Avl as a CuIluvaI Sslen

AulIov|s) CIiJJovd Oeevlz

Souvce MLN, VoI. 91, No. 6, Conpavalive Lilevaluve |Bec., 1976), pp. 1473-1499
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A BT AS A CULTUBAL SYSTEM l
CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
1.
Avl is
noloviousI
Iavd lo laII aIoul. Il
seens,
even vIen nade
oJ vovds in lIe
Iilevav
avls,
aII lIe nove so vIen nade oJ
pignenl,
sound, slone,
ov vIalevev in lIe
non-Iilevav
ones,
lo exisl in a
vovId oJ ils
ovn,
Ieond
lIe veacI oJ discouvse. Il nol
onI
is Iavd
lo laII aIoul
il:
il seens
unnecessav
lo do so. Il
speaIs,
as ve
sa,
Jov ilseIJ a
poen
nusl nol nean Iul
Ie:
iJ
ou
Iave lo asI vIal
jazz
is
ou
ave nevev
going
lo
gel
lo Inov.
Avlisls JeeI lIis
especiaII.
Mosl oJ lIen
vegavd
vIal is vvillen
and said aIoul lIeiv
vovI,
ov vovI
lIe
adnive as al Iesl Ieside lIe
poinl,
al vovsl a dislvaclion Jvon il.
Evevone
vanls lo undevsland
avl,
Ficasso
vvole,
vI
nol
lv
lo undevsland lIe
song
oJ a Iivd?
...
FeopIe
vIo
lv
lo
expIain picluves
ave
usuaII IavIing up
lIe
vvong
lvee.1 Ov iJ lIal seens loo avanl
gavde,
lIeve is
MiIIel,
vesisling
lIe cIassiJicalion oJ IinseIJ as a Sainl-Sinonisle TIe
gossip
aIoul
n
Man WilI a Hoe seens lo ne aII
vev slvange,
and I
an
oIIiged
lo
ou
Jov
Ielling
ne Inov
il,
as il JuvnisIes ne vilI
anolIev
oppovlunil
lo vondev al lIe ideas
peopIe
allviIule lo ne
...
M
cvilics ave nen oJ lasle and
educalion,
Iul I cannol
pul
nseIJ
in lIeiv
sIoes,
and as I Iave nevev seen
anlIing
Iul JieIds
since I vas
Iovn,
I
lv
lo
sa
as Iesl I can vIal I sav and JeIl vIen I
vas al vovI.2
Bul
anone
al aII
vesponsive
lo aeslIelic Jovns JeeIs il as veII.
Even lIose
anong
us vIo ave neilIev
nslics
nov
senlinenlaIisls,
nov
given
lo oulIuvsls oJ aeslIelic
piel,
JeeI
uneas
vIen ve Iave
laIIed
vev Iong
aIoul a vovI oJ avl in vIicI ve lIinI ve Iave seen
sonelIing
vaIuaIIe. TIe excess oJ vIal ve Iave
seen,
ov
inagine
ve
Iave,
ovev lIe
slannevings
ve can
nanage
lo
gel
oul
concevning
il
is so vasl lIal ouv vovds seen
IoIIov, JIaluIenl,
ov JaIse. AJlev avl
Quoled
in B. OoIdvalev and M.
Tveves,
Avlisls on Avl
|Nev
YovI, 1945), p.
421
2
Quoled
iIid.,
pp.
292-3
MLN 91
|1976)
1473-1499
CopvigIl
? 1976
I
TIe JoIns
HopIins Univevsil
Fvess
AII
vigIls
oJ
vepvoduclion
in
an
Jovn vesevved.
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1474 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
laII,
vIeveoJ one cannol
speaI,
lIeveoJ one nusl Ie
siIenl,
seens
IiIe
vev
allvaclive doclvine.
Bul,
oJ
couvse,
IavdI anone,
save lIe
lvuI
indiJJevenl,
is lIus
siIenl,
avlisls incIuded. On lIe
conlvav,
lIe
pevceplion
oJ sone-
lIing inpovlanl
in eilIev
pavlicuIav
vovIs ov in lIe avls
genevaII
noves
peopIe
lo laII
|and
vvile)
aIoul lIen
incessanlI. SonelIing
lIal
neaningJuI
lo us cannol Ie IeJl
jusl
lo sil lIeve IalIed in
puve
signiJicance,
and so ve
descviIe,
anaIse, conpave, judge, cIassiJ:
ve evecl lIeovies aIoul
cvealivil,
Jovn,
pevceplion,
sociaI Junc-
lion:
ve cIavaclevize avl as a
Ianguage,
a
slvucluve,
a
sslen,
an
acl,
a
snIoI,
a
pallevn
oJ
JeeIing:
ve veacI Jov scienliJic
nelapIovs,
spiviluaI
ones,
lecInoIogicaI
ones,
poIilicaI
ones:
and iJ aII eIse JaiIs
ve
slving
davI
saings logelIev
and
Iope
soneone eIse viII eIudicale
lIen Jov us. TIe suvJace IoolIessness oJ
laIIing
aIoul avl seens
nalcIed
I
a
deplI necessil
lo laII aIoul il
endIessI.
And il is lIis
pecuIiav
slale oJ aJJaivs lIal I vanl Ieve lo
pvoIe,
in
pavl
lo
expIain
il,
Iul even nove lo delevnine vIal diJJevence il naIes.
To sone
degvee
avl is
evevvIeve
laIIed aIoul in vIal
na
Ie
caIIed cvaJl levns-in levns oJ lonaI
pvogvessions,
coIov
veIalions,
ov
pvosodic sIapes.
TIis is
especiaII
lvue in lIe Wesl vIeve suI-
jecls
IiIe
Iavnon
ov
picloviaI conposilion
Iave Ieen
deveIoped
lo
lIe
poinl
oJ ninov
sciences,
and lIe nodevn nove lovavd aeslIelic
JovnaIisn,
Iesl
vepvesenled vigIl
nov
I
slvucluvaIisn,
and
I
lIose vavielies oJ seniolics vIicI seeI lo JoIIov ils
Iead,
is Iul an
allenpl
lo
genevaIize
lIis
appvoacI
inlo a
conpveIensive
one,
lo
cveale a lecInicaI
Ianguage capaIIe
oJ
vepvesenling
lIe inlevnaI
veIalions oJ
nlIs, poens,
dances,
ov neIodies in
aIslvacl,
lvans-
posaIIe
levns. Bul lIe cvaJl
appvoacI
lo avl laII is
IavdI
conJined
lo eilIev lIe Wesl ov lIe nodevn
age,
as lIe eIaIovale lIeovies oJ
Indian
nusicoIog, Javanese cIoveogvapI,
AvaIic
vevsiJicalion,
ov
YovuIa enIossnenl venind us. Even lIe AuslvaIian
aIovigines,
evevIod's
Javovile
exanpIe
oJ
pvinilive peopIes, anaIze
lIeiv
Iod designs
and
gvound painlings
inlo dozens oJ isoIaIIe and
naned JovnaI
eIenenls,
unil
gvapIs
in an iconic
gvannav
oJ
vep-
vesenlalion.3
Bul vIal is nove
inlevesling
and I lIinI nove
inpovlanl
is lIal il
is
pevIaps onI
in lIe nodevn
age
and in lIe Wesl lIal sone nen
|sliII
a snaII
ninovil,
and
deslined,
one
suspecls,
lo venain
sucI)
3
See N. B.
Munn,
WaIIivi
IconogvapI
|IlIaca,
N.Y., 1973).
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M L N 1475
Iave
nanaged
lo convince lIenseIves lIal lecInicaI laII aIoul avl,
Iovevev
deveIoped,
is suJJicienl lo a
conpIele undevslanding
oJ
il:
lIal lIe vIoIe secvel oJ aeslIelic
povev
is Iocaled in lIe JovnaI
veIalions
anong
sounds,
inages,
voIunes, lIenes,
ov
gesluves.
EvevvIeve
eIse-and,
as I
sa, anong
nosl oJ us as veII-olIev
sovls oJ
laII,
vIose levns and
conceplions
devive Jvon cuIluvaI
concevns avl
na
sevve,
ov
veJIecl,
ov
cIaIIenge,
ov
descviIe,
Iul
does nol in ilseIJ
cveale,
coIIecls aIoul il lo connecl ils
speciJic
enevgies
lo lIe
genevaI dnanic
oJ Iunan
expevience.
TIe
puv-
pose
oJ a
painlev,
Malisse,
vIo can
IavdI
Ie accused oJ undev-
vaIuing
Jovn, vvole,
nusl nol Ie conceived as
sepavale
Jvon Iis
picloviaI
neans,
and lIese
picloviaI
neans nusl Ie nove
conpIele |I
do nol nean nove
conpIicaled)
lIe
deepev
Iis
lIougIl.
I an un-
aIIe lo
dislinguisI
Ielveen lIe
JeeIing
I Iave Jov IiJe and
n va
oJ
expvessing
il.4
TIe
JeeIing
an
individuaI,
ov vIal is nove
cvilicaI,
Iecause no
nan is an isIand Iul a
pavl
oJ lIe
nain,
lIe
JeeIing
a
peopIe
Ias Jov
IiJe
appeavs,
oJ
couvse,
in a
gveal nan
olIev
pIaces
lIan in lIeiv
avl. Il
appeavs
in lIeiv
veIigion,
lIeiv
novaIil,
lIeiv
science,
lIeiv
connevce,
lIeiv
lecInoIog,
lIeiv
poIilics,
lIeiv
anusenenls,
lIeiv
Iav,
even in lIe
va lIe ovganize
lIeiv
evevda pvaclicaI
exis-
lence. TIe laII aIoul avl lIal is nol
neveI
lecInicaI ov a
spiviluaIi-
zalion oJ lIe lecInicaI-lIal
is,
nosl oJ il-is
IavgeI
divecled lo
pIacing
il vilIin lIe conlexl oJ lIese olIev
expvessions
oJ Iunan
puvpose
and lIe
pallevn
oJ
expevience lIe coIIecliveI
suslain. No
nove lIan sexuaI
passion
ov conlacl vilI lIe
sacved,
lvo nove
nallevs il is diJJicuIl lo laII
aIoul,
Iul
el
soneIov
necessav,
can
conJvonlalion vilI aeslIelic
oIjecls
Ie IeJl lo
JIoal,
opaque
and
Ievnelic,
oulside lIe
genevaI
couvse oJ sociaI IiJe.
TIe
denand lo
Ie assiniIaled.
WIal lIis
inpIies, anong
olIev
lIings,
is lIal lIe deJinilion oJ
avl in
an sociel
is nevev
vIoII
inlva-aeslIelic,
and indeed Iul
vaveI
nove lIan
navginaII
so. TIe cIieJ
pvoIIen pvesenled I
lIe sIeev
pIenonenon
oJ aeslIelic
Jovce,
in vIalevev Jovn and in
vesuIl oJ vIalevev sIiII il
na
cone,
is Iov lo
pIace
il vilIin lIe
olIev nodes oJ sociaI
aclivil,
Iov lo
incovpovale
il inlo lIe lexluve
oJ a
pavlicuIav pallevn
oJ IiJe. And sucI
pIacing,
lIe
giving
lo avl
oIjecls
a cuIluvaI
signiJicance,
is
aIvas
a IocaI
nallev:
vIal avl is in
4
Quoled in OoIdvalev and
Tveves,
op.
cil.,
p.
410.
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1476 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
cIassicaI CIina ov cIassicaI
IsIan,
vIal il is in lIe FueIIo soulIvesl
ov
IigIIand
Nev
Ouinea,
is
jusl
nol lIe sane
lIing,
no nallev Iov
univevsaI lIe inlvinsic
quaIilies
lIal acluaIize ils enolionaI
povev
|and
I Iave no desive lo
den
lIen)
na
Ie. TIe
vaviel
lIal
anlIvopoIogisls
Iave cone lo
expecl
in lIe
spivil
IeIieJs,
lIe cIas-
siJicalion
sslens,
ov lIe
IinsIip
slvucluves oJ diJJevenl
peopIe,
and
nol
jusl
in lIeiv innediale
sIapes
Iul in lIe
va
oJ
Ieing-in-lIe-
vovId
lIe
IolI
pvonole
and
exenpIiJ,
exlends as veII lo lIeiv
dvunnings,
cavvings, cIanls,
and dances.
Il is lIe JaiIuve lo veaIize lIis on lIe
pavl
oJ
nan
sludenls oJ
non-veslevn
avl,
and
pavlicuIavI
oJ so-caIIed
pvinilive
avl,
lIal
Ieads lo lIe oJl-Ieavd connenl lIal lIe
peopIes
oJ sucI cuIluves
don'l
laII,
ov nol
vev
nucI,
aIoul
avl-lIe jusl scuIpl, sing,
veave,
ov
vIalevev:
siIenl in lIeiv
expevlise.
WIal is neanl is lIal
lIe
don'l laII aIoul il lIe
va
lIe oIsevvev laIIs aIoul il-ov
vouId IiIe lIen lo-in levns oJ ils JovnaI
pvopevlies,
ils
snIoIic
conlenl,
ils aJJeclive
vaIues,
ov ils
slIislic
Jealuves,
excepl
Iaconi-
caII, cvplicaII,
and as
lIougI lIe
Iad
pvecious
IillIe
Iope
oJ
Ieing
undevslood.
