcab;enA elIeQIqag RTg;)anRtvsuKtkeday
kRTg;)anGFisan[dl;BYkeKEdr fa {RBHvrbitaeGIy sUmRTg;Gt;eTas[BYkeKpg > >
>} .
RBHKm<IrlUka 2334k Ecgfa RBHeysUv RTg;manbnlfa
RBHvrbitaeGIy sUmGt;eTasdl;GkTaMgenHpg d,iteKmindwgCaeKeFVIGVI eT >>> .

RBHKm<IrlUka 2346 Ecgfa enaHRBHeysUv ERskeLIgCaxaMg fa

RBHvrbitaeGIy
TUlbgMsUmRbKl;viBaaNdl;RBHhsRTg;vij
kal
manbnlBakTaMgenHrYcehIy enaHRTg;putdegImeTA .
RTg;manCIvitGs;kl, RTg;eFVICaGkTUlGgVrCMnYs
RBHeysUvRTg;KWCamnusSnesckIGFisan
.
RTg;CaKMrUdl;eyIg
sRmab;bnkarGFisanTUlsUmGgVr . enAsmysBVfenH RTg;kMBugEt enAGFisan
RTg;)aneFVICaGkGFisanTUlGgVrCMnYs sRmab;eyIgral;Ka enAnKrsansYK .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 725 Ecgfa edayehtuenaH )anCaRTg;Gac
nwgCYysegaHsBVRKb;)an dl;mnusSTaMgGs; EdlcUleTARBH eday sarRTg;
d,itRTg;manRBHCnrs;enACanic edIm,InwgCYyGgVrCMnYseK .
) esckIsegb RBHeysUvRTg;)anCaKMrUd]tmrbs;eyIg
RBHeysUvRTg;CaembBaakardx<g;x<s;bMputrbs;eyIg
ehIykCaKMrU
BIrebobrs;enAEdlmanCyCmH kgkarGFisan nigkarsab;bgab; . dMNwgldeBareBj
nkarFanar:ab;rgcMeBaHCIvitnesckIGFisanrbs;
RTg;
enaHRTg;)anRbTanBrdl;eyIgral;Ka
nUvkaryl;Cak;c,as;cUleTA
kgkarRbkbTak;Tgrbs;eyIg CamYynwgRBHvrbitaneyIgEdlKg;enA sansYK .
enaHKWCaRBHeysUvEdlRTg;CaRBHraCbuRtanRBH
RTg;)an
GFisan
enAkgRKb;TaMgRBwtikarN_ nigsankarN_ EdlRbQmmuxCMnYs eyIgral;Ka .
etIeyIgkMBugEtrs;enA
ehIyeyIgkMBugEtKitfa
BYkeKKYr
Et)anenA
bkeyIgmanbMNgbnkarGFisan
eTAkan;RBHvrbitaneyIg
edayRtg;cMsRmab;BYkeK?

50

RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisansRmab;eyIgral;Ka KWsRmab;Gs;Gk EdleCO

enaHeyIgkRtvEtedIredayesckIRsLaj; nigkarrYbrYm [)an RKb;lkN_
EdlsirIlrbs;RTg;RtvEt)aneXIjenAkgeyIgral;Ka ehIy kgmYyfenaH
eyIgRtvEtenACab;nwgRTg; .

sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1>

enAkgkarTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHBYkmnusSxVak; Edl)ankMBugEtTUlsUmnUvkaremtakruNa enAkgRBHKm<Ir m:afay 2027

ehtuGVI)anCaRBHeysUvRTg;)ansYrBYkeKBIGVI
EdlBYkeKcg;)an[RTg;eFVIsRmab;BYkeK?
etIelakGk)aneronBIGVIxHGMBIesckIGFisan EdldkRsg;ecjBIRBHKm<IrenH?

2>

enAkgRBHKm<Irm:afay 1714 enAeBlEdlbursmak; mankUnRbsekItCmWsn;Can; )anmkRBHeysUv ehIyniyayfa

RBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTan[BYksisSecjeTACakCn
BYksisSrbs;RTg;minGacBa)al
va)an
etImkBImUlehtuGVIEdlBYkeKminGaceFVIkarenH)andUecH?
etIelakGk)aneronBIGVIxHGMBIesckI
GFisan
EdldkRsg;ecjBIRBHKm<IrenH?

3>

cUrpl;[nUvKMrUbIy:agepSgeTotnesckIGFisan ehIycUrBNnaBIGVIEdlelakGk)aneron EdlRsg;ecj BIKMrUTaMgenH .

cUrBNnanUvkarpas;br
EdlelakGknwgeFVIenAkgCIvitnkarGFisanrbs;elakGk
BI
esckIBit
EdlelakGk)aneronBIemeronenH .

51

emeronTI 4
{RBHGmas;RTg;)anbeRgneyIg[ecHGFisan}
BYksisS)anemIleXIjfaCIvitrbs;RBHeysUv KWCaCIvitnesckI GFisan
ehIyenAfmYyBYkeK)anniyayfa
{RBHGmas;eGIy
sUmRTg;
beRgnBYkeyIg[ecHGFisanpg} . manerOgr:avxH EdlepSgKaenAkg
CIvitrbs;RBHeysUv ehIykmanerOgr:avxH EdlBYkeKmanesckIRtvkar pgEdr .
RBHKm<IrlUka 111 Ecgfa eRkaymk kalRTg;kMBugEt GFisanenAkEng1
luHRTg;Qb;ehIy
enaHsisSmak;TUlfa
RBHGmas;
eGIy
sUmRTg;beRgneyIg[ecHGFisanpg
dUcCaelakyU:han)an
beRgndl;sisSelakEdr .
karenHKWKYrKb,I[manCabn
KWCaesckIGFisanEdlmanenAkg
citrbs;eyIgral;Kafa
{RBHGmas;eGIy sUmRTg;beRgneyIg[ecHGFisanpg}

esckIGFisanrbs;RBHGmas;
esckIGFisanrbs;RBHGmas;
KWRtvEt)anCaKMrUmYyEdlBYksisS
RtvEteRbIenAkgTRmg;nesckIGFisanpal;rbs;BYkeK
.
vaminEmnCa
karGFisandEdlenaHeT
enAeBlEdleKeRbICaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIy
edaykarpas;brenAkgBiFIbuNTaMgLayrbs;sasna .
cUrcMNaMBIrebobGFisanxI EdlRBHeysUvRTg;)aneRbITukCaKMrU d BitR)akd
EdlmanenAkgRBHKm<IrlUkaRtwmEtbIx bEdlmanenAkgRBH Km<Irm:afay 69-13
mancMnYn5x .
RTg;kmanbnleTAeKfa kalNaGkral;KaGFisan enaHRtvfa
RBHvrbitaneyIg EdlKg;enAsansYKeGIy sUm[RBHnamRTg;)anbrisuT
sUm[raCRTg;)anmkdl; sUm[RBHhbTyRTg;)ansMercenAEpndI dUcenAsansYKEdr
sUmRbTanGahar EdleyIgRtvkar mkCaral;f sUmGt;eTas)abeyIg
d,iteyIgkGt;eTas dl;Gs;GkEdleFVIxusnwgeyIgEdr
ehIysUmkMunaMeyIgeTAkgesckIl,geLIy
EtsUmeR)as[eyIg)anrYcBIesckIGaRkk;vij .
lUka 112-4 .

52

manesovePAdrugerOgRbesIrCaeRcIn Edl)anEcgenAelIEtBIrbIx TaMgenH b:uEn

eyIgnwgepateTAelIEtxdMbUgb:ueNaH .
{eBlEdlGkGFisanRtvniyaydUecH}
enAkgesckIGFisanenH
RBHeysUvRTg;min)anmanbnlenAeBl
elakGkGFisanenaHeT
cUrERskTUlsUmcuH
enAeBlEdlelakGktv:a
sUmedaymankarsak;esIr
edIm,I[RBHRTg;sab;BelakGk
bedIm,ITUl
sUmTaMgmankarRBycit . RTg;manbnlfa enAeBlEdlelakGk GFisan
Rtvniyayy:agdUecH .
RBHeysUvRTg;)aneRbIRBHbnldEdl EcgenAkEngmYyeTotfa
d,itR)ab;Gkral;KaCaR)akdfa
ebIGkNaniyayeTAPMenHfa
cUr
erIecjBITIenHeTAFak;kgsmuRTcuH
eday\tsgSykgcit
KWeCOCak;fa
esckIGVIEdlxnfa nwg)anekItmkBit enaHnwg)andUcR)afaRKb;CMBUkTaMg Gs; m:akus
1123 .
enAeBlEdleyIgGFisan eyIgRtvniyayy:agdUecH . eyIgRtv
EtniyayeTAkan;PMfa {cUrgerIecjBITIenHeTAkan;smuRTcuH} . ehIyRBH
eysUvRTg;kmanbnlfa
RbsinebIeyIgKankarsgS
KW[RKan;EteCO
eyIgnwg)anGVItamkarEdleyIgniyayenaH vanwgseRmcy:agdUecaH .
cUrcgcaMfa niymnynesckIGFisanEdlmankarQWcab;rbs; eyIgenaHKW
esckIGFisanKWCakarniyayBIsankarN_
enAcMeBaHRBHGmas;
karsab;BnUvcemIyrbs;RTg; nigkarniyay[RtvtambMNgRBHhbTy rbs;RBH
cUleTAkgsankarN_enaH .
esckIGFisanKWCakarnaMykBIsansYKmkEpndI .
{RBHvrbitaneyIgEdlKg;enAsansYKeGIy}
tYnaTIrbs;eyIg
RBHeysUvRTg;)anrMBkdl;BYksisS BItYnaTIrbs;BYkeK . enAeBl
EdleyIg)ancUlmkRBHedayesckIGFisan
enaHeyIgRtvEtcUlmkCa
kUnrbs;RBHEdlKg;enAsandx<s;bMput . vaCasiTinesckIsBaarbs; eyIg
edIm,IcUlmkRTg;CakUnxagrUbkay
dUcCaeyIg)anrt;eTABuk
mayrbs;BYkeKenAEpndIdUecaHEdr .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 815/16 Ecgfa Gkral;Kamin)an TTYlnisSyCa )avbMerI
[RtvPyxaceToteLIy
KW)anTTYlnisSyCakUnciBawmvij

53

edayehtuenaH)anCaeyIgERskeLIgfa
Gb,aRBHvrbitaeGIy
ehIyRBH
viBaaNRTg;keFVIbnal;nwgviBaaNeyIgfa eyIgCakUnrbs;RBH .
eyIgRtvEtGFisaneTAkan;RBHvrbitaneyIg
EdlKg;enAsansYK
KWCakarR)akdfa
RTg;KWCaGksrubnUvkarepSgKa
CaCagBukrbs;eyIg
EdlenAEpndIeTAeTot
.
eyIgRtvEtGFisaneTAkan;RBHvrbitarbs;eyIg
EdlKg;enAsansYK minEmneTAkan;RBHedaymankarbeRgn edayxn gpal;enaHeT .
{sUm[RBHnamRTg;)anbrisuT}
Gakb,kiriyarbs;eyIg

bnab;mkRBHeysUvRTg;)anbeRgndl;BYksisS
GMBIGakb,kiriya
kgkarGFisanrbs;BYkeK .
eTaHCay:agNakeday
eyIgKWCakUnsnParrbs;RBH
eyIgminRtv
Rbjab;Rbjal;cUleTAkgRBHvtmannRBH
edaymin)anTTYlenaHeT
.
eyIgRtvfVaykitiysdl;RTg; . {brisuT} mannyfa eFVI[)anbrisuT eFVI[)ansuTl
eFVI[)anskisiTi eFVI[)anyl;eXIjfamankarTTYlxus Rtv bkarFanar:ab;rg
cMeBaHkarsresIr cMeBaHkarKaMRTnUvKMnit cMeBaHkar RsLaj;CaTIbMput . eyIgcMNayeBl
edIm,IeFVI[)anskisiTicMeBaH
RBHnamRTg;
edaykarniyayBIerOgr:avEdlRsg;ecjBIcitrbs;eyIg Edl FanaenAcMeBaHRTg; .

{sUm[raCRTg;)anmkdl;}
enAeBlEdleyIgGFisan eyIgRtvEtniyayfa {sUm[raCRTg; )anmkdl;}
minEmnCaraCrbs;eyIgenaHeT
.
manmnusSCaeRcIn
)an
bBaak;BIkarenHedayKanesckIGFisan
edIm,IeFVIkarsg;nKrsansYK
edaypal;xnrbs;BYkeKenaHeT KWCapHdRss;sat LanFM kargard RbesIr
sUm,IEtkargardRbesIrCagenaHeTotkeday . RBHeysUvRTg; manbnlfa
eyIgRtvEtGFisanfa {sUm[nKrRBH)anmkdl;} .
eyIgRtvEtdak;karRBmeRBgCamYynwgRBH edayxneyIgpal; ehIybnab;mk
eFVIkarbBaafa
sUm[bMNgRBHhbTyRTg;)anseRmc
enAEpndIKWenAkgsankarN_rbs;eyIg
.
enHKWCaesckIGFisanrbs;esc
KWCaGkRKb;RKg .
mk GWxaMmhuI (Ercomehe)
BakCaPasaRkikfa {GWxaMmhuI} (ercomehe) mannyfa {ecjBI
TIenaHmkkan;TIenH} .

54

karedIrelITwk

vaminEmnmannyfa {RBHRTg;nwgbg;f ehIyGVIkeday kRTg;nwg bg;fEdr

KWRTg;nwgbg;f} .
vaminEmnmannyfa {vaRtvEt)anlRss;RbwmRbIy_ RbsinebI>>> b:uEn
eTaHCaGVIkeday RBHraCbMNgrbs;RTg; KWenAEtCaRBHdEdl} .
eBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa {cUrmk} enAkgPasaRkik mannyfa
{karRtas;ehAnUverOgr:avTaMgGs;enaH KWminEmnCakarEdl BYkeKenACay:agdUecaHenaHeT}
.
vamannyfa {RTg;)anyagBITIenaHmkkan;TIenH} .
elakeBRts)anedIrelITwk edayTTYlkarxusRtvdl;RBHbnl rbs;RBHeysUv
EdlRTg;manbnl cUrmkBITIenaHmkkan;TIenH .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1428/29 Ecgfa eBRtsTUltbfa RBH Gmas;eGIy
ebICaRTg;Emn enaHsUm[TUlbgMedIrelITwkeTARTg;pg
RTg;manbnlfa cUrmkcuH eBRtskcuHecjBITUkedIrelITwk edIm,I
eTARBHeysUv .
elakeBRtsKWCaGkensaTRtI . Kat;)andwgBImnusSCati KWmin
GacedIrelITwk)aneT . eTaHCay:agNakeday enAkgkarTTYlxusRtv
cMeBaHkarseRmccitrbs;Kat;cMeBaH
{karbBaarbs;RBHcMeBaH
[mk
RTg;edayedIrelITwk} enaH rIRBHeysUvRTg;k)anTTYlxusRtvpgEdr eday)anehAfa
{cUrmk}
.
elakeBRts)aneFVIclnaecjBIlkN
FmCati
eTArkclnaxagviBaaNEdlRbkbedayGFiFmCativij . elakeBRtvGacedIrelITwk)an
.
bnab;mkelakeBRts)anedIrenAelITwk KWKat;)ancab;epImeFVI clna
RtLb;eTAxagEpkFmCativij
edayKat;)anxac
ehIybnab;mk
Kat;k)ancab;epImliceTAkgTwk .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1430/31 Ecgfa EtkalKat;eXIjxl;bk; CaxaMg
enaHKat;mancitPy ehIyedayeRBaHcab;taMgliceTA )anCaKat; ERskeLIgfa
RBHGmas;eGIy sUmCYysegaHTUlbgMpg
Rsab;EtRBHeysUvRTg;lUkRBHhseTAcab;Kat;Pam edaybnl fa
mnusSmanCMenOticeGIy ehtuGVI)anCaGksgSy .
CaerOy
enAkgfEtmYyenaH
KWenAeBlEdleyIgeFVIclnacUl
eTAkgtMbn;xagviBaaNnkarGFisan EdlRbkbedayGFiFmCatienaH g .

55

embBaakar

eyIg)ancab;epImedayGg;Gac
b:uEnbnab;mk
eyIgk)ancab;epIm
RkeLkemIleTAsPaBkarN_enaH . eyIgk)anGnuBaat[karsgS)an cUlmk .
eyIgcab;epImmankarPyxac ehIykcab;Fak;cuHnUvesckI CMenOpgEdr .
kgmYyrMeBcenaH
esckIGFisanrbs;eyIgKYrKb,I[dUcCa
esckIGFisandUcCaelakeBRtspgEdrfa
{RBHGmas;eGIy
sUmCYy
segaHTUlbgMpg sUmCYy[TUlbgM)aneCOelIRTg;pg} .
manembBaakarmak;)ancUleTARBHeysUv edaykarbwgtv:aCa mYynwgRTg;
edIm,I[RTg;)aneR)asGkbeRmIrbs;Kat;mak;[Ca ehIyRBH eysUvRTg;manbnlfa
{manbMNgnwgeR)asKat;[)anCa} . b:uEn em bBaakarenaH )andwgfa
vaminCakarcaM)ac;[RBHeysUvRTg;yageTAenaH
eT
KWsUm[RBHeysUvRTg;RKan;Etmanbnl enaHGkbeRmInwg)anTTYl kareR)as[CaehIy
.
RBHKm<Irm:afay 85-10 Ecgfa kalRBHeysUv RTg;)anyag
cUleTAkgRkgkaeBINimehIy enaHemTBmak;mkRTg;TUlGgVrfa RBH Gmas;eGIy
)avTUlbgMvasab;dsab;eCIg edkenApHevTnaxaMgNas;
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnltbfa nwgeTAeR)as[Ca
EtemTBTUlRbEkkfa
RBHGmas;eGIy
TUlbgMminKYrnwgTTYl
RTg;enAkgpHTUlbgMeT
sUmRTg;RKan;EtmanbnlmYyRBHsmkb:ueNaH
enaH)avTUlbgMnwg)anCaehIy
elakembBaakar)aneFVIdMeNIreTA
edIm,IeFVIkarBnl;fa
vaenA
eRkamGMNacrbs;TUlbgM ehIykmanBYkTahanCaeRcInnak;eTot Edl enAeRkamvaEdr
KWva)anyl;BIsiTiGMNacenaH . Kat;)aneRbIBak mkBITI enaHmkkan;TIenH enaHg .
d,itTUlbgMCamnusSenAeRkambgab;eKEdr
ehIymanTahanenA
eRkamvaTTUlbgM ebITUlbgMR)ab;eTAmak;fa eTA enaHkvaeTA R)ab;eTA mak;eTotfa mk
vakmk ehIyR)ab;eTA)avfa eFVIkarenH enaHvakeFVItam
kalRBHeysUv)anBBakenaHehIy RTg;manesckIGsarkg RBHhbTy
rYcmanbnleTABYkGkEdltamRTg;fa
R)ab;Gkral;KaCa
R)akdfa
minEdleXIjesckICMenOCaxaMgdl;em:HeT eTaHTaMgenAkg sasn_GRsaEGlpg .
eyIgminFab;)anmanlTPaB
edIm,I[)anyl;
BIkarniyayeday
mansiTiGMNac karbBaa rhUtdl;eyIg)anenAeRkamsiTiGMNacenaHeT KW
rhUtdl;eyIg)anenAkgkareKarBRbNibtn_dBit cMeBaHsiTiGMNacrbs; pgRBH .

56

cUrmkKWCakarbBaa

mkBITIenaHmkkan;TIenH

KWminEmnCasMNUmBreT KWCakarbBaa .
vaCakarRtas;ehACalMdab;lMeday edaymannUvsiTiGMNac . {sUm[
raCRTg;)anmkdl;}
nKrrbs;RBHmin)anmkeT
likNaEt)anTTYlnUv
karbBaa[mkEtb:ueNaH . RBHRTg;)anRbTannUvRbePTnsiTiGMNac enaH
dl;eyIgral;KaenAelIEpndIenH .
esckIGFisanCaFmtaenH EdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTanmkdl; BYksisS
KWCakarsg;elIkaryl;dwgcMeBaHsiTiGMNac EdlRBHRTg;)an RbTan[ dl;elakGdam
nignageGv:a enaHg . RTg;min)anRbTan[nUv siTiGMNacxHdl;BYkeK
ehIyTukxHsRmab;RBHGgRTg;pal;enaHeT
ehIyRBHeysUvRTg;kmin)anRKan;Et
TTYlyknUvCyCmHRtLb;mkvij edayRbKl;nUvsiTiGMNacxH mkeyIgral;KaenaHEdr
. RTg;)aneFVIkar edaybgb;kicTaMgGs;sRmab;eyIgvij .

{sUm[bMNgRBHhbTyRTg;)anseRmcenAEpndI
dUcCaenAsansYKEdr}

enAsansYK

enAEpndI

enHKWCaEpkdKYr[RBWRBcmYy
nesckIGFisanFmta
EdlRBH
eysUvRTg;)anRbTanmkeyIgral;Ka
.
{sUm[bMNgRBHhbTyRTg;)an
seRmcenAEpndIdUcCaenAsansYKEdr} .
etIbMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RBH
EdlenAsansYKenaHdUcemc?
etI
bMNgRBHhbTyRTg;enAEpndIenaHdUcemc?
manbMNgRBHhbTyEtmYyKt; EdlCabMNgRBHhbTyrbs; RBH
EdlKg;enAsansYK . KankarBiPakSaGMBIkarenaHeT . KanCeRmIs edIm,IeFVIeT .
bMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RBH
KW)anseRmcedaynUvesckI
GMNrdeBareBj
nigmanmkedayg . KankarBiPakSaenAnKrsansYK eT KWmanEt)aT cas GaEm:n
eTAtambMNgRBHhbTynRBHb:ueNaH .
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa
eyIgRtvEtbBaa[bMNgRBHhbTy
nRBH)anseRmcenAEpndI dUcCaenAsansYKEdr .
enAeBlEdlelakGdam
nignageGv:a)aneFVI)ab
enaHBYkeK)an
hat;smnUvbMNgcitrbs;BYkeK
EdlpyeTAnwgbMNgRBHhbTyrbs;
RBH
nigmnusSCatiTaMgGs; Edl)anseRmcdUcCaFab;)anTTYlnUvkarekIt eLIgenAfenaH .

57

Gs;rykalCaeRcInqaMmkehIy
EdleyIg)anGFisansUm[)an
seRmctamcitrbs;eyIgfa {RBHGmas;eGIy eyIgRtvkarnUvLanfI mYy pHfImYy
kargarmYy}
CaedIm
.
eyIgkMBugEtEsVgrknUvrbs;TaMg
Lay
KWCarbs;sMxan;EdleyIgRtvkar
ehIyCaesckIGFisan[)an
seRmctambMNgcitrbs;eyIg .
\LvenHeyIgemIleXIjRBHeysUv minEmnRtwmEtCaRBHGg segaH
nigCaGkRbTanBrrbs;eyIgb:ueNaHeT KWRTg;kCaRBHGmas; nig Caescrbs;eyIgpgEdr
. eyIgkMBugEtcuHcUltambMNgRBHhbTyn RTg; edIm,I[bMNgcitrbs;eyIg
minenACayUrGEgVgteTAeLIy edaykar niyayfa {RBHGmas;eGIy
sUmseRmctambMNgRBHhbTyrbs; RTg;cuH> > >} .
bMNgRBHhbTynRBH
minGac)anseRmcenAkgEtmYyEpkn
EpndIrbs;eyIgenaHeLIy KWdrabNaEdleyIg)anenACarUbkayrbs;RBH RKIs
KWeyIgRtvniyayfa {RBHGmas;eGIy sUm[bMNgRBHhbTy RTg;
)anseRmcenAEpndI dUcCaenAsansYKEdr} . esckIGFisanenH KYr[RBWRBcGVIem:Hh+
eyIgmankarTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHkarRKb)aMg
eTAelI
RkmRKsarrbs;eyIg
GkCitxagrbs;eyIg TIRkgrbs;eyIg RBmTaMg RbeTsEdleyIgrs;enA .
GarkS)anmkRbeyaCn_Etnwgsmab; lYc nigbMpajb:ueNaH .
ehtuplEdlvaGaceFVI)anenAkgtMbn;nsiTiGMNacrbs;eyIg
KWeday
sarEteyIgmin)aneronBIrebobGFisan
BIGVIEdleyIgRtvniyayb:ueNaH
eyIgmin)aneronBIrebobrMedaHGMNacecsarbs;RBHcUleTAkgsankarN_ rbs;eyIg .
eyIgmankaryl;dwgnUvrebobrMedaHbMNgRBHhbTynRBH
Edl
)anseRmcenAkgtMbn;nsiTiGMNacrbs;eyIgeRcInb:uNa
enaHesckI
GFisandKYr[rMePIbkmaneRcInb:ueNaHEdr eyIg)ansikSanUvRBHbnl rbs;RBH
nig)anGFisanedayviBaaNeRcInb:uNa
enaHeyIgnwgdwgBIrebob
niyaytambMNgRBHhbTynRBHCabnbnab; enAkgEdndIrbs;eyIg eRcInb:ueNaHEdr
.

etInKrrbs;RBHKWCaGVI?
karTayedayeharadanIEy:l
eyIgRtvEtniyayBInKrrbs;RBH [)ancUleTAkgsankarN_ rbs;eyIg .
eyIgRtvEtniyayfa
{sUm[raCrbs;RTg;)anmkdl;}
.

