Georges Forrest G

The first Sacred War

n: Bulletin de correspondance hellnique. Volume 80, 1956. pp. 33-52.
Citer ce document / Cite this document :
Forrest G Georges. The first Sacred War. n: Bulletin de correspondance hellnique. Volume 80, 1956. pp. 33-52.
doi : 10.3406/bch.1956.2408
http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/bch_0007-4217_1956_num_80_1_2408
THE FIBST SACBEB WAB
In lIe ninelies oJ lIe sixlI cenluv B. C. TIessaI, AlIens and SiIon, vilI lIe IIessing oJ lIe AnpIiIlion oJ AnlIeIa, allacIed and deslvoed
KivvIa, a pvospevous connevciaI cil silualed sonevIeve in lIe pIain
oJ noden Ilea, IenealI lIe sancluav oJ ApoIIo al BeIpIi |1). TIe aIIies
cIained lIal il vas a HoI Wav, JougIl lo pvsevve lIe Jveedon oJ lIe
sancluav againsl lIe inpious inlevJvence oJ lIe KivvIans, and since no
KivvIans suvvived lo conlvadicl lIen, lIeiv vevsion Ias Ieen genevaII
accepled. Bul I sIaII avgue Ive lIal lIeiv cIain vas in Jacl JaIse, lIal
lIe vav vas valIev nove lIan a pious inlevIude inlevvupling lIe novnaI
poIilicaI aclivilies oJ SoIon, KIeislIenes and lIe olIev aIIied Ieadevs,
lIal il pIaed an inpovlanl pavl in lIe poIilicaI Iislov oJ lIe aIIied slales,
and an even nove inpovlanl pavl in lIe deveIopnenl oJ BeIpIi.
|i)
AIoul lIe dale and lIe couvse oJ lIe vav lIeve is, JovlunaleI, IillIe
douIl. TIe slov diclaled I lIe ancienl vidence is a veasonaIIe one.
KivvIa JeII in 591, vIen Sinon vas avcIon al AlIens and OIidas al
BeIpIi. TIe sige Iad Ieen a Iong one, so ve na assune lIal IosliIilies
Iegan in 595 ov lIeveaIouls. TIe TIessaIian avn navcIed soulI and
dvove lIe KivvIans inside lIeiv vaIIs, Iul lIe IIocIade vas ineJeclive unliI
KIeislIenes oJ SiIon avvived vilI Iis JIeel. TIen lIe cil JeII, and,
lIougI sone KivvIans escaped lo cavv on guviIIa vavJave Jvon lIe
IeigIls oJ neigIIouving KivpIis Jov six eavs nove, lIe vav vas, in eJJecl,
ovev. KivvIa vas vazed lo lIe gvound, lIe pIain vas dedicaled lo ApoIIo,
nevev lo Ie cuIlivaled again, and EuvIocIos, lIe TIessaIian connandev,
|1) Fov lIe sile oJ KivvIa and lIe Jovn oJ ils nane see J. Jannova BCH 61 |1937), pp. 33-43,
and BA 124-5 |1945), p. 38 n. 1 : Jannova and H. van EJJenlevve BCH 62 |1938), pp. 110-48:
H. van EJJenlevve and J. Bogev BA 122 |1944) pp. 15-20 : L. Leval avl. Kvisa in MIanges Ficavd,
Favis, 1948. Fov ils pvospevil, SlvaIo p. 418. I Ive nol seen M. Sovdi, La pvina guevva sacva
in Bio. FiI. d'Islvuzione CIassica, 1953.
34 OEOBOE FOBBEST
navIed lIe viclov I ceIeIvaling FlIian Oanes, vilI pvizes oJ none
laIen Jvon lIe spoiIs. Mopping-up opvalions conlinued unliI 586/5,
and lIeve JoIIoved, in 582, lIe JIvsl oJJiciai cIIvalion oJ lIe ganes, lIe
ou oxcoxx |I).