Bul,
oJ
couvse,
lIe
do laII aIoul
il,
as
lIe
laII aIoul
evevlIing
eIse
slviIing,
ov
suggeslive,
ov
noving,
lIal
passes lIvougI
lIeiv
Iives-aIoul Iov il is
used,
vIo ovns
ils,
vIen il is
pevJovned,
vIo
pevJovns
ov naIes
il,
vIal voIe il
pIas
in lIis ov lIal
aclivil,
vIal
il
na
Ie
excIanged
Jov,
vIal il is
caIIed,
Iov il
Iegan,
and so JovlI
and so on. Bul lIis lends lo Ie seen nol as laII aIoul
avl,
Iul aIoul
sonelIing eIse-evevda
IiJe,
nlIs,
lvade,
ov vIalevev. To lIe
nan vIo
na
nol Inov vIal Ie IiIes Iul Inovs vIal avl
is,
lIe
Tiv,
ainIessI seving
vaJJia onlo cIolI
pviov
lo vesisl
deing
il
|Ie
viII nol even IooI al Iov lIe
piece
is
going
unliI il is
conpIeleI
JinisIed),
vIo loId FauI
BoIannan,
iJ lIe
design
does nol luvn oul
veII,
I viII seII il lo lIe
IIo:
iJ il
does,
I viII
Ieep
il:
iJ il cones oul
exlvaovdinaviI
veII,
I sIaII
give
il lo
n
nolIev-in-Iav,
seens nol
lo Ie
discussing
Iis vovI al
aII,
Iul
neveI
sone oJ Iis sociaI al-
liludes.5 TIe
appvoacI
lo avl Jvon lIe side oJ Weslevn aeslIelics
|vIicI,
as KvisleIIev Ias veninded
us,
onI enevged
in lIe nid-
eigIleenlI cenluv, aIong
vilI ouv valIev
pecuIiav
nolion oJ lIe
Jine
avls),
and indeed Jvon
an
sovl oJ
pviov
JovnaIisn,
IIinds us
lo lIe
vev
exislence oJ lIe dala
upon
vIicI a
conpavalive
undev-
5
F.
BoIannan,
Avlisl and Cvilic in an AJvican
Sociel,
in C. M. Ollen ed.
AnlIvopoIog
and Avl
|N.Y., 1971),
p.
178.
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M L N 1477
slanding
oJ il couId Ie IuiIl. And ve ave
IeJl,
as ve used lo Ie in
sludies oJ
lolenisn, casle,
ov IvideveaIlI-and sliII ave in slvuc-
luvaIisl ones-vilI an exlevnaIized
conceplion
oJ lIe
pIenonenon
supposedI
undev inlense
inspeclion
Iul
acluaII
nol even in ouv
Iine oJ
sigIl.
Fov
Malisse,
as is no
suvpvise,
vas
vigIl
lIe neans oJ an avl and
lIe
JeeIing
Jov IiJe lIal aninales il ave
insepavaIIe,
and one can no
nove undevsland aeslIelic
oIjecls
as concalenalions oJ
puve
Jovn
lIan one can undevsland
speecI
as a
pavade
oJ
snlaclic
vavialions,
ov
nlI
as a sel oJ slvucluvaI lvansJovnalions.
TaIe,
as an
exanpIe,
a nallev as
appavenlI
lvanscuIluvaI and aIslvacl as
Iine,
and con-
sidev ils
neaning,
as BoIevl Favis
TIonpson IviIIianlI
descviIes
il,
in YovuIa
scuIpluve.6
Lineav
pvecision, TIonpson sas,
lIe sIeev
cIavil
oJ
Iine,
is a
najov
concevn oJ YovuIa
cavvevs,
as il is oJ lIose
vIo assess lIe cavvevs'
vovI,
and lIe
vocaIuIav
oJ Iineav
quaIilies,
vIicI lIe YovuIa use
coIIoquiaII
and acvoss a
vange
oJ concevns
Jav Ivoadev lIan
scuIpluve,
is nuanced and exlensive. Il is nol
jusl
lIeiv
slalues,
pols,
and so on lIal YovuIa incise vilI Iines
lIe
do
lIe sane vilI lIeiv Jaces.
Line,
oJ
vaving deplI,
diveclion,
and
IenglI,
sIiced inlo lIeiv cIeeIs and IeJl lo scav
ovev,
sevves as a
neans oJ
Iineage
idenliJicalion,
pevsonaI
aIIuve,
and slalus
expves-
sion,
and lIe
levninoIog
oJ lIe
scuIplov
and oJ lIe cicalvix
speciaIisl-culs dislinguisIed
Jvon
sIasIes,
and
digs
ov
cIavs Jvon
spIillings open-pavaIIeI
one anolIev in exacl
pve-
cision. Bul lIeve is nove lo il lIan lIis. TIe YovuIa associale Iine
vilI civiIizalion TIis
counlv
Ias Iecone
civiIized,
IilevaII
neans,
in
YovuIa,
lIis eavlI Ias Iines
upon
ils Jace. 'CiviIiza-
lion' in
YovuIa,
TIonpson goes
on
is
iIdju-Jace
vilI Iined navIs. TIe sane vevI vIicI civiIizes lIe Jace
vilI navIs oJ
nenIevsIip
in uvIan and lovn
Iineages
civiIizes lIe
eavlI
6 s.d Ie.I:
6 sdIo
|He
sIasIes lIe
[cicalvix] navIs:
Ie cIeavs
lIe
IusI).
TIe sane vevI vIicI
opens
YovuIa navIs
upon
a
Jace,
opens
voads,
and Ioundavies in lIe Jovesl 6
ino.n:
0 1d
dici:
0
Iapa
|Ie
cul a nev
voad:
Ie navIed oul a nev
Ioundav:
Ie cul a nev
palI).
In
Jacl,
lIe Iasic vevI lo cicalvize
|Id)
Ias
nuIlipIe
associalions
oJ
inposing
oJ Iunan
pallevn upon
lIe disovdev oJ naluve cIunIs
oJ
vood,
lIe Iunan
Jace,
and lIe Jovesl ave aII
opened
.. . aIIov-
ing
lIe innev
quaIil
oJ lIe suIslance lo sIine JovlI.7
6
B.F.
TIonpson,
YovuIa Avlislic
Cvilicisn,
in W.L.
d'Azavedo, ed.,
TIe Tvadi-
lionaI Avlisl in
AJvican
Socielies
|BIooninglon,
Ind., 1973),
pp.
19-61.
7
IIid.,
pp.
35-36.
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1478 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
TIe inlense concevn oJ lIe YovuIa cavvev vilI
Iine,
and vilI
pavlicuIav
Jovns oJ
Iine,
slens lIeveJove Jvon valIev nove lIan a
delacIed
pIeasuve
in ils inlvinsic
pvopevlies,
lIe
pvoIIens
oJ
scuIpluvaI lecInique,
ov even sone
genevaIized
cuIluvaI nolion one
couId isoIale as a nalive aeslIelic. Il
gvovs
oul oJ a dislinclive sensi-
IiIil
lIe vIoIe oJ IiJe
pavlicipales
in
Jovning-one
in vIicI lIe
neanings
oJ
lIings
ave lIe scavs lIal nen Ieave on lIen.
TIis
veaIizalion,
lIal lo
slud
an avl Jovn is lo
expIove
a sensiIiI-
il,
lIal sucI a
sensiIiIil
is
essenliaII
a coIIeclive
Jovnalion,
and
lIal lIe Joundalions oJ sucI a Jovnalion ave as vide as sociaI exis-
lence and as
deep,
Ieads
ava
nol
onI
Jvon lIe viev lIal aeslIelic
povev
is a
gvandiIoquence
Jov lIe
pIeasuves
oJ cvaJl. Il Ieads
ava
aIso Jvon lIe lIe so-caIIed JunclionaIisl viev lIal Ias nosl oJlen
Ieen
opposed
lo il lIal
is,
lIal vovIs oJ avl ave eIaIovale
necIanisns Jov
deJining
sociaI
veIalionsIips, suslaining
sociaI
vuIes,
and
slvenglIening
sociaI vaIues.
NolIing vev
neasuvaIIe
vouId
Iappen
lo YovuIa
sociel
iJ cavvevs no
Iongev
concevned
lIenseIves vilI lIe Jineness oJ
Iine, ov,
I
davesa,
even vilI cavv-
ing. CevlainI,
il vouId nol JaII
apavl.
Jusl
sone
lIings
lIal veve
JeIl couId nol Ie said-and
pevIaps,
aJlev
avIiIe,
nigIl
no
Iongev
even Ie JeIl-and IiJe vouId Ie lIe
gveev
Jov il.
AnlIing na,
oJ
couvse,
pIa
a voIe in
IeIping sociel
vovI,
painling
and
scuIpling
incIuded:
jusl
as
anlIing na IeIp
il leav ilseIJ
apavl.
Bul lIe
cenlvaI conneclion Ielveen avl and coIIeclive IiJe does nol Iie on
sucI an inslvunenlaI
pIane,
il Iies on a seniolic one. Malisse's coIov
jollings
|lIe
vovd is Iis
ovn)
and lIe YovuIa's Iine
avvangenenls
don'l,
save
gIancingI,
ceIeIvale sociaI slvucluve ov Jovvavd useJuI
doclvines.
TIe
naleviaIize a
va
oJ
expeviencing: Iving
a
pavlicu-
Iav casl oJ nind oul inlo lIe vovId oJ
oIjecls,
vIeve nen can IooI al
il.
TIe
signs
ov
sign
eIenenls-Malisse's
eIIov,
lIe YovuIa's
sIasI-lIal naIe
up
a seniolic
sslen
ve
vanl,
Jov lIeovelicaI
puvposes,
lo caII aeslIelic ave
idealionaII
connecled lo lIe
sociel
in vIicI
lIe
ave
Jound,
nol
necIanicaII. TIe
ave,
in a
pIvase
oJ
BoIevl
OoIdvalev's,
pvinav
docunenls:
nol iIIuslvalions oJ con-
ceplions aIvead
in
Jovce,
Iul
conceplions
lIenseIves lIal seeI-ov
Jov vIicI
peopIe
seeI-a
neaningJuI pIace
in a
vepevloive
oJ olIev
docunenls,
equaII pvinav.8
8
B.
OoIdvalev,
Avl and
AnlIvopoIog
Sone
Conpavisons
oJ
MelIodoIog,
in
A.
Fovge,
ed.,
Fvinilive Avl and
Sociel
|London, 1973),
p.
10.
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M L N 1479
To
deveIop
lIe
poinl
nove
concveleI,
and lo
dissipale an
inleI-
IecluaIisl ov
Iilevav
auva sucI vovds as idealionaI and
concep-
lion
na
seen lo
cavv
vilI
lIen,
ve can IooI Jov a nonenl al
sone
aspecls
oJ one oJ lIe Jev olIev discussions oJ lviIaI avl lIal
nanages
lo Ie sensilive lo seniolic concevns vilIoul
disappeaving
inlo a Iaze oJ JovnuIas
AnlIon Fovge's anaIsis
oJ lIe Jouv-coIov
JIal
painling
oJ lIe AIeIan
peopIe
oJ Nev Ouinea.9 TIe
gvoup
pvoduces,
in
Fovge's pIvase,
acves oJ
painling,
on JIal sIeels oJ
sago spalIe,
aII done in cuIl silualions oJ one sovl ov anolIev. TIe
delaiIs oJ aII lIis ave oulIined in Iis sludies. Bul vIal is oJ in-
nediale inlevesl is lIe Jacl
lIal,
aIlIougI
AIeIan
painling vanges
Jvon lIe
oIviousI Jiguvalive
lo lIe
lolaII
aIslvacl
|a
dislinclion
vIicI,
as lIeiv
painling
is
decIanalov,
nol
descviplive,
Ias no
neaning
lo
lIen),
il is
nainI
connecled lo lIe videv vovId oJ
AIeIan
expevience I
neans oJ an aInosl
oIsessiveI
vecuvvenl
noliJ,
a
poinled
ovaI,
vepvesenling,
and
caIIed,
lIe
IeII
oJ a vo-
nan. TIe
vepvesenlalion
is,
oJ
couvse,
al Iease
vagueI
iconic. Bul
lIe
povev
oJ lIe conneclion Jov lIe AIeIan Iies Iess in
lIal,
IavdI
nucI oJ an
acIievenenl,
lIan in lIe Jacl lIal
lIe
ave aIIe vilI il
lo addvess a
Iuvning pveoccupalion
oJ lIeivs in levns oJ coIov-
sIapes
|in ilseIJ,
Iine Ieve
IavdI
exisls as an aeslIelic
eIenenl:
vIiIe
painl
Ias a
nagicaI
Jovce)-a
pveoccupalion lIe
addvess in
sonevIal diJJevenl
vas
in
vovI,
in
viluaI,
in doneslic IiJe lIe
naluvaI
cvealivil
oJ lIe JenaIe.