58

edIm,IeFVIkarenHy:agmanRbsiTiPaBbEnmeTot
enaHeyIgRtvEtyl;BIGVI
EdlCaraCrbs;RBH)anmkdl; .
RBHKm<IrdanIEy:l 713/14/17/18 Ecgfa xMJkeXIjkgkar
Cak;EsgeBlyb;enaH man1GgdUcCamnusSCatiRTg;yagmkkgBBkBd Gakas
RTg;yagmkRBHdmanRBHCnBIburaNenaH ehIymaneKnaMcUl eTAcMeBaHRBHGg
enaH)anRbTan[RTg;manGMNacRKb;RKg
nigsirIl
RBmTaMg[manraCpg
edIm,I[bNaCnTaMgLay sasn_dT nigmnusS RKb;Pasa )aneKarBdl;RTg;
GMNacRKb;RKgrbs;RTg; enaHksitesr enAGs;kl, \tEdlkng)at;eLIy
ehIyraCrbs;RTg;nwgbMpajmin)an
pg>>>
stVFMTaMg4enaH
KWCaesc4GgEdlnwgekIteLIgenAEpndI
EtBYk
brisuTrbs;RBHdx<s;bMput
eKnwgTTYlraC ehIynwg)anraCenaHCarbs; pgxnenACanic KWGs;kl,teTA .
eyIg)aneronRsg;ecjBIRBHKm<IrdanIEy:l EdlniyayBInKrdGs; kl,
ehIyBYkGkbrisuTEdl)anTTYlva .
karTayedayelaky:Uhan)ab;TIs

elaky:Uhan)andwgBIraCrbs;RBH KW)anenAkgdeyIgehIy .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 32 Ecgfa cUr[ERbcitcuH d,itnKrsansYK Citdl;ehIy .
nKrrbs;RBH)anmkdl;EpndI tamryRBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUv .
eRkaymkKWenAeBlEdlelaky:UhanenAkgKuk Kat;)an[eKsYr fa
etIRBHeysUvKWCamYyGgEdlRtvyagmk
EdlKat;)anTayTukmk
b
kRtvrg;caMmYyGgeTot RBHeysUvRTg;k)anRbTannUvcemIytbeTAvij pgEdr .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 114/5 Ecgfa RBHeysUv RTg;manbnltb fa
cUreTAR)ab;y:UhanBIesckITaMgb:unan
EdlGkkMBugEtB
ehIyeXIjcuH
KWfamnusSxVak;)anPW mnusSxVin)anedIrrYc mnusSXg;)anCasat mnusS fg;)anB
mnusSsab;)anrs;eLIgvij ehIymnusSTal;Rk)anBdMNwgl pg .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbBancemIyeTAdl;elaky:Uhanfa mnusSxVak; )anPW
mnusSxVinedIr)an mnusSXg;)anCasat mnusSK)ansab;B mnusS sab;)anrs;eLIgvij
ehIydMNwglEdl)anpSBVpSayeTAehIy enaHKWCa Pstag EdlbBaak;fa
nKrRBH)anmkdl;ehIy .

RBHeysUvRTg;manbnl ehIyRTg;)aneFVI
RBHeysUvRTg;)anebIksEmgBInKrrbs;RBH
KWmaneBlCaeRcIn
EdlbEnmeTAelIkarFanar:ab;rg
enAkgesckIGFisanrbs;RBHGmas;
.
eyIgGaceronBIGVI EdlnKrrbs;RBHbeBajskmPaB KWtamryRBHKm<Ir TaMgenHehIy .

59

RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFib,ayBInKr

nKrRBH)anmkdl;

nKrnigBYksisS

nKrRBHnigBYk70nak;

nKrnigesckIkMhwg

RBHKm<Irm:afay 935 Ecgfa RBHeysUv RTg;kyageTAdl; RKb;RkgRKb;PUmi

RBmTaMgbeRgnkgsalaRbCMuTaMgb:unan
ehIyRbkas
R)ab;dMNwglBInKr
RTg;keR)asGs;TaMgCMgWeraKa nigCraBikar kgBYk bNaCn[)anCa .
karGFib,ayBInKr KW)anTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHkareR)as[Ca dl;BYk GkQW
nigbeNjGs;TaMgCmWEdlmanenAkgBYkbNaCn .
RBHKm<IrlUka

1120

Ecgfa

b:uEnebIedjGarkS

edaysar

GglIRBHhsnRBHvij enaHc,as;CanKrRBH)anmkdl;Gkral;Ka ehIy.

RBHeysUvRTg;)anbBannUvkarbeNjviBaaNGaRkk;
edayTIsmal;
nnKrrbs;RBH)anmkdl;eyIgral;KaehIy .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbBanBYksisSTaMg12nak; [ecjeTApSay dMNwglBInKr .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 107/8k Ecgfa ehIykMBugEdleTA enaHcUr RbkasR)ab;fa
nKrsansYKCitdl;ehIy cUreR)asmnusSCMgW[Ca mnusS sab;[rs;eLIgvij
mnusSXg;[Casat ehIyedjGarkSecjpg>>> .
nKrRBHKWrYmbBalTaMgkareR)asGkCmW[Ca
mnusSXg;[Casat
eR)asGksab;[rs;eLIgvij nigbeNjviBaaNGaRkk;CaedIm .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbBanBYksisS70nak; [ecjeTApSaydMNwg lBInKr .
RBHKm<IrlUka 101/9-11 Ecgfa luHeRkaykarTaMgenaHmk
RBHGmas;RTg;dMrUv70nak;eTot
ehIycat;eK[eTAmunRTg;
mYyKUkg
RKb;RkgRKb;kEngEdlRTg;KityageTA>>> TaMgemIlBYkGkQWkgPUmienaH [Capg
ehIyR)ab;eKfa nKrRBHCitmkdl;Gkral;KaehIy EtPUmiNa EdlGkral;KacUleTA
ehIyeKminTTYleTenaHcUrecjeTApv
ehIy
niyayfa
EneTaHTaMgFUlIdIkgPUmiGkral;Ka
EdlCab;enAeCIgeyIg
enaH
eyIgkCUtecjTas;nwgGkral;KaEdr b:uEn RtvdwgesckIenHfa nKrRBH Citdl;ehIy .
nKrRBH)anmkdl;edaymankareR)as[Ca . RBHeysUvRTg;man bnlfa
{cUreR)asGkCmW[Ca edayniyayfa nKrRBH)anmkdl; ehIy} .

60

TIsmal;nigeBlcugeRkaybMput

RBHKm<Irm:afay 1112 Ecgfa taMgEtBIRKay:Uhan-)aTIs

drabdl;RKa\LvenH
enaHmaneKxMRbwgcab;)annKrsansYK
ehIyKWCaBYk
xMRbwgBitEdlcab;)anpg .
nKrRBHRtvrgTuknwgesckIkMhwg ehIyesckIRtvkaredIm,Icab;yk edaykarbgM
edayBYkGkeCO .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 2414 Ecgfa dMNwglenH EdlsMEdgBInKr
nwgRtvRbkasR)ab;TYeTARKb;kgelakiy TukCaTIbnal; dl;Gs;TaMg sasn_
enaHeTIbnwg)andl;cugbMput .
nKrRBHnwgRtv)anEckcayeTAkgelakiyTaMgGs; edaykareFVITI smal;
ehIybnab;mk TIbMputnwgRtv)anmkdl; .

elakPIlIB)anGFib,ayBInKr
elakPIlIB)anGFib,ayBInKr edaymanGMNacecsa . kman
mnusSCaeRcIn)anB
nig)aneXIjkarGsarEdlKat;)aneFVI
BBYkviBaaN
GaRkk;)anERsy:agxaMg
rYcecjmk
kmanmnusSsab;dsab;eCIg
nig
mnusSxVinCaeRcIn)anCaEdr .
RBHKm<Irkickar 85-8/12 Ecgfa PIlIBKat;cuHeTATIRkg1
enARsuksam:arI R)ab;eKBIRBHRKIs ehIybNamnusSkRsuHcitKa nigRbg
sab;Gs;TaMgesckI EdlPIlIBniyay edayeKBehIy eXIjTIsMKal; EdlKat;eFVI
eRBaHmanGarkSGesac Edl)ancUlmnusSCaeRcIn vaERsk eLIgCaxaMg rYcecjmk
kmanmnusSsab;dsab;eCIg nigmnusSxVinCa eRcIn)anCaEdr ehIyenATIRkgenaH
eKmanesckIGMNrCaxaMg>>>
Etkal
mnusSTaMgGs;)aneCOtamPIlIB
EdlKat;R)ab;dMNwglBInKrnRBH
ehIyBIRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIsvij
enaHeKkTTYlbuNRCmuCTwkTaMgRbs TaMgRsI .
dMNwglCadMbUg)anpSaecjeTA
KWbnab;BIRBHeysUvRTg;manRBHCn
rs;BIsuKteLIgvij KWRTg;)anKitKUrBInKrrbs;RBH .
karTaynUvGnaKtBInKr
RBHKm<IrvivrN 1115 Ecgfa ebIGkNacg;eFVITukdl;Gk2nak; enaH
nwgmanePIgecjBImat;eKmkbeBaHbMpajBYkxaMgsRtvvij ebIsinCa GkNacg;eFVITukeK
enaHRtvsab;eTAy:agdUecaH .
nKrTaMgLayrbs;elakiyenH nwg)anRtLb;mkCanKrrbs;RBH Gmas;neyIg
nigkarcak;eRbgtaMgrbs;RTg;ehIy

61

nKrminRtvregIreLIy
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 1225-28 Ecgfa cUrRbyt kMu[RbEkkmin
RBmsab;tamRBHGgEdlRTg;manbnleLIy
d,itebIsinCaGkTaMgenaH
EdlminRBmsab;tamelakm:Ues kgkalEdlelaksMEdgRBHbnl [ sab;enAEpndI
eKmin)anrYceTaseTAehIy enaHcMNg;ebIeyIgral;Ka Edl gakEbrecjBIRBH
EdlmanbnlBIsansYKmk
etItwgCagy:agNaeTA
sMeLgRTg;)aneFVI[EpndIkeRkIkrBayenAevlaenaH Et\LvenHRTg; snafa
GjnwgeFVI[keRkIkmgeTot minRtwmEtEpndIb:ueNaH KWTaMgp emXEfmeTotpg
rIBakEdlfa mgeTot enHsMEdgfa rbs;Edl RtvkeRkIk enaHRtverIecj
TukdUcCarbs;Edl)aneFVIehIy edIm,I[rbs; Edlmin)ankeRkIkTaMgb:unan)anFn;enAvij
dUecH
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enaHRtv[eyIgdwgKuN
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eyIgnwgbMerIRBHEbb[RTg;sBVRBHhbTy
TaMgmanciteKarBRbtibti ehIyekatxacdl;RTg; .
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enaHKWCamUldanRKwHcMeBaHcMeNHdwg
kgPaBCa
mnusSCatipal;rbs;eyIgral;Ka enaHGacregIr)an . kareCOelIRBHKWCa
mUldaneTAelIkarBiesaFn_
karsab;B
nigkaremIleXIjnKrrbs;RBH
Edl)anpSayecjeTAedaymanGMNacecsa TIsmal; karGsar nig kareFVIkarGsar
enaHminRtvregIreLIy . eyIgRtvkarGFisandUcCaRBH eysUvRTg;manbnlfa
{sUm[raCRTg;)anmkdl; sUm[bMNgRBHhbTyRTg;)an seRmc
enAEpndIdUcCaenAsansYKEdr} .

nKrsansYKKWmanenAkgcit

minGacemIleXIj

eyIg)ankMBugEtsikSaTIsmal;EpkxageRkA
nnKrrbs;RBH
nig
eFVI[BYkeKmankarrMePIb
TIsmal;TaMgenH
KWCaGVIEdlRBHRTg;)aneRbI
edIm,IeQagcab;yknUvcemIy edaymankarsEmgRBHbnlnesckI segaH .
nKrrbs;RBHKWenAxagkg enAxagkgGkeCO .
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa nKrrbs;RBHKWminGacemIleXIj eLIy
KWCaviBaaNEdlenAxagkgeyIgenaHvij .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1720/21 Ecgfa BYkparIs eKTUlsYrRTg;BI nKrRBH
EdlRtvmkdl;enAevlaNa
enaHRTg;manbnleqIyfa
nKrRBH

62

minEmnmkEbb[emIleXIjeT KanGkNanwgfa emIl enATIenH

emIlenATIenaH)aneLIyd,itemIl nKrRBHkenAkNalGkral;KaehIy .

bfa

karcUleTAkgnKrsansYK

GkRtvEt)anekItCafI

elaknIkUedm)anmkRBHeysUvTaMgyb; .
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hVaysasn_yUdamak; eQaHnIkUedm elakkmkRBHeysUvTaMgyb;TUl fa elakRK
eyIgdwgfa elakCaRKmkBIRBHBit d,itKanGkNaGacnwg eFVITIsMKal;
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R)akdEmn
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fa
eFVIdUcemcnwgekIteLIg)an
kgkalEdlcas;ehIy
etIGacnwgcUleTA
kgeBaHmaymgeTot ehIyekIteLIgvij)anb .
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ecHGYtGagy:agsMebImNas; emIlcuH ePIgEtbniceT Gac nwgeqHRBFMeTA)an
ehIyGNatkCaePIgEdr
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nigstVenAkgsmuRT enaHeKGacnwgpSaMg)an kmanmnusS)anpSaMgehIy Edr .
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KWekItxagRBHviBaaN . manmnusSCaeRcIn)anGFisan CaesckI GFisanedayR)aCJa
KWCacMeNHdwgEdlBYkeKeCOfa
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.
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xagEpkxYrk,alrbs;BYkeKsRmab;RBHRKIs
b:uEn
BYkeKmin)aneFVIkar
pas;breTAtamCIvit Edlmankarpas;ERbeTAtamRBHeysUvRKIsenaH eLIy .
BYkeKmin)anekItCafIedayRBHviBaaNnRBHeT . RBHeysUv RTg;manbnlfa
rbs;EdlekItBIsac;KWCasac;eT rbs;EdlekItBIRBH viBaaN enaHCaviBaaNvij .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa
eyIgral;Ka
eyIgmin)anTTYlviBaaNrbs;elakiyeT
KWTTYl
RBHviBaaNEdlmkBIRBHvij
edIm,I[)ansal;Gs;TaMgRBHKuN
EdlRBH

63

)anpl;mkeyIg>>> bu:En mnusSxagsac;Qam eKminTTYlesckIxag

RBHviBaaNnRBHeT
BIeRBaHCaesckIlg;elIdl;eK
krksal;min)anEdr
d,itRtg;esckITaMgenaH RtvBicarNayl;xagviBaaNvij 1kUrinfUs 212/14 .
manerOgBitEdlKYr[RBy)armmYy
EdlmanmnusSCaeRcInenA
kgRBHviharnafGaTitkgkarfVaybgMenAeBlRBwk minEdl)anTTYlnUv karekItCafIeT
. manGkxH)anTTYlnUvkarrs;eLIgvij KWCaBYkCMnuMenA tampH b:uEn
BYkeKminEdl)anTTYlnUvkarBiesaFn_nkar)anekItCafI enaHeT . manGkdTeTot
)anTak;TgCamYynwgGgkar
b:uEn
minEdl
)anFab;CYbRbTHCamYyRBHeysUvCalkNbuKlenaHeT . CaerOy BYkeKEtgEtKitfa
CamnusSl CamnusSsMxan; . BYkeKGacCaGkdwknaM enAkgBYkCMnuM b:uEn
BYkeKminEdl)anGFisan edaykarTTYlRBHeysUv eFVICaRBHGgsegaHedaypal;xn
enaHRtvGFisany:agdUecHfa

edaykar)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgBIRBHbnlrbs;RBH
enaH
)andwgy:agc,as;fa CamnusSman)ab . eCOfa RBHeysUvRTg;CaRBH
raCbuRtaEtmYyKt;rbs;RBH
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nig)anekItCamYynwgRsIRBhcarI eQaHnagm:ara . eCOfa RTg;manRBH Cnrs;enA
CaCIvitEdlKan)ab ehIyRTg;manbMNgsuKt edIm,I[)anCa RbeyaCn_dl;
KWRTg;)anelaHGMeBI)abrbs;ehIy . eCOfa RTg;)an manRBHCnrs;BIsuKteLIgvij
nirs;enAsBVfeFVICayBabUCaCMnYsGMeBI)ab rbs; RTg;KWCaGMeNaynkarGt;eTas
nigesckIsegaHeday\t)ac; ecjfeT .
dwgfa Rtvkar)anekItCafI KWRtvEtEbrcitecjGMeBI)ab .
TUlsUm[RTg;yagmkKg;enAkgcitrbs; nigCYysegaH . TUlbgM
sUmTTYlRTg;eFVICaRBHGgsegaHpal;xnrbs;TUlbgM . RBHeysUv eGIy
GrRBHKuNdl;RBHGg sRmab;karEdlRTg;)ansegaHTUlbgMenA eBl\LvenH

vaCakarKanlTPaBedIm,Irs;enACaCIvPaBRKIsan
KWenAeBlEdl
mnusSmak;minTan;)anTTYlnUvCIvitrbs;RBH mkKg;enAkgKat; bnagenA eLIyenaHeT
RbsinebIRbeyaKxagelI )anbNal[elakGkmankarsgS enAkgKMnit
cUrGFisanenAeBl\LvenH . elakGkGacdwgfa elakGk )anekItCafIehIy .
elakGkGacdwgfa elakGk)anCaEpkmYynnKr rbs;RBHehIy .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrenAkgRBHKm<IrrU:mfa
ehIyRBHviBaaNRTg;keFVIbnal;nwgviBaaNeyIgfa eyIgCakUn rbs;RBH r:Um
816 .

64

eyIgminGaccUleTAkgCIvitnesckIGFisan)aneLIy
NaEteyIg)anGFisanCaesckIGFisanrbs;Gkman)ab
eyIg)ancUleTAkgnKrrbs;RBH .

luHRta
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65

esckIsuxsan

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ruWERttfI

66

esckIGMNr

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.
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67

begItnUvcemIycMeBaHbBaaTaMgLayrbs;eyIg ehIyTUlsUm[RBHRTg; )anbMeBjnUv

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.

2>

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68

emeronTI 5
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naM[mankarrMeCIbrMCYldl;CIvitnkarGFIsanrbs;eyIg .

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69

RBHeysUvRTg;)anbeRgndl;BYkeyIg [mankartsUenAkgkar GFisan .

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{RBHGmas;eGIy
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70

cUrrkenaHnwgeXIj

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rYckalnag)aneTAdl; pHvij keXIjkUnedkenAelIERK GarkS)anecjeRscehIy .

71

cUreKaHmannyfakartsU
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enaHnwgebIk[ .

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72

cUreKaHTVar

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enaHeyIgnwg)ansg;eLIgnUvesckICMenOenaH[)ancUlmk eyIgvij .
RBHvrbitarbs;elakGkRTg;)anRCabehIy

RBHRTg;RCabnUvesckIRtvkarrbs;eyIg
muneBlEdleyIg)an
TUlsUmenaHeTAeTot . vaKankarPJak;epIlcMeBaHRTg;eLIy enAeBlEdl
erOgr:avxH)ancUlmk edayminsgwmfa nwg)ancUlmkkgCIvitrbs;eyIg enaHeLIy .
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlGMBIkarenHPam
bnab;BIRTg;)an
manbnl
GMBIkareBalBakpnCaGsar\tkarenaHmk .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 68x Ecgfa >>>d,itRBHvrbitanGk RTg;RCab
nUvrbs;GVIEdlGkRtvkar munEdlGksUmpg .

73

eharaeGlIy:aRbqaMgTb;Tl;nwgBYkeharaRBH)al
KMrUdxaMgkabMputnkareBalBakpn
KWRtv)aneKrkeXIjenAkg
karRbTl;muxrvageharaeGlIy:a nigBYksgrbs;RBH)al .
RBHKm<Ir1BgSavtarkSRt 1826-29 Ecgfa eKkTTYlyk eKa1
Edl)an[dl;eK
rYceKerobcM
ehIyGMBavnavdl;RBHnamnRBH
)al
cab;taMgBIRBwkrhUtdl;fRtg;fa RBH)aleGIy sUmeqIymkeyIg ral;Kapg
b:uEnKanBsMeLg bcMeLIyNaeqIymkesaH eKkelatBT CuMvijGasna
EdleK)aneFVIenaH RKadl;eBlfRtg;ehIy enaHeGlIy:a eBalcMGkfa
cUrERsk[xaMgeLIg d,itelakCaRBHRbEhlCakMBugrMBwg Kit b)anfyecj1EPt
beFVIdMeNIr bRbEhlCaedklk;eTdwg Rtvdas; elakeLIg eKkERskxaMgeLIg
RBmTaMgykkaMbitqUtsac;tamTMlab;
rbs;eK
Tal;EtQamhUrRbLak;kay
luHkalhYsfRtg;ehIy enaHeKk fVaybgM rhUtdl;eBlfVaydgVaylac
EtKanBsMeLg bcMeLIyNae qIymkesaH kKanGkNasab;pg .
BYksgrbs;RBH)al
)anelatcuHelateLIgenAEk,rGasna
nig
ERskeBjmYyf . BYkeKk)anGarsac;xng rhUtdl;manQamhUr ecjmk b:uEn
enAEtKancemIyGMBIRBH)aldl;BYkeKTal;EtesaH .
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)anCYsCulGasnanRBHGmas;sarCafIeLIgvij
ehIy)anbBaaBYkeK[
cak;TwkBIelIdgVay Tal;EtdgVay)anTTwkeCaKGs; . bnab;mk ehara
eGlIy:a)ancUlmkCitniyayfa
Kat;min)anxMRbwgERsk
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bkeFVI[mankarlVIgCUrct;dl;xnKat;eLIy
.
TaMgGs;enHKWCaTIsmal;
dl;GkminTan;eCO . Kat;)anniyayfa > > > ehIydgVayenHnwgRtv)an eqHGs;eTA .
RBHKm<Ir1BgSavtarkSRt
1830-39
Ecgfa
bnab;enaH
eGlIy:amanRbsasn_eTAbNaCnfa
sUmcUlmkCitvij
CnTaMgLayk
EGbcUlmkCitelak rYcelakCYsCulGasnanRBHeyhUv:a Edl)anrMlM ehIy
eGlIy:aelakykf12
tamcMnYnBUCGMbUrBYkkUnecAy:akub
Edl
RBHbnlnRBHeyhUv:a)anmkdl;elakenaHfa eQaHgRtvehAfa GRsaEGlvij
elakkykfTaMgenaH sagGasna1fVayRBHnamRBH eyhUv:a kCIkRbLayBTCuMvij
manTMhMlmdak;BUCRsUv2rgVal; rYcelak dak;]sCalMdab; kkab;eKaenaHCadMu
dak;BIelIehIyR)ab;fa cUrdgTwk eBj4km ykmkcak;elIdgVaynwg]senH
rYcelakR)ab;fa cUrcak;mg eTot enaHeKkcak;mgeTot rYcelakR)ab;fa cUrcak;mgeTot

74

esckIGFisanrbs;Kat;

eKkcak;Ca KMrb;3dg TwkenaH)anhUrBTCuMvijGasna eKkcak;TwkrhUtdl;eBj

RbLayEdr .
luHdl;eBlfVaydgVaylac enaHeharaeGlIy:akcUlmkCitTUl fa
RBHeyhUv:a
CaRBHnGR)ahaM
nGsak
ehIynGRsaEGleGIy
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RTg;CaRBHnBYkGRsaEGl
ehIyfa
TUlbgMCaGkbMerIRTg;
RBmTaMgfaTUlbgM)aneFVIkarTaMgenH
edaysab;
tamRBHbnlRTg;pg sUmsab;TUlbgM RBHeyhUv:aeGIy sUmsab;TUl bgM
edIm,I[RbCaCnenH)andwgfa KWRTg;RBHeyhUv:aeGIy EdlCaRBH ehIyfa
KWRTg;EdlnaMciteKRtLb;mkvij xNenaHePIgnRBHeyhUv:ak Fak;cuHbeBaHdgVay
RBmTaMg]s f nigFUlIdI ehIykliTTwkEdlenAkg RbLayGs;eTAEdr
kalBYkCnTaMgLay)aneXIj enaHeKkRkabpab;mux eBalfa RBHeyhUv:aRTg;CaRBH
RBHeyhUv:aRTg;CaRBHBitehIy .

karerI]bsKecalecj
enAeBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anbeRgnBIesckIGFisan
enaHRTg;
)anbeRgnGMBIsac;erOgTaMgenaH EdlRtvEt)ankarBarraraMgnUvesckI GFisanrbs;eyIg
BIkarEdl)ansab;BTaMgGM)alm:aN .
ehtuplEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisan
)anmanbnl
enaHnwg
RtvEtekIteLIgedayPam enaHKWminEmnedaysarEtRTg;CaRBHraCbuRta nRBHenaHeT
. RTg;)anGnuvtenAelIEpndIenH CaelakGdamcugeRkay KWRTg;)anGnuvtCaelakGdam
nignageGv:a EdlRTg;)anbegIt[manenA enaHg . ehtuplnesckIGFisanrbs;RTg;
KWRtvEt)anTTYlnUv
cemIy
EdleBjedayGMNacecsabMput
KWedayeRBaHEtCIvitrbs;RTg;
maneBjedayPaBbrisuT
.
KWKanGVICa]bsKenAcMeBaHRTg;eLIy .
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EdleyIgGnuBaatedayxngkgkarcUl
rYmCamYynwgGMeBI)ab
ehIybnab;mkkmankarql;fa
ehtuGVI)anCaRBH
RTg;minRBmeqIytbnwgesckIGFisanrbs;eyIgy:agdUecH .
elaksavkb:ul)aneFVIkarRBmandl;eyIgfa
kMu[RcLMeLIy nigbeBaatRBHmin)aneT d,itBUCNaEdlmnusS eRBaHcuH
enaHnwgRct)anBUCenaHgvij
GkNaEdleRBaHxagsac;Qam
rbs;xn
nwgRct)anesckIBukrlYyBIsac;QamenaHg EtGkNaEdl eRBaHxagRBHviBaaN
enaHnwgRct)anCIvitGs;kl,Canic BIRBHviBaaN vij kaLaTI 67/8 .