TIe concevn Jov lIe diJJevence Ielveen JenaIe
cvealivil,
vIicI
lIe AIeIan see as
pve-cuIluvaI,
a
pvoducl
oJ vonan's
pIsicaI
Ie-
ing,
and lIeveJove
pvinav,
and naIe
cvealivil,
vIicI
lIe
see as
cuIluvaI,
dependenl upon
nen's access lo
supevnaluvaI povev
lIvougI
viluaI,
and lIeveJove
devivalive,
vuns
lIvougI
lIe vIoIe oJ
lIeiv cuIluve. Wonen cvealed
vegelalion
and discoveved lIe
ans
lIal nen eal. Wonen Jivsl encounleved lIe
supevnaluvaIs,
vIose
Iovevs
lIe
Iecane,
unliI lIe
nen,
gvovn suspicious,
discoveved
vIal vas
going
on and looI lIe
supevnaluvaIs,
nov luvned inlo
vood
cavvings,
as lIe Jocus oJ lIeiv cevenoniaIs.
And,
oJ
couvse,
vonen
pvoduce
nen Jvon lIe sveII oJ lIeiv IeIIies. MaIe
povev,
dependenl upon
viluaI,
a nallev nov
jeaIousI Iepl
secvel Jvon
vonen,
is lIus
encapsuIaled
vilIin JenaIe
povev dependenl upon
9
A.
Fovge, SlIe
and
Meaning
in
SepiI
Avl,
in
Fovge,
ed.,
op.
cil.,
pp.
169-192.
See
aIso,
A.
Fovge,
TIe AIeIan
Avlisl,
in M.
Fveednan, ed.,
SociaI
Ovganizalion
|CIicago,
1967),
pp.
65-84.
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1480 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
IioIog:
and il is lIis
pvodigious
Jacl lIe
painlings, pacIed
vilI
ved,
eIIov,
vIile,
and IIacI ovaIs
|Fovge
Jound eIeven oJ lIen in
one snaII
painling
vIicI vas
vivluaII conposed
oJ
lIen)
ave,
as
ve vouId
sa
aIoul.
Bul
lIe
ave
diveclI
aIoul
il,
nol
iIIuslvaliveI.
One couId as veII
avgue
lIal lIe
viluaIs,
ov lIe
nlIs,
ov lIe
ovganizalion
oJ
JaniI
IiJe,
ov lIe division oJ IaIov enacl
conceplions
evoIved in
painling
as lIal
painling
veJIecls lIe
conceplions undevIing
sociaI IiJe. AII
lIese nallevs ave navIed
I
lIe
appveIension
oJ cuIluve as
genevaled
in lIe vonI oJ naluve as nan is in lIe
IeII
oJ
vonan,
and aII oJ lIen
give
il a
speciJic
sovl oJ voice. LiIe lIe incised Iines
on YovuIa
slalues,
lIe coIov-ovaIs in AIeIan
painlings
ave nean-
ingJuI
Iecause
lIe
connecl lo a
sensiIiIil lIe join
in
cvealing-
Ieve,
one
vIeve,
valIev lIan scavs
signing
civiIizalion,
pignenl
signs povev
In
genevaI
coIouv
|ov slviclI painl)
vovds ave
appIied onI
lo
lIings
oJ viluaI concevn. TIis can Ie seen
vev cIeavI
in lIe AIeIan cIassiJi-
calion oJ naluve. Tvee
species
ave
suIjecl
lo an eIaIovale cIassiJica-
lion,
Iul ... lIe cvilevia used ave seed and IeaJ
sIapes.
WIelIev lIe
lvee Ias JIovevs ov
nol,
and lIe coIouv oJ JIovevs ov Ieaves ave
vaveI
nenlioned as cvilevia.
BvoadI speaIing,
lIe AIeIan Iad use
onI
Jov lIe IiIiscus and a
eIIov
JIovev,
IolI oJ vIicI sevved as
[viluaI]
decovalions Jov nen and
ans.
SnaII
JIoveving pIanls
oJ
an
coIouv
veve oJ no inlevesl and veve cIassiJied
neveI
as
gvass
ov undev-
gvovlI. SiniIavI
vilI insecls aII lIose lIal Iile ov
sling
ave
caveJuII
cIassiJied,
Iul IullevJIies Jovn one
Iuge
cIass
vegavdIess
oJ size ov
coIouv. In lIe cIassiJicalion oJ Iivd
species,
Iovevev,
coIouv is oJ vilaI
inpovlance
... Iul lIen Iivds ave
lolens,
and unIiIe IullevJIies and
JIovevs ave cenlvaI lo lIe viluaI
spIeve
... Il vouId seen . . . lIal
coIouv lo Ie descviIaIIe Ias lo Ie oJ viluaI inlevesl. TIe vovds Jov lIe
Jouv coIouvs ave . . .
veaII
vovds Jov
painls.
Fainl is an
essenliaII
povevJuI
suIslance and il is
pevIaps
nol so
suvpvising
lIal lIe use oJ
coIouv vovds is veslvicled lo lIose
pavls
oJ lIe naluvaI envivonnenl
lIal Iave Ieen seIecled as
viluaII
veIevanl . . .
TIe associalion Ielveen coIouv and viluaI
signiJicance
can aIso Ie
seen in AIeIan veaclions lo
Euvopean inpovlalions.
CoIouved
nagazines
sonelines Jind lIeiv
va
inlo lIe
viIIage
and
occasionaII
pages
ave lovn Jvon lIen and allacIed lo lIe
nalling
al lIe Iase oJ
lIe cevenoniaI Iouse
Jacade
. . . TIe
pages
seIecled veve
IvigIlI
coIouved,
usuaII
Jood advevlisenenls ...
[and]
lIe AIeIan Iad no
idea oJ vIal vas
vepvesenled
Iul
lIougIl
lIal vilI lIeiv
IvigIl
coIouvs and
inconpveIensiIiIil
lIe seIecled
pages
veve
IiIeI
lo Ie
Euvopean
[sacved
designs]
and lIeveJove
povevJuI.10
10
A.
Fovge, Leavning
lo See in Nev
Ouinea,
in F.
Maev,
ed., SociaIizalion,
lIe
AppvoacI
Jvon
SociaI
AnlIvopoIog
|London, 1970),
pp.
184-6.
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M L N 1481
So in al Ieasl lvo
pIaces,
lvo nallevs on lIe Jace oJ lIen as
seIJ-Iuninous as Iine and coIov dvav lIeiv
vilaIil
Jvon valIev nove
lIan lIeiv inlvinsic
appeaI,
as veaI as lIal
nigIl
Ie. WIalevev lIe
innale
capacilies
Jov
vesponse
lo
scuIpliIe deIicac
ov cIvonalic
dvana,
lIese
vesponses
ave
caugIl up
in videv
concevns,
Iess
genevic
and nove
conlenlJuI,
and il is lIis encounlev vilI lIe Ioc-
aII
veaI lIal veveaIs lIeiv conslvuclive
povev.
TIe
unil
oJ Jovn
and conlenl
is,
vIeve il occuvs and lo lIe
degvee
il
occuvs,
a cuI-
luvaI
acIievenenl,
nol a
pIiIosopIicaI lauloIog.
IJ lIeve is lo Ie a
seniolic science oJ avl il is lIal acIievenenl il viII Iave lo
expIain.
And lo do so il viII Iave lo
give
nove allenlion lo
laII,
and lo olIev
sovls oJ laII Iul lIe
vecognizaII
aeslIelic,
lIan il Ias
usuaII
Ieen
incIined lo
give.
2.
A connon
vesponse
lo lIis sovl oJ
avgunenl, especiaII
vIen il
cones Jvon lIe side oJ
anlIvopoIogisls,
is lo
sa,
lIal
na
Ie aII
veII and
good
Jov
pvinilives,
vIo conJuse lIe veaIns oJ lIeiv ex-
pevience
inlo one
Iavge,
unveJIeclive
vIoIe,
Iul il doesn'l
appI
lo
nove
deveIoped
cuIluves vIeve avl
enevges
as a diJJevenlialed
aclivil vesponsive nainI
lo ils ovn necessilies. And IiIe nosl sucI
eas
conlvasls Ielveen
peopIes
on diJJevenl sides oJ lIe
Iilevac
vevoIulion,
il is
JaIse,
and in IolI diveclions as nucI in undev-
eslinaling
lIe inlevnaI
dnanic
oJ avl in-vIal sIaII I caII lIen?
unIelleved socielies?-as in
ovev-eslinaling
ils
aulonon
in Iel-
leved ones. I viII sel aside lIe Jivsl sovl oJ evvov Ieve-lIe nolion
lIal YovuIa and AIeIan
lpe
avl lvadilions ave vilIoul a Iinelic oJ
lIeiv
ovn-pevIaps
lo cone IacI lo il on a Ialev occasion. Fov lIe
nonenl I vanl lo scolcI lIe second
I IooIing IvieJI
al lIe nalvix
oJ
sensiIiIil
in lvo
quile deveIoped,
and
quile
diJJevenl,
aeslIelic
enlevpvises quallvocenlo painling
and IsIanic
poelv.
Fov IlaIian
painling,
I viII
nainI veI
on MicIaeI BaxandaII's
vecenl
IooI,
Fainling
and
Expevience
in
FiJleenlI Cenluv IlaI,
vIicI
laIes
pveciseI
lIe sovl oJ
appvoacI
I Ieve an
advocaling.1
Baxan-
daII is concevned vilI
deJining
vIal Ie caIIs lIe
peviod ee-lIal
is,
lIe
equipnenl
lIal a
JiJleenlI-cenluv painlev's puIIic
[i.e.,
olIev
painlevs
and lIe
palvonizing
cIasses]
IvougIl
lo
conpIex
visuaI slinuIalions IiIe
picluves.12
A
picluve,
Ie
sas,
is sensilive lo
M.
BaxandaII,
Fainling
and
Expevience
in
FiJleenlI Cenluv IlaI |London, 1972).
12
IIid., p.
38.
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1482 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
lIe Iinds oJ
inlevpvelive sIiII-pallevns, calegovies,
inJevences,
anaIogies-lIe
nind
Ivings
lo il
A nan's
capacil
lo
dislinguisI
a cevlain Iind oJ Jovn ov
veIalionsIip
oJ Jovns viII Iave
consequences
Jov lIe allenlion vilI vIicI Ie
addvesses a
picluve.
Fov
inslance,
iJ Ie is sIiIIed in
noling pvopov-
lionaI
veIalionsIips,
ov iJ Ie is
pvacliced
in
veducing conpIex
Jovns
lo
conpounds
oJ
sinpIe
Jovns,
ov iJ Ie Ias a vicI sel oJ
calegovies
Jov
diJJevenl Iinds oJ ved and
Ivovn,
lIese sIiIIs
na
veII Iead Iin lo
ovdev Iis
expevience
oJ Fievo deIIa Fvancesca's Annuncialion diJJev-
enlI
Jvon
peopIe
vilIoul lIese
sIiIIs,
and nucI nove
sIavpI
lIan
peopIe
vIose
expevience
Ias nol
given
lIen
nan
sIiIIs veIevanl lo
lIe
picluve.
Fov il is cIeav lIal sone
pevcepluaI
sIiIIs ave nove veIev-
anl lo
an
one
picluve
lIan olIevs a
vivluosil
in
cIassiJing
lIe
duclus oJ
JIexing
Iines-a sIiII
nan
Oevnans,
Jov
inslance,
possess-
ed in lIis
peviod
... vouId nol Jind nucI
scope
on lIe Annuncia-
lion. MucI oJ vIal ve caII lasle Iies in
lIis,
lIe
conJovnil
Ielveen
discvininalions denanded
I
a
painling
and sIiIIs oJ discvininalion
possessed I
lIe IeIoIdev.13
Bul vIal is even nove
inpovlanl,
lIese
appvopviale
sIiIIs,
Jov
IolI lIe IeIoIdev and lIe
painlev,
ave Jov lIe nosl
pavl
nol IuiIl in
IiIe velinaI
sensilivil
Jov JocaI
IenglI
Iul ave dvavn Jvon
genevaI
expevience,
lIe
expevience
in lIis case oJ
Iiving
a
quallvocenlo
IiJe
and
seeing lIings
in a
quallvocenlo va
... sone oJ lIe nenlaI
equipnenl
a nan ovdevs Iis visuaI
expevi-
ence vilI is
vaviaIIe,
and nucI oJ lIis vaviaIIe
equipnenl
is cuIluv-
aII
veIalive,
in lIe sense oJ
Ieing
delevnined
I
lIe
sociel
vIicI
Ias inJIuenced Iis
expevience. Anong
lIese vaviaIIes ave
calegovies
vilI vIicI Ie cIassiJied Iis visuaI
slinuIi,
lIe
InovIedge
Ie viII use
lo
suppIenenl
vIal Iis innediale vision
gives
Iin,
and lIe allilude
Ie viII
adopl
lo lIe Iind oJ avliJiciaI
oIjecl
seen. TIe IeIoIdev nusl
use on lIe
painling
sucI visuaI sIiIIs as Ie
Ias,
vev
Jev oJ vIicI ave
novnaII speciaI
lo
painling,
and Ie is
IiIeI
lo use. lIose sIiIIs Iis
sociel
esleens
IigII.