75

edIm,I[)ankayeTACaburs
nigsInesckIGFisanEdlmaneBj
edayGMNacecsabEnmeTot
enaHeyIgRtvEtcMNayeBl[)anyl;
nig
[)anerIecjRKb;TaMg]bsK .
BYkGkmineCO
enAeBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anyagvilRtLb; mkkan;Rsuk kMeNItrbs;RTg;vij
ebIeTaHCaRTg;manesckICMenORKb;lkN_y:agNa
keday
kRTg;min)ansEmgbTiedIm,IeFVIkarenATIenaHEdr
.
RBHKm<Ir
m:afay)anR)ab;eyIgBIehtuplEdleKminRBmeCO
.
BYkGkmineCOKW)an
RbqaMgCMTas;nwgesckICMenO .
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enaHkbeRgneKenAkgsalaRbCMu dl;em:H)anCaeKnwkEbkkg cit ehIyniyayfa
etIGkenH)ancMeNH nigkarbTi)armITaMgenHBINamk etIminEmnCakUnrbs;CageQIeTbGI
etImayminEmneQaHm:ara ehIybg bneQaHy:akub y:Ues sm:Un ehIynigyUdaseTbGI
bnRsI etIminenA CamYynwgeyIgeTbGI dUecH etI)anesckITaMgenHBINamk eKkrvatcit
ecjBIRTg;
EtRBHeysUvmanbnleTAeKfa
eharaminEmn\teKrab;GaneT
elIkEtenAkgRsuk bkgpHrbs;xnecj .
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enAeBlEdlRTg;)anBBaksmIfa {kUnelaksab; ehIy} y:agdUecH? KWRTg;manbnlfa
{[RKan;EteCO} b:ueNaH .
etIRBHeysUvRTg;manbny:agdUcemc
eTAkan;BYkmnusSxVak;
Edl
kMBugEtsuMTanenAmat;fl;? {[tamesckICMenOrbs;GkcuH} .
etIRBHeysUvRTg;manbnly:agdUcemc
eTAkan;nagm:afaEdlenA
prrbs;elakLasar? {RbsinebInag)aneCO enaHnagnwgeXIjsirIl rbs;RBH}
eyIgminGacTTYlnUvcemIy cMeBaHesckIGFisanrbs;eyIgenaH eT
RbsinebIeyIgrs;enAedaymankarsgS nigmineCO .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 15-7 Ecgfa EtebIGkral;KaNamYyxVHR)aCJa
manEtsUmdl;RBH EdlRTg;RbTandl;mnusSTaMgGs;edaysTa \t benaspg
enaHRTg;nwgRbTan[ EtRtv[GkenaHsUmedayciteCO \t sgSyGVIesaH
d,itGkNaEdlsgSy enaHeRbbdUcCarlksmuRTEdl Rtvpat;edayxl;
TaMgrMeBIkcuHeLIg kuM[mnusSy:agenaHnwksanfa xn nwg)anGVIBIRBHGmas;eLIy .

76

karxVHxatnUvcMeNHecHsat;
enAkgRBHKm<IreGsay
nighUes
eyIg)anGannUvRbeyaKxH
EdlbBaak;y:agFn;Fr .
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)anRtvcab;eTACaeQIy KWedayeRBaHeKxVHR)aCJa>>> .
RBHKm<IrhUes 46k Ecgfa rasGj eKRtvbMpajeTA edayxVH xatdMriH>>> .
RbsinebIeyIgmindwgBIGVI
EdlRBHbnlrbs;RBH)anEcgGMBIsan
karN_mYymkeT
enaHetIeyIgnwgGacmanesckICMenOdUcemc)an?
esckI
CMenOdBitKWGac)anRtwEttaMgmUldan enAelIRBHbnlrbs;RBHb:ueNaH .
cMeNHecHsat;KWmanmUldanelIcMeNHdwgGMBIRBH
nigesckIsucrit
nRBHGgenaHg .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 102/3 Ecgfa d,iteFVIbnal;BIeKfa eKman
esckI]sSah_dl;RBH bu:En minEmnedayR)aCJaeT BIeRBaHeKmin)ancuH cUl
tamesckIsucritnRBH
edayeKrktaMgesckIsucritrbs;xneK
\t
sal;esckIsucritrbs;RTg;eLIy .
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RBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVIpyBIesckIGFisan
EdlmanGMnYt
KWeday
karbnabxnvij .
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GFisankgRBHvihar mYyCaBYkparIs mYyeTotCaGkykBn GkparIsk
QrtaMgGFisanEtmak;gdUecHfa RBHGgeGIy TUlbgMGrRBHKuNdl; RTg;
eRBaHTUlbgMmindUcCamnusSeTot EdlCamnusSbn; Tucrit ehIy kMpit
bdUbCaGkykBnenHeT
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ehIykfVay
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minTaMgegIbemIleTAelIemXpg
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d,itGs;GkNaEdldMekIgxn enaHnwgRtvbnabvij ehIyGkNaEdlbnabxn
enaHnwg)andMekIgeLIg .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anRtas;ehABYkGkniBn nigBYkparisuIEdllak; But
BIeRBaHBYkeK)anGFisan CaesckIGFisanEdlmankarlak;But .

77

RBHKm<Irm:afay 2314 Ecgfa evTnadl;Gkral;Ka BYk Gacar nigBYkparIs

CamnusSkMButeGIy d,itGkral;KaxMsURtFm[eRcIn edIm,I[)anqsIupHBYkemm:ay
ehtudUecaH Gkral;KanwgRtveTas Fn;Cag eTAeTot .
PaBminGt;eTas

edIm,IeFVIkarGt;eTasKWRtvEtGt;eTas

eyIgrs;enAkgelakiydEsnminRKb;lkN_bMputmYy
.
eyIg
TaMgGs;Ka)anenAkgkRmitmYy EdlmankarQWcab; karrMelaPbMBan karbdiesFn_
nigkarkuhkepSg . etIeyIg)anBkarniyayBIGkxHy:ag dUcemcfa
{b:uEnBYkeKmin)anKYrnwgTTYlnUvkarGt;eTasenaHeLIy} . Bit R)akdNas;
GVIEdlmnusSKYrnwgTTYl
KWKanGVIeRkAkarBIkarGt;eTasenaH
eLIy
.
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eTAelIGVIEdlmnusSdTeTot)anGt;eTas
bminGt;eTas
enaHEdr
.
karenaHKYrEtdak;muxgardl;BYkeK [enAEtGacRKb;RKgelI eyIg)an .
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dl;mnusSdTeTot
bdl;mnusSCaeRcInenaHeT
.
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seRmcRBHTyeFVIkar[)angayRsYldl;eyIgral;KavijeTetI
.
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eyIgminGacbnkareFVI[manCIvitkan;EtRbesIreLIgedayxngenaHeT
.
karminGt;eTas KWeFVI[eyIgCab;cMNgdl;mnusSenaH bdl;snakarN_ enaHg .
manEtpvmYyeT EdleFVI[eyIgGackac;bM)ak;nUvkarminGt; eTasenaH)an .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbeRgneyIgnUvesckIGFisanfa
KankarTTYl
nUvcemIy)aneLIy luHRtaEteyIgedaHyknUvkarminGt;eTasecjBIcit eyIgsin .
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ebIGkmanehtuGVInwgGkNa enaHRtvGt;eTas[eKsin edIm,I[ RBHvrbitanGkral;Ka
EdlKg;enAsansYK
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enaHRBHvrbita
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enaHKWCakar
sUm[GkdTeTot)anGt;eTas[eyIgenaHg . cUrcMNaMfa RBHeysUv
RTg;min)anmanbnlfa RbsinebIeyIg)aneFVIxusdl;bgbnRbsrbs; eyIg bgbnRsI
enAkgRBHGmas;
enaHeT
.
KWRTg;manbnlfa
Rbsin
ebIBYkeK)aneFVIGVIxusTas;TTwgnwgBYkeyIgvij .

78

RBHKm<Irm:afay 523/24 Ecgfa dUecH ebIkalNaGknaMyk

dgVaymkdl;Gasna ehIyenATIenaHGknwkeXIjfa bgbnNamanehtu GVITas;nwgGk
enaHRtvTukdgVayrbs;GkenAmuxGasna
ehIyeTArkCanwg
bgbnCamunsin
rYcswmmkfVaydgVayGkcuH .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbegItnUvkarGt;eTas
CaEpkmYynesckI
GFisanrbs;RBHGmas; ehIyRTg;k)anbeRgnbEnmeTotGMBIkarGt; eTasPam
eTAtamesckIGFisanenaH . RTg;kmin)anbBaak;bEnm eTot [)anc,as;las;enaHEdr
KWRbsinebIelakGkcg;[RBHRTg;)anGt;
eTas[elakGk
enaHKWRKan;EtGt;eTas[GkdTenaH)anehIy .
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rbs;eyIg dUcCaeyIg)anGt;eTas dl;Gs;GkEdleFVIxusnwgeyIg
Edr>>>
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enaHRBHvrbitanGk
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cMeBaHkarrMlgc,ab; EdlGk ral;KaRbRBwteFVIEdr .

RtvGt;eTas7dl;eTA70dg

)avbeRmIdGaRkk;

elaksavkeBRts)anlUtlas;eLIg enAkgRbBnnc,ab;Rkwt viny .

Kat;)anTUlsYreTARBHeysUvy:agdUecH {etI[TUlbgMGt;eTas[ eKRtwm7dgbGI?}
KWKat;)anTUlsUmsRmab;dl;BYkGkRKb;RKgsasna .
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RBHGmas;eGIy ebIbgbbneFVI)abnwg enaHRtv[Gt;eTas [eKdl;bu:nandg
etIdl;7dgbGI RBHeysUvRTg;manbnltbfa minfa [GkGt;eTasRtwmEt7dgeT
KWdl;7citsibdgeTAeTot .
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BYkeKRtvEtmankarGPivDn_ nUvkarGt;eTasCaRbcaMCIvitCab; CaerogrhUt .
vanwgminmanlTPaBRKb;RKan;
edIm,Ikan;xab;nUvbNaeBl
evla
EdleyIgRtvGt;eTasdl;GkdTeTot[)anRKb;bYnryekAsibdg enaHeT .
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnleRbbRbdUc GMBIsarsMxan;nkarGt; eTas .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1823-35 Ecgfa dUecH nKrsansYKRtv
eRbbdUcCaesc1Gg Edlcg;KitbBaInwgBYk)avRBav kalRTg;cab;taMg Kit

79

enaHeKnaMkUnbMNulmak;mk EdlCMBak;R)ak;2ekadi EtedayeRBaHGk enaHKanGVInwgsg

)anCaecAhVaybgab;[lk;xnva
RBmTaMgRbBnkUnnig
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bBiRtRBHkruNa sUmRTg;emtabgg;[TUlbgMsin TUlbgMnwgsgfVayRTg;RKb;cMnYn
ecAhVayrbs;)avenaH
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RBmTaMgElgTarbMNulpg Etkal)avenaH)anecjeTAehIy kcYbRbTH nwgKUknmak;
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enaHvacab;Rc)ac;kGkenaH
eday
Bakfa
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nwgsgCUnGk EtvaminRBmeT RtLb;Ca)ancab;GkenaH naMeTAdak;Kukvij
Tal;Et)ansgbMNulrYc kalBYkKUkneK)aneXIjkar enaH eKmancitQWqalNas;
knaMKaeTATUldl;ecAhVayBIkarTaMgb:unan EdlekItmk
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etIminKYr[gGaNitemtadl;KUkng dUcCaGj)anGaNitemta dl;gEdreTbGI
ecAhVaykmanesckIeRkaF
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y:agenaH ebIGkral;KaminGt;eTaskarrMlgrbs;bgbneday sRKBIciteT
enaHRBHvrbitan EdlKg;enAsansYK RTg;knwgRbRBwtnwg Gkral;KadUecaHEdr .
eyIgRtv)anTTYlnUvkarGt;eTasCaeRcInmkBIRBH nUvGMeBI)ab rbs;eyIgBIGtIt
nigesckIkMhusrbs;eyIgenAeBlbcb,nenH
RBmTaMg
rebobEdleyIgminGacGt;eTas)andl;GkdTeTot .

karerIecjnUveRKgraraMgGMeBI)ab
cab;BIeBlevlarbs;elakGdam
nignageGv:amk
KW)anecHlak;
BYnxnBIRBHenAkgsYnc,areGEdn GMeBI)abenaHehIyEdl)anQrXaMgCa kNal
rvagRBHdbrisuT nigmnusSRbs-RsIEdl)aneFVI)abenaH .
RBHKm<IreGsay 591/2 Ecgfa emIl RBHhsnRBHeyhUv:a minEmnrYjxI
EdlnwgCYysegaHmin)anenaHeT
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ehIynigRBHngeTetI
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Ka
)an)aMgRBHPkRTg;min[geXIj
dl;em:H)anCaRTg;minRBmsab;
eT .

80

RBHeysUvRTg;)anbg;felaHnUvGMeBI)abrbs;eyIg
b:uEn
eyIgk
RtvEtTTYlyknUvEpknkarRbTanBrrbs;RTg;
sRmab;karGt;eTas
nig
karerIecjnUvGMeBI)ab . manesovePACaeRcInEdl)ansresrEcgBIesckI GFisan
edaymankarsntiCamun
EdlesckIBitTaMgenH
KWCaPstag
bBaak;BIGataniymdBiteTAvij
.
b:uEn
kmanmnusSRbs-RsICaeRcIn
EdlmanlTPaBdFMsem,Im edIm,IeFVI[xngeCOTukcit)anfaxn)aneFVI )abenaH
KWCakargarBiessEdlCarbs;BYkeK KWCakaryl;dwg nigkar emIl[sBVedayRBH .
karenHKWminEmnCakareFVIy:agdUecaHeLIy . escsaLm:Un)ansresrEcgTukmkfa
manpvmYyEdlemIleTAdUc CaRtwmRtvldl;mnusS EtcugbMput npvenaH
KWCaesckIsab;vij suPasit 1412 .
RBHRTg;min)anTtrMlgnUvGMeBI)abeLIy
.
vaCakarpyCMTas;eTA
nwglkNFmCati nigRBHbnlrbs;RBHGg . RBHdbrisuTRTg;minGac
nwgmanRBHvtmancMeBaHGMeBI)ab)aneLIy
ehIyRBHKuNrbs;RTg;
knwg
min)anTtrMlgCasVyRbvti bkGt;eTasnUvGMeBI)abenaH)anEdr .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 61/2 Ecgfa dUecH eyIgnwgfadUcemc etIRtv[
eyIgecHEtRbRBwtGMeBI)abeTAeTot edIm,I[RBHKuN)ancMerIneLIgbGI eT minRtveLIy
eFVIdUcemc[eyIgEdlsab;xagGMeBI)abehIy )anenArs; kgGMeBI)abeTot)an .
GMeBI)abEdlmanenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg
enAkgTRmg;NamYy
enaH
nwgbBab;nUvesckIGFisanrbs;eyIg BIkarEdlRTg;)ansab;BenaH .
karsarPaB nigkarGt;eTas)ab
etIeyIgRtvTTYlplnGMeBI)ab
EdlmanenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg
edayrebobNa? KWedaymankaresaHRtg;bMput EdlenACamYyeyIg nig RBH
edaykarRtas;ehAecjBIGMeBI)ab
KWCaGVIEdleyIg)aneFVIenaH
ehIy
sarPaBnUvGMeBI)abenaHenAcMeBaHRBH . eyIgminGaceFVIkarecaTRbkan; )aneLIy .
{BitEmnehIy minEmncg;mannyfa vaCameFa)ayenaH eLIy b:uEn > > >}
eyIgminGacniyayfa {vaRKan;EtCaerOgbnicbncenaH eLIy > > >} .
edIm,I[)anTTYlnUvkarGt;eTas nigTTYlnUvkarsmat[)anrab; Casucrit
enaHeyIgRtvEtRbQmmuxnwgGMeBI)abrbs;pgeyIg
edaykar
esaHRtg;
nigkarln;tYnUvGMeBI)abenaHeTAdl;RBH .
RBHKm<Ir1y:Uhan 19 Ecgfa ebIeyIgln;tY)abvij enaHRTg;
manRBHhbTyesaHRtg;
ehIysucrit
RbeyaCn_nwgGt;eTas)ab[eyIg
ehIynigsMGateyIg BIRKb;GMeBITucritTaMgGs;pg .

81

RbsinebIesckIGFisanrbs;eyIg
minRtv)anTTYlnUvcemIyeT
enaHeyIgKYrKb,IcMNayeBlravrknUvehtupl[eXIj . vaminCakarman GMeBI)abenaHeT
b:uEn
KWmkBIkarKancMeNHRKb;RKan;lm
karxVHxatesckI
CMenO
bmkBIkarmin)anTUlsUmeTAtambMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RBHb:ueNaH g .
rnaMgEdleFVI[karGFisanmin)anTTYlnUvcemIy
mkBIGMeBIEdlRbkbedayvismFm

mkBImankarfVaybgMrUbRBHenAkgcit

GMeBIEdlRbkbedayvismFm
KWCaGMeBI)abEdlmanBIGtItkal
BImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;eTot .
RBHKm<Ireyerma 1110/11 Ecgfa eK)anvilRtLb;eTAtam
GMeBITucritrbs;BYkByuekaeK
EdlminRBmsab;tamBakGj
eK)aneTA
tamRBHdTepSg edIm,InwgeKarBvavij BYkvgSGRsaEGlnigBYkvgS yUda
)anpac;esckIsBaa EdlGj)antaMgnwgBYkByuekaeKehIy ehtu enaHRBHeyhUv:a
RTg;manbnldUecHfa
emIl
GjnwgnaMesckIGaRkk;mk
elIeK
CaesckIEdleKminGacnwgeKcrYcecj)aneLIy enaHeKnwgGMBav navdl;Gj
EtGjnwgminRBmsab;eT .
escdavID)ansresrfa
ebIRbsinCaeXIjman
esckITucritenAkgcit
enaHRBHGmas;
RTg;minRBmsab;eT TMnukdMekIg 6618 .
RKb;y:agenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIgmak; EdlRtv)andak;eTAkg kEngsMxan;
EdlRBHRTg;)aneFVI
KW)anRtLb;eTACaGkfVaybgMrUbRBH
eTAvij
.
RBHRTg;RtvEt)andak;eTAkgCIvitrbs;eyIgCadMbUgbgs;vij .
RBHKm<IreGesKal 143 Ecgfa kUnmnusSeGIyBYkGkTaMgenH
)antaMgrUbRBHrbs;eK enAkgcitxn k)andakehtucMBb;rbs;GMeBITucrit xn
enAcMeBaHmuxehIy dUecH etIKYr[eKmksYrGjbGI .

mkBIkarlYc kareFVICaXatkr karFak;cuHeTAkgesckIkMpit

karFak;cuHeTAkgsm,fsca karbeRmIdl;RBHdT

RBHKm<Ireyerma 79/10/13/16 Ecgfa etIgral;KanwglYc bn;

kab;sMlab; pitKa s,fbMBan dutkMjanfVayRBH)al ehIyeKarB tamRBHdT
Edlgmin)ansal;BIedIm rYcmkQrenAmuxGjkgvihar enH Edl)anehAtameQaHGj
ehIyeBalfa
eyIg)ansegaH
ehIyKW
edIm,I[g)aneFVIGs;TaMgkarKYrsb;exImy:agenHb>>>
ehIy\LvenH
RBH

82

mkBImanesckIGMnYt

mkBIkarminRBmsab;

mkBIkarminsab;bgab;

eyhUv:aRTg;manbnlfa
edayeRBaHgral;Ka)anRbRBwtGMeBITaMgenH
ehIyGj)anniyaynwggral;Ka
TaMgxHExgrM\kgtaMgBIRBlwmRsag
pg
Etgral;Kamin)ansab;tameT Gjk)anehAgral;Ka Etgmin )aneqIytbesaH>>>
dUecH kuM[GFisan[CnCatienHeLIy kkMu[bnW sMeLgGMBavnav bGFisan[eK
bGgVrdl;GjCMnYseK[esaH BIeRBaH GjminRBmsab;geT .
etIRBHRTg;manbnleTAkan;eharaeyermay:agdUcemc?
kuMbegIt
[mankarTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs
bERsksUm
bkGFisan[BYkeK[esaH
enaHGjnwgminsab;geLIy .
{BYkeK} KWtMNag[BYkGs;GkEdlCaecarlYc CaXatkr CaGk
Fak;cuHeTAkgesckIkMpit CaGkFak;cuHeTAkgsm,fsca CaGkbeRmIdl; RBHdT
ehIybnab;mkk)ancUlmkdMNak;rbs;RBH
ehIykTUlsUmfa
{eyIgRtv)anTTYlnUvkarrMedaH edIm,I[)aneFVIkarTaMgenH} . etIkarenH
minRtv)andUcCaesckIEdl)anEcgmkfa
{eyIg)anenAkgRBHKuN
min
EmnenAkgRkwtvinyeT . eyIg)aneFVI)ab ehIyRBHRTg;nwgminGt;eTas [eyIgeT}
dUecHbGI?
etIkarenH
minRtv)andUcCaesckIEdl)anEcgmk
fa
{)andwgEdlRBHKm<IrEcgmkfa > > > KWCakarkMhus b:uEn RBHRTg;min
)anyl;RCabnUvsankarN_rbs;eyIgeT} dUecHbGI?
RBHRTg;minsab;tamesckIGMnYteLIy .
RBHKm<Iry:Ub 3512/13 Ecgfa eKERskenATIenH \tmanGk NaeqIyeLIg
edayeRBaHesckIeqIgqbrbs;mnusSGaRkk;
BitR)akdCa
RBH
RTg;minRBmsab;sMErkEdlERskCaTeTEdr
RBHdmanRKb;RBHecsa
RTg;minRBmTaMgRkeLkemIlpg .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 46x Ecgfa RBHRTg;Tas;TTwgnwgBYkmanbk FM
EtRTg;pl;RBHKuNmkBYkrabsavij .
RBHRTg;nwgminsab;tamcMeBaHGs;Gk
EdlbiTRtecokrbs;eK
cMeBaHGkRkenaHeT .
RBHKm<IrsuPasit 2113 Ecgfa GkNaEdlcukRtecokmin
sab;BakGMBavnavrbs;mnusSTal;Rk
GkenaHgnwgRtvGMBavnavEdr
Et
minmanGkNasab;eLIy .

83

mkBIRbBnEdlminpl;kitiysdl;bI

edayesckIsnidan

karminsab;bgab;nUvRBHbnlrbs;RBH
KWCakarmYydFn;FrbMput.
eharaeGsay)anmanRbsasn_fa
vaCaGMeBI)abTukdUcCamnGaKmn_Edr.
RBHRTg;nwgminsab;tamcMeBaHGs;GkEdlminsab;bgab;enaHeT .
RBHKm<Ir1saMyUEGl 1523k Ecgfa esckIrwgTTwg enaHk
Ca)abdUcCakarmnviCaEdr ehIyesckIcecsesat kdUcCaGMeBIGaRkk; NamYy>>> .
RBHKm<IrsakarI 711-13 Ecgfa b:uEneKminRBmsab;tam esaH
keKcsaecj ehIycukRtecok edIm,Imin[Bvij eGI eK)antaMgcit rwgdUcCafEdkePIg
ERkgeKBRkitviny
nigRBHbnl
EdlRBHeyhUv:an
BYkBlbrivar
)ancat;RBHviBaaNRTg;mkR)ab;
edaysarBYkeharaBIedIm
edayehtuenaH)anCamanesckIeRkaFCaxaMg ecjBIRBHeyhUv:anBYkBl brivarmk
RBHeyhUv:anBYkBlbrivarRTg;manbnlfa
dUecH
RTg;)an
ERskeTA
EteKminRBmsab;y:agNa eKknwgERskEdr EtGjminRBm sab;dUcKa .
RBHKm<IrsuPasit 289 Ecgfa GkNaEdlEbrRtecokecjmin
RBmsab;bBatic,ab; enaHeTaHTaMgBakGFisanrbs;GkenaH kCaTIsb; ex<ImEdr .
TMnak;TMngrvagbI
nigRbBnKWRtvEtCaKMrUmYyenAelIEpndI
Edl
bBaak;BIkarTMnak;TMng rvagRBHeysUvCamYynwgBYkCMnuM KWCarUbkayrbs; RBHRKIs .
elaksavkeBRts )anmanRbsasn_GMBIkarTMnak;TMngenH edIm,IkuM[manGVIEdlbgak;
nigraraMgesckIGFisanrbs;eyIg)aneLIy .
RBHKm<Ir1eBRts 37 Ecgfa BYkRbs enaHkRtvenACamYy
nwgRbBnedayR)aCJaEdr dUcnwgeRKgPaCnEdlexSayCag KWCamnusS RsI
RBmTaMgrab;Gannag TukdUcCaGkRKgRBHKuNnCIvit TukCamrdk CamYyKa
edIm,IkMu[manGVIbgak;dl;esckIGFisanrbs;Gkral;KaeLIy.
RbsinebImanGVINamYy
EdlsIbenascMeBaHkarmanpeBaHrbs;
eyIgfay:agenH by:agenaHCaedIm enaHeyIgnwgminmanlTPaBkgkar GFisan
edaymankareCOCak; rhUtdl;mankarGt;eTasCabribUrN_ . karmanpeBaH
nigesckICMenOdbrisuT
KWRtv)ancUleTArYmKa
ehIykmin
RtvmankarEbk)ak;KaNamYyekIteLIg)aneLIy .
RBHKm<Ir1FIm:Uef 15 Ecgfa ehtuEdlhamy:agdUecaH enaHKW
RbeyaCn_cg;[)anesckIRsLaj;
EdlekItBIcitsat
BIbBaacitRCHfa
ehIyBIesckICMenOdesaHRtg;vij .