TIe
painlev vesponds
lo
lIis:
Iis
puIIic's
visuaI
capacil
nusl Ie Iis nediun. WIalevev Iis ovn
speciaIized
pvoJessionaI
sIiIIs,
Ie is IinseIJ a nenIev oJ lIe
sociel
Ie vovIs Jov
and sIaves ils visuaI
expevience
and IaIil.14
TIe Jivsl Jacl
|lIougI,
as in
AIeIan,
onI
lIe
Jivsl)
lo Ie allended
lo in lIese levns
is,
oJ
couvse,
lIal nosl
JiJleenlI-cenluv
IlaIian
painlings
veve
veIigious painlings,
and nol
jusl
in
suIjecl
nallev
Iul in lIe ends
lIe
veve
designed
lo sevve. Ficluves veve neanl lo
13
IIid., p.
34.
14
IIid., p.
40.
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M L N 1483
deepen
Iunan avaveness oJ lIe
spiviluaI
dinensions oJ exislence:
lIe
veve visuaI invilalions lo veJIeclions on lIe lvulIs oJ CIvislian-
il.
Faced vilI an
avvesling inage
oJ TIe
Annuncialion,
TIe As-
sunplion
oJ lIe
Vivgin,
TIe Adovalion oJ lIe
Magi,
TIe
CIavge
lo
Sl.
Felev,
ov TIe
Fassion,
lIe IeIoIdev vas lo
conpIele
il
I
veJIecl-
ing
on lIe evenl as Ie Inev il and on Iis
pevsonaI veIalionsIip
lo
lIe
nslevies
il vecovded. Fov il is one
lIing
lo adove a
painling,
as a Boninican
pveacIev deJending
lIe vivluousness oJ
avl,
pul
il,
Iul il is
quile
anolIev lo Ieavn Jvon a
painled
navvalive vIal lo
adove.15
Yel lIe veIalion Ielveen
veIigious
ideas and
picloviaI inages
|and
lIis I lIinI is lvue Jov avl
genevaII)
vas nol
sinpI exposilive: lIe
veve nol
Sunda
scIooI iIIuslvalions. TIe
painlev,
ov al Ieasl lIe
veIigious painlev,
vas concevned vilI
inviling
Iis
puIIic
lo concevn
lIenseIves vilI Jivsl
lIings
and
Iasl,
nol vilI
pvoviding
lIen vilI a
vecipe
ov a
suvvogale
Jov sucI
concevn,
nov vilI a
lvanscviplion
oJ
il. His
veIalion,
ov nove
exaclI,
lIe veIalions oJ Iis
painling,
lo lIe
videv cuIluve vas inlevaclive
ov,
as BaxandaII
puls
il,
conpIenen-
lav. SpeaIing
oJ Oiovanni BeIIini's
TvansJiguvalion,
a
genevaIized,
aInosl
lpoIogicaI,
Iul oJ couvse
navveIIousI pIaslic, vendeving
oJ
lIe
scene,
Ie caIIs il a veIic oJ
coopevalion
Ielveen BeIIini and Iis
puIIic-TIe JiJleenlI-cenluv expevience
oJ lIe
TvansJiguvalion
vas an inlevaclion Ielveen lIe
painling,
lIe
conJiguvalion
on lIe
vaII,
and lIe
visuaIizing aclivil
oJ lIe
puIIic
nind-a
puIIic
nind
vilI diJJevenl Juvniluve and
disposilions
Jvon ouvs.16 BeIIini
couId counl on a conlviIulion Jvon lIe olIev side and
designed
Iis
paneI
so as lo caII lIal conlviIulion
oul,
nol lo
depicl
il. His voca-
lion vas lo conslvucl an
inage
lo vIicI a dislinclive
spiviluaIil
couId
JovciII
veacl. TIe
puIIic
does nol
need,
as BaxandaII ve-
navIs,
vIal il Ias
aIvead gol.
WIal il needs is an
oIjecl
vicI
enougI
lo see il
in:
vicI
enougI,
even, lo,
in
seeing
il,
deepen
il.
TIeve
veve,
oJ
couvse,
aII sovls oJ cuIluvaI inslilulions aclive in
Jovning
lIe
sensiIiIil
oJ
quallvocenlo IlaI
vIicI
convevged
vilI
painling
lo
pvoduce
lIe
peviod ee,
and nol aII oJ lIen veve
veIigious
|as
nol aII lIe
painlings
veve
veIigious). Anong
lIe
veIigi-
ous
ones,
popuIav
sevnons,
cIassiJing
and
suIcIassiJing
lIe vev-
eIalov
evenls and
pevsonages
oJ lIe CIvislian
nlI
and
selling
15
Quoled
IIid.,
p.
41.
16
IIid., p. 48.
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1484 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
JovlI lIe
lpes
oJ
allilude-disquiel,
veJIeclion,
inquiv, IuniIil,
dignil, adnivalion-appvopviale
lo
eacI,
as veII as
oJJeving
dicla
as lo Iov sucI nallevs veve
vepvesenled visuaII,
veve
pvoIaII
lIe nosl
inpovlanl. FopuIav pveacIevs
... dviIIed lIeiv
congvega-
lions in a sel oJ
inlevpvelive
sIiIIs
vigIl
al lIe cenlve oJ lIe
JiJleenlI-cenluv vesponse
lo
painling.17
Oesluves veve
cIassiJied,
pIsiognonies lped,
coIovs
snIoIogized,
and lIe
pIsicaI ap-
peavance
oJ cenlvaI
Jiguves
discussed vilI
apoIogelicaI
cave. You
asI,
anolIev Boninican
pveacIev
announced,
Was lIe
Vivgin
davI ov Jaiv? AIIevlus
Magnus sas
lIal sIe vas nol
sinpI
davI,
nov
sinpI
ved-Iaived,
nov
jusl
Jaiv-Iaived. Fov
an
one
oJ lIese coIouvs
I
ilseIJ
Ivings
a cevlain
inpevJeclion
lo a
pevson.
TIis is
vI
one
sas
Ood save ne Jvon a ved-Iaived
LonIavd,
ov
Ood save ne Jvon a IIacI-Iaived
Oevnan,
ov Jvon a Jaiv-Iaived
Spaniavd,
ov Jvon a
BeIgian
oJ vIalevev coIouv.
Mav
vas a IIend
oJ
conpIexions, pavlaIing
oJ aII oJ
lIen,
Iecause a Jace
pavlaIing
oJ
aII oJ lIen is a IeauliJuI one. Il is Jov lIis veason nedicaI aulIovilies
decIave lIal a
conpIexion conpounded
oJ ved and Jaiv is Iesl vIen a
lIivd coIouv is added IIacI. And
el
lIis,
sas
AIIevlus,
ve nusl
adnil sIe vas a IillIe on lIe davI side. TIeve ave lIvee veasons Jov
lIinIing lIis-JivslI I
veason oJ
conpIexion,
since
Jevs
lend lo Ie
davI and sIe vas a
Jevess: secondI I
veason oJ
vilness,
since Sl.
LuIe nade lIe lIvee
picluves
oJ Iev nov al
Bone,
Lovelo and
BoIogna,
and lIese ave
Ivovn-conpIexioned: lIivdI I
veason oJ
aJJinil.
A son
connonI
laIes aJlev Iis
nolIev,
and vice
vevsa:
CIvisl vas
davI,
lIeveJove ... 18
OJ lIe olIev donains oJ Benaissance cuIluve lIal conlviIuled lo
lIe
va JiJleenlI-cenluv
IlaIians IooIed al
painlings,
lvo vIicI
BaxandIaII
Jinds lo Iave Ieen oJ
pavlicuIav inpovlance
veve
anolIev
avl,
lIougI
a Iessev
one,
sociaI
dancing,
and a
quile pvacli-
caI
aclivil
Ie caIIs
gauging-lIal
is,
eslinaling quanlilies,
voIunes,
pvopovlions,
valios,
and so on Jov connevciaI
puvposes.
Bancing
Iad veIevance lo
picluve seeing
Iecause il vas Iess a
lenpovaI
avl aIIied lo
nusic,
as vilI
us,
lIan a
gvapIic
one aIIied lo
speclacIe-veIigious pageanls,
slveel
nasques,
and so
on:
a nallev
oJ
JiguvaI gvouping
nol,
ov
anva
nol
nainI,
oJ
vIlInic
no-
lion. As
sucI,
il IolI
depended upon
and
sIavpened
lIe
capacil
lo
discevn
pscIoIogicaI inlevpIa anong
slalic
Jiguves gvouped
in
suIlIe
pallevns,
a Iind oJ
Iod avvanging-a capacil
lIe
painlevs
17
IIid.
18
Quoled,
iIid.,
p.
57.
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M L N 1485
sIaved and used lo evoIe lIeiv vievev's
vesponse.
In
pavlicuIav,
lIe
Iassa
danza,
a sIov
paced, geonelvized
dance
popuIav
in
IlaI
al lIe
line
pvesenled pallevns
oJ
JiguvaI gvouping
lIal
painlevs
sucI as
BolliceIIi,
in Iis Fvinaveva
|vIicI
vevoIves,
oJ
couvse,
avound lIe
dance oJ lIe
Ovaces)
ov Iis BivlI
oJ
Venus,
enpIoed
in
ovganizing
lIeiv vovI. TIe
sensiIiIil
lIe Iassa danza
vepvesenled,
BaxandaII
sas,
invoIved a
puIIic
sIiII al
inlevpveling Jiguve pallevns,
a
gen-
evaI
expevience
oJ seni-dvanalic
avvangenenl
[oJ
Iunan
Iodies]
lIal aIIoved BolliceIIi and olIev
painlevs
lo assune a siniIav
puIIic
veadiness lo
inlevpvel
lIeiv ovn
gvoups.19
Oiven a
videspvead
JaniIiavil
vilI
IigII slIized
dance Jovns
consisling essenliaII
oJ
discvele
sequences
oJ laIIeaux
vivanls,
lIe
painlev
couId counl on
an innediale visuaI
undevslanding
oJ Iis ovn sovl oJ
JiguvaI
laI-
Ieaus in a
va
nol
vev open
in a cuIluve sucI as ouvs vIeve dance
is a nallev nove oJ novenenl Jvaned Ielveen
poses
lIan
poses
Jvaned Ielveen novenenl and lIe
genevaI
sense Jov lacil
gesluve
is veaI. TIe lvansnulalion oJ a vevnacuIav sociaI avl oJ
gvouping
inlo an avl vIeve a
pallevn
oJ
peopIe-nol geslicuIaling
ov
Iunging
ov
gvinacing peopIe-can
sliII slinuIale a
slvong
sense oJ...
pscIoIogicaI inlevpIa,
is lIe
pvoIIen
il is douIlJuI iJ ve Iave lIe
vigIl pvedisposilions
lo see sucI veJined innuendo al aII
sponlane-
ousI.20
Beond
and IeIind lIis
lendenc
lo conceive oJ IolI dances and
painlings
as
pallevns
oJ
Iod avvangenenl cavving inpIicil
nean-
ing
Iies,
oJ
couvse,
a videv
lendenc
in lIe vIoIe
sociel,
and
pav-
licuIavI
in ils cuIlivaled
cIasses,
lo
vegavd
lIe
va
in vIicI nen
gvouped
lIenseIves vilI
vespecl
lo one
anolIev,
lIe
posluvaI
ov-
devings lIe
JeII inlo in one anolIev's
conpan,
as nol
accidenlaI,
Iul lIe vesuIl oJ lIe sovls oJ
veIalionsIips lIe
Iad lo one anolIev.
Bul il is in lIe olIev nallev BaxandaII laIes lo Iave Iad a
Jovning
inpacl
on Iov lIe
peopIe
oJ lIe Benaissance sav
painlings-
gauging-lIal
lIis
deepev penelvalion
oJ visuaI IaIil inlo lIe IiJe
oJ
sociel,
and lIe IiJe oJ
sociel
inlo
il,
is
appavenl.
Il is an
inpovlanl
Jacl oJ avl
Iislov,
Ie
noles,
lIal connodilies
Iave cone
veguIavI
in slandavd-size conlainevs
onI
since lIe nine-
leenlI
cenluv
|and
even
lIen,
Ie
nigIl
Iave
added,
onI
in lIe
Wesl).
FveviousI
a
conlainev-IavveI, sacI,
ov
IaIe,
vas
unique,
19
IIid., p.
80.
20
IIid.,
p.
76.
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1486 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
and
caIcuIaling
ils voIune
quicII
and
accuvaleI
vas a condilion oJ
Iusiness.21 And lIe sane vas lvue oJ
IenglIs,
as in lIe cIolI
lvade,
pvopovlions,
as in
IvoIevage,
ov
valios,
as in
suvveing.
One did nol
suvvive in connevce vilIoul sucI
sIiIIs,
and il vas nevcIanls
vIo,
Jov lIe nosl
pavl,
connissioned lIe
painlings,
and in sone
cases,
IiIe Fievo deIIa
Fvancesca,
vIo vvole a nalIenalicaI IandIooI on
gauging, painled
lIen.
In
an
case,
IolI
painlevs
and lIeiv nevcIanl
palvons
Iad a
siniIav educalion in sucI nallevs-lo Ie Iilevale vas al lIe sane
line lo Iave connand oJ lIe sovls oJ
lecIniques
avaiIaIIe lo
judge
lIe dinensions oJ
lIings.
So Jav as soIid
oIjecls
veve concevned
lIese sIiIIs invoIved lIe
aIiIil
lo IveaI dovn
ivveguIav
ov unJaniI-
iav nasses inlo
conpounds
oJ
veguIav
and
JaniIiav,
and lIus caI-
cuIaIIe,
ones-cIindevs,
cones,
cuIes and so
on:
Jov lvo-
dinensionaI
ones,
a siniIav
aIiIil
lo
anaIze
ununiJovn suvJaces
inlo
sinpIe pIanes squaves,
civcIes,
lviangIes, Iexagons.
TIe
IeigIls
lo vIicI lIis couId vise is indicaled in a
passage
BaxandaII
gives
Jvon Fievo's IandIooI
TIeve is a
IavveI,
eacI oJ ils ends
Ieing
2 Ivacci in
dianelev:
lIe
dianelev al ils
Iung
is 21/4 Ivacci and
IaIJva
Ielveen
Iung
and end
il is 22/9 Ivacci. TIe IavveI is 2 Ivacci
Iong.
WIal is ils cuIic neasuve?
TIis is IiIe a
paiv
oJ lvuncaled cones.
Squave
lIe dianelev al lIe
ends 2
x 2 = 4. TIen
squave
lIe nedian dianelev 22/9 x 22/9
=
476/81. Add lIen
logelIev [giving]
876/81.
MuIlipI
2
x
2/9
=
44/9. Add
lIis lo 876/81 = 1331/8s. Bivide
I
3 = 4112/243 . . . Nov
squave
21/4
[giving]
51/16. Add il lo lIe
squave
oJ lIe nedian dianelev 55/16
476/81
=
101/129.
MuIlipI
22/9
x
21/4 =5. Add lIis lo lIe
pvevious
sun
[gelling]
151/129. Bivide
I
3
[vIicI
ieIds]
5 and 1/3888. Add il lo
lIe Jivsl vesuIl ...
=
91792/3888.
MuIlipI
lIis
I
11 and lIen divide
I
14
[i.e. nuIlipI I pi/4]
lIe JinaI vesuIl is 723600/54432. TIis is lIe cuIic
neasuve oJ lIe IavveI.22
TIis
is,
as BaxandaII
sas,
a
speciaI
inleIIecluaI
vovId:
Iul il is one
in vIicI aII oJ lIe educaled cIasses in
pIaces
IiIe Venice and FIov-
ence Iived. Ils conneclion vilI
painling,
and lIe
pevceplion
oJ
painling, Ia
Iess in lIe caIcuIalionaI
pvocesses
as sucI lIan in a
disposilion
lo allend lo lIe slvucluve oJ
conpIex
Jovns as conIina-
lions oJ
sinpIev,
nove
veguIav,
and nove
conpveIensiIIe
ones.
21
IIid.,
p.
86.
22
IIid.
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M L N 1487
Even lIe
oIjecls
invoIved in
painlings-cislevns,
coIunns,
IvicI
lovevs,
paved
JIoovs,
and so on-veve lIe sane ones lIal Iand-
IooIs used lo
pvaclice
sludenls in lIe avl oJ
gauging.
And so vIen
Fievo,
in Iis olIev Ial as
painlev,
vendevs TIe Annuncialion as sel in
a
coIunned, nuIliIeveI,
advancing
and
veceding Fevugian povlico,
ov lIe Madonna in a
doned,
IaIJ-vounded cIolI
paviIIion,
a Jvan-
ing
dvess lo Iev
ovn,
Ie is
caIIing upon
Iis
puIIic's aIiIil
lo see
sucI Jovns as
conpounds
oJ olIevs and lIus lo
inlevpvel-gauge,
iJ
ou
viII-Iis
painlings
and
gvasp
lIeiv
neaning
To lIe connevciaI nan aInosl
anlIing
vas veduciIIe lo
geonelvi-
caI
Jiguves undevIing
suvJace
ivveguIavilies-lIal piIe
oJ
gvain
ve-
duced lo a
cone,
lIe IavveI lo a
cIindev
ov a
conpound
oJ lvuncaled
cones,
lIe cIoaI lo a civcIe oJ sluJJ aIIoved lo
Iapse
inlo a cone oJ
sluJJ,
lIe IvicI lovev lo a
conpound
cuIic
Iod conposed
oJ a
caIcuIaIIe nunIev oJ snaIIev cuIic
Iodies,
and ... lIis IaIil oJ
anaIsis
is
vev
cIose lo lIe
painlev's anaIsis
oJ
appeavances.
As a
nan
gauged
a
IaIe,
lIe
painlev suvveed
a
Jiguve.
In IolI cases lIeve
is a conscious veduclion oJ
ivveguIav
nasses and voids lo conIina-
lions oJ
nanageaIIe geonelvic
Iodies ... Because
lIe
veve
pvac-
lised in
nanipuIaling
valios and in
anaIsing
lIe voIune ov suvJace
oJ
conpound
Iodies,
[JiJleenlI-cenluv
IlaIians]
veve sensilive lo
picluves cavving
lIe navIs oJ siniIav
pvocesses.23
TIe Janous Iucid
soIidil
oJ Benaissance
painling
Iad al Ieasl
pavl
oJ ils
ovigins
in
sonelIing
eIse lIan lIe inIevenl
pvopevlies
oJ
pIanav vepvesenlalion,
nalIenalicaI
Iav,
and IinocuIav vision.
Indeed,
and lIis is lIe cenlvaI
poinl,
aII lIese Ivoadev cuIluvaI
nallevs,
and olIevs I Iave nol
nenlioned,
inlevvovIed lo
pvoduce
lIe
sensiIiIil
in vIicI
quallvocenlo
avl vas Jovned and Iad ils
Ieing.
|In
an eavIiev
vovI,
Oiollo and lIe
Ovalovs,
BaxandaII connecls
lIe
deveIopnenl
oJ
picloviaI conposilion
lo lIe navvalive
Jovns,
nosl
especiaII
lIe
peviodic
senlence,
oJ Iunanisl
vIelovic:
lIe
ovalov's
IievavcI
oJ
peviod,
cIause,
pIvase,
and vovd
Ieing
con-
sciousI
nalcIed,
I
AIIevli and
olIevs,
lo lIe
painlev's
one oJ
picluve, Iod,
nenIev,
and
pIane.)24
BiJJevenl
painlevs pIaed
upon
diJJevenl
aspecls
oJ lIal
sensiIiIil,
Iul lIe novaIisn oJ ve-
Iigious pveacIing,
lIe
pageanlv
oJ sociaI
dancing,
lIe sIvevdness
oJ connevciaI
gauging,
and lIe
gvandeuv
oJ Lalin
ovalov
aII con-
Iined lo
pvovide
vIal is indeed lIe
painlev's
lvue nediun lIe
23
IIid.,
pp.
87-9,
101.
24
M.
BaxandaII,
Oiollo and lIe Ovalovs
|OxJovd, 1971).
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1488 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
capacil
oJ Iis audience lo see
neanings
in
picluves.
An oId
picluve,
BaxandaII
sas, lIougI
Ie couId Iave onilled lIe
oId,
is a vecovd
oJ visuaI
aclivil
lIal one Ias lo Ieavn lo
vead,
jusl
as one Ias lo
Ieavn lo vead a lexl Jvon a diJJevenl cuIluve. IJ ve oIsevve lIal
Fievo deIIa Fvancesca lends lo a
gauged
sovl oJ
painling,
Fva
AngeIico
lo a
pveacIed
sovl oJ
painling,
and BolliceIIi lo a danced
sovl oJ
painling,
ve ave
oIsevving sonelIing
nol
onI
aIoul lIen
Iul aIoul lIeiv
sociel.25
TIe
capacil,
vaviaIIe
anong peopIes
as il is
anong
individuaIs,
lo
pevceive neaning
in
picluves
|ov
poens,
neIodies,
IuiIdings,
pols,
dvanas, slalues) is,
IiIe aII olIev
JuII
Iunan
capacilies,
a
pvoducl
oJ coIIeclive
expevience
vIicI Jav lvanscends
il,
as is lIe
Jav vavev
capacil
lo
pul
il lIeve in lIe Jivsl
pIace.
Il is oul oJ
pavlicipalion
in lIe
genevaI sslen
oJ
snIoIic
Jovns ve caII cuI-
luve lIal
pavlicipalion
in lIe
pavlicuIav
ve caII
avl,
vIicI is in Jacl
Iul a seclov oJ
il,
is
possiIIe.
A
lIeov
oJ avl is lIus al lIe sane line
a
lIeov
oJ
cuIluve,
nol an aulononous
enlevpvise.
And iJ il is a
seniolic
lIeov
oJ avl il nusl lvace lIe IiJe oJ
signs
in
sociel,
nol in
an invenled vovId oJ
duaIilies, lvansJovnalions,
pavaIIeIs,
and
equivaIences.
3.
TIeve is
IavdI
a Iellev
exanpIe
oJ lIe Jacl lIal an avlisl vovIs
vilI
signs
vIicI Iave a
pIace
in seniolic
sslens exlending
Jav
Ieond
lIe cvaJl Ie
pvaclices
lIan lIe
poel
in IsIan. A MusIin
naIing
vevses Jaces a sel oJ cuIluvaI veaIilies as
oIjeclive
lo Iis
inlenlions as vocIs ov
vainJaII,
no Iess suIslanliaI Jov
Ieing
non-
naleviaI,
and no Iess sluIIovn Jov
Ieing
nan-nade. He
opevales,
and
aIva
Ias
opevaled,
in a conlexl vIeve lIe inslvunenl oJ Iis
avl,
Ianguage,
Ias a
pecuIiav, IeigIlened
Iind oJ
slalus,
as dislinc-
live a
signiJicance,
and as
nslevious,
as AIeIan
painl. EvevlIing
Jvon
nelapIsics
lo
novpIoIog, scvipluve
lo
caIIigvapI,
lIe
pal-
levns oJ
puIIic
vecilalion lo lIe
slIe
oJ inJovnaI convevsalion con-
spives
lo naIe oJ
speecI
and
speaIing
a nallev
cIavged
vilI an
inpovl
iJ nol
unique
in Iunan
Iislov, cevlainI exlvaovdinav.
TIe nan vIo laIes
up
lIe
poel's
voIe in IsIan
lvaJJics,
and nol
vIoII IegilinaleI,
in lIe novaI suIslance oJ Iis cuIluve.
In ovdev even lo
Iegin
lo denonslvale lIis il is oJ couvse neces-
25
Fainling
and
Expevience, op.
cil.,
p.
152.
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M L N 1489
sav
Jivsl lo cul lIe
suIjecl
dovn lo size. Il is nol
n
inlenlion lo
suvve
lIe vIoIe couvse oJ
poelic deveIopnenl
Jvon lIe
FvopIec
Jovvavd:
Iul
jusl
lo naIe a Jev
genevaI,
and valIev
unsslenalic,
venavIs aIoul lIe
pIace
oJ
poelv
in lvadilionaI IsIanic
sociel-
nosl
pavlicuIavI
AvaIic
poelv:
nosl
pavlicuIavI
in
Movocco,
vIeve
n
viJe,
HiIdved
Oeevlz,
Ias done an exlensive
slud
oJ
il:
nosl
pavlicuIavI
on lIe
popuIav,
ovaI vevse IeveI. TIe
veIalionsIip
Ielveen
poelv
and lIe cenlvaI
inpuIses
oJ MusIin cuIluve
is,
I
lIinI,
valIev siniIav nove ov Iess
evevvIeve,
and nove ov Iess
since lIe
Ieginning.
Bul valIev lIan
lving
lo eslaIIisI
lIal,
I sIaII
neveI
assune il and
pvoceed,
on lIe Iasis oJ sonevIal
speciaI
naleviaI lo
suggesl
vIal lIe levns oJ lIal
veIalionsIip-an
uncev-
lain and diJJicuIl one-seen lo Ie.
TIeve
ave,
Jvon lIis
pevspeclive,
lIvee dinensions oJ lIe
pvoI-
Ien lo veviev and inlevveIale. TIe
Jivsl,
as
aIvas
in nallevs Is-
Ianic is lIe
pecuIiav
naluve and slalus oJ lIe
Quvan,
lIe
onI
nivacIe in IsIan. TIe second is lIe
pevJovnance
conlexl oJ lIe
poelv,
vIicI,
as a
Iiving lIing,
is as nucI a nusicaI and dvanalic
avl as il is a
Iilevav
one. And lIe
lIivd,
and nosl diJJicuIl lo de-
Iineale in a sIovl
space,
is lIe
genevaI naluve-agonislic,
as I viII
caII il-oJ
inlevpevsonaI
connunicalion in Movoccan
sociel.