84

CakarelIkTwkcitkgesckIGFisan
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlGMBIesckIGFisan
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbgab;eyIg[GFisan
nigelITwkciteyIg[bn
karGFisanteTAeTot .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 938 Ecgfa dUecH cUlsUmGgVrdl;RBH Gmas;ncMrUt
[RTg;cat;GkRctmkkgcMrUtRTg; .
RBHKm<IrlUka 181 Ecgfa enaHRBHGmas;RTg;manbnlCa
BakeRbbRbdUceTAeK edIm,Inwgbgajfa RtvEtGFisanCanic\trsay citeLIy .
RBHKm<IrlUka 2136 Ecgfa dUecH cUrcaMyamcuH ehIyGFisan Canic
edIm,I[)anrab;CaKYr nwgrYcBIkarTaMgenHEdlRtvmk ehIy[)an QrenAmuxkUnmnusSpg
.
BYksavkKWCaGJkGFisanelIkTwkcit

cas;TuMTImYy

KWRtv)andak;cUleTACaGkmanmuxgarenAkgBYkCMnuM

edIm,I[BYksavk)anpl;[nUvkarGFisan nigkarbMeBjkargartamRBH bnlerogxn .

RBHKm<Irkickar 64 Ecgfa eyIgnwgxMBayamkgesckI GFisan
nigkarpSayRBHbnlvij .
elaksavkb:ul)anmanRbsasn_fa
vaCakarseRmccitrbs;Kat;
EdleyIgRtvEtGFisanCanic
edayPaBbrisuT
edayKanesckIeRkaF
nigedayKankarsgS .
RBHKm<Ir1FIm:Uef 28 Ecgfa dUecH cg;[BYkRbselIkd brisuTeLIg
nwgGFisanenARKb;TIkEng eday\txwg beQaHRbEkk eLIy .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 618 Ecgfa RBmTaMgeRbIesckIGFisan nig
esckITUlGgVrRKb;y:ag edIm,IGFisan edayRBHviBaaNral;eBlral; evla
ehIycaMyamkgesckIenaHg
edaynUvRKb;TaMgesckIxab;xn
nig
esckITUlGgVr[BYkbrisuTTaMgGs; .
elaksavky:akubk)anmanRbsasn_fa eyIgmak;RtvEt GFisan .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 516 Ecgfa dUecH cUr[Gkral;Kaln;tYeTas nwgKa
ehIyGFisan[KaeTAvijeTAmk
edIm,I[)anCacuH
d,itesckI
TUlGgVrdGs;BIcitrbs;mnusSsucrit enaHBUEkNas; .
elaksavkeBRts )anR)ab;eyIgfa RtvEtcaMyam kgesckI GFisanCanic .

85

RBHKm<Ir1eBRts
47
Ecgfa
rIcugbMputnrbs;TaMgGs;
enaHCitdl;ehIydUecH cUr[manKMnitnwgFwg ehIycaMyamkgesckI GFisancuH .
escdavID)anGFisan

enAkgRBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg KWmaneBjedayesckIGFisanrbs; escdavID .

RTg;manbnlfa RTg;)anfVayxnrbs;RTg;pal;eTAkgesckI GFisan .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 1094x Ecgfa >>>bu:EnTUlbgMpg;citnwg GFisanvij .

esckIGFisanKWCakarfVaysirIldl;RBH
RBHeysUvmanbnlfa
ehIykarGVIkeday EdlGkral;KanwgsUmedaynUveQaH enaH nwgsMerc[
edIm,I[RBHvrbita)an dMekIgeLIgkgRBHraCbuRta y:Uhan 1413 .
esckIGFisanKWCakarKab;RBHhbTydl;RBH
RBHKm<IrsuPasit 158 Ecgfa yBabUCarbs;mnusSGaRkk; Ca
esckIsb;ex<Imdl;RBHeyhUv:a
EtesckIGFisannmnusSeTogRtg;
CaTI
Kab;RBHhbTydl;RTg;vij .
RBHRTg;sab;nigeqIytamesckIGFisan
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 652 Ecgfa RBHEdlsab;esckIGFisan eGIy
Gs;TaMgmnusSnwgmUlmkRTg; .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 867 Ecgfa enAfevTna enaHTUlbgMnwg
GMBavnavdl;RTg; BIeRBaHRTg;nwgeqIytbmk .
RBHKm<Ir1eBRts 312k Ecgfa BIeRBaHRBHenRtnRBHGmas;
EtgTtmkelImnusSsucrit RBHkaNRTg; kepgsab;BakTUlGgVr rbs;eK>>> .

)esckIsegb karGFisannwgnaMmknUvlTpl
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa eyIgRtvEtmanvtmankgesckI GFisanCanic .
eyIgRtvEtGFisanTaMgfTaMgyb; . eyIgRtvEtTUl sUm RtvEtEsVgrk
nigRtvEteKaHenAkgesckIGFisanCanic
.
RTg;k)an
manbnlfa
eyIgminRtvGFisansUm[)aneXIjEtb:ueNaHenaHeT
KW
eyIgRtvEtGFisanTUlsUm[)anRKb;RKan;
CalkNbuKlpgEdr
.
eyIgminRtvGFisanEterOgdEdl
mgehIymgeTotenaHeT
BIeRBaHerOg
enaHKWminEmnCakarGFisanedayesckICMenOeLIy
BIeRBaHRBHRTg;RCab
BIRKb;TaMgesckIRtvkarrbs;eyIgehIy .

86

RBHeysUvRTg;)anbBaak;y:agc,as;fa
RbsinebIeyIgral;Kamin
)anedIredaymankarGt;eTascMeBaHGkdTeToteT enaHeyIgminRtv GFisan
rhUtdl;eyIg)aneFVI[mankarRtwmRtveLIgvij
.
eyIgRtvEt
Gt;eTasdl;Gs;GkEdl)aneFVI[eyIgmankarQWcab;
ehIyeyIgkRtv
EtTUlsUm[RBHRbTannUvkarGt;eTasdl;Gs;GkEdl)aneFVI[eyIgmankarQWcab;enaHE
dr .
cMeBaHkarmineCO karxVHnUvcMeNHdwg esckIGMnYt GMeBIRbkbeday karlYc
karsmab; karRbRBwtesckIkMpit kars,fbMBan nigkarbeRmIRBH dTvij
TaMgGs;enHehIyKWsuTEtCaGMeBI)ab
enaHnwgminbNal[esckI
GFisanTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg)anTTYlnUvcemIyenaHeLIy .
enAeBlEdleyIg)ancUlmkRBHedayesckIGFisan
enaHeyIg
RtvEtedaHykkarTaMgLayEdleyIg)anlak;TukenAkgeyIg enaH[)an RCHRsLH
edIm,I[)ancUleTAkgRBHvtmannRBHGgvij . bnab;mk esckIGFisanrbs;eyIg
nwg)anCaesckIGFisanEdlmanCMenOehIy .

sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij

1>

cUreFVIbBaIeQaH nigBnl;nUvCMhanTaMgbI edIm,IGFisan[manRbsiTiPaB .

2>

etIeyIgGacdwg)andUcemc
RbsinebImankarraraMg
dl;kgkareqIynUvesckIGFisanrbs;eyIg?

3>

cUr[eQaHnUvkarraraMg bkarraMgsHcMeBaHesckIGFisan Edl)anbegIt[manbBaaenAkgCIvitrbs; elakGk .

etIelakGkmanEpnkardUcemc edIm,IeqIytbcMeBaHkarEdlekIteLIgTaMgenaH?

87

bkarraMgsHenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg

EdlCakarraraMg

emeronTI 6
karcUleTAkugCIvitnesckIGFisanEdlmaneCaKCy
esckIepIm

kMeNIt

eyIg)ansresIrtemIgenAkgBYkCMnuM CakEngEdlbBaak;BIkar sikSanUvRBHbnl

. eyIg)ansab;BnUvkarTUnanrbs;elaksavkb:ul dl; elakFIm:UefCaeRcIndgeRcInsar .
RBHKm<Ir2FIm:Uef 215 Ecgfa cUrxMRbwgnwgfVayxndl;RBH
TukCamnusSEdl)anl,glCab;ehIy CaGkeFVIkar EdlminRtvxas; eLIy
edaykat;RsayRBHbnlnesckIBity:agRtwmRtv .
eyIg)ansikSacMeBaHkarkPaBrbs;RBHmgeTot
ehIyeyIgk
GrRBHKuNdl;RBHsRmab;RKb;y:ag EdleyIg)ansikSakMLgqaMTaMgGs; enaH . b:uEn
eyIgmin)andwgfa
karsikSadBit
KWminRtwmEtCakarbgaj
nUvkarsikSaBIKMnitxagEpkrUbniymrbs;eyIgenaHeT KWRtvEtsikSatam RBHviBaaNbrisuT
EdlCaRKbeRgnrbs;eyIg KWeyaleTAtamkarebIk sEmgrbs;RTg;enaHvij .
cMeNHdwgnUvRBHbnl
KWGacRtv)aneRbbeTAnwgkMeNItEdlsg;
eLIgrbs;rUbkay . karTaMgenaHKWGnuBaat[eyIg)anrs;enA nigeFVI clna
edaymaneKalbMNg
.
ebIKankarTaMgenHeT
enaHeyIgminGac
)anTTYlnUvkarrg;caMdUcCaExSTwk Edlrlk ehIynaMykeyIgeTAkan;TI enH
bTIenaHCaminxan .
manxmYyeTot
EdleyIgminFab;Edl)anB)anCak;c,as;eLIy
.
enAeBlEdleyIgsikSaBIkarxH enaHeyIgRtvEtdak;karsikSaenaH eTA kgkarGnuvtn_ .
eyIgRtvEteFVIkarenaH
elaksavky:akub)anman
Rbsasn_fa
eyIgRtvEt)anCaGksab;B
minRtwmEtRBHbnlrbs;RBH
enaHeLIy
KWeyIgRtvEtCaGkeFVItamRBHbnlenaHEdr .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 122-24 Ecgfa cUr[Gkral;KaRbRBwttam RBHbnleTA
kMu[RKan;Etsab;b:ueNaH
ehIybeBaatxnvijenaHeLIy
d,it
ebIGkNasab;RBHbnlehIy
EtminRbRBwttam
GkenaHeFobdUcCa
mnusSEdlqHmuxkgkBak;
GkenaHRKan;EtemIlxn
rYcecjeTA)at;eTA
ehIykePcBIEbbPaBxnCay:agNaPam .

88

xagrUbsac;

xagviBaaN

edIm,InaMyknUvPaBRsedognrUbkayCabnbnab;enH enaHbMNg nigGarmN_

KWdUcCarUbsac; nigQamEdr . esckIRsLaj; esckIGMNr Gr esckIsuxsan
karrgTukcukcab;ryeBlyUr suPaB sb,rs esaHRtg; stbUt nigdwgxat
TaMgGs;enHKWsuTEtmanenAkgeyIg .
enAEtmanEpkdTeTotnrUbkayEdlrs;enA
enaHehIyEdlCa
mnusSxagviBaaN
.
esckIGFisanKWCakarBiesaFn_xagkarfVaybgM
ehIyeyIgRtvEtfVaybgMedayviBaaN .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 423/24 Ecgfa EtnwgmaneBlevlamk k
enA\LvenHehIy
enaHBYkGkEdlfVaybgMedayBitRtg;
eKnwgfVaybgM
RBHvrbitaedayviBaaN nigesckIBit BIeRBaHRBHvrbita RTg;rkBYkGk y:agenaH
[)anfVaybgMRTg; RBHRTg;CaviBaaN ehIyGkNaEdlfVay bgMRTg;
enaHRtvEtfVaybgM edayviBaaN nwgesckIBitEdr .

etIeyIgRtvGFisany:agdUcemc
vaCakarminRKb;RKan;eT
edayRKan;EtsikSaGMBIesckIGFisanenaH
KWeyIgRtvEtcab;epImeFVIkarGFisanpgEdr . eyIgRtvEtGFisaneTARBH dCaRBHvrbita
tamryRBHraCbuRta edaynUvGMNacecsanRBHviBaaN brisuT .
eTARBHdCaRBHvrbita
RBHeysUvCaKMrUrbs;eyIg

RBHeysUvRTg;)anGFisaneTARBHdCaRBHvrbita .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 171 Ecgfa kalRBHeysUvmanbnlesckI
TaMgenaHrYcehIy enaHkegIbRBHenRteTAelIemX TUlfa RBHvrbita eGIy
kMNt;)anmkdl;ehIy sUmdMekIgRBHraCbuRtaRTg; edIm,I[RBHraC buRta)andMekIgRTg;Edr
.
RTg;)anbBaneTARBHdCaRBHvrbitadbrisuT .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1711 Ecgfa GkTaMgenHenAkgelakiy Et
TUlbgMminenAkgelakiyeToteT TUlbgMnwgeTARTg; RBHvrbitad brisuTeGIy
BYkGkEdlRTg;)anRbTanmkTUlbgM enaHsUmRTg;rkSaeK edayRBHnamRTg;pg
edIm,I[eK)anrYmKaEt1dUcCaeyIgEdr .
RTg;)anbBaneTARBHdCaRBHvrbitadsucrit .

89

RBHKm<Iry:Uhan
1725
Ecgfa
RBHvrbitadsucriteGIy
elakiyminsal;RTg;eT
EtTUlbgMsal;RTg;
ehIyBYkGkenHkdwgfa
RTg;)ancat;[TUlbgMmkEdr .
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa
eyIgRtvEtTukdak;RBHCaRBHvrbita
rbs;eyIgEdlKg;enAsansYK .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 69 Ecgfa dUecH cUrGFisanEbby:agenHvij fa
RBHvrbitaneyIg EdlKg;enAsansYKeGIy sUmRBH[namRTg;)an brisuT .

rIGkdTeTotk)anGFisaneTARBHeysUvEdr

eyIgkRtv)aneron

nigRtv)anTTYlnUvkarelIkTwkcit

[GFisan

eTARBHdCaRBHvrbitapgEdr
enHKWminEmnCanItac,ab;RKb;RKg
Edl
RtvEteFVItamRKb;eBlTaMgGs;enaHeT . eyIgdwgnUvkarenH edayeRBaH elakespan
EdlKat;RtveFVIkarkgmYyrMeBc KWedayKat;)anGFisaneTA RBHeysUvenaHg .
RBHKm<Irkickar 759 Ecgfa eKecalespannwgf kMBugEdl
Kat;TUlGgVrdl;RBHfa RBHGmas;eysUveGIy sUmTTYlviBaaNTUlbgM pg .
manmnusSCaeRcInEdl)anTTYlnUvkarrgTuky:agxaMg
BIsMNak;
Bykrbs;eKEdlenAelIEpndI
KWEdlBYkeKxacminhanGFisaneTAkan;
RBHvrbitaEdlKg;enAsansYKenaHg . RBHRTg;RCabBIkarenH . enA
eBlEdlkarTak;Tgrbs;BYkeK
CamYynwgRBHeysUvmankarrIklUtlas;
enaHRTg;nwgmankarebIksEmgnUvesckIBit
BIRBHvrbitaEdlKg;enAsan
sYKedayesckIRsLaj;dl;BYkeK
nignaMBYkeK[cUleTAkgkarRbkbTak;
TgCamYynwgRTg; .
enAkgRBHnamRBHeysUv

eyIgRtvEtGFisaneTAkan;RBH
edaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv
.
muxgarrbs;eyIgenAcMeBaHRBH KWmanenAkgRBHeysUv . eyIgRtv)an
TTYlnUvPaByutiFmenAkgRBHGg .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1516 Ecgfa minEmnGkral;KaEdl)anerIs eT KWeTetI
EdlerIsGkral;Kavij
TaMgtaMgGkral;Ka[eTAbegItpl
ehIy[plrbs;Gkral;Ka)anenACab;pg
edIm,I[RBHvrbita)aneR)as
RbTan[Gkral;Ka)anGVI EdlnwgsUmBIRTg; edaynUveQaH .

90

tamryRBHviBaaNbrisuT
KankarGagy:agenAkgRBHKm<IrnesckIGFisan eTAkan;RBH viBaaNbrisuTeT
eTaHCay:agNakeday
esckIGFisanKYrKb,Iqgkat;

.
.
tamryRBHviBaaNbrisuTEdr KWRtvEtBwgGageTAelIRTg; .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 826 Ecgfa RBHviBaaNRTg;kCYyesckIkMesay
rbs;eyIgEbbdUecaHEdr
d,iteyIgmindwgCaKYrGFisansUmGVIeT
EtRBH
viBaaNRTg;CYyGgVrCMnYseyIg edaydMgUrEdlrkEfgBMu)anvij .
elaksavkb:ulmanRbsasn_fa eyIg)ancUleTAdl;RBHdCaRBH vrbita
tamryRBHeysUv edaynUvRBHviBaaNbrisuTenaHg .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 218 Ecgfa d,itedaysarRTg; enaHeyIg
TaMg2sasn_manpvcUleTAdl;RBHvrbita edayRBHviBaaNEt1 .

karcUleTACitRBHedaymanGakb,kiriyaRtwmRtv
edaykarERbcit

escdavID

kUnRbsEdlxHxay

enAkesckIGFisannRBHGmas;
enaHRBHeysUvRTg;)anbeRgn
eyIg[ecHGFisandUecHfa {sUmGt;eTasdl;eyIg} . erOgenHKWEtgEt
)anCaEpkmYycMeBaHCIvitnesckIGFisanrbs;eyIg .
escdavID)aneFVI)ab
ehIyenAeBlEdlRTg;)aneFVI)abenaH
RTg;
)anRtLb;eTACaKMrUnkarERbcitsRmab;eyIgral;Ka .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 511 Ecgfa RBHGgeGIy sUmGaNit emtadl;TUlbgM
tamesckIsb,rsrbs;RTg;
ehIysUmlubesckIrMlg
rbs;TUlbgMecj
edayesckIemtakruNadbribUrrbs;RTg; .
mansac;erOgdGsarbMputmYyBIkarERbcit
enaHKWCaerOgkUnRbs
EdlxHxayenaHg
.
Kat;)aneFVIkarTas;TTwgRbqaMgnwgBukrbs;Kat;
ehIyk)anecjeTAkan;TIqaytampvrbs;Kat;pal;eTA . cugbMput KWmk
dl;cMNucmYyEdlKat;CYbRbTHnUvkarGt;)ay
Kat;k)anseRmccitnwg
vilRtLb;eTABukrbs;Kat;vij ehIysUm[elakBuk)anGt;eTas[ Kat; .
Kat;k)aneFVIy:agdUecaH
.
enAeBlEdlBuk)anCYbKat;
k)ansH
eTAbKat;edayesckIRsLaj; Kat;min)anniyayGVITaMgGs; { sUm

91

[EtkuMeXIjnUvGMeBIGaRkk;Edl)aneFVIEtb:ueNaH
.
RKan;Etcg;bMePc
edaymankarbnabxn)anenaHEtb:ueNaH enaHBukrbs;nwg)anyl; ehIy > > >} .
RbsinebIeyIg)anecjqayBIRBH enaHeyIgRtvcUlmk edaybnabxnenAcMeBaHRTg;
ehIyTUlsUm[RTg;)anGt;eTas)ab[ .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1518-23 Ecgfa GjnwgeRkakeLIg eTA niyaynwgKat;fa
elakBuk)aneFVI)abnwgRBH
ehIynwgelakBukEmn
enHminKYr[eKehACakUnelakBukeToteT
sUmTTYl
TukdUcCaeCIg
QlelakBukvijcuH enaHvakeRkakeLIgedIreTA luHBukeXIjBIcMgay ehIy
kmancitGaNitemta ehIyrt;eTAbefIbva eTIbvaniyayfa elakBuk
)aneFVI)abnwgRBH ehIynwgelakBuk minKYr[eKehACa kUnrbs;elakBukeToteT
EtBukR)ab;eTABYk)avKat;fa cUrykGavl bMputecjmkbMBak;[va ehIyykcieBan
nigEs,keCIgmk[pg
rYcyk
kUneKaEdlbMb:nmksMLab;cuH
eyIgnwgbriePaK[sb,aycit .
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RTg;)anCYbeyIgral;Ka
edaymankarlatRBHhsTaMgKUr KWenAeBlEdleyIg)ancUlmkRTg; TaMgTUlfa
{TUlbgM)aneFVI)abehIy} Etb:ueNaH .
karbnabxn

karbnabxn mannyfa karbgajnUvPaBepSgKa bCakarcuHcUl

CakarRBmTTYldl;RBHvijenaHg . KWmannyfa karcuHcUlTaMgcitKMnit
TaMgbMNgb:gR)afa
nigTaMgkarseRmccitcMeBaHRBH
tamrykarTTYl
karcuHcUlcMeBaHsiTiGMNac cMeNHdwg nigkarCMnuMCRmHrbs;RTg; RBmTaMg TTYlsal;fa
eyIgkMBugEt)ancUlmkedaynUvRBHnamRTg; KWminEmn edaynUvcMeNH tYnaTI
bsmtPaBrbs;xngpal;enaHeLIy .
RBHKm<Ir2r)akSRt 714 Ecgfa enaHebIrasGj Edl)anehA
tameQaHGj
eKbnabxn
ehIyGFisanrkmuxGj
RBmTaMggakEbr
ecjBIpvGaRkk;rbs;eK
enaHGjnwgsab;BIelIsansYK
ehIynwgGt;
eTasGMeBI)abrbs;eK TaMgemIlRsukeK[Capg .
eyIgRtvEtbnabxneyIgenAcMeBaHRBHedayesckIGFisan .

karsab;bgab;
elaksavky:Uhan)aneFVIkarenHy:agc,as;las;bMput
KWKat;man
karsab;bgab;CaeRcIn edIm,I[)aneFVICamYynwgkarGFisanrbs;eyIg)an TTYlnUvcemIy
.

92

RBHKm<Ir1y:Uhan 322 Ecgfa ehIyeTaHebIeyIgsUmGVIBIRTg; keday

Kg;Etnwg)ansMerc
BIeRBaHeyIgkan;tambBatiRTg;
ehIyk
RbRBwtkarEdlKab;RBHhbTydl;RTg;Edr .
esckICMenO
enAeBlEdlRBHeysUv RTg;)ankMBugEtbMeBjRBHraCkiceTAdl; hVgmnusS
enaHRTg;)anenAEtbnkarelIkTwkcitdl;BYkeK [manesckI CMenO .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1122-24 Ecgfa RBHeysUvRTg;eqIyfa cUr
manesckICMenOdl;RBHcuH d,itR)ab;Gkral;KaCaR)akdfa ebIGkNa niyayeTAPMenHfa
cUrerIecjBITIenHeTAFak;kgsmuRTcuH eday\tsgSy kgcit KWeCOCak;fa
esckIGVIEdlxnfa nwg)anekItmkBit enaHnwg)andUc R)afaRKb;CMBUkTaMgGs;
edayehtuenaH)anCaR)ab;Gkral;Kafa RKb; TaMgesckIGVIEdlGkral;KaGFisansUm
cUreCOfa )anehIy enaHnwg)an Emn .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 813 Ecgfa rYcRTg;manbnleTAemTBenaH fa cUreTAcuH
[)andUcesckICMenOrbs;GkcuH )avKat;k)anCaenAevla enaHg .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 928 Ecgfa kal)anyagcUleTAkgpHenaH
GkxVak;TaMg2kmkRTg; ehIyRTg;manbnlsYrfa etIGkeCOfa Gac
nwgeFVIkarenH)anbeT GkTaMg2TUlfa eCOehIyRBHGmas;eGIy .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 536 Ecgfa kalRBHeysUv)anBBakeKR)ab;
Rsab;EtRTg;manbnleTAemsalaRbCMufa kuMxacGI [RKan;EteCOb:ueNaH.
RBHKm<Irm:akus 923 Ecgfa RBHeysUvmanbnleTAKat;fa
ebIGacnwgeCO)an enaHkarTaMgGs;nwgsMerc)an dl;GkNaEdleCO .
RBHKm<IrlUka 848 Ecgfa RTg;manbnleTAnagfa cUrsgwm
eLIgkUnRsIeGIy d,itesckICMenOnag)ansegaHnagehIy cUreTAeday suxsancuH .
ebIKanesckICMenOenHeT enaHminGacnwgKab;dl;RBHhbTyn RBH)aneLIy .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 116 Ecgfa EtebI\tmanesckICMenOeT enaH
minGacnwgKab;dl;RBHhbTyRBH)aneLIy
d,itGkNaEdlcUleTA
RBH
enaHRtvEteCOfa manRBHEmn ehIyfa RTg;RbTanrgVan; dl;Gs;Gk EdlEsVgrkRTg; .

CMhannesckIGFisanEdlmaneCaKCy
karrg;caMenAkgRBHRKIs
CMhanTImYynkarGFisan
KWCaesckIGFisanEdlmaneCaKCy
KWCakarrg;caMenAkgRBHRKIs . eyIgRtvEtGPivDnUvCIvitrbs;eyIgEdl manenAkgRTg; .