To-
gelIev lIe
naIe oJ
poelv
a Iind oJ
pavadignalic speecI
acl,
an
avcIelpe
oJ
laII,
vIicI il vouId
laIe,
veve sucI a
lIing
conceiva-
IIe,
a JuII
anaIsis
oJ MusIin cuIluve lo
unpacI.
Bul as I
sa,
vIevevev lIe nallev ends il slavls vilI lIe
Quvan.
TIe
Quvan |vIicI
neans neilIev leslanenl nov
leacIing
nov
IooI,
Iul
vecilalion)
diJJevs Jvon lIe olIev
najov scvipluves
oJ
lIe vovId in lIal il conlains nol
vepovls
aIoul Ood
I
a
pvopIel
ov
Iis
discipIes,
Iul His divecl
speecI,
lIe
sIIaIIes,
vovds,
and sen-
lences oJ AIIaI. LiIe
AIIaI,
il is elevnaI and
uncvealed,
one oJ His
allviIules,
IiIe
Mevc
ov
Onnipolence,
nol one oJ Iis
cvealuves,
IiIe nan ov lIe eavlI. TIe
nelapIsics
ave aIslvuse and nol
vev
consislenlI
vovIed
oul,
Iaving
lo do vilI AIIaI's lvansIalion inlo
AvaIic
vIned pvose
oJ
excevpls
Jvon an elevnaI
lexl,
lIe WeII-
Ouavded
TaIIel,
and lIe diclalion oJ
lIese,
one
I
one and in no
pavlicuIav
ovdev ovev a
peviod
oJ
eavs, I
OaIvieI lo
MuIannad,
MuIannad in luvn
diclaling
lIen lo
JoIIovevs,
lIe so-caIIed
Quvan-vecilevs,
vIo nenovized lIen and lvansnilled lIen lo lIe
connunil
al
Iavge,
vIicI,
veIeavsing
lIen
daiI,
Ias conlinued
lIen since. Bul lIe
poinl
is lIal Ie vIo cIanls
Quvanic
vevses-
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1490 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
OaIvieI, MuIannad,
lIe
Quvan-vecilevs,
ov lIe
ovdinav
MusIin,
lIivleen cenluvies JuvlIev
aIong
lIe cIain-cIanls nol vovds aIoul
Ood,
Iul oJ
Hin,
and
indeed,
as lIose vovds ave His
essence,
cIanls Ood IinseIJ. TIe
Quvan,
as MavsIaII
Hodgson
Ias
said,
is
nol a
lvealise,
a slalenenl oJ Jacls and
novns,
il is an
evenl,
an acl
Il vas nevev
designed
lo Ie vead Jov inJovnalion ov even Jov
inspiva-
lion,
Iul lo Ie veciled as an acl oJ connilnenl in
vovIsip
... WIal
one did vilI lIe
Quv'an
vas nol lo
pevuse
il Iul lo
vovsIip I
neans
oJ
il:
nol lo
passiveI
veceive il Iul,
in
veciling
il,
lo veaJJivn il Jov
oneseIJ lIe evenl oJ veveIalion vas veneved
evev
line one oJ lIe
JailIJuI,
in lIe acl oJ
vovsIip,
veIived
[lIal is,
vespoIe]
lIe
Quv'anic
aJJivnalion.26
Nov,
lIeve ave a nunIev oJ
inpIicalions
oJ lIis viev oJ lIe
Quvan-anong
lIen lIal ils neavesl
equivaIenl
in
CIvislianil
is
nol lIe BiIIe Iul CIvisl-Iul Jov ouv
puvposes
lIe cvilicaI one is
lIal ils
Ianguage, sevenlI-cenluv
Meccan
AvaIic,
is sel
apavl
as nol
jusl
lIe veIicIe oJ a divine
nessage,
IiIe
OveeI, FaIi, Avanaic,
ov
SansIvil,
Iul as ilseIJ a
IoI oIjecl.
Even an individuaI vecilalion oJ
lIe
Quvan,
ov
povlions
oJ
il,
is consideved an uncvealed
enlil,
sonelIing
vIicI
puzzIes
a JailI cenleved on divine
pevsons,
Iul lo
an IsIanic
one,
cenleved on divine
vIelovic,
signiJies
lIal
speecI
is
sacved lo lIe
degvee
lIal il vesenIIes lIal oJ Ood. One vesuIl oJ lIis
is lIe Janous
Iinguislic scIizopIvenia
oJ
AvaIic-speaIing peopIes
lIe
pevsislence
oJ cIassicaI
|nudavi)
ov
puve |Ji4Ia)
vvillen
AvaIic,
conlvived lo IooI as
Quvanic
as
possiIIe
and
vaveI spoIen
oulside oJ viluaI
conlexls,aIongside
one ov anolIev unvvillen vev-
nacuIav,
caIIed
vuIgav
|Cannia)
ov connon
|davija),
and consid-
eved
incapaIIe
oJ
conveing
sevious lvulIs. AnolIev is lIal lIe
slalus oJ lIose vIo seeI lo cveale in
vovds,
and
especiaII
Jov
secuIav
puvposes,
is
IigII anIiguous. TIe
luvn lIe
longue
oJ
Ood lo ends oJ lIeiv
ovn,
vIicI iJ il nol
quile
sacviIege,
Iovdevs on
il:
Iul al lIe sane line
lIe dispIa
ils
inconpavaIIe povev,
vIicI
iJ nol
quile vovsIip, appvoacIes
il.
Foelv,
vivaIed
onI I
avcIilec-
luve,
Iecane lIe cavdinaI Jine avl in IsIanic
civiIizalion,
and
espe-
ciaII
lIe
AvaIic-speaIing pavl
oJ
il,
vIiIe
lveading
lIe
edge
oJ lIe
gvavesl
Jovn oJ
IIaspIen.
TIis sense Jov
Quvanic
AvaIic as lIe nodeI oJ vIal
speecI
sIouId
Ie,
and a conslanl
vepvooJ
lo lIe
va peopIe acluaII
laII,
is
26
M. O. S.
Hodgson,
TIe Venluve
oJ
IsIan,
VoI. I
|CIicago,
1974),
p.
367.
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M L N 1491
veinJovced
I
lIe vIoIe
pallevn
oJ lvadilionaI MusIin IiJe. AInosl
evev Io
|and
nove
vecenlI, nan givIs
as
veII)
goes
lo a dviII-
scIooI vIeve Ie Ieavns lo vecile and nenovize vevses Jvon lIe
Quvan.
IJ Ie is
adepl
and
diIigenl
Ie
na gel
lIe vIoIe 6200 ov so
I
Ieavl and Iecone a
IaJiz,
a
nenovizev,
and
Iving
a cevlain
ceIeIvil
lo Iis
pavenls:
iJ,
as is nove
IiIeI,
Ie is
nol,
Ie viII al Ieasl
Ieavn
enougI
lo conducl Iis
pvaevs,
IulcIev
cIicIens,
and JoIIov
sevnons. IJ Ie is
especiaII pious,
Ie
na
even
go
lo a
IigIev
scIooI
in sone uvIan cenlev IiIe Fez ov MavvaIecI and oIlain a nove
exacl sense oJ lIe
neaning
oJ vIal Ie Ias nenovized. Bul vIelIev
a nan cones
ava
vilI a IandJuI oJ IaIJ-undevslood vevses ov lIe
enlive coIIeclion
veasonaII conpveIended,
lIe nain slvess is aI-
vas
on vecilalion and on lIe vole
Ieavning necessav
lo il. WIal
Hodgson
Ias said oJ nedievaI IsIan-lIal aII slalenenls veve seen
as eilIev lvue ov
JaIse:
lIal lIe sun oJ aII lvue
slalenenls,
a Jixed
covpus vadialing
Jvon lIe
Quvan,
vIicI al Ieasl
inpIicilI
conlained
lIen
aII,
vas
InovIedge:
and lIal lIe
va
lo oIlain
InovIedge
vas
lo connil lo
nenov
lIe
pIvases
il vas slaled in-couId Ie said
loda
Jov lIe
gvealev pavl
oJ
Movocco,
vIeve vIalevev
veaIening
JailI Ias
expevienced
il Ias
el
lo veIax ils
passion
Jov vecilaIIe
lvulI.27
SucI alliludes and sucI
lvaining
Iead lo
evevda
IiJe
Ieing
punclualed I
Iines Jvon lIe
Quvan
and olIev cIassicaI
lags.
Aside
Jvon lIe
speciJicaII veIigious
conlexls-lIe
daiI pvaevs,
lIe Fvi-
da vovsIip,
lIe
nosque
sevnons,
lIe
Iead-leIIing
canlalions in lIe
nslicaI
IvolIevIoods,
lIe vecilaI oJ lIe vIoIe IooI on
speciaI
occasions sucI as lIe Fasl
nonlI,
lIe
oJJeving
oJ vevses al JunevaIs,
veddings,
and
civcuncisions-ovdinav
convevsalion is Iaced vilI
Quvanic
JovnuIae lo lIe
poinl
vIeve even lIe nosl nundane suI-
jecls
seen sel in a sacved Jvane. TIe nosl
inpovlanl puIIic
speecIes-lIose
Jvon lIe
lIvone,
Jov
exanpIe-ave
casl in an
AvaIic so cIassicized lIal nosl vIo Ieav lIen Iul
vagueI
undev-
sland lIen. AvaIic
nevspapevs, nagazines,
and IooIs ave vvillen in
a siniIav nannev vilI lIe vesuIl lIal lIe nunIev oJ
peopIe
vIo can
vead lIen is snaII. TIe
cv
oJ AvaIizalion-lIe
popuIav
denand,
svepl
Jovvavd
I veIigious passions,
Jov
conducling
educalion in
cIassicaI AvaIic and
using
il in
govevnnenl
and adninislvalion-is a
polenl ideoIogicaI
Jovce,
Ieading
lo a
gveal
deaI oJ
Iinguislic Ipoc-
27
IIid.,
VoI.
II,
p.
438.
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1492
CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
vis
on lIe
pavl
oJ lIe
poIilicaI
eIile and lo a cevlain anounl oJ
puIIic
disluvIance vIen lIe
Ipocvis gvovs
loo
appavenl.
Il is lIis sovl oJ
vovId,
one in vIicI
Ianguage
is as nucI
snIoI
as nediun,
vevIaI
slIe
is a novaI
nallev,
and lIe
expevience
oJ Ood's
eIoquence
vavs
vilI lIe need lo
connunicale,
lIal lIe ovaI
poel
exisls,
and vIose
JeeIing
Jov cIanls and JovnuIas Ie
expIoils
as Fievo
expIoiled IlaI's
Jov sacIs and IavveIs. I nenovized lIe
Quvan,
one sucI
poel
loId
n
viJe,
lving
Iavd,
lo
expIain
Iis avl. TIen I
Jovgol
lIe vevses and
venenIeved lIe vovds.
He
Jovgol
lIe vevses
duving
a
lIvee-da
nedilalion al lIe lonI oJ
a sainl venovned Jov
inspiving poels,
Iul Ie venenIevs lIe vovds in
lIe conlexl oJ
pevJovnance. Foelv
Ieve is nol Jivsl
conposed
and
lIen
veciled:
il is
conposed
in lIe
vecilalion,
pul logelIev
in lIe acl
oJ
singing
il in a
puIIic pIace.
UsuaII
lIis is a
Ianp
Iil
space
IeJove lIe Iouse oJ sone
vedding
givev
ov civcuncision ceIeIvanl. TIe
poel
slands,
evecl as a
lvee,
in
lIe cenlev oJ lIe
space,
assislanls
sIapping
lanIouvines lo eilIev side
oJ Iin. TIe naIe
pavl
oJ lIe audience
squals diveclI
in Jvonl oJ
Iin,
individuaI nen
vising
Jvon line lo line lo sluJJ
cuvvenc
inlo Iis
luvIan,
vIiIe lIe JenaIe
pavl
eilIev
peeIs discveelI
oul Jvon lIe
Iouses avound ov IooIs dovn in lIe davIness Jvon lIeiv vooJs. Be-
Iind Iin ave lvo Iines oJ sidevise
dancing
nen,
lIeiv Iands on one
anolIev's sIouIdevs and lIeiv Ieads
sviveIing
as
lIe
sIuJJIe a
coupIe IaIJ-sleps vigIl,
a
coupIe
IeJl. He
sings
Iis
poen,
vevse
I
vevse,
paced I
lIe
lanIouvines,
in a
vaiIed,
nelaIIic
JaIsello,
lIe
assislanls
joining
Iin Jov lIe
veJvain,
vIicI lends lo Ie Jixed and
onI genevaII
veIaled lo lIe
lexl,
vIiIe lIe
dancing
nen ovnanenl
nallevs vilI sudden
slvange vIlInic
IovIs.
OJ
couvse,
IiIe AIIevl Lovd's
JanousJugosIavs,
Ie does nol cveale
Iis lexl oul oJ sIeev
Janc,
Iul IuiIds il
up, noIecuIavI,
a
piece
al a
line,
IiIe sone avlislic MavIov
pvocess,
oul oJ a Iiniled nunIev oJ
eslaIIisIed JovnuIas. Sone ave lIenalic lIe
inevilaIiIil
oJ dealI
|even
iJ
ou
Iive on a
pvaev vug):
lIe
unveIiaIiIil
oJ vonen
|Ood
IeIp ou,
O Iovev,
vIo is cavvied
ava I
lIe
ees):
lIe
IopeIessness
oJ
passion
|so
nan peopIe gone
lo lIe
gvave
Iecause oJ lIe Iuvn-
ing):
lIe
vanil
oJ
veIigious Ieavning
|vIeve
is lIe scIooInan vIo
can vIilevasI lIe
aiv?).
Sone ave
Jiguvalive givIs
as
gavdens,
veaIlI as
cIolI,
vovIdIiness as
navIels,
visdon as
lvaveI,
Iove as
jeveIv, poels
as Iovses. And sone ave
JovnaI-slvicl,
necIanicaI
scIenes oJ
vIne,
nelev,
Iine and slanza. TIe
singing,
lIe lan-
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
M L N 1493
Iouvines,
lIe
dancing
nen,
lIe
genve
denands,
and lIe audience
sending up ou-ous
oJ
appvovaI
ov vIislIes oJ censuve as lIese
lIings
eilIev cone
eJJecliveI logelIev
ov do nol naIe
up
an
inlegvaI
vIoIe Jvon vIicI lIe
poen
can no nove Ie aIslvacled lIan can lIe
Quvan
Jvon lIe
veciling
oJ il.
Il, loo,
is an
evenl,
an
acl:
conslanlI
nev,
conslanlI
venevaIIe.
And,
as vilI lIe
Quvan, individuaIs,
ov al Ieasl
nan
oJ
lIen,
puncluale
lIeiv
ovdinav speecI
vilI
Iines, vevses,
lvopes,
aIIusions
laIen Jvon ovaI
poelv,
sonelines Jvon a
pavlicuIav poen,
sone-
lines one associaled vilI a
pavlicuIav poel
vIose vovI
lIe
Inov,
sonelines Jvon lIe
genevaI covpus,
vIicI
lIougI Iavge,
is,
as I
sa,
conlained vilIin
quile
deJinile JovnuIaic Iinils. In lIal
sense,
laIen
as a
vIoIe,
poelv,
lIe
pevJovnance
oJ vIicI is
videspvead
and
veguIav,
nosl
especiaII
in lIe
counlvside
and
anong
lIe connon
cIasses in lIe
lovns,
Jovns a Iind oJ Becilalion oJ ils
ovn,
anolIev
coIIeclion,
Iess exaIled Iul nol
necessaviI
Iess
vaIuaIIe,
oJ nenoviz-
aIIe lvulIs Iusl is an incuvaIIe
disease,
vonen an
iIIusov
cuve:
conlenlion is lIe Joundalion oJ
sociel,
assevliveness lIe naslev
vivlue:
pvide
is lIe
spving
oJ
aclion,
unvovIdIiness novaI
Ipocvis:
pIeasuve
is lIe JIovev oJ
IiJe,
dealI lIe end oJ
pIeasuve.
Indeed,
lIe
vovd Jov
poelv,
sciv,
neans
InovIedge,
and
lIougI
no MusIin
vouId
expIicilI pul
il lIal
va,
il slands as a Iind oJ secuIav counlev-
poise,
a
vovIdI
Joolnole,
lo lIe BeveIalion ilseIJ. WIal nan Ieavs
aIoul Ood and lIe dulies oved Hin in lIe
Quvan,
Jix-vovded
Jacls,
Ie Ieavs aIoul Iunan
Ieings
and lIe
consequences
oJ
Ieing
one in
poelv.
TIe
pevJovnance
Jvane oJ
poelv,
ils cIavaclev as a coIIeclive
speecI
acl,
onI
veinJovces lIis Ielvixl and Ielveen
quaIil
oJ il-
IaIJ viluaI
song,
IaIJ
pIain
laII-Iecause iJ ils
JovnaI,
quasi-
IiluvgicaI
dinensions cause il lo vesenIIe
Quvanic cIanling,
ils
vIelovicaI,
quasi-sociaI
ones cause il lo vesenIIe
evevda speecI.
As I Iave
said,
il is nol
possiIIe
lo descviIe Ieve lIe
genevaI
lone oJ
inlevpevsonaI
veIalions in Movocco vilI
an
concveleness:
one can
onI
cIain,
and
Iope
lo Ie
IeIieved,
lIal il is IeJove
anlIing
eIse
conIalive,
a conslanl
lesling
oJ viIIs as individuaIs
slvuggIe
lo seize
vIal
lIe
covel,
deJend vIal
lIe
Iave,
and vecovev vIal
lIe
Iave Iosl. So Jav as
speecI
is
concevned,
lIis
gives
lo aII Iul lIe nosl
idIe convevsalion lIe
quaIil
oJ a calcI-as-calcI-can in
vovds,
a
Iead-on coIIision oJ
cuvses,
pvonises,
Iies, excuses,
pIeading,
con-
nands,
pvovevIs, avgunenls, anaIogies, quolalions,
lIveals,
eva-
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1494 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
sion, JIallevies,
vIicI nol
onI puls
an enovnous
pveniun
on vev-
IaI
JIuenc
Iul
gives
lo vIelovic a
diveclI
coevcive Jovce. candu
IIan,
Ie Ias
vovds,
speecI,
naxins,
eIoquence,
neans aIso,
and
nol
jusl nelapIovicaII,
Ie Ias
povev,
inJIuence,
veigIl,
aulIov-
il.
In lIe
poelic
conlexl lIis
agonislic spivil appeavs lIvougIoul.
Nol
onI
is lIe conlenl oJ vIal lIe
poel sas avgunenlalionaI
in lIis
va-allacIing
lIe sIaIIovness oJ
lovnsnen,
lIe
Inavev
oJ nev-
cIanls,
lIe
pevJid
oJ
vonen,
lIe nisevIiness oJ lIe
vicI,
lIe
lveacIev
oJ
poIilicians,
and lIe
Ipocvis
oJ novaIisls-Iul il is
divecled al
pavlicuIav lavgels, usuaII
ones
pvesenl
and
Iislening.
A
IocaI
Quvan
leacIev, vIo Ias cvilicised
vedding
Jeasls |and
lIe
poel sung
al
lIen)
as sinJuI is excovcialed lo Iis Jace and Jovced
Jvon lIe
viIIage
See Iov
nan
sIaneJuI
lIings
lIe leacIev
did:
He
onI
vovIed lo JiII Iis
pocIels.
He is
gveed,
venaI.
B
Ood,
vilI aII lIis
conJusion,
Jusl give
Iin Iis
none
and leII Iin
go ava:
Oo eal cal neal and JoIIov il vilI
dog
neal.
TIe
Jound oul lIal lIe leacIev Iad nenovized
onI
Jouv
Quvan cIaplevs
[lIis
a veJevence lo Iis
cIain lo Iave nenovized lIe
vIoIe].
IJ Ie Inev lIe
Quvan I
Ieavl and couId caII IinseIJ
a
scIoIav,
He vouIdn'l
Iuvv lIvougI
lIe
pvaevs
so Jasl.
He Ias eviI
lIougIls
in Iis Ieavl.
WI,
even in lIe nidsl oJ
pvaev,
Iis nind is on
givIs:
Ie vouId cIase one iJ Ie couId Jind
an.
A
sling
Iosl Javes no Iellev
As Jov Iin vIo is
sling
and
veaI,
Ie
jusl
sils lIeve
and doesn'l dave
sa anlIing.
TIe
vIo cane Jov dinnev veve as in a
pvison
[lIe
Jood
vas so Iad],
TIe
peopIe
veve
Iungv
aII
nigIl
and nevev salisJied
TIe Iosl's viJe
spenl
lIe
evening doing
as sIe
pIeased,
B
Ood,
sIe didn'l even vanl lo
gel up
and
gel
lIe coJJee
vead.
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M L N 1495
And a
cuvev,
a Jovnev
Jviend,
vilI vIon lIe
poel
Ias JaIIen
oul,
gels lIivl
Iines oJ lIe
JoIIoving
sovl oJ
lIing
OI,
lIe cuvev is no
Iongev
a veasonaIIe nan.
He JoIIoved lIe voad lo Iecone
povevJuI,
And
cIanged
inlo a nad
Ielvaev.
He JoIIoved a lvade oJ lIe
deviI:
Ie said Ie vas
successJuI,
Iul I don'l IeIieve il.
And so on. Nov is il
neveI
individuaIs lIe
poel
cvilicises
|ov
can
Ie
paid
lo
cvilicise:
Jov nosl oJ lIese vevIaI assassinalions ave con-
lvacl
joIs)
lIe inIaIilanls oJ a vivaI
viIIage,
ov
Jaclion,
ov
JaniI:
a
poIilicaI pavl |poelic
conJvonlalion Ielveen nenIevs oJ sucI
pav-
lies,
eacI Ied
I
lIeiv ovn
poel,
Iave Iad lo Ie IvoIen
up I
lIe
poIice
vIen vovds
Iegan
lo Iead lo
IIovs):
even vIoIe cIasses oJ
peopIe,
IaIevs ov civiI
sevvanls,
na
Ie
lavgels.
And Ie can sIiJl Iis
innediale audience in lIe
vev
nidsl oJ
pevJovnance.
WIen Ie
Ianenls lIe
inconslanc
oJ
vonen,
Ie
speaIs up
inlo lIe sIadovs
oJ lIe
vooJs:
vIen Ie allacIs lIe
IecIev
oJ
nen,
Iis
gaze dvops
lo
lIe cvovd al Iis Jeel.
Indeed,
lIe vIoIe
poelic pevJovnance
Ias an
agonislic
lone as lIe audience cvies oul in
appvovaI
|and
pvesses
none
on lIe
poel)
ov vIislIes and Iools in
disappvovaI,
sonelines
lo lIe
poinl
oJ
causing
Iis velivenenl Jvon lIe scene.
Bul
pevIaps
lIe
puvesl expvessions
oJ lIis lone ave lIe divecl
conIals Ielveen
poels lving
lo ouldo eacI olIev vilI lIeiv vevses.
Sone
suIjecl-il na
Ie
jusl
an
oIjecl
IiIe a
gIass
ov a lvee-is
cIosen lo
gel lIings going
and lIen lIe
poels sing aIlevnaleI,
sonelines lIe vIoIe
nigIl Iong
as lIe cvovd sIouls ils
judgnenl,
unliI one
velives,
Iesled
I
lIe olIev. Fvon a lIvee-Iouv
slvuggIe
I
give
sone IvieJ
excevpls,
in vIicI
jusl
aIoul
evevlIing
is Iosl in
lvansIalion
excepl
lIe
spivil
oJ lIe
lIing
WeII inlo lIe niddIe oJ lIe
IallIe,
Foel
A,
cIaIIenging,
slands
up
and
sas
TIal vIicI Ood Iesloved on Iin
[lIe
vivaI
poel]
Ie
vasled lo
Iu nIon
cIolIes Jov a
givI:
Ie viII
Jind vIal Ie is
IooIing
Jov,
And Ie viII
Iu
vIal Ie vanls
[i.e., sex]
and
go visiling
avound aII sovls oJ
[Iad]
pIaces.
Foel
B,
vesponding
TIal vIicI Ood Iesloved on Iin
[i.e., IinseIJ,
Foel
B]
Ie used Jov
pvaev,
lilIe,
and
cIavil,
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1496 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
And Ie didn'l JoIIov eviI
lenplalions,
nov
slIisI
givIs,
nov lalooed
givIs:
Ie venenIevs lo vun
ava
Jvon HeII-Jive.
TIen,
an Iouv ov so Ialev
on,
Foel
A,
sliII
cIaIIenging,
and sliII
Ieing eJJecliveI vesponded
lo,
sIiJls lo
nelapIsicaI viddIing
Fvon one
sI
lo lIe olIev
sI
il vouId laIe
500,000
eavs,
And aJlev
lIal,
vIal vas
going
lo
Iappen?
Foel
B,
laIen oJJ
guavd,
doesn'l
vespond diveclI,
Iul,
spaving
Jov
line,
evupls
in lIveals
TaIe Iin
[Foel A]
ava
Jvon
ne,
Ov I'II caII Jov
IonIs,
I'II caII Jov
aivpIanes,
And soIdievs oJ JeavJuI
appeavance.
I viII
naIe,
oI
genlIenen,
vav
nov,
Even iJ il is
jusl
a IillIe one.
See,
I Iave lIe
gvealev povev.
SliII
Ialev,
lIe avoused Foel B vecovevs and
vepIies
lo lIe viddIe
aIoul lIe sIies nol
ansveving
il,
Iul
I salivizing
il vilI a
slving
oJ
unansvevaIIe
counlev-viddIes,
designed
lo
expose
ils
angeIs-on-
lIe-Iead-oJ-a-pin
sovl oJ JooIisIness
I vas
going
lo
vespond
lo lIal one vIo
said,
CIinI
up
lo lIe
sI
and see Iov Jav il is Jvon
sI
lo
sI, I
lIe voad.