93

RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa RbsinebIeyIgeFVIy:agdUecH enaHeyIgnwgGacTUlsUmGVIkeday

EdleyIgseRmccitnwgTUlsUm enaH nwg)anseRmcy:agdUecaH .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 157 Ecgfa ebIGkral;KaenACab;nwg ehIy
BakenACab;kgGkral;Ka
enaHcUrsUmGIVtamEtR)afacuH
esckIenaHnwg
)ansMercdl;Gkral;KaCaminxan .
escdavIDkmanbnlfa
RBHGmas;RTg;nwgRbTan[eyIgnUvkar
seRmccitecjBIcitrbs;eyIg RbsinebIeyIgdak;BnWrbs;eyIgCaTImYy enAkgRTg; .
enAeBlEdleyIgeFVIy:agdUecH
enaHeyIgnwgRtv)anTTYl
nUvkarbMpas;bMERbcUleTAkgPaBdUcCaRTg;
enaHesckIseRmccitrbs;
eyIg
nwg)anRtLb;eTACamanlkNdUcCaRTg;dUecaHEdr .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 374 Ecgfa cUrykRBHeyhUv:aCaesckI GMNrrbs;Gk
enaHRTg;nwgRbTan[Gk)andUcbMNgcit .
karTUlsUmeTAtambMNgRBHhbTyRTg;
elaksavky:Uhan
)anpl;[eyIgnUvesckIsnadGsarmYy
EdleyIgnwgTUlsUmGVINamYy
EdlRtvtambMNgRBHhbTyRBH
enaH
eyIgnwg)anGVIEdleyIg)anTUlsUmenaH .
RBHKm<Ir1y:Uhan 514/15 Ecgfa eyIgkmanesckIkahan
dl;RTg;y:agdUecHEdr KWfa ebIeyIgnwgsUmGVI EdlRtvtamRBHhbTy RTg;
enaHRTg;nwgTTYlRBm
ebIeyIgdwgfa
RTg;TTYlRBmtameyIg
kgkar
GVIEdleyIgsUmdUecH enaHeyIgkdwgfa eyIg)anGVIEdleyIgsUmBIRTg; ehIyEdr .
elaksavky:akub)ansresrEcgmkfa
eyIgnwgmin)anTTYlnUv
cemIytamesckIGFisanrbs;rbs;eyIgeT
lwkNaEteyIg)anTUlsUm
CakarCMTas;eTAnwgbMNgRBHhbTyRBH sRmab;bMeBjtamesckIb:g R)afa
bedaymanKMnitsRmab;EtesckIseRmIbxngb:ueNaH .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 43 Ecgfa Gkral;KaksUmEdr Etmin)aneT
d,itesckIsMNUmenaHEbbGaRkk; sMrab;nwgcaybMeBjesckIsMerIbrbs; Gkral;Kavij .
enARtg;cMNucenH sMNYr)ankaymkCarebobEdleyIgRtvdwgnUv GVI
EdltambMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RTg;Etb:ueNaHb? elaksavky:akub )anmanRbsasn_fa
eyIgRtvEtTUlsUmdl;RBH .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 15 Ecgfa EtebIGkral;KaNamYyxVHR)aCJa
manEtsUmdl;RBH EdlRTg;RbTandl;mnusSTaMgGs;edaysTa \t benaspg
enaHRTg;nwgRbTan[ .

94

escdavID)anGFisantambMNgRBHhbTyRBH

escdavID)anGFisansRmab;dMNak;rbs;RTg;
minEmnCadMNak;
xagEpkrUbkayeT KWsRmab;BUCGMbUrrbs;RTg; sRmab;kUnecArbs;RTg; .
RTg;)antaMgmUldanRKwHnesckIGFisanenH enAelIGVIEdlRTg;)ansab;B mkBIRBH .
RTg;)anGFisaneTAtamRBHbnlenaH .
RBHKm<Ir2saMyUEGl 726-29 Ecgfa sUm[RBHnamRTg;)an
fMefIgLIgCanic edayeKfa RBHeyhUv:anBYkBlbrivar RTg;CaRBHn sasn_GRsaEGl
ehIysUm[BUCBgSrbs;davID Ca)avbMerIRTg; )ansit esrenAcMeBaHRTg;
BIeRBaHRBHeyhUv:anBYkBlbrivar
CaRBHnsasn_
GRsaEGleGIy
RTg;)ansMEdg[TUlbgM
Ca)avbMerIRTg;)andwgehIy
edaybnlfa
GjnwgtaMgvgSageLIg ehtudUecaH)anCaTUlbgMCa)av bMerIRTg; mancitkahan
nwghanGFisanBakTaMgenH TUldl;RTg; \Lv enH RBHGmas;eyhUv:aeGIy
RTg;CaRBHBitehIyRBHbnlRTg;suTEtBit
Rtg;
RTg;)anmanbnlBIRBHKuNenHmkTUlbgM Ca)avbMerIRTg; dUecH sUm RTg;sBVRBHhbTy
nwgRbTanBrdl;BUCBgSrbs;TUlbgM
Ca)avbMerIRTg;
edIm,I[)ansitesrenAcMeBaHRTg;Cadrab
d,itRBHGmas;eyhUv:aeGIy
RTg;)ansnaehIy dUecH edaysarRBHBrRTg; enaHBUCBgSrbs;TUlbgM Ca)avbMerIRTg;
nwg)anBrenAGs;kl,Canic .
escdavID)ansab;BBIbMNgRBHhbTynRBH
ehIyRTg;k)an
GFisanGMBIkarenaHRtLb;eTARBH
CakarbBaak;BIkgviBaaNpal;rbs;
RTg;
ehIyRTg;manbnlCabnbnab; EdlGaceFVI[karenaH)anRtLb;mk CakarBit .

eharaeGlIes)aneR)asekgmak;[rs;BIsab;eLIgvij

KMrUCabnbnab;nesckGFisanEdl)anTTYlcemIy KWCakard Gsar

KWCacemIydrkEfgmin)an .
RBHKm<Ir2BgSavtarkSRt 432-35 Ecgfa kaleGlIes)an cUleTAkgpH
keXIjkUnenaHsab;enAelIdMeNkrbs;elak dUecH elak cUleTAbiTTVarmanEtKa2nak;
ehIykGFisandl;RBHeyhUv:a
rYcelak
eLIgeTAeBabelIkUnenaH
dak;mat;elakTl;nwgmat;va EPkTl;nwgEPk ehIydenAelIdEdr ksnwgxnelIva
rYcsac;kUnenaHkekA]NeLIg enaH elakeRkakecjeTA edIrcuHeLIgenAkgpH
rYceLIgeTAsnwgxnelIvaeTot ehIyvakNas;7dg rYcebIkEPkeLIg .

95

eharaeGlIes)anBBIesckIRtvkar enaHKat;)anGFisan ehIy bnab;mk

Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;ekgenaH
.
Kat;RtvEteFVIseRmc
nUv
GVIEdlRBHRTg;)anmanbnlR)ab;dl;Kat;[eFVI
BIeRBaHKat;min)aneFVIkar
tamEbbxagrUbniymeLIy . Kat;)anRkabBIelIekgEdl)ansab;enaH .
sac;Qamrbs;ekgenaHkcab;epImecjkemA]N
b:uEn
karGsarenaH
minTan;)anRKb;RKan;enAeLIyeT .
bnab;mkeTot
eharaeGlIes)anecjmkxageRkAbnb;
ehIy)an
edIrRtLb;cUleTAvij Kat;)anedIrcuHeLIgkgpHenaH . Kat;RtvEt GFisanCanic
RbEhlCaRtvkarbBaak;CamYynwgRBHGmas;
BIGVIEdlKat;
)ansab;B
ehIykRbEhlCaKat;kMBuEtsitenAkgkareFVIsgam xag viBaaN ehIybnab;mkeTot
Kat;k)anRtLb;cUlekgenaHvij k)an eRTabBIelIekgenaHCaelIkTIBIr ehIyekgenaH
k)anebIkEPkeLIg .
eharaeGlIesmin)anniyayfa {kuMeFVIGVIdl;va vanwg)anlRbesIr ehIy RbsinebI
> > >} ehIykeFVIclna[manskmPaBeLIgvij . Kat; )anGFisanCadMbUg
ehIybnab;mk Kat;)aneFVIskmPaBeTAelIkarebIk sEmgfa Kat;)anTTYlnUvkargarenaH
.
karGFisanedaynUvesckIBit

karGFisanedayviBaaN

elaksavky:Uhan)anmanRbsasn_fa RBHviBaaNnesckIBit nwgdwknaMeyIg

nigR)ab;dl;eyIg .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1613 Ecgfa kalNaRBHGgenaH KWCaRBH
viBaaNnesckIBit)anmkdl; enaHRTg;nwgnaMGkral;KacUlkgRKb;TaMg esckIBit
d,itRTg;nwgmanbnlminEmnedayGagRBHGgRTg;eT
KWnwg
manbnl
cMeBaHEtesckINaEdlRTg;B ehIynwgsMEdg [Gkral;Kadwg karEdlRtvmk .
enAeBlEdleyIgGFisan enaHeyIgRtvEtesaHRtg;bMput cMeBaH xneyIg
nigcMeBaHRBH . BakCaPasaeheRBIr sRmab;esckIBit k)annaM
mknUvGtnynPaBsitesr RBmTaMgPaBKYrTukcit .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 14518 Ecgfa RBHeyhUv:aRTg;Kg;enACit
nwgGs;GkEdlGMBavnavdl;RTg; KWGs;GkEdlGMBavnavdl;RTg;eday BitRtg; .

enAkgemeronTI1 eyIg)anBiPakSaBIPasaBIrnesckIGFisan KWedayviBaaN

igedayR)aCJa . elaksavkyUdas)ansresry:agdUecH

96

b:uEn Gkral;KaCaBYksnPaeGIy cUrrkSaxnkgesckIRsLaj; rbs;RBHcuH

RBmTaMgrg;caMesckIemtakruNarbs;RBHeysUvRKIs
CaRBH
Gmas;neyIg
[)anCIvitGs;kl,Canicvij yUdas x>20 .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrenAkg eGePsUr 617-19 fa eyIg
TaMgGs;KaRtvEt {>>>eRbIesckIGFisan nigesckITUlGgVrRKb;y:ag edIm,IGFisan
edayRBHviBaaNral;eBlral;evla>>> RbeyaCn_[RBH)an RbTanBaksMdImk} .
eyIgminKYrGFisanedayKankarsmwgeTA
RBHviBaaNbrisuT[
RTg;CYyenaHeLIy .
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rbs;eyIgEbbdUecaHEdr
d,iteyIgmindwgCaKYrGFisansUmGVIeT
EtRBH
viBaaNRTg;CYyGgVrCMnYseyIg edaydMgUrEdlrkEfgBMu)anvij .
enAeBlEdlRBHRTg;)anbBaak;BIGVI
EdlRTg;)anseRmcRBHTy
edIm,IeFVIeTAtamsankarN_ TaMgtamRBHbnlrbs;RTg; nigtamryRBH viBaaNbrisuT
enaHesckICMenOnwgcUlmkkgviBaaNrbs;eyIgehIy
.
eyIgGacGFisanedaymanPaBGg;Gac nigmankarTukcit)an .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 312 Ecgfa ehIykgRTg; eyIgral;Kak
manesckIkahan nwgc,ab;cUledayTukcit edaysaresckICMenOeCOdl; RTg;Edr .
karGFisanedayesaHRtg; nigedayxaMgka
RBHRTg;nwgxak;eyIgecj RbsinebIminekA bminRtCak;enaH . RTg;manbnlfa
Gjcg;[geTaHCaRtCak; bekApg . eyIgRtvEt bBab;niyayfa {RtwmRtvehIy
GVIkedayEdlRTg;manbnl
enaHehIy
KWCaRBH
.
KWeTAtamkarEdlRTg;sBVRBHhbTycg;eFVI > > >} enaHeLIy.
RBHKm<IrvivrN 314-16 Ecgfa cUrsresrepJIeTAeTvtanBYk CMnuM
EdlenARkgeLADIesfa RBHdCa GaEm:n Casrbnal;esaHRtg; ehIyBitR)akd
CaedImkarEdlRBHRTg;begItmk RTg;manbnlesckI TaMgenHfa Gjsal;karEdlgeFVI
ehIyfa gminRtCak; kminekApg GjcUlcit[g)an eTaHRtCak;bekAkI dUecH
edayeRBaHgRKan;Et
esIrb:ueNaH
KWminEmnRtCak;kminekApg
enaHGjnwgxak;gecjBI mat;GjeTA .
eyIgRtvEtsal;RBH
sal;RBHbnlrbs;RTg;
sal;nUvGVIEdlRTg;
)anRbTanmkeyIg RBmTaMgbnab;BIenaHeTAeTotetIRtveFVIdUcemc . RBH
RTg;)anRbTanBrdl;kUnecAGuIRsaEGl nUvTwkdIsna b:uEn BYkeK)anTas;
TTwgnwgkarenaHeTAvij . BYkeK)aneFVIdMeNIrenAkgTwkdIEdleKkan;kab; enaH .

97

karGFisanedayKankarbBab;

edayPaBesaHRtg;

enAeBlEdlelaksavkb:ul )ansresreTAkan;BYkCMnuMenARkg EfsSaLnic

enaHKat;)anmanRbsasn_fa BYkeKRtvEtGFisanedayKan karbBab;eLIy .
etIkarenHGacmanlTPaBdUcemcEdr?
etIelakGk
nigGacxVl;xVayBIkarTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHCIvitCakarFmta
ehIyGFisan
edayKankarbBab;edayrebobNa?
eyIgeFVIkarGFisanedaymankarGPivDn_ nUvRbePTCIvitnesckI GFisan
edaykardak;kmviFIGFisantameBlevla kgmYyf ehIy bnab;mk
tamkarGnuBaatedaynUvviBaaNrbs;eyIg edIm,IbnnUvkar GFisanCaRbcaMf .
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RBHRTg;)anTtemIlkarxusRtvehIy} dUecHenaHeT .
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EtcMENkxagBYkCMnuM eKxMRbwgGFisandl;RBH[Kat;Gs;BIcit .

edaymanRbsiTiPaB edayePvka edayesaHRtg;

kareFVIkargar

enAeBlEdlelaksavky:akub)anmanRbsasn_fa
eyIgRtvEt
GFisansRmab;GkdTeTot
enaHKat;)anrMBkdl;eyIgral;Ka
BIesckI
GFisandePvkarbs;elakeGlIy:a .
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eGlIy:aelakmancitdUcCaeyIgEdr>>> .
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cMeBaHkarbMeBjkargardFMrbs;Kat; nigcMeBaHRBHKm<IrEdl Kat;)ansresrTukmk
enaHKat;min)anrkeXIjfavagayRsYl kgkar cMNayeBlevlasRmab;GFisanenaHeT
ehIyKat;kmin)anniyayBak y:agenHEdrfa {karbMeBjkargary:agePvkaCanic
sRmab;Gkkgkar GFisan} enaHEdr .

98

karxwtxMy:agxaMg

karfb;)arm

RBHKm<IrkUl:Us 412 Ecgfa GkeG):aR)as Ca)avbMerInRBH RKIs

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[Gkral;Ka)anQrCaRKb;lkN_ ehIyeBjxat tamRBHhbTynRBHRKb;CMBUk .
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dak;karxMRbwg zamBl bCaesckIBayamy:ageRcIn cMeBaHkarBa yam
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.
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eyIgekAminekAenaHeLIy {RbEhlCacMeBaHbMNgcitrbs;elakGkpal; enaHg}
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.
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k)anFab;eFVICaGksuMTandl;bgbn edIm,IxitxMRbwgGFisanCamYynwgKat; pgEdr .
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edaynUvRBHeysUvRKIs
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edIm,IeFVIkar[)anyUr
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enA
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karGFisanedaykarxMRbwgERbgsRmab;BYkGkdTeTot
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sresrEcgTukmkGMBIBYkGkeCOenaHg .
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edayeRBaHGkral;KamgeTotTal;EtRBHRKIs)ankmanrUbrag kgGkral;KaeLIg .
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.
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99

karEsVgrk

eyIgRtvEtEsVgrkRBH[Gs;BIcitrbs;eyIg
.
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CaRBHng ehIynwgeXIjRTg;kgkalEdlrkRTg;Gs;BIcit ehIyGs;BIRBlwggpg .
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ehIynwgGFisandl;Gj rYcGjnwgyl;RBmtam gral;Ka nwgEsVgrkGj
ehIynwgeXIjpg KWkalNagEsVgrkGj[Gs;GMBI cit .
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rkSaTuknUvesckIbnan;rbs;RTg; CaGkEdlEsVgrkRTg;[Gs;BIcit .

karGFisanTaMgtm
etIeyIgRtvEttmb?

etIkarGFisantmsRmab;EtGnuvtenAkgRKasBaacas;
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RtvkarkartmeTbGI?
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RbsinCaBYkeKtmenaHeT .
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nwgRtvdkykecjBIeKeTA enARKaenaH eKnwgtmvij .
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enaHRBHeysUvRTg;)anBnl;eTABYksisSfa manehtu plBIry:ag .
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vaecjeTAedaysarEtGFisan ehIynigtmGt;b:ueNaH .

karyl;xuscMeBaHkarGFisantm
eyIgminRtvGFisantmedaybBaWcit

100

edIm,IbgMdl;RTg;[sab;

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.
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manRbeyaCn_[sMeLgg)anBeTAdl;sanelIeLIy .
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bTyrbs;RBHenaHeT .
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RBHRTg;)anBNnaBIkartmGt; EdlRTg;Kab;RBHhbTy .
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ehIynaMmnusSRkEdlRtvedjBIpH
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\tEdlBYnxnnwgsac;jatirbs;geTbGI .
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karGFisantmedayGKtiPaB

karGFisantmFmta

mankarGFisantmbYnRbePT Edl)ansEmgenAkgRBHKm<Ir .
kartmGt;rbs;eharadanIEy:l KWEdlKat;min)anbriePaKGahar EdlminKYrsm
KWKat;min)anbriePaKsac; nigRsa .
RBHKm<IrdanIEy:l 102/3 Ecgfa enARKaenaH xMJdanIEy:l xMJ
manesckITukRByenAeBj3GaTit xMJmin)anTTYlTanGVIEdlRtvcMNuc cit
kminmansac; bRsaTMBaMg)ayCUr cUlmkkgmat;xMJeLIy xMJkmin)an Gb;xnEdr
drabdl;put3GaTitenaHeTA .

101

karGFisantmCaGFiFmCati

KWCakarGFisantmenAkEngEdlelakGk minmanmbGahar sRmab;briePaK

b:uEn KW)anpwkTwk bCaTwkEpeQIvij . enHKWCakar GFisantmFmta
enAkgryeBlEdltmGt;enaH .
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fa
RTg;min)anbriePaKGVIesaH .
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san
RTg;RtvGarkSl,gkgrvag40f
min)anesayGVIesaHenAevlaenaH
luHputfTaMgenaHmkRTg;kXan .
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TaMgBIry:agenH
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dMeNIbneTAeTot edaymankmaMgBIGahar nigTwkenaHmk Kat;Gacmin
)ac;TTYlTanGaharrhUtdl;eTA40fpgEdr .
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enAeRkamedImdegaenaHeTA
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man
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elakkedIreTAGs;40f40yb; )andl;eTAPMehaErb CaPMnRBH .
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rIelakm:Uesk)antmGt;cMnYn40f40yb;enAelIPM
ehIyRBH
RTg;)anRbTanRkwtvinyTaMg10Rbkar[mkdl;Kat; .

102

karGFisantmedayeBjelj

RBHKm<IrecaTiykfa 99 Ecgfa kgRKaEdlGj)aneLIgeTAelI

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taMgnwggral;Ka enaHGj)anenAelIPMGs;40f40yb; \tmanbriePaK Gahar
bpwkTwkesaH .
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ehIyRkwtviny
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nigGFisancMnYn40feTot .
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Gs;40f40yb;
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enARBHenRtnRBHeyhUv:a CakarEdlbNal[RTg; xJal;eLIg .
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smysBVfenHEdr .
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ehIyelakGkmin)anbriePaKGahar bTwkeLIy .
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bhVgecom Pk;GVIeLIy kMu[sIubpwk[esaH Rtv[TaMgGs; RKlMuxnedaysMBt;F
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karGaRkk;
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103

 RBHnageGseFIr nigRbCaCnyUdaTaMgGs;enAkgRkgsUsan

enAeBlEdlescRsIRBHnameGseFIr)anB
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keFVIdUcKaEdr . bnab;BIeBlGFisantmenaHmk RBHnagk)ancUl eTAKal;dl;esc .
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EdlenARkgsUsan [RbCMuKatmGt;[xMJ kMu[briePaKGVITaMgyb;TaMgf Gs;rvag3f
xMJnigBYkRsIbMerIrbs;xMJ knwgtmdUecaHEdr y:agenaHxMJnwg cUleTAKal;esc ksab;eTAcuH
.
elaksavkb:ul
bnab;BIelaksavkb:ul)aneBIbRbTHRBHeysUv
enABak;kNalpv
eTAkan;Rkgdam:asmk enaHKat;k)antmGt;deBjeljmYyEdr .
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kminbriePaKGVIpg .
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kareFVIdMeNIrTsSnkic

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eTAedaysarEtGFisan ehIynigtmGt;b:ueNaH .
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.

104

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ehIynaMmnusSRkEdlRtvedjBIpH
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ehIyesckIGFisanrbs;TUlbgM )anRtLb;cUlmkkgRTg xnvij .
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cMeBaHkRmTaMgGs;EdleyIg)anrkeXIj
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edIm,IkMu[mnusSelakeXIjfa
GktmeLIy
KW
[RBHvrbitanGk

105

EdlKg;enATIlak;kM)aMg)aneXIjvij
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nGk
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karEdleyIgRtvGnuvt
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cMeBaHkarGFisantmedayPaKxH KWTTYlTancMNIGaharEdlman rsCatiRsal
dUcCaTwkEpeQICaedIm . kuMbriePaKGaharEdlmanrs;Cati eBjeljeLIy . cUrpwkTwk
TwkedaHeKa bTwkEpeQI . RbEhlCaelak Gkcg;pwkeRKgEpeQIlayKa
CaBiessKWRkcqa layBak;kNal mak;CamYynwgTwk .
etIGs;ryeBlb:uNacMeBaHkartmGt; rvagelakGknigRBH . cab;
taMgBIkartmGt;EdlelakGk)aneFVIkarebCJa )ansna cUrkuMeFVIedayman karelVIyeLIy
. vaCakardRbesIrbMput kgkarcab;epImtmGaharmYy eBl bmYyf KWcab;BIflic
rhUtdl;flicmgeTot RBmTaMgeFVI[ elIseBl enaHeTAeTotCakarl .
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rhUtdl;Gac
bBab;TTYlTanGaharrwgEtmg .

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edIm,IGFisan[)anTTYleCaKCy
enaHeyIgRtvEtGPivDnUvCIvit
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edayesaHGs;BIcit edaymankRmitxaMgka nigedayjwk jab;Canicnirnr_teTA .
RTg;seRmcRBHTydl;Gs;GkEdlnwgEsVgrk RTg; Edlcg;eFVIkarfVayRBHGg
nigEdlxMBuHBarsRmab;bMNgRBHhbTy RTg;)anseRmc .

106

RBHRTg;)anRbTanBrnUv]bkrN_dGsarnkarGFisantm
eday
mankRmCaeRcIn KWCaKMrUnkarnaMmknUvrUbkay RBlwgrbs;eyIg [cUl eTAkgRbFanbT
xagviBaaNrbs;eyIg ehIy[)ancUleTAkan;PaBCa RBHGmas;rbs;RTg; .

sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij

1>

etICMhanTaMgbYnnkarGFisanEdleBjedayeCaKCy enaHmanGVIxH? cUreFVIkarBnl;nUvEpknimYy rbs;va .

2>

cUreFVIbBaIeQaHnUvkRmkarGFisantm .

3>

RbsinebIelakGkmin)anGFisantmBImunmkeT
eTAEdlCaeKaledAdBitR)akdrbs;elakGk?

etIelakGknwgeFVIkarcab;epImy:agdUcemcEdr?

107

etIGVI

emeronTI 7
semgnesckICMenO
esckIepIm
eyIgRtvEtGFisanedayesckICenO sRmab;esckIGFisanrbs; eyIg
edIm,I[)anTTYlnUvcemIy . cUreFVItamlMdab;lMedaydUcteTAenH KWeyIgRtvEtyl;dwg
ehIynigRtvEt)anCamnusSnesckICMenO .
eyIgrkeXIjnUvBak {eCO} CagmYyrysamsibdg enAkgRBH Km<IrsBaafI .
Bak {esckICMenO} KWRtv)aneKeRbIcMnYnCagBIrrymdg.
karTTYlCyCmHmgehIymgeTot enAkgRBHraCkicenAelIEpn dICarbs;RTg;
enaHRBHeysUvRTg;TTYlkarxusRtvcMeBaHesckICMenOenaH KWRTg;manbnlfa
{esckICMenOrbs;Gk)aneFVIsRmab;GkedaylehIy}
{cUreFVIeTAtamesckICMenOrbs;GkcuH}
{sIeGIy esckICMenOrbs;nagmanCaFMdl;emHh+
{ebIsinCaGkmanesckICMenOeday\tsgSenaH> > >}
{cUrmanesckICMenOenAkgRBHcuH}
RTg;kmanbnldUecHfa
{GkmanCMenOticeGIy > > >}
{ehtuGVI)anCaGksgS?}
{KWedaysarEtGkral;KamineCOEtb:ueNaH > > >}
{etIy:agNaenaH GkKanesckICMenOeTbGI?}
{etIesckICMenOrbs;Gkral;KaenANa?}
RTg;kmanbnleTAkan;BYksisSRTg;fa
{)anGFisansRmab;Gkral;Ka
edIm,IkuM[esckICMenOrbs;Gkral;KaRtv Fak;cuHeLIy .
RKb;y:agEdleyIgral;Ka)anTTYlmkBIRBH KWeyIgTTYleday esckICMenO
edayesckIsegaHrbs;eyIg karRCmuCedayRBHviBaaN brisuT edayesckIsucrit
edaykareR)as[Ca karRbTanBr edayR)aCJa nigcMeNHecHsat;CaGFiFmCati .
karniyayedayesckICMenO

cUrniyayedayesckICMenO etIGVIEdlelakGkniyayKWRtvEteCO b?
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrEcgTukmkfa

108

EtesckIsucritEdlmkeday esckICMenO enaHfadUecHvij>>> Et

esckIsucritenaH etIfadUcemc enaHfa RBHbnlenACitg kenAkg mat;
ehIykgcitgpg
enaHKWCaRBHbnlnesckICMenO
EdleyIg
kMBugEtRbkasR)ab;fa r:Um 106k/8 .
karniyayedayesckICMenO KWtamRBHbnlrbs;RBH . edIm,I[
esckIGFisanrbs;eyIg)anTTYlnUvcemIy enaHeyIgRtvEteCO ehIy EdleyIgeCOenaH
KWeyIgRtvEteCOelIRBHbnlnRBH nigBsemgrbs; RTg; .
karenHnaMmk[eyIgnUvsMNYrfa {etIGVIeTACaesckICMenOdBit?}
munEdleyIgcab;epImrkeXIjnUvcemIyenaH
KWvamansarsMxan;
[yl;BIrebobEdleyIgRtv)anbegItmk .
etIeyIgCaGkNa?
CarUbkay CaRBlwg nigCaviBaaN
eyIgral;KaRtv)anbegIteLIgmkCabIEpk
-EpkrUbkay Caqwg Casac; nigQamrbs;eyIg
-EpkRBlwg KWCaevTyit CabMNgcit nigCaGarmN_rbs;eyIg
-EpkviBaaN CaCIvit karmanenArbs;eyIg .
elaksavky:akubmanRbsasn_fa
rUbkayEdlKanviBaaN
KWman
eQaHfasab;ehIy .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 226 Ecgfa BIeRBaHesckICMenO ebIKankar RbRBwttam
enaHeQaHfasab;ehIy eRbbdUcCarUbkay ebI\tmanRBlwg viBaaNeT
enaHksab;ehIyEdr .
GkniBnRBHKm<IreheRBIr)anbBaak;faCaRBlwgviBaaN
ehIyk
manRbsasn_eTotfadUecH
edaynUvRBHbnlrbs;RBH
EdleyIgGacR)ab;
faCaRBlwgEdlmkBIviBaaN .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 412 Ecgfa BIeRBaH RBHbnlnRBH enaH rs;enA
ehIyBUEkpg kmutCagdavNamanmux2TaMgFHcUleTA Tal;Et kat;RBlwgnigviBaaN
ehIysnak; nigxYrqwgdac;BIKa TaMgBicarNaGs; TaMgKMnitEdlcitKit ehIyEdlsMercEdr
.
elaksavkb:ul)anGFisanenARkgEfsSaLnicfa
RBHRTg;)aneFVI
[eyIgmankarsb;sat;eBjelj xagviBaaN RBlwg nigrUbkay .
RBHKm<Ir1EfsSaLnic 523 Ecgfa sUm[RBHnesckIsux san
EjkGkral;KaecjCabrisuTsBVRKb;
ehIy[TaMgRBlwgnigviBaaN

109

ehIyrUbkayTaMgmUl)anbMrugTuk\tesAhg
RBHGmas;neyIgRTg;yagmk .

drabdl;RBHeysUvRKIs

Ca

karekItedayRBHviBaaN

karbegIteLIgCafI

karTMnak;TMngrbs;eyIgCamYynwgRBH KWedaynUvviBaaN . eyIg

)anekItCafIedayviBaaN . mnusSeyIgCaeRcInnak;Edl)anBayam beRmIRBH
edIm,IfVaybgMdl;RBHGg GFisaneTARBHGgGs;BIRBlwgrbs; eyIg . kareFVIdUcenH
KWminGacseRmc)aneLIy
.
eyIgRtvEtekItCafI
edayRBHviBaaN
ehIy)ancUlmkRBHedaynUvviBaaNpgEdr .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 34-6 Ecgfa elaknIkUedmTUlsYrfa eFVIdUc
emcnwgekIteLIg)an kgkalEdlcas;ehIy etIGacnwgcUleTAkgeBaH maymgeTot
ehIyekIteLIgvij)anb RBHeysUvmanbnleqIyfa R)akdEmnR)ab;GkCaR)akdfa
ebImin)anekItGMBITwk
ehIyGMBIRBH
viBaaN
enaHKanGkNaGacnwgcUleTAkgnKrRBH)aneT rbs;GVIEdlekIt BIsac; enaHCasac;eT
ehIyEdlekItBIRBHviBaaN enaHCaviBaaNvij .
elaksavky:Uhank)anebIksEmgdl;eyIgpgEdr faRBHRTg;Ca viBaaN
ehIyEdleyIgGaccUlmkRBHGg)an KWTal;EtcUlmkeday nUvviBaaN .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 423/24 Ecgfa EtnwgmaneBlevlamk k
enA\LvenHehIy
enaHBYkGkEdlfVaybgMedayBitRtg;
eKnwgfVaybgM
RBHvrbitaedayviBaaN nigesckIBit BIeRBaHRBHvrbita RTg;rkBYkGk y:agenaH
[)anfVaybgMRTg; RBHRTg;CaviBaaN ehIyGkNaEdlfVay bgMRTg;
enaHRtvEtfVaybgM edayviBaaN nwgesckIBitEdr .
eyIgRtvEt)anekItCafIedaynUvviBaaN .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 517 Ecgfa )anCaebIGkNaenAkgRBH RKIs
enaHeQaHfa)anekItCafIehIy
Gs;TaMgesckIcas;)ankng)at;eTA
emIl
RKb;TaMgGs;)anRtLb;CafIvij .

viBaaNEtmYyCamYynwgRBH
tamrykMeNItfI enaHeyIgRtvEt)anCaviBaaNEtmYyCamYynwg RBH .
etIeyIgRtveFVIdUcemcCamYynwgRBH
bsRmab;RBH
KWeyIgRtvEt)an
seRmcedaynUvviBaaN . esckIGFisanrbs;eyIg KWedIm,I[man RbsiTiPaB
enaHminGacCaesckIGFisanxaglkN
rUbniymedayman
EtxagEpkcitKMnitenaHeLIy KWRtvEt)anCaesckIGFisanedaynUv viBaaNvij .

110

RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 617 Ecgfa GkEdlenACab;nwgRBH Gmas;

enaHkCaviBaaNEt1nwgRTg;Edr .
eyIgRtvbeRmIdl;RBHedaynUvviBaaNrbs;eyIg
dUcCaelaksavk
b:ul)anmanRbsasn_dUecHfa
d,itRBHEdlbMerIedayviBaaN kgdMNwglBIRBHraCbuRtaRTg; >>> r:Um 19k
.
GkniBnRBHKm<IreheRBIrdEdl
)ansEmgfa
eyIgRtwmEtGacKab;
dl;RBHhbTyRBH KWenAeBlEdleyIg)ancUlmkRBHGgedayesckI CMenOenaHg .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 116 Ecgfa EtebI\tmanesckICMenOeT enaH
minGacnwgKab;dl;RBHhbTyRBH)aneLIy
d,itGkNaEdlcUleTA
RBH
enaHRtvEteCOfa manRBHEmn ehIyfa RTg;RbTanrgVan; dl;Gs;Gk EdlEsVgrkRTg; .

esckICMenOCalkNFmCati nigedayGFiFmCati
esckICMenOCalkNFmCati
tameKallTi)anEcgmkfa esckICMenOKWCakareCOCak;elIesckI Bit
karmantm bCaPaBKYrTukcitrbs;mnusSmak; CaKMnit bCarbs; .
esckICMenOKWCalTPaBCalkNFmCati enAkgtMbn;xagRBlwgrbs; eyIg .
]TahrN_ enAeBlEdleyIgGgyenAelIekAGI enaHeyIgman CMenOfa
vanwgGacTb;RTeyIg)an
.
eyIgral;KaesIrEtTaMgGs;
)anGnuvt
nUvesckICMenOxagEpkFmCatienH ehIyenAEtbneFVI b:uEn enHKWminEmn
CaRbePTnesckICMenOrbs;RBH Edl)anebIksEmgenAkgRBHKm<IrenaH eT .
esckICMenOedayGFiFmCati

KMnitrevIrvay

esckICMenOedayGFiFmCati minEmnCakarsRmakenAelIPstag dsmrm

benAelIsmarCak;Esg CMnYs[karenH vataMgenAelImUldan RKwHEdlputPy
kgkareCOelIRBH nigRBHbnlrbs;RTg; . esckICMenO edayGFiFmCati KWCakareCO
nigkareFVIskmPaBelIRBHbnlrbs;RBH
edayKankarsYr
bkarBayamrkehtupledaHsaGVIeLIy .
elaksavky:akub)anEcgmkfa mnusSmak;EdlTUlsUmedaycit eCO b:uEn
eRkaymkkmankarsgSvij . enHKWCamnusSmak;Edlgaynwg eCO ehIynwgQb;eCOvij
KWeKmancitvilcuHvieLIgKanTIbBab;
.
Kat;
bnagkRtvmanciter
ehIykdUcCarlksmuRTEdlRtvxl;dUecaHEdr .

111

RBHKm<Iry:akub 15/6 Ecgfa EtebIGkral;KaNamYyxVHR)aCJa

manEtsUmdl;RBH EdlRTg;RbTandl;mnusSTaMgGs;edaysTa \t benaspg
enaHRTg;nwgRbTan[ EtRtv[GkenaHsUmedayciteCO \t sgSyGVIesaH
d,itGkNaEdlsgSy enaHeRbbdUcCarlksmuRTEdl Rtvpat;edayxl;
TaMgrMeBIkcuHeLIg .
karsgSKWCakarpyBIesckICMenO KWvaCaskmPaBnKMnitxag EpkFmCati .
karsgSmannyfa KankarseRmccit bmancitsgS cMeBaHkarTn;eTArkkarmineCO
eTArkkaryl;eXIjfamindUcCakarKit
eTA
rkkarxVHcenaHnUvkarBit
EdlEtgEtdwknaMedaymankarsak;esIr KWxVHnUv esckITukcit .
eyIgminGacGnuvtedayesckICMenO nigmankarsgSenAkgeBl EtmYyenaHeT
BIeRBaHkarTaMgenaHvapyBIKa .
karbNal[mankarsgS
kar)at;bg;nUvkarrab;Ganedayxng

manehtuplsMxan;bIy:ag KWmnusSenAkgsmrPUmimak; Edl mankarsgS

KWEdlGacRtv)aneKTTYlsal; nigRtveKTak;TgCamYy .
mUlehtuCacm,gmYysRmab;karsgS
KWCakarxVHxatnUvkarrab;
Ganedayxng . erOgr:avEdlmaneRKaHfak;bMputGMBIkarxVHnUvesckI rab;Ganrbs;eyIg
KWEdleyIgKitfa
eyIgmin)aneFVIGVIesaHGMBIkarenaH
.
{vaCameFa)ayEdlRtv)anegIbeLIg ehIykCameFa)ayEdl)an smMenAvij}
KWEtgEt)anelcBCanic .
eTaHCay:agNakeday
enAkgesckIsegaH
enaHeyIg)anRtLb;
mkCaGk)anekItCafIvij . eyIg)anRtLb;mkCaviBaaNEtmYyCamYy nwgRBH .
karebIksEmgcMeBaHkarekItCafIenH
KWmin)ancakecjBIrUbPaB
GataniymCaGviCmanenaHeT .
elaksavkb:ul)anR)ab;eyIgfa
sUm,IEtenAeBlEdleyIg)an
sab;enAkgGMeBI)abkeday
enaHRBHRTg;kenAEtRsLaj;dl;eyIgEdr
.
RbEhlCaBukmayrbs;eyIg
min)anRsLaj;eyIgdUcCakarEdlBYk
Kat;KYrKb,IeFVIy:agdUecaHenaHeT . RbEhlCaBYkeK)anniyayfa RKb;
y:agTaMgGs;KWenAxINas; EdlCakarGviCman nigkareBjeTAedayPaB QWcukcab; b:uEn
RBHRTg;enAEtRsLaj;eyIg .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 24-6 Ecgfa b:uEnRBHEdlRTg;manesckI
emtakruNadelIslb; edayeRBaHesckIRsLaj;CaxaMg EdlRTg;man dl;eyIgral;Ka

112

kgkalEdleyIgenAsab;kgkarrMlgenAeLIy enaHRTg; )aneR)as[eyIgral;Ka)anrs;

CamYynwgRBHRKIs
KWedayRBHKuN
Edl
Gkral;Ka)ansegaH
ehIyRTg;)aneR)as[eyIgrs;eLIgvij
k[eyIg
GgyCamYynwgRBHRKIs
enAsandx<s;Edr .
eharaespana)anpl;[eyIg
nUvrUbPaBnesckIGMNrdGsar
rbs;RBHmkelIeyIgral;KaedaymankareRcgnUvceRmg .
RBHKm<Irespana 317 Ecgfa RBHeyhUv:a dCaRBHng
RTg;Kg;enAkNalg RTg;CaRBHdman\TibTi edIm,ICYysegaH RTg;nwg
manesckIrIkrayGrsb,aycMeBaHg RTg;nwgsMrakkgesckIRsLaj; rbs;RTg;
knwgGrsb,aynwgg edaysMeLgeRcg .
Tak;TgCamYynwgkarxVHxatxagkarrab;Gan edaykarsikSa eday karRbkas

GMeBI)ab

nigedaykareCOelIRBHbnlRBH GMBIGs;GkEdleyIg)anCYb enAkgRBHRKIs .

mUlehtubnab;GMBIkarsgS KWCaGMeBI)ab . Canickal vaCaGMeBI

)abEdleyIg)ankan;kab;
edIm,Ilak;BIKMnitEdlmansartIrbs;eyIg
.
eyIg)aneFVI[eCOneLIg
nUvKMnitxagxYrk,alpal;rbs;eyIg
EdlBit
R)akdCaRtwmRtvenARKb;TaMgGs;rbs;RBH
b:uEn
viBaaNrbs;eyIgKWCaEt
mYyCamYynwgRBH . viBaaNrbs;eyIg)andwgfa vaCaGMeBI)ab . eday
kareFVI[eCOneLIgnUvKMnitrbs;eyIg EdlxUceTA enaHeyIg)anRtLb;mk CamanKMnitBIr
.
RBHKm<Iry:akub 16-8 Ecgfa EtRtv[GkenaHsUmedaycit eCO
\tsgSyGVIesaH
d,itGkNaEdlsgSy
enaHeRbbdUcCarlk
smuRTEdlRtvpat;edayxl; TaMgrMeBIkcuHeLIg kuM[mnusSy:agenaHnwk sanfa
xnnwg)anGVIBIRBHGmas;eLIy d,itGkenaHmancit2 ecHEtsava: kgRKb;TaMgpv .
sUmGanenAkgRBHKm<Ir1BgSavtarkSRtEcgfa
>>>ebIkUnecAgrkSapvrbs;eK
[)anedIrenAcMeBaHmuxGj
eday
esaHRtg;Gs;BIcit
Gs;BIRBlwgeK
enaHnwgminEdlxanmanBUCgGgy
elIblgraCnsasn_GRsaEGleLIy 1BgSavtarkSRt 24x .
BYkeKRtvEtcab;yknUvkarykcitTukdak; edIm,IedIrenAcMeBaHRBH Gmas;
edaynUvesckIBit CamYynwgcit viBaaN rbs;BYkeK RBmTaMg RBlwg KMnit
rbs;BYkeKTaMgGs;Ka .

113

 edIm,IbBab;nUvkarcUleTAedaysgS

tamrytMbn;enH
enaHeyIg
RtvEtTTYlsal;nUvGMeBI)ab nigkarln;tYeTascMeBaHkarenaH . bnab;
mknwgmankarGt;eTas RBmTaMgkarerIecjnUvGMeBIkMhusenaH .

PaBminesaHRtg;

RBHKm<Ir1y:Uhan 19 Ecgfa ebIeyIgln;tY)abvij enaHRTg;

manRBHhbTyesaHRtg;
ehIysucrit
RbeyaCn_nwgGt;eTas)ab[eyIg
ehIynigsMGateyIg BIRKb;GMeBITucritTaMgGs;pg .

mUlehtuTIbIsRmab;karsgS
KWCabBaamYyEdlCaerOgTUeTAd
hYsehtuenAsmysBVfenH KWCaPaBminesaHRtg;enaHg . manmnusS
CaeRcInTTYlGarmN_fa
vasuTEtCaerOgRtwmRtvTaMgGs;cMeBaHkarR)ab;
fa
{mankarkuhktictYc}
b
{mankarkuhkCaTUeTA}
KWRKan;EtCakar
begItnUvsac;erOgmYy[)anrlUnEtb:ueNaH bkedIm,IsnSMGarmN_rbs; GkxHEtb:ueNaH
.
mnusSEdlkuhk ebIKiteTARKb;KasuTEtkuhkeK . BIeRBaHBYkeK
minmanPaBesaHRtg; BYkeKminGacTukcitdl;GkNamYyfaesaHRtg; enaHeT .
erOgenHKWCakar)at;bg;nUvPaBesaHRtg;EdlmanrYcehIy
sUm,I
EtcMeBaHRBHkKanPaBesaHRtg;enaHEdr
.
edaysarEtBaksmIrbs;eK
EdlminGacRtv)anKYr[Tukcit KWBYkeKKanlTPaBnwgTukcitelIRBH bnlrbs;RBH .
BYkeKGacKit
Gacniyay
GaceFVI
b:uEn
CakarBit
BYkeK
minGacedayeRBaHEtbuKliklkNpal;xnrbs;eKenaHg .
escsaLm:Un)anbegItnUvrebobmYy
EdlRBHRTg;cab;GarmN_
GMBIkarkuhky:agc,as;las;bMputenaHg .
RBHKm<IrsuPasit 616-17x Ecgfa man6mux EdlRBH eyhUv:aRTg;sb; eGI
man7pg EdlRTg;ex<ImeqIm KWEPkeqIgq1 GNat PUtPr1>>> .
edIm,IbBab;nUvkarsgSBIkarcUleTAtamtMbn;enH

begItkarebCJamYy edIm,I[)ankayeTAmanPaBesaHRtg;
EdlmankarTukcitdl;RBH .

enaHeyIgRtvEt
[)aneTACa kUn

eyIgeFVIy:agdUecH edaykarsarPaBnUvkMhusBIGtItkalrbs; eyIg

Edl)ankuhkdl;RBH . b:uEn edIm,IkMcat;kMcaynUvTmab;nkar kuhk
enaHeyIgRtvkarkarsarPaBTaMgkarkuhkfI eTAdl;GkdTeTot pgEdr .
vaCakarKYr[PJak;epIl
BIrebobEdleFVIedayrhseBky:ag
dUecH
KWCaTegVIEdlmanesckIxaseGon karenHnwgbeRgneyIg[ecHKit munnwgeyIgniyay .

114

RBHKm<Iry:akub 516 Ecgfa dUecH cUr[Gkral;Kaln;tYeTas nwgKa

ehIyGFisan[KaeTAvijeTAmk
edIm,I[)anCacuH
d,itesckITUl
GgVrdGs;BIcitrbs;mnusSsucrit enaHBUEkNas; .
esckICMenOdBitKWCamUldannesckIBit
Gs;rykalCaeRcInmkehIy EdleyIgrkeXIjBak {esckI Bit}
enAkgRBHKm<Ir . elaky:UesV)ansresrfa
dUecH
\LvenHcUrekatxacdl;RBHeyhUv:a
ehIyeKarBRbtibti
dl;RTg;edaycitesaHRtg; ehIyBitR)akdcuH>>> y:UesV 2414k .
eharasaMyUEGl)ansresrfa
sUm[EtGkral;Ka)anekatxac
dl;RBHeyhUv:aehIyeKarB
Rbtibtidl;RTg;edayesaHRtg;
ehIyGs;GMBIcitpgb:ueNaH
d,itcUr
BicarNaemIlkardFMviessTaMgem:H
EdlRTg;)aneR)asdl;Gkral;Ka
ehIy
1saMyUEGl 1224 .
escsaLm:Un)ansresrfa
RBHKm<Ir1BgSavtarkSRt 36k Ecgfa enaHsaLm:UnRTg;TUl eqIyfa
RBHGg)ansMEdgesckIsb,rsdFMdl;)avbMerIRTg; KWdavID CaRBH bitanTUlbgM
tamEdlelak)anRbRBwtenAcMeBaHRTg;>>> .
esckIGFisanrbs;escehesKafay:agdUecH
RBHeyhUv:aeGIy
sUmRTg;nwkcaMBITUlbgM
Edl)anedIrenAcMeBaH
RTg;edayBitRtg; ehIyedaycitesaHcMeBaH RBmTaMgRbRBwtGMeBIdl enA
.
RBHenRtRTg;Cay:agNa>>> 2BgSavtarkSRt 203k .
elaksavky:Uhan)ansresrfa
BYkkUntUceGIy eyIgminRtvRsLaj; edayBaksMdI beday
bbUrmat;b:ueNaHeLIy KWedaykarRbRBwt nigesckIBitvij 1y:Uhan 318 .

kickargarrbs;RBHKWGaceFVI)an RtwmEtesckIBitb:ueNaH .

eyIg)anrs;enAkgsankarN_
EdlmnusShak;dUcCa)aneCOfa
{CaesckkICMnuMCRmHcugeRkaydmanny} . BYkeK)aneFVIkarkuhk edIm,I
[)anTTYlluykak;sRmab;EtesckIRtvkarrbs;BYkeK
bkeFVIsRmab;Et
kargarrbs;BYkeKb:ueNaH KWCakarTTYlGarmN_BIluykak;faCa {ehtu pldlmYy}
b:ueNaH .
escdavID)ansresrfa

115

d,itRBHbnlnRBHeyhUv:aRtwmRtv
ehIybNakickarnRTg;
)aneFVIedayesaHRtg;Edr TMnukdMekIg 334.
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 1117/8 Ecgfa Gs;TaMgsadnRBHhs
RTg;suTEtBitRtg; ehIysucrit bBatiTaMgb:unannRTg;suTEtm:t;ct; k
)antaMg[enAGs;kl,Canic ehIy)ansMercedayesckIBit nigesckI eTogRtg; .

RbePTnesckICMenOEdlmkBIRBH
GkniBnRBHKm<IreheRBIr
)anpl;[eyIgnUvCMBUkdGsarmYyEdl
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CMenOEdl)aneBjelj edayKankarcMNayeBlGaneBjmYyCMBUkenH enaHeT .
niymny
enAkgRBHKm<IreheRBIr eyIg)ansikSaBIesckICMenOEdl)anEcg Tukmk .
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EdldwgCak;fanwg)andUcsgwm
CasMKal;BIkarEdlemIlmineXIj>>>
eyIgral;Kakyl;edaysaresckICMenOenaHfa
elakiy)anekItmk
eday
sarRBHbnlnRBH
)anCarbs;EdlemIleXIjTaMgb:unan
enaHminEmn
ekItGMBIrbs;EdlemIleXIjeT .
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RTg;k)anyagbndMeNIreTAeTot
eday)anBNnaBIesckI
CMenO
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.
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manesckICMenOdl;RBHcuH d,itR)ab;Gkral;KaCaR)akdfa ebIGkNa niyayeTAPMenHfa
cUrerIecjBITIenHeTAFak;kgsmuRTcuH eday\tsgSy kgcit KWeCOCak;fa
esckIGVIEdlxnfa nwg)anekItmkBit enaHnwg)andUc R)afaRKb;CMBUkTaMgGs;
edayehtuenaH)anCaR)ab;Gkral;Kafa RKb; TaMgesckIGVIEdlGkral;KaGFisansUm
cUreCOfa )anehIy enaHnwg)an Emn .
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esckICMenOdBit
KWRtv)anRbTanmkeyIgral;KaedayRBH
EmnCakarpkedayesckIGMnYtenaHeT .

116

KWmin

esckICMenOKWCaRKab;BUCmYyy:aglit

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ral;Ka)ansegaHedaysaresckICMenO ehIyesckIenaHkminEmnekItBI Gkral;KaEdr
KWCaGMeNayTanrbs;RBHvij .
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edayRBHKuNEdlRTg;)anpl;mkfa
cUrKitEbb[man
KMnitnwgFwg
tamxatnesckICMenO
EdlRBH)anEckmkGkral;KanimYy
kuM[manKMnitx<s;elIsCagKMnit EdlKYrKb,I[KitenaHeLIy .
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KWesckI
CMenOenaHGacmankarrIklUtlas;
bketIRBHRTg;)anRbTan[eyIgRKb;
TaMgGs;EdleyIgRtvkarenAeBlEtmYyb?
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KWCaRKab;BUCy:agtUcbMput EdleK)aneRBaHcuHenAelIdI . eRkaymk eTot
RTg;k)anbeRgnGMBIRKab;BUCdtUcenaH vanwgduHlUtlas;eLIgeday rebobNa .
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eFVIminekItenaHeT .
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rbs;eyIral;Ka
enaHEdlmankarrIcceRmInenaHEdr .
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kalNaesckICMenOrbs;Gkral;Ka
)ancMerIneLIg
enaHeyIg
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ehIyBYkeKk)anGFisandUecHfa
>>>sUmRTg;cMerInesckICMenOdl;eyIgeTotpg lUka 175x.
elaksavkyUdas k)anmanRbsasn_fa eyIgRtvEtsg;esckICMenO rbs;eyIgeLIg .

117

esckICMenOminEmnCaesckIsgwm

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RBmTaMgrg;caMesckIemtakruNa
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nwg)aneBjkmaMgeLIg
KWenAeBlEdleyIgGnuBaat[vaeFVIkarenAkgeyIg
.
vanwgmankarlUt
las;eTAtameBlevla dUcCaRKab;BUCdtUclitenaHCaminxan .
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nwgeFVIskmPaBenAeBlGnaKt rIesckICMenOKWCaskmPaB enAeBl\LvenH .
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erOgr:avTaMgLayenAeBlGnaKt} enaHnwgeFVI[eyIg)anTTYlenAeBl \LvenH .
manesckIEcgTukmkfa
{esckIsgwmKWbegIt[manCayuT-sas
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enaHcMeNHdwg)anRtLb;mkCa mankarBiesaFn_ .
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1kUrinfUs 29/14 .

esckICMenOKWtamryRBHbnlRBH
elaksavkb:ul)anmanRbsasn_fa
esckICMenO)anmkedaykar
BnUvRBHbnlrbs;RBH . esckIdBit KWCakartaMgelImUldannRBHbnl rbs;RBH .
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b)aneXIj EdlpyCMTas;eTAnwgRBHbnl .