I vas
going
lo leII
Iin,
counl Jov ne aII lIe
lIings
lIal ave in lIe eavlI.
I viII ansvev lIe
poel, lIougI
Ie is
cvaz.
TeII
ne,
Iov nucI
oppvession
Iave ve
Iad,
vIicI viII
Ie
punisIed
in lIe IeveaJlev?
TeII ne Iov nucI
gvain
is lIeve in lIe
vovId,
lIal
ve can Jeasl ouvseIves on?
TeII
ne,
Iov nucI vood is lIeve in lIe
Jovesl,
lIal
ou
can Iuvn
up?
TeII
ne,
Iov
nan eIeclvicil
IuIIs ave
lIeve,
Jvon vesl lo easl?
TeII
ne,
Iov
nan leapols
ave JiIIed vilI lea?
Al vIicI
poinl,
Foel
A, insuIled, Iooled,
angv,
and
deJealed,
sas,
Oive ne lIe
leapol.
I an
going
lo IalIe Jov
pvaev.
I Iave Iad
enougI
oJ lIis
pavl.
and velives.
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M L N 1497
In
sIovl,
in
speecI
levns,
ov nove
exaclI speecI
acl
levns,
poelv
Iies in Ielveen lIe divine
inpevalives
oJ lIe
Quvan
and lIe
vIelovicaI lIvusl and counlev-lIvusl oJ
evevda
IiJe,
and il is lIal
vIicI
gives
il ils uncevlain slalus and
slvange
Jovce. On lIe one
Iand,
il Jovns a Iind oJ
pava-Quvan, sung
lvulIs nove lIan lvansil-
ov
and Iess lIan elevnaI in a
Ianguage slIe
nove sludied lIan lIe
coIIoquiaI
and Iess avcane lIan lIe cIassicaI. On lIe
olIev,
il
pvojecls
lIe
spivil
oJ
evevda
IiJe inlo lIe veaIn
oJ,
iJ nol lIe
IoI,
al Ieasl
lIe
inspived. Foelv
is
novaII anIiguous
Iecause il is nol sacved
enougI
lo
jusliJ
lIe
povev
il
acluaII
Ias and nol secuIav
enougI
Jov lIal
povev
lo Ie
equaled
lo
ovdinav eIoquence.
TIe Movoccan
ovaI
poel
inIaIils a
vegion
Ielveen
speecI lpes
vIicI is al lIe
sane line a
vegion
Ielveen
vovIds,
Ielveen lIe discouvse oJ Ood
and lIe
vvangIe
oJ nen. And unIess lIal is undevslood neilIev Ie
nov Iis
poelv
can Ie
undevslood,
no nallev Iov nucI
Jevveling
oul oJ Ialenl slvucluves ov
pavsing
oJ vevse Jovns one
engages
in.
Foelv,
ov
anva
lIis
poelv,
conslvucls a voice oul oJ lIe voices
lIal suvvound il. IJ il can Ie said lo Iave a
Junclion,
lIal is il.
Avl,
sas n diclionav,
a
useJuII
nediocve
one,
is lIe con-
scious
pvoduclion
ov
avvangenenl
oJ
coIovs, Jovns, novenenls,
sounds ov olIev eIenenls in a nannev lIal aJJecls lIe sense oJ
Ieaul,
a
va
oJ
pulling
lIe nallev vIicI seens lo
suggesl
lIal
nen ave Iovn vilI lIe
povev
lo
appveciale,
as
lIe
ave Iovn vilI
lIe
povev
lo see
joIes,
and Iave
onI
lo Ie
pvovided
vilI lIe
occasions lo exevcise il. As vIal I Iave said Ieve
ougIl
lo
indicale,
I
do nol lIinI lIal lIis is lvue
|I
don'l lIinI lIal il is lvue Jov Iunov
eilIev): Iul, valIev,
lIal lIe sense oJ
Ieaul,
ov vIalevev lIe
aIiIil
lo
vespond inleIIigenlI
lo Jace
scavs,
painled
ovaIs,
doned
paviIIions,
ov
vIned
insuIls sIouId Ie
caIIed,
is no Iess a cuIluvaI
avliJacl lIan lIe
oIjecls
and devices concocled lo aJJecl il. TIe
avlisl vovIs vilI Iis audience's
capacilies-capacilies
lo
see,
ov
Ieav,
ov
loucI,
sonelines even lo lasle and
sneII,
vilI undevsland-
ing.
And
lIougI
eIenenls oJ lIese
capacilies
ave indeed innale-il
usuaII IeIps
nol lo Ie coIov
IIind-lIe
ave
IvougIl
inlo acluaI
exislence
I
lIe
expevience
oJ
Iiving
in lIe nidsl oJ cevlain sovls oJ
lIings
lo IooI
al,
Iislen
lo, IandIe,
lIinI
aIoul,
cope
vilI,
and veacl
lo:
pavlicuIav
vavielies oJ
caIIages, pavlicuIav
sovls oJ
Iings.
Avl
and lIe
equipnenl
lo
gvasp
il ave nade in lIe sane
sIop.
Fov an
appvoacI
lo aeslIelics vIicI can Ie caIIed seniolic-lIal
is,
one concevned vilI Iov
signs signiJ-vIal
lIis neans is lIal il
cannol Ie a JovnaI science IiIe
Iogic
ov
nalIenalics,
Iul nusl Ie a
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1498 CLIFFOBB OEEBTZ
sociaI one IiIe
Iislov
ov
anlIvopoIog. Havnon
and
pvosod
ave
IavdI
lo Ie
dispensed
vilI,
annove
lIan
conposilion
and
snlax:
Iul
exposing
lIe slvucluve oJ a vovI oJ avl and
accounling
Jov ils
inpacl
ave nol lIe sane
lIing.
WIal NeIson Ooodnan Ias caIIed
lIe aIsuvd and avIvavd
nlI
oJ lIe
insuIavil
oJ aeslIelic ex-
pevience,
lIe nolion lIal lIe necIanics oJ avl
genevale
ils nean-
ing,
cannol
pvoduce
a science oJ
signs
ov oJ
anlIing
eIse:
onI
an
enpl vivluosil
oJ vevIaI
anaIsis.28
IJ ve ave lo Iave a seniolics oJ avl
|ov
Jov lIal
nallev,
oJ
an sign
sslen
nol
axionalicaII
seIJ-conlained),
ve ave
going
lo Iave lo
engage
in a Iind oJ naluvaI
Iislov
oJ
signs
and
snIoIs,
an
elInogvapI
oJ lIe veIicIes oJ
neaning.
SucI
signs
and
snIoIs,
sucI veIicIes oJ
neaning, pIa
a voIe in lIe IiJe oJ a
sociel,
ov sone
pavl
oJ a
sociel,
and il is lIal vIicI in Jacl
gives
lIen lIeiv IiJe.
Heve, loo,
neaning
is
use,
ov nove
caveJuII,
avises Jvon
use,
and il
is
I lvacing
oul sucI uses as
exIausliveI
as ve ave accusloned lo
Jov
ivvigalion lecIniques
ov
navviage
cuslons lIal ve ave
going
lo
Ie aIIe lo Jind oul
anlIing genevaI
aIoul lIen. TIis is nol a
pIea
Jov induclivisn-ve
cevlainI
Iave no need Jov a
calaIog
oJ
inslances-Iul Jov
luvning
lIe
anaIlic povevs
oJ seniolic
lIeov,
vIelIev
Feivce's, Saussuve's, Levi-Slvauss's,
ov
Ooodnan's,
ava
Jvon an
invesligalion
oJ
signs
in aIslvaclion lovavd an
invesliga-
lion oJ lIen in lIeiv naluvaI IaIilal-lIe connon vovId in vIicI
nen
IooI, nane, Iislen,
and naIe.
Il is nol a
pIea,
eilIev,
Jov lIe
negIecl
oJ
Jovn,
Iul Jov
seeIing
lIe
vools oJ Jovn nol in sone
updaled
vevsion. oJ
JacuIl pscIoIog
Iul in vIal I Iave caIIed eIsevIeve lIe sociaI
Iislov
oJ lIe
inaginalion-lIal
is,
in lIe conslvuclion and deconslvuclion oJ
snIoIic sslens
as individuaIs and
gvoups
oJ individuaIs
lv
lo
naIe sone sense oJ lIe
pvoJusion
oJ
lIings
lIal
Iappen
lo lIen.
WIen a BaniIeIe cIieJ looI
oJJice,
Jacques Maquel
inJovns
us,
Ie
Iad Iis slalue
cavved:
aJlev Iis
dealI,
lIe slalue vas
vepsecled,
Iul
il vas
sIovI
evoded
I
lIe vealIev as Iis
nenov
vas evoded in
lIe ninds oJ lIe
peopIe.29
WIeve is lIe Jovn Ieve? In lIe
sIape
oJ
lIe slalue ov lIe
sIape
oJ ils caveev? Il
is,
oJ
couvse,
in IolI. Bul no
anaIsis
oJ lIe slalue lIal does nol IoId ils Jale in
viev,
a Jale as
28
N.
Ooodnan,
Languages oJ
Avl
|IndianapoIis,
1968),
p.
260.
29J.
Maquel,
Inlvoduclion lo
AeslIelicAnlIvopoIog,
A MacaIeI ModuIe in An-
lIvopoIog |Beading,
Mass, 1971),
p.
14.
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M L N 1499
inlended as is lIe
avvangenenl
oJ ils voIune ov lIe
gIoss
oJ ils
suvJace,
is
going
lo undevsland ils
neaning
ov calcI ils Jovce.
Il
is,
aJlev
aII,
nol
jusl
slalues
|ov
painlings,
ov
poens)
lIal ve
Iave lo do vilI Iul lIe Jaclovs lIal cause lIese
lIings
lo seen
inpovlanl-lIal
is,
aJJecled vilI
inpovl-lo
lIose vIo naIe ov
possess
lIen,
and lIese ave as vavious as IiJe ilseIJ. IJ lIeve is
an
connonaIil anong
aII lIe avls in aII lIe
pIaces
lIal one Jinds lIen
|in
BaIi
lIe
naIe slalues oul oJ
coins,
in AuslvaIia
dvavings
oul oJ
divl)
lIal
jusliJies incIuding
lIen undev a
singIe,
Weslevn-nade
vuIvic,
il is nol lIal
lIe appeaI
lo sone univevsaI sense oJ
Ieaul.
TIal
na
ov
na
nol
exisl,
Iul iJ il does il does nol
seen,
in
n
expevience,
lo enaIIe
peopIe
lo
vespond
lo exolic avls vilI nove
lIan an elInocenlvic senlinenlaIisn in lIe aIsence oJ a
InovIedge
oJ vIal lIose avls ave aIoul ov an
undevslanding
oJ lIe cuIluve oul
oJ vIicI
lIe
cone.
|TIe
Weslevn use oJ
pvinilive
noliJs,
ils
undouIled vaIue in ils ovn levns
aside,
Ias
onI
accenlualed
lIis:
nosl
peopIe,
I an
convinced,
see AJvican
scuIpluve
as IusI Ficasso
and Ieav
Javanese
nusic as
nois BeIuss.)
IJ lIeve is a connonaI-
il
il Iies in lIe Jacl lIal cevlain aclivilies
evevvIeve
seen
speciJi-
caII designed
lo denonslvale lIal ideas ave
visiIIe, audiIIe,
and-
one needs lo naIe a vovd
up
Ieve-lacliIIe,
lIal
lIe
can Ie casl in
Jovns vIeve lIe
sense,
and
lIvougI
lIe senses lIe
enolions,
can
veJIecliveI
addvess lIen. TIe
vaviel
oJ avlislic
expvession
slens
Jvon lIe
vaviel
oJ
conceplions
nen Iave aIoul lIe
va lIings
ave,
and is indeed lIe sane
vaviel.
To Ie oJ eJJeclive use in lIe
slud
oJ
avl,
seniolics nusl nove
Ieond
lIe considevalion oJ
signs
as neans oJ
connunicalion,
code lo Ie
decipIeved,
lo a considevalion oJ lIen as nodes oJ
lIougIl,
idion lo Ie
inlevpveled.
Il is nol a nev
cvlogvapI
lIal
ve
need,
especiaII
vIen il consisls oJ
vepIacing
one
cipIev I
anolIev Iess
inleIIigiIIe,
Iul a nev
diagnoslics,
a science vIicI can
delevnine lIe
neaning
oJ
lIings
Jov lIe IiJe lIal suvvounds lIen.
Il viII
Iave,
oJ
couvse,
lo Ie lvained on
signiJicalion,
nol
palIoIog,
and lveal vilI
ideas,
nol vilI
snplons.
Bul
I connecling
incised
slalues,
pignenled sago paIns,
Jvescoed
vaIIs,
and cIanled vevse lo
jungIe cIeaving,
lolen
viles,
connevciaI
inJevence,
ov slveel
avgu-
nenl,
il can
pevIaps Iegin
al Iasl lo Iocale in lIe lenov oJ lIeiv
selling
lIe souvces oJ lIeiv
speII.
TIe Inslilule
Jov
Advanced
Slud
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