118

RBHKm<Irr:Um 1017 Ecgfa dUecHesckICMenOekIteLIgedayB

ehIyEdlBenaH KWedaysarRBHbnlnRBH .
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kareXIj
nigkaryl;dwgxag
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min)anB nigmin)anyl; .
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ehIyminyl;pg .
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elakiyTaMgmUl .
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enaH)anQHelakiyehIy CyCMnHEdlQHelakiyenaH KWCa esckICMenOrbs;eyIg .
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etIesckIrbs;Gkral;KaenANa?

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ehIyenAeBlEdlBHminTan;mkdl;enAeLIy
enaHBYkeK)aneXIj
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{etIesckICMenOrbs;eyIg
ral;KaenANa?}

119

etIkarenHsitenAkgEpkFmCati
benAkgEpkGFiFmCati?
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nigedaynUvBaksmIrbs;eyIg .
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RBHbnlenACitg
kenAkgmat;
ehIykgcitgpg
enaHKWCa
RBHbnlnesckICMenO EdleyIgkMBugEtRbkasR)ab;fa .
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sRtvrbs;esckICMenO
eyIgRtvEteFVIkarRbyuT

karyl;dwgedayFmCati

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nigedayesckICMenO . BakenaHKW {cUreFVIkarRbyuT}
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mkTTYl
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nigb:HBal;)an
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elIRBHbnl
rbs;RBH
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.
elak
savkb:ul)ansresrEcgTukmkGMBIkarenH .

120

karmineCO

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sucrit
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BI
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BYksisSRTg;enAkgpHmgeTot ehIy fUma: skenACamYyEdr enaHRBHeysUvRTg;yagmk

121

QrkNalBYkeK
TaMgTVarenAbiT
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RBHnTUlbgM eGIy RBHeysUvmanbnleTAKat;fa fUm:aseGIy GkeCOedayeRBaH)an
eXIjeTetI manBrehIy GkNaEdleCO\teXIjesaH .
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edIm,I[)aneXIj
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[)anRtLb;eTACasavknkarRbkasdMNwgl
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b:uEn
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Ca
elakfUm:asEdlCamnusSsgSdEdl .

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karGFisanedayCMenO

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.
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.
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edaynUvRBHnamRBHGmas;pg
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ebIKat;)aneFVI)abGVIenaHnwg)anGt;eTas[pg .
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ehIyEdl)anGFisan

122

edayesckICMenO . vakCamUldanRKwHeTAelIkarRBmeRBgBIry:ag bk
eRcInCagenHeTAeTot .
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)anGFisanecjeTAedaymanCaTI
bnal;BIRBHviBaaNbrisuT karGFisanenaHnwg)anseRmc . esckIBitn
RBHbnlrbs;RBH KWbBaak;BIkarBitCaeRcIndl;eyIgral;Ka CaCagkar[ sBaa
bCaRBwtikarN_GVImYy
.
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.
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ehIyBIGVIEdlCacemIymkBIRBHbnlrbs;RBH
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mak;eTotEdlKan
{karbeBajsMNUmBrGVIesaH} CaedIm .

123

karpg;citcMeBaHesckIGFisanrbs;eyIg

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karGFisanrYmKa

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enaH[rs;BIsab;eLIgvij .
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min

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eyIgCECkGMBIsankarN_mYy

124

Edl)anykecjBIRBHbnlrbs;RBH
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enaH
nig)anyl;RBmtamrebobEdleyIgGFisanenaH
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enaHeyIgRtvEtTUlsUmrYmKaedaymanesckICMenOdUcKa
enaHnwgRtv)anTTYlnUvcemIyCak;Caminxan .
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. KWBYkeKTaMgBIrnak;RtvEt bTaMgGs;KaRtvEtGFisan edaymankarRBmeRBgKa
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.
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edaymankardwknaMGFisan enAeBlEdlGkdT eTotsab; nigkPaBCamYy .
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RBHbnlRBHKWrs;enA

esckIGFisanCadMeNaHRsay

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.
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edaymankaredaHnUvbBaaenaH .
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EdlGjcat;eTAeFVIenaH .

125

sRmab;kareR)as[Ca

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enaHeyIgKYrKb,IcMNayeBlevlark[eXIj
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126

kEngEdlBYkeKkMBugEteFVIkarenaH . etIeyIgGFisanedayrebobNadl; BYkeK?

karGFisaneTAtamRBHbnlenaHKWy:agdUecH

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RBHbnlRTg;)anEcgmkfa RTg;CaGkKgValrbs;TUlbgM TUlbgM nwgminxVHGVIesaH .
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TMnukdMekIg 231 .

127

)esckIsegb GMBIsemgnesckICMenO
eyIgral;KaKWCarUbkay CaRBlwg nigCaviBaaN . eyIg)anekItmgeTot xagviBaaN .
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.
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sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij

1>
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qn
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etImannyy:agdUcemccMeBaHkarGFisanedayesckICMenO EdlmancitRBmeRBgKa?
cUrsresrBIKMrUnesckIGFisantamRBHbnl sRmab;GkNamak;EdlelakGkykcitTukdak;elI .

128

emeronTI 8
karGFisanedaynUvsiTiGMNac
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manesckIGFisanCaeRcIn
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BIeRBaH
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nignageGv:aEdlRtv)anbegItmk[eFVIkardUecaHEdr
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enaHKWCakarrg;caMsab;
.
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RTg;nwgR)ab;eyIgnUvGVIEdleyIgRtveFVI GVIEdleyIgRtvniyay GVIEdl eyIgRtvbBaa
GVIEdleyIgRtvniyayCaGtiPaB .
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KWCakmaMgFmCatidUcKa
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)anEsVgrkmnusSRbs-RsI
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GFisanedaynUvesckIGFisandmansiTiGMNacenaHKW
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CaGs;GkEdlmancitbnabxnCaGkbeRmI

129

esckIGFisanEdlmansiTiGMNacnwg)anCa
mUldanRKwHelIkarsab;BBIRBH tamryGMeNayTannRBHviBaaN brisuT
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karniyayy:ageBjedayGMNac
tamryGMeNayTannesckI CMenO
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karmaneBjedayGMNac karmansiTiGMNac esckIGFisanrbs; esc
minEdlmktamryGakb,kiriyanBakfa {vanwgmin)anleLIy RbsinebI> > >} .
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cab;taMgBIeyIgmankarRbCuMBYkCMnuMenAkgBiFIedIrlMEhr
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bedayqnpal;xnenaHeLIy
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enaHemXkbgrePgFak;mk ehIydI)anbegItplEp eLIg y:akub 517/18 .
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ehIyk)ansab;BBIRBH
nigbnab;mkeTot
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elIkElgEtnwgmanvacamgeTot} .

RBHeysUvRTg;CaKMrUdl;eyIg
enAkgRKb;erOgr:avTaMgGs;EdleyIgeFVI
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eysUvRTg;)aneFVIkarRKb;y:ag EdlelakGdamBIdMbUgRtv)anbegItmk[ eFVIkar .

130

eyIgGacniyayy:agBitR)akdfa
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RBHeysUvRTg;min)aneFVIkarGsarGVIeT
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mnusSsab;[rs;eLIgvij
mnusSXg;[

131

Casat ehIyedjGarkSecjpg Gkral;Ka)anTTYlTeT Rtv[TeTEdr m:afay

108 .

RTg;manGMNacelIBYkviBaaNGaRkk;

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emIl
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nigxadMrI
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1019 .
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. RTg;manbnlfa {cUrecjeTA} vij .
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cUrGkeRkakeLIg QrenAkNalnu+HeTA>>> cUrGklatdeTA GkenaHk lat
ehIydKat;)anCadUcmag .

132

RTg;QHelIRKb;TaMgsaRBHhs

RTg;QHelIRKb;TaMgsaRBHhs

RTg;QHelIesckIsab;

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BYksisSdas;RTg;eT,IgTUlfa elakRKeGIy eyIg vinasehIyelakminrvl;eTbGI
kaletIneT,Ig RTg;kMEhgxl; kbgab; eTAsmuRTfa cUresmeTA ehIyQb;cuH
enaHxl;ksb; ehIysat;Qwg sUnTaMgGs;eTA .
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nig)ancab;
yknUvsiTiGMNacQHelIesckIsab; .
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enaHGkEdl)ansab; kecjmk manTaMgsMBt;sbruM Cab;enAeCIgdpg
ehIymankEnSgRKbmuxEdr RBHeysUvmanbnleTA eKfa cUrRsayKat;[eTAcuH .

semgrbs;siTiGMNac
enAkgemeroncugeRkay eyIg)ansikSaBIsemgnesckICMenO . \LvenH
eyIgKYrKb,IeronRbwkSaBIsemgnsiTiGMNac . etIelakGk)an kt;cMNaMBIrebob
EdlRBHeysUvRTg;manbnlxI BIKMrUenAEpkxagelIb eT?
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa {cUrecjeTA} {cUr[CasatcuH} {cUr latdGkeTA}
{kuM[manGkNamksuIEpenHeTot[esaH} {cUr[esckI suxsanmandl;Gk}
{LasareGIy cUrecjmk} CaedIm .
embBaakar

enAeBlEdlembBaakar)ancUlmkRBHeysUv enaHKat;)anman Rbsasn_fa

{sUmRKan;Etmanbnl)anehIy enaH)avrbs;TUlbgMnwg)an CaehIy} .

133

RBHKm<Irm:afay 88-10 Ecgfa EtemTBTUl RbEkkfa RBH Gmas;eGIy

TUlbgMminKYrnwgTTYlRTg;enAkgpHTUlbgMeT
sUmRTg;RKan;
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eFVIkarenH
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.
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karniyayedayxI

Rtv[mansMdIticvij

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ehIykKankMNt;cMNaMCaduMkMPYnEdr .
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RTg;RCabnUvrbs;GVIEdlGkRtvkar munEdl GksUmpg .
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52 .
eharadanIEy:l)anbnWvacaGFisan EdlCaBakGFisanxI .

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RBHGmas;eGIy sUmRTg;Gt;eTas RBHGmas;eGIy sUmRTg; sab;
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d,itTIRkgnRTg; nigrasrbs;RTg;)anehAtamRBHnam RTg;ehIy .
elakm:UeskmanesckIGFisan EdlmaneBjedayBaksegb xI pgEdr .

134

RBHKm<IrCnKNna 1035/36 Ecgfa rIevlaNaEdlhwb

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BYkxaMgsRtvRTg;Rtvxat;xayeTA ehIy[BYkGkEdlsb;RTg; Rtvrt;enA cMeBaHRTg;
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TaMg]s f nigFUlIdI ehIykliTTwkEdlenAkgRbLayGs;eTAEdr .

135

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.
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136

KWEdlBYksisSRtvEteFVICaGkbeRmI
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.
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eT
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ebIEdlCaRBHGmas;
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edIm,I[eyIgGacemIleXIjerOgBYkeK
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elIkTwkcitxH
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Etelak)anGFisansUmkMu[manePg>>> .

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eyIgGacerobcMxneyIgCaeRsc KW[)anCaPaCnEdlmaneday kitiys
manRbeyaCn_sRmab;ecAhVayrbs;eyIg KWRtvEterobcMCaeRsc sRmab;RKb;TaMgkarl .

137

RBHKm<Ir2FIm:Uef 220/21 Ecgfa enAkgpHFM minEmnman

suTEteRKgRbdab;masR)ak;m:ageT
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kmanRbeyaCn_dl;mas;pg TukCaRbdab;Edl)anerobcM sMrab;karlRKb;CMBUk .

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CanamelIGs;TaMgnampg

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enaHkbnabRBHGgRTg;
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siTiGMNacEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTan[dl;BYksisS
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eRbIedaynUvRBHnamRTg; .
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nwgecHniyayPasafI nigcab;kan;Bs;)an bebIeKpwkGIVBul enaHmineFVI[ GnrayeT
ehIyeKnwgdak;delImnusSCMgW[)anCapg .
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eyIgRtvEtTUlsUmedaynUvRBHnamRTg; .
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EdlerIsGkral;Kavij
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ehIy[plrbs;Gkral;Ka)anenACab;pg
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RbTan[Gkral;Ka)anGVI EdlnwgsUmBIRTg; edaynUveQaH .

138

RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1413/14 Ecgfa ehIykarGVIkeday Edl

Gkral;KanwgsUm edaynUveQaH enaHnwgsMerc[ edIm,I[RBHvrbita
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.
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bnab;BIRBHeysUvRTg;)anyagRtLb;eTARBHvrbitavij .
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enaHeBRts nigyU:han eT,IgeTAkgRBHviharCamYyKa rIenARtg; mat;TVarRBHvihar
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EdlGkral;KanwgeFVI
edayBaksMdI
bkiriyakedaycUreFVITaMg
Gs;
edayRBHnamnRBHGmas;eysUv
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vrbita
edaysarRTg;pg .

kareFVIsgamedayGFisan
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa
vrbitaRTg;eFVIEtb:ueNaH .

139

RTg;)aneFVIGVIEdlRTg;)aneXIjRBH

RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 519 Ecgfa dUecH RBHeysUv RTg;manbnl eqIyeTAeKfa

R)akdEmn R)ab;Gkral;KaCaR)akdfa RBHraCbuRta BMuGacnwgeFVIkarGVI
edayRBHGgRTg;)aneT
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d,itkarGVIEdlRBHvrbitaeFVI enaHRBHraCbuRtakeFIVdUecaHEdr .
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.
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.
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.
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enaHKWy:agdUecH
.
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140

d,itmanesckIEcgTukmkfa
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edIm,IRKb;RKg
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brbs;nagenaHeLIy .
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enaHRTg;)anmanbnlfa TVarsanXuMRBlwgmnusSsab; nwgminGacyk QH)aneLIy .
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kgkmaMgviBaaNGaRkk;nwgminGac ykQHelIBYkCMnuMrbs;RTg;)aneLIy .
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nwgtaMgBYkCMnMuenAelIfdaenH
ehIyTVarsanXuMRBlwgmnusSsab;
nwg
minEdlQHBYkCMnMueLIy .

karcgnigkarRsay
RBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTandl;eyIgnUvGMNacecsa
edIm,I[Gaccg
nigGacRsay)an .
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ebIGknwgcgTukGVIenAEpndI
enaHnwgRtvcgTukenAelIsansYK
Edr
ehIyebIGknwgRsayGVIenAEpndI
enaHnwgRtvRsayenAsansYK
Edr .
edIm,Icgmannyfa kMNt;[sataMg bviBaaNGaRkk;nUvkarRKb; RKg
elIsankarN_BiessmYyCakEng
EdlRBHRTg;)anGnuBaat[eyIg
cUleTAkgkareFVIsgamxagviBaaN . eyIgRtvEtcgmnusSxaMg .
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edaysarRBHviBaaNnRBHvij enaHeQaHfa nKrRBH)anmkdl;Gkral; KaehIy
beFVIdUcemc[GkNa cUleTAkgpHnmnusSxaMgBUEk nwgbn; ykRTBsm,tirbs;eK)an
evorEtcgGkxaMgBUEkenaHCamunsin enaHeTIb nwgbn;pHrbs;eK)an .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTanBrdl;eyIg nUvKMrUnkarcg nigKMrUnkar Rsay .

141

RBHKm<IrlUka 1311/12/16 Ecgfa enaHeXIjmansImak;

EdlGarkSeFVI[BikarGs;18qaMmkehIy manxgekag egIbRtg;BuM)an esaH
luHRTg;)aneXIjKat;
kmanbnlehAKat;mk
R)ab;fa
nageGIy
nag)anrYcBICraBikarehIy>>> sIenH CaBUCelakGR)ahaM EdlGarkS
sataMg)ancgKat;18qaMmkehIy dUecH etIminKYrnwgRsay[rYcBIcMNg enH
enAfQb;sMrakEdreTbGI .
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KWCakEng
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ehIyEdlRtv)anTTYlnUvkarbBanecjeTAedayRBH
.
enAkgtMbn;enHehIy
EdleyIgmansiTiGMNac
TaMgkarcgnigkarRsay.
tamesckIGFisan EdlmansiTiGMNacdxaMgka enaHeyIgGacbeBajnUv GMNacecsa
nigsmtPaBEdlmkBIRBH edIm,IeFVIkarenAelIEpndIenH .
karRbTajRbqaMgTas;nwgeKalkarN_
eyIgRtvEtcgcaMCanicnUvkareFVsI gamrbs;eyIg
KWminEmnCakar
RbqaMgTas;nwgTegVIrbs;mnusCatidTeTotenaHeT
KWeyIgmankarRbTaj
edaymankmaMgnsannrkenaHvij .
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KWnwgBYkRKb;RKg BYkmanGMNac nigBYkmas;nesckI ggwtenAelakiyenHvij
ehIyTas;nwgGMNacGaRkk;xagviBaaN enAsan dx<s;Edr .
karRbTajcuHnUvTImaMmYn
eRKgsasavuFnkareFVIsgamrbs;eyIg
CaRBHelahitrbs;RBHeysUv nigRBHbnlrbs;RBH

KWCaRBHnamRBHeysUv
. TaMgenHehIyKWCa

eRKgsasavuFxagviBaaN ehIyCaeRKgsasavuFEdlmanGMNac .
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sgamrbs;eyIg minEmnCarbs;xagsac;QameT KWCa\TibTiEdlmkBI RBH
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nigRKb;TaMgesckIy:agx<g;x<s;
EdlelIkxneLIgTas;nwgcMeNHnRBH
RBmTaMgnaMGs;TaMgKMnit [cuHcUlsab;bgab;RBHRKIsvij .
karcab;yknUvnKrRBHedaykgkmaMg

enAkgesckIGFisanrbs;eyIgral;Ka
KWeyIgRtvEt)anCakg
kmaMgdeBareBjkgkareQagcab;yknKrRBH . eyIgRtvEtniyay edayGg;Gac
nigedaynUvsiTiGMNacdUecH
{sUm[raC)anmkdl;
sUm

142

[bMNgRBHhbTyRTg;)anseRmc
enAEpndIkdUcCaenAansYKEdr}
.
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nigbMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RTg;enAelIEpndIenH . eyIgKWCaGk RbRBwtnUvGMeBIeXareXA
EdlRtvEt)ancab;yknUvnKrsansYK edaykg kmaMg .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1112 Ecgfa taMgEtBIRKay:Uhan-)aTIs
drabdl;RKa\LvenH
enaHmaneKxMRbwgcab;)annKrsansYK
ehIyKWCaBYk
xMRbwgBitEdlcab;)anpg .
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escdavID)anEfgTMnayenAkgRBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIgfa
RBHeyhUv:aRTg;manbnl
dl;RBHGmas;nTUlbgMfa
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TMnukdMekIg 1101 .
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Bakrbs;escdavID Edl)anTayTukGMBIRBHeysUvy:agdUecH .
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)anmanbnlkgKm<IrTMnukdMekIgfa RBHGmas;RTg;manbnleTARBH Gmas;fa
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enaHelaksavk
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EdlmanRBlwg
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elaksavkeBRtsk)anBNnaBIBakrbs;escdavIDbEnmeTotEdr
kickar
234/35 .
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RBHKm<IreheRBIr 1012 Ecgfa EtRTg;vij eRkayEdlRTg;)an
fVayyBabUCaEt1 edayeRBaH)ab enaHRTg;)anKg;xagsaMRBH enACaerog rabdrabeTA .
mancMnYneRcIndgmkehIy
EdlniyayBIGakb,kiriyarbs;eyIg
cMeBaHesckIBitmYyenH . ehtuGVI?
eyIgsal;RBHeysUvRTg;KWCaGkTUlsUmGgVrCMnYseyIg enAnKr sansYK b:uEn
etIeyIgk)anyl;fa RTg;KWCakarrg;caMsRmab;eyIgedIm,I eFVIkarRKb;y:agEmnb?
RTg;KWCakarrg;caMsRmab;xaMgsRtvrbs;RTg;
edIm,I
[)aneFVICakMNl;RBH)aT
KW[)andak;enAeRkamRBH)aTrbs;RTg; .

143

)esckIsegb KWCakarGFisanedaynUvsiTiGMNac
enAelIeQIqag RBHeysUvRTg;)anRtvCab;qag KWRTg;)anERskmYyRBHsfa
{kareRscehIy} KWRBHeysUvRTg;)anbg;felaH)absRmab;RKb;mnusSTaMgGs; .
tamrykarbgrRBHelahitrbs;RTg; RBHeysUvRTg;)aneR)aselaHeyIgral;Ka
ecjBIbNasanRkwtvinyehIy .
RBHeysUvRTg;TijykmkvijnUvsiTiGMNacrbs;eyIgehIy .
\LvenH RBHeysUvRTg;KWCakarrg;caMsRmab;eyIgral;Ka edIm,IeFVI[xaMgsRtvrbs;RTg;
)andak;[eFVICakMNl;kl;RBH)aTRTg;
RTg;)anRbTan[eyIgedaynUvRBHnamRTg; . RTg;)anRbTan[eyIgnUvGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
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tamryesckIGFisan enaHeyIgRtvEtnaMykmknUvnKrrbs;RBHmkEpndI y:ageBjkmaMg .

sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1>

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2>

etIRbePTnesckIGFisandUcemcxH EdlmanBakfa {cUeTAcuH} {cUrmk} {cUreRkakeLIg ehIy[)an CacuH} .

3>

etIelakGk)andwgedayrbobNa
GFisanEdlmansiTiGMNac?

RbsinebIRBHRTg;)ankMBugEtbeBaj

144

elakGk[GFisan

edayesckI

emeronTI 9
GMBIdYgcitEdlERskyMeTArkRBH
esckIepIm
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rbs;pgRTg;
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.
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edIm,I[GjminbMpajRsukeKeLIy bu:EnGjrkmin)anGkNa mYyesaH .
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nigGFisanrkRBHGg enaHRTg;eR)asTwkdIrbs; BYkeK[)anCa .
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tameQaHGj
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RBHKm<IrlUka 102 Ecgfa RTg;kmanbnleTAeKfa cMrUtFM Nas;
EtmanGkRctticeT
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eRcIn
CagRbePTnkarGFisandTeTotTaMgGs; . karGFisanEdlmansiTi GMNac
KWCamUldanRKwHelIcMeNHdwgxagEpkGFiFmCati
Edl)anmkdl;
eyIgtamrykarTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs .

145

KMrUnesckIGFisanCadMbUg
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KW
sRmab;Gs;GkTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs
.
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k)anTUlsUmGgVrCMnYssRmab;RbeTs
nigRbCarasrbs;BYkeKEdr
rIBYksgk)anTUlsUmGgVrCMnYseKEdr . RBHeysUvRTg;k)anTUlsUm GgVrCMnYseKEdr
. BYksavkkTUlsUmGgVrCMnYsEdr . eyIgRtvbnRBH vgSrbs;RBHRKIs
dUcCamnusSRbs-RsI EdlTUlsUmGgVrCMnYsdl;Rkm RKsar GkdwknaMrdaPi)al
nigGkdwknaMenAkgrUbkayRBHRKIsrbs;BYkeK pgEdr .
niymnynkarTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs
karTUlsUmGgVrCMnYsmannyfa
cUleTAcMeBaHRBHedIm,ITUlsUm
[)anCaRbeyaCn_dl;mnusSdTeTot
sUm,IEtcMNucnkarTUlsUm
[
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EdlenAkgGVIEdleyIgmanpg
.
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dUcCa
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mk
enAeBlEdlRTg;)andwknaM
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eTAkgCIvitrbs;GkdTeTotenaHg .
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ehIyvaRtvEtCaGkmanmuxgarCasgenAkgBYkGkeCO .
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.
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nUvkar
smat;
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146

karGnuvtn_CaCMhannkarTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs

karRsg;ykecjBIkarRbCuMCamYynwgRBH KWCaGtnydmanCeRmAnesckI GFisan .

kare)aHBum<edayesckIGFisan nigkarpSayRBHbnl enARbeTs Nr:Ub ekny:a
nigGahVika (Nairobi, Kenya, Africa)..
enAeBlEdlelakGkkMBugEtTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs KWmanmUldan RKwHcMnYn6CMhan
EdlCakarlKYrcgcaM .
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rk[eXIjnUvesckIsnarbs;RBH
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nig
mUldanRKwHnesckIGFisanrbs;elakGk
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.
karenHnwgrkSaxab;nUvesckIGFisanrbs;elakGk
EdleFVI[Rtvnwg
bMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RBH .
cUrGnuBaat[RBHviBaaNbrisuT)anGFisantamryelakGk .
kuMtaMgmUldannesckIGFisanrbs;elakGk
eTAelIPaBlrbs;
mnusSNamak;eLIy . esckIGFisanKWminRtvmanCalkNpal;xn BYkeKenaHeLIy .
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mUldanRKwHnRBHKuN
nigesckIemtakruNarbs;RBHvij .
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.
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.
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.
vanwgBayam
bMPan;dl;GkTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs [cUleTAkgkardeNImyktYnaTIrbs; kardwknaM
bksUm,IEtkarRKb;RKgkeday .
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edIm,IRbqaMgTb;Tl;nwg
Gakb,kiriyaCMnuMCRmHEbbenaH nigeFVIkarpnaeTas bkRKb;RKgelIviBaaN enaH[)an .

147

KMrUenAkgRBHKm<IrcMeBaHkarTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs
manpvdlbMputmYycMeBaHkarsikSa
KWedaykarsikSaBIKMrUTaMgLayenAkgRBHKm<Ir .

BIrebobTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs

RBHeysUvRTg;)anTUlsUmGgVrCMnYssRmab;eyIg
RTg;eFVICasemcsgrbs;eyIg

RBHeysUvRTg;EtgEteFVICaKMrUdRbesIrbMputrbs;eyIgral;Ka .
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nigRBH
KW)aneFVICadgVay
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nigCaKMrUBIesckIGFisansRmab;GkdTeTot
KWEdlRTg;enAEtbn
rs;enA
nigeFVICaGkTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs .
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nwgCYysegaHsBVRKb;)an dl;mnusSTaMgGs; EdlcUleTARBH eday sarRTg;
d,itRTg;manRBHCnrs;enACanic edIm,InwgCYyGgVrCMnYseK .

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bCaGkniyayRbqaMgedaykarERskCyeXas
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.
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TaMgGs;sRmab;eyIg .
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sresresckITaMgenHepJImk
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EdlenAkgRkgeyrUsaLim .
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CaTIRkgEdlsMLab;BYkehara ehIyecalfeTAGs;Gk Edl)ancat;mk geGIy

148

etIb:unandgehIy EdlGjcg;RbmUlkUngral;Ka dUcCa emman;RbmUlkUnRkgeRkamsab

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RBHeysUvRTg;manesckIRsLaj;dFM]tm
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min)anbiTsiTiBYkeKeLIy . RTg;manbnlfa {b:uEn eKmindwgfaeKeFVIGVI eT} .
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.
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sUmGt;eTasdl;GkTaMgenHpg d,iteKmindwg CaeKeFVIGVIeT .
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enaHRBHeysUv
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.
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RTg;
KWCaesckIGFisanrbs;pgRTg;enaHg EdlEcgmkfa {RBHvrbita eGIy
sUmGt;eTas)ab[BYkeKpg} .
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KW
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minCabBaaGVIeTcMeBaHkarEdlRBHRTg;)anbgajeyIg
nUvGVIEdl
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149

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[mnusS TaMgGs;)ansegaH ehIy[)ansal;esckIBit .
mnusSEdl)ancUleTAkgPaBTMnak;TMng
cMeBaHesckIGFisan
sRmab;CnCatirbs;Kat;
brbs;nag
enaHGacmanlTPaBedIm,IbMeBj
bEnmdl;Gs;GkEdlenAkgCYrrdaPi)alpgEdr
.
RBHRTg;nwgsab;
semgnbNarasrbs;RTg; .
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min[ePgFak;cuH
bebIGjbgab;kNb[suIbMpajRsuk
b[manGasn
eraKekIteLIgkgBYkrasGj enaHebIrasGj Edl)anehAtameQaH Gj eKbnabxn
ehIyGFisanrkmuxGj
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GaRkk;rbs;eK
enaHGjnwgsab;BIelIsansYK
ehIynwgGt;eTasGMeBI)ab
rbs;eK
TaMgemIlRsukeK[Capg .
eyIgRtvEtGFisan
sRmab;esckIsuxsanrbs;TIRkgTaMgLay
EdleyIgral;Ka)anrs;enA KW[)annaMmknUvesckIsuxsanenaHdl;eyIg.
RBHKm<Ireyerma 297 Ecgfa cUrxMRbwgeFVI[TIRkg EdlGj
)an[eKdwknaMgeTAenACaeQIyenaH
)anesckIsux
ehIyRtvGFisan
dl;RBHeyhUv:a[TIenaHpg
d,itkgesckIsuxrbs;RkgenaH
gral;Kanwg
)anesckIsuxEdr .

157

sRmab;Gs;GkEdleboteboneyIg

sRmab;naMRBlwgmnusSRKb;Catisasn_

enAeBlEdleyIg)anGFisansRmab;mnusS EdlbNal[eyIg manTukeTas

enaHeyIgRtvEtmankarGt;eTasdeBjeljdl;BYkeK .
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Rtv[Brdl;GkNaEdlRbeTcpasa RtvRbRBwtlnwgGkNa Edlsb;Gkral;Ka
ehIyRtvGFisan [GkNaEdleFVITukebotebondl; Gkral;Kavij .
RBHKm<IrlUka 628 Ecgfa cUr[Brdl;GkNaEdleKRbeTc pasaGk
ehIyGFisan[GkNaEdleFVITukGk .
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnleTAkan;BYksisS [GFisandl;BYkGk bMeBjkargar
ehIybnab;mk RTg;)anbBanBYkeK[eTAkan;valcRmtCa bnbnab; .
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enaHCaeRcIndgEdlRBHRTg;nwgnaMmknUvcemIy tamryeyIg .
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EtmanGkRctticeT
dUecH
[sUmGgVrdl;RBHGmas;cMrUt
[RTg;
cat;GkRctmkkgcMrUtRTg; .
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sasn_TaMgLaydl;g TukCamrdkehIyGs;TaMgcugEpndI TukCaekr Gakrrbs;g .

sRmab;rasGuIRsaEGl
manRBHBrBiessEdl)aneBIbRbTHnwgesckIGFisan
sRmab;
mnusSEdlRBHRTg;erIstaMg
nigsRmab;karbgMnUveKalbMNgrbs;RTg;
Edl)anykRBHTyTukdak;dl;BYkeK .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg
1226/7
Ecgfa
cUrGFisan[Rkg
eyrUsaLim)anesckIsuxcuH sUm[Gs;GkEdlRsLaj;g )anesckI cMerIn
sUm[manesckIsuxenAxagkgkMEpgg ehIyesckIcMerInenAkg RBHraCvaMgrbs;g .
sRmab;BYkGkeCOfI
eyIgKYrKb,IGFisansRmab;Gs;GkEdleyIgnaM eTArkRBHRKIs .
RBHKm<Ir1EfsSaLnic 39/10 Ecgfa etIeyIgGacnwgGrRBH KuNdl;RBH
BIdMeNIrGkral;KaedayRbkardUcemc [)anlmFYnnwgGs; TaMgesckIGMNr
EdleyIgmanenAcMeBaHRBHneyIg
edayeRBaHGk
ral;Ka)an

158

eyIgTUlGgVredayTTUcTaMgyb;TaMgf
sUm[)aneXIjmux
ehIy[)anbMeBjesckIGVIEdlxVH xagesckICMenOrbs;Gk ral;Kapg .

Gkral;Ka

sRmab;BYkGksniPaB
eyIgkKYrKb,IGFisandl;Gs;Gk EdlCaEpkTaMgGs;nBiPB elakTaMgmUl
Edlcg;)anTTYlnUvesckIsegaH .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 618 Ecgfa RBmTaMgeRbIesckIGFisan nig
esckITUlGgVrRKb;y:ag edIm,IGFisan edayRBHviBaaNral;eBlral; evla
ehIycaMyamkgesckIenaHg
edaynUvRKb;TaMgesckIxab;xn
nig
esckITUlGgVr[BYkbrisuTTaMgGs; .
sRmab;KaeTAvijeTAmk
elaksavky:akub)anelIkTwkcitdl;eyIgral;Ka
[cUleTAkg
karRbkbCamYynwgGkdTeTot
KWeyIgRtvsarPaBnUvGMeBI)abrbs;eyIg
ehIyGFisan[KaeTAvijeTAmk .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 516 Ecgfa dUecH cUr[Gkral;Kaln;tYeTas nwgKa
ehIyGFisan[KaeTAvijeTAmk
edIm,I[)anCacuH
d,itesckITUl
GgVrdGs;BIcitrbs;mnusSsucrit enaHBUEkNas; .
sRmab;GkmanCmW
RBHKm<Iry:akub 514/15 Ecgfa etImanBYkGkral;KaNaQWb eT
Rtv[GkenaHehABYkcas;TuMkgBYkCMnMumkGFisan[cuH RBmTaMglab eRbg[
edaynUvRBHnamRBHGmas;pg
enaHBakGFisannesckICMenO
nwgCYysegaHdl;mnusSehvenaH ehIyRBHGmas;RTg;nwgeR)as[Kat; )anCaeLIg
ebIKat;)aneFVI)abGVIenaHnwg)anGt;eTas[pg .
sRmab;GkEdlEbreTARbRBwtGMeBIGaRkk;vij
CMnYs[nUvkarCMnuMCRmH
bkarsIbenas
bCakarGaNitGasUrdl;
Gs;GkEdlmankarFak;cuH eyIgKYrKb,IGFisansRmab;BYkeK .
RBHKm<IrkaLaTI 61/2 Ecgfa bgbneGIy ebI)anTan;eXIj
mnusSNaeFVIxusGVI
enaHGkral;KaEdledIredayRBHviBaaN
cUrdMrg;Gk
enaHedaycitsuPaB
RBmTaMgRbytxngpgERkgRtvesckIl,gEdr
cUr
ykGasaKaeTAvijeTAmk y:agenaHeTIb)ansMerctamRkitvinyn RBHRKIs .

159

sRmab;BYkGkCab;Kuk
enAkgRBHKm<IreheRBIrEdleyIg)anGanEcgmkfa
eyIgRtvEt
nwkcaMBIBYkGkKuk
enaHKWTukdUcCaeyIg)anCab;CamYynwgBYkeKdUecaHEdr.
karenaHKWrwtEteFVI[karGFisankan;EtbegIneLIgeTAeTotehIy .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 133 Ecgfa cUrnwkcaMBIBYkGkCab;Kuk TukdUc
CaCab;cMNgCamYyKa
ehIyBIBYkGkEdlRtveKeFVI)abpg
d,itGkral;Ka
kenAkgrUbkayEdr .
sRmab;BYkeyIgpal;
vaminEmnCaGataniymenaHeT enAkgkarGFisansRmab;BYkeyIg pal;enaH
KWsRmab;[eyIg)anTTYlnUvRBHBr
KWeyIgnwg)anbegItRBHBr
sRmab;GkdTeTotvijEtb:ueNaH .
RBHKm<Ir1r)akSRt 410 Ecgfa y:aebsenH Kat;)anGMBavnav
dl;RBHnsasn_GRsaEGlfa
ebIRTg;nwgRbTanBrmkTUlbgMeTAeGH
RBmTaMgvatRBMEdnrbs;TUlbgM[TUlayeLIg
ehIy[RBHhsRTg;)an
enACamYynwgTUlbgM
edIm,InwgrkSaTUlbgMmin[RbRBwtGaRkk;eLIy
RbeyaCn_min[TUlbgMekItcitRBy RBHRTg;keR)asRbTandl;Kat;dUcCa )ansUm .

)esckIsegb GMBIdYgcitERskyMeTArkRBH
RBHRTg;RsLaj;RKb;mnusSRbsRsI nigkUnekg . karseRmc RBHTyrbs;RTg;
KWEdlRKb;Kanwg)ansal;RTg; . eyIgnwg)ansal;RTg; kan;EteRcIneLIgeTot
RBmTaMgcMNayeBlCamYynwgRTg; eyIgrwtEt)an yl;BIdYgcitERskyMrbs;RTg;
sRmab;bNaCnEdlrs;enACMuvijeyIg .
karTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs
KW)ancab;epImBIelaky:Ub
EdlCaRBHKm<Ir
dcas;yUrlg;Nas;mkehIy. vaenAEtbnCamYynwgelakGR)ahaM elak m:Ues
nigeharaeGesKal manEtBIrbInak;enHg EdlmaneQaHCarhUt mk .
smysBVfenH RBHeysUvRTg;TUlsUmGgVrCMnYseyIg . RTg;Ca semcsgrbs;eyIg
CaGkCYyKaMBarrbs;eyIg ehIyRTg;kCaKMrUdl Canicrbs;eyIg .
esckIRtvkarsRmab;mnusSRbsRsIrbs;RBH
edIm,I[)anCaGk
TUlsUmGgVrCMnYs sRmab;RkmRKsarrbs;eK mitPkirbs;eK BYkCMnuMrbs; eK
GkCitxagrbs;eK TIRkgrbs;eK rdnigRbeTsrbs;eK minRtvpas;br eLIy .
eyIgTaMgGs;KaRtvEteqIytb
eTAnwgdYgcitERskyMrbs;RBH
.
RBmTaMgRtv)anCaGkTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs
enAkgkarQrCacenaHkNal

160

sRmab;mnusSman)ab [)anbeBajnUvGMNacecsarbs;RBH cUleTAkg CIvitrbs;BYkeK

.
Canickal
eyIgRtvEtcMNayeBlkgkarTUlsUmGgVrCMnYseday
KankarbBab;
Caerogral;eBl
sRmab;esckIRtvkar
EdleyIgemIl
eXIjenACuMvijeyIgral;Ka . karenHKWCakarRtas;ehAdGsarbMputmYy rbs;RBH
cMeBaHrUbkayrbs;RBHRKIsenAsmysBVfenH
KWCakarxVl;
xVayGMBIGs;GkEdlenACuMvijeyIg
ehIyTUlsUmGgVrCMnYsBYkeK
.
cUrGFisan[BYkeKedaynUvRBHviBaaNbrisuT
ehIyGFisan
dUcCaRBH
EdlRTg;)annaM[elakGkniyayCaPasaFmCatirbs;elakGk .

sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1>

cUrsresrBIniymnynesckIGFisanTUlsUmGgVrCMnYsrbs;elakGk .

2>

etICMhannkarTUlsUmGgVrCMnYsdBiessTaMg6y:ag enaHmanGVIxH?

3>

cUreFVIkarpl;[nUvtMbn;TaMgbI EdlRBHGmas;RTg;)andwknaMelakGk [TUlsUmGgVrCMnYs

esckIsnaEdlRsg;ecjmkBIRBHbnlrbs;RBH eTAelIGVIEdlelakGkGacQr)an .

161

cUrpl;[nUv

emeronTI 10
{ebIGkral;KaenACab;nwg}
RBHeysUvmanbnlfa
ebIGkral;KaenACab;nwg
ehIyBakenACab;kgGkral;Ka
enaH
cUrsUmGIVtamEtR)afacuH esckIenaHnwg)ansMercdl;Gkral;KaCaminxan y:Uhan
157 .
enaHKWCaesckIsnadGsarrbs;RBH
KWCakarxVl;xVaynUvesckI
GFisanrbs;eyIg b:uEn vaCalkxNdGs;kl, . eyIgRtvEtenACab; nwgRTg;
nigRBHbnlrbs;RTg; enaHRTg;nwgenACab;nwgeyIgEdr KWBImun eyIgGacTUlsUmGVIkeday
EdleyIgeFVIkarseRmccitenaH
.
cUreyIg
EbrmkeRkayeLIgvij
ehIyBicarNaBIkarkngputmkehIy EdlCacug bMputnesckIsnadGsarenH .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 154-7 Ecgfa cUrenACab;nwg ehIyCab;nwg Gkral;KacuH
eRbbdUcCaExg ebIminenACab;nwgKl; enaHBMuGacnwgbegIt pledaykg)aneT dUecH
Gkral;KakBMu)anEdr
elIkEtenACab;nwg
CaKl;
Gkral;KaCaExg
GkNaEdlenACab;nwg ehIyCab;nwgGk enaH enaHeTIbnwgbegItpleLIgCaeRcIn
d,itebIdac;BIecj enaHGkral; KaBMuGacnwgeFVIGVI)aneT ebIGkNaminenACab;nwg
GkenaHRtve)aHecal
eTAxageRkA
ehIykeRkmeTAdUcCaExgEdr
rYceKRbmUle)aHeTAkgePIg
eqHGs;eTA
ebIGkral;KaenACab;nwg
ehIyBakenACab;kgGkral;Ka
enaHcUrsUmGIVtamEtR)afacuH
esckIenaHnwg)ansMercdl;Gkral;KaCamin xan .
etIeyIgRtveFVIdUcemccMeBaHkarenACab;BitR)akd kgRBHeysUv dBit?
etIkarenHGaceFVI[)aneBjeljdUcemcxH [)anCaRKwHmaMBImYy feTAmYyfenaH?

karenACab;kgRTg;
elakm:Ues)ansal;RBH nigCamitPkirbs;RBHGg . mankareron
sURtCaeRcInGMBIskmPaBrbs;eelakm:Ues
bnab;BIkareFVI)abdFn;Frrbs;
BYkkUnecAGuIRsaEGl KWBYkeK)aneTAfVaybgMdl;RBHdT KWCarUbkUneKa mas .
Gakb,kiriyarbs;Kat;cMeBaHBYkkUnecAGuIRsaEGl
KWminEmnCa
mak;
EdlcUlcitsIbenasenaHeT
b:uEn
Kat;mankarfb;)armCaTIbMput
cMeBaHkarminyl;dwgrbs;pgeyIg .

162

edaysarEtkareFVI)ab
enaHsirIlrbs;pgRBH
k)ancakecjBI
Rtsalrbs;BYkGuIRsaEGl . RBHRTg;minGacsak;enACakNalBYkeK KW
kgeBlEdlRTg;)anKitnwgbMpajBYkeKenaHeT . RBHRTg;minecHpas;ERb eLIy .
RBHRTg;minGacKg;enACamYykgeBlEdlBYkeK)aneFVI)abenaH
eLIy
.
vaCakarpyCMTas;nwglkNGtcritrbs;RTg;CaTIbMput .
etIBYkeK
nigGkdTeTotmankare)akbMPan;cMnYnb:unandgehIy
enAkgKMnitEdlKiteFVIGMeBI)abrbs;eKenaH
Edl)anTTYlnUvkarRKb)aMg
edaynUvRBHKuN? karenaH KWminEmnCabBaaGVIeT cMeBaHGVIEdlBYkeK)an eFVIenaH
RBHRTg;nwgGt;eTasdl;BYkeK ehIyRKb;karTaMgGs;enaHGac kng)at;eTA .
enHminEmnCakarBiteT . RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa
KanGkNaGacnwgbMerIecAhVay 2nak;)aneT d,itGkenaHnwgsb; 1
ehIyRsLaj;1 besaHRtg;nwg1 ehIyemIlgay1>>> m:afay 624k .
karecjeTAeRkATItemIgRtsal
edaysarEtGMeBI)abrbs;BYkbNaCn
enaHRBHRTg;)ancakecj
BIRtsalrbs;BYkeK
kgmYyrMeBcenaHelakm:Uesk)aneFVIy:agdUecaH
.
Kat;k)anerIRtsalxagrUbkayrbs;Kat; ecjBICMrMrbs;BYkkUnecAGuIRsa EGlpgEdr .
Kat;min)anbeNay[xnKat; )anRtLb;eTACaEpkmYyn GMeBI)abeLIy .
KWKat;min)anerIecj edayeRBaHEtKat;minRsLaj;BYk bNaCneLIy .
Kat;RKan;Et)andak;CIvitGs;kl,Canicrbs;Kat;
eTAelI
ExSRsLaysRmab;BYkeKEtb:ueNaH . Kat;)anerIecj edIm,I[Kat;man
esrIPaBkgkarCECkTak;TgCamYynwgRBHEtb:ueNaH .
RBHKm<IrnikmnM 337k/9-11k Ecgfa mU:eselakkyk
RtsaleTAdMeLIgenATIqay
eRkABITIdMeLIgRtsalrbs;eK>>>
RKaEdl
mU:escUlputeTAehIy
enaHbegalBBkkcuHmksitenARtg;mat;TVar
Rtsal
ehIyRBHeyhUv:aRTg;manbnlsnnanwgmU:es
bNaCneK
eXIjbegalBBksNitenARtg;mat;TVarRtsalCMnMu
keRkakeLIgfVay
bgMenAmat;TVarRtsalrbs;eKerogxn RBHeyhUv:aRTg;manbnlRbTl; muxnwgmU:es
dUcCamnusSniyaynwgsMLaj;xn>>> .
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CakarbMeBjkargar
nigCaBYkCMnuM
KWedaysarEtGMeBI)ab
.
RBHRTg;)anEsVgrkmnusSEdlmanKMnitdUcCaelakm:Ues
enaH[)anecj
mkxageRkATItMeLIgRtsalenaHg . KWRTg;kMBugEtEsVgrkmnusS Edl

163

nwgcUleTARbkbCamYyRBHGgCalkNbuKl[kan;EtCitsiTenaHg
.
RTg;kkMBugEtEsVgrkmnusS Edl)anyl;dwgfaRTg;sBVRBHhbjTy y:agNa
KWCaGkEdlecHGFisan
nigecHfVaybgMdl;RTg;enaHg
.
RTg;
kkMBugEtEsVgrkGs;GkNa EdlmankarTukdak;RKb;TaMg]bsRK[enA edayELk
edIm,Irt;[)andl;TIRbNaMg .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 121-4 Ecgfa dUecH Edlmansrbnal;1 hVgFMem:H
enABTCuMvijeyIg
enaHRtv[eyIgecalGs;TaMgbnk
nigGMeBI
)ab
EdlruMeyIgCMuvijCagayem:HenaHecj
ehIyRtvrt;kgTIRbNaMg
Edl
enAmuxeyIgedayGMNt;
TaMgrMBwgemIldl;RBHeysUvdCaemepIm
ehIyCa
emsMercesckICMenOrbs;eyIg
EdlRTg;)anrgRTaMenAeQIqag
TaMgemIl
gaycMeBaHesckIGamas;xasenaH
[Et)anesckIGMNrEdlenAcMeBaH
RTg;
rYcRTg;kKg;xagsaMblgnRBH
dUecH
cUrBicarNaemIlRTg;
EdlRTg;
)anRTaMRTnwgBYkmnusSman)ab
EdleFVITTwgTETgnwgRTg;CaxaMgem:H
ERkgelaGkral;KaRtvenOyht;
ehIyrsaycitecj
d,itGkral;Kamin
Tan;tyuTnwgGMeBI)ab dl;eTAhUrQamenAeLIyeT .
fEdlRtv)anbg;sgrYcehIy

enAkgkMeNItfI KWEdleyIg)anRtLb;mkCa manviBaaNEtmYy CamYynwgRBH

.
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 617 Ecgfa GkEdlenACab;nwgRBH Gmas;
enaHkCaviBaaNEt1nwgRTg;Edr .
manfEdlRtv)anbg;sgrYcehIy
KWEdleyIgmanviBaaNrYmmk
CaEtmYyCamYynwgRBH KWeyIgmanlMenAenAkgRBHGg .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrEcgmkfa
eyIgRtvEtcakecjBI
kNalcMeNamBYkeKeTA ehIyenAdac;edayELkBIBYkeK .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 616/17 Ecgfa etIviharnRBH sMNMGVInwg rUbRBH
d,itGkral;KaCaviharnRBHdmanRBHCnrs;
dUcCaRBHRTg;man
bnlfa
GjnwgenAkgeK
ehIynwgedIrCamYypg
GjnwgeFVICaRBHdl;
eK
ehIyeKnwgeFVICarasdl;Gj ehtuenaH)anCaRBHGmas;RTg;man bnlfa
cUrecjBIkNalBYkeKeTA
ehIyEjkxneTAedayELk
kMu[
Bal;rbs;esakeRKakeLIy enaHGjnwgTTYlgral;Ka .

164

karenAkgesckIGFisan nigkarsresIrtemIg
etIGVIeTACaKMrUnesckIGFisan? etIeyIgGacdak;esckIGFisan rYmKa
edaymancitmanH nigniyayEtBakBIrbIm:at;b? etIeyIgQrenA lutCgg; bkbiTEPk?
{RBHGmas;eGIy
sUmRTg;bgajdl;eyIg
nUv
GVIEdlRTg;sBVRBHhbTy[eyIgGFisanpg}
kartaMgcitxagEpkrUbkay

kartaMgcitxagEpkrUbkayrbs;eyIg KWminEmnCaEpkmYyEdl sMxan;eLIy .

eyIgGacQr GacedIr GaclutCgg; bkTeRmtxneTAelI kRmal)an . eyIgGacbiTEPk
bkebIkEPkrbs;eyIgk)anEdr
.
eyIg
GacGgyenAtu
edaymanesovePAkMNt;RtaenABImuxeyIg)an
.
eyIg
GaccUleTAkgbnb;tUcggwtk)anEdr
.
eyIgkGacGFisanedaybeBaj
semgxaMgk)anEdr . eyIgGacGFisansat; . eyIgGacGFisanGs;
ryeBlCaeRcInem:ag bRtwmEtBIrbInaTIk)anEdr .
RBHRTg;KWCaRBHmYyGgdmansNab;Fab;bMput etITUlbgMGac mansiTi
bkKansiTiy:agdUcemc enAcMeBaHRTg;enaH . etImansiTiy:ag dUcemceTA enAfenH
RbEhlCaKansiTisRmab;fEskeTdwg . man muxgarmYy RbEhlCakardRbesIrbMput
KWenAeBlEdleyIgkMBugEtman karTUlsUmGgVrCMnYs b:uEn manmuxgardTeTot
KWenAeBlEdleyIgkMBug EtcUleTAkgkareFVIsgamenaHvij .
kuMGnuBaat[xng)aneTACaGk {smwgemIleTAkgRbGb;} enaH eLIy
RbsinebIelakGkcUleTAkgTmab;mYy
nesckIGFisan
enaH
)anRtwmEtcUleTAkgbnb;dtUcrbs;elakGkEtb:ueNaH
eTaHCakEngNa
bCaGVIEdlGacekItman)anehIykeday enaHelakGknwgkMBugEteFVIkar xHxayRKb;y:ag
EdlmaneBjedayesckIGsar
CaeBlevladman
RbeyaCn_
KWenAeBlEdlelakGkRtv)anTTYlkarbEgrbgg;
enAkgkar
eFVIdMeNIr
bkarlagsmatpHsEm,gCaedIm .
muxgarxagrUbkayrbs;eyIgKWCakarsMxan;
edIm,I[eyIgGac
GFisanGs;BIcitrbs;eyIg
.
eyIgminGacGnuBaat[rUbkayrbs;eyIg
RKb;RKgelIviBaaNrbs;eyIgeLIy .

karcUleTAkgRBHvtmanrbs;RTg;
eyIgcUleTAkgesckIGFisan KWdUcKanwgpvcUleTAkgkarfVay bgM
eyIg)ancUlmkkgRBHvtmanrbs;RTg; edaymanerag]e)asfTuk CaKMrUrbs;eyIgral;Ka
. escdavID)anBnl;BIkarrIkceRmIn Edl)ancUl mkkgRBHvtmannRBH .

165

RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 1004 Ecgfa cUrnaMKacUltamTVarRTg;

edayeBalBakGrRBHKuN
ehIycUleTAkgTIlanRTg;
edaybTsresIr
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166

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167

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168

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169

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170

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171

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172

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174

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176

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179

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180