In Iines 532JJ. oJ lIe Honevic Hnn lo ApoIIo lIe god eslaIIisIes Iis
Kvelan pviesls al BeIpIi and Jove leIIs lIeiv Juluve. In Iines 540-543 Ie
sas
c xx xxox,o cxo coocxox c xx cpo
6ppx
0' 0cx coxx roxo0xu o0puxu.
AXXox cxcx0' x\ ooxopc oopc cooxox
xu xx'
oorox
ocooco0' oxo xoxo.
' TIeve viII Ie lvouIIe al lIe ovacIe. ' Mosl connenlalovs |2) Ive seen
Ive a vJvence lo lIe Sacved Wav, and, iJ lIe ave vigIl, lIis is lIe eavIiesl
and Iesl vidence ve Ive, Jov lIse Iines veve nosl pvoIaII vvillen in
lIe Jivsl IaIJ oJ lIe sixlI cenluv |3). Bul ave lIe vigIl ? MucI oJ n
avgunenl is Iased on lIe assunplion lIal lIe ave, Iul il vouId Ie as
veII lo adnil al lIe oulsel lIal pvooJ is inpossiIIe. TIeve ave, Iovevev,
lIvee good veasons Jov lIeiv IeIieJ.
1. TIeve is no vidence oJ an eavIiev lvouIIe al lIe ovacIe.
2. Even iJ lIeve Iad Ieen, lIe aulIov oJ lIe Inn vouId Ie Jav nove
IiIeI lo naIe lIe god JoveleII a vcenl evenl, JvesI in evevone's nind,
lIan a Iil oJ ancienl Iislov vIicI Iis audience Iad Jovgollen. IJ Ie Iad
nenlioned lIe ancienl Iislov, Ie vouId suveI Ive incIuded lIe vcenl
deveIopnenls as veII.
3. TIeve is vidence Jov cIose and conlinuous conlacl Ielveen BeIpIi
and Kvele Jvon lIe eavIiesl das oJ lIe sancluav dovn lo lIe end oJ lIe
|1) TIe accounl oJ lIe vav covnes Jvon lIe scIoIiasls on Findav |ScIoI. VeI. in Find. Cavn.)
|d. BvacInann) HpolI. FlIiovun, I and d, and Nen. I7, inscv.). OlIev souvces |ciled I
BusoIl OO2 11, pp. 693 JJ.) add onI picluvesque and unveIiaIIe dlaiI. Fov lIe cIvonoIog see
lIe exceIIenl accounl I T. J. Cadoux JHS 68 |1948), pp. 99-101. I suggesl 595 Jov lIe Ieginning
oJ lIe vav Jov convenience nol Jvon conviclion. An eavIiev dale is possiIIe, a Ialev vouId cause
diiicuIlies |IeIov p. 48). Bul cIoice is Jvee, Jov lIe vaIueIess Jvagnenl oJ KaIIislIenes |FOvHis
124 Jg. 1) is lIe onI vidence Jov lIe IenglI oJ lIe sige |IeIov p. 44, n. 4).
|2) BJvences in H. T. Wade-Oev's avlicIe ' KnailIos ' in OveeI Foelv and LiJe |Essas
pvesenled lo OiIIevl Muvva), OxJovd, 1936, p. 57 n. 3.
|3) I accepl Wade-Oev's avgunenls Jov lIe dale vilI one nodiJicalion. TIe TeIpIousa
pisode |Wade-Oev p. 62 n. 1) vas suveI vvillen aJlev nol IeJove lIe inlvoduclion oJ lIe cIaviol-
vace in 582. Il vouId Ie an odd coincidence lIal vaces sIouId slavl vIeve lIe aulIov Iad nade
TeIpIousa insisl lIe vouId nevev Iappen |11. 270-1), vIeveas il vouId Ie quile naluvaI aJlev 582
lo IooI IacI lo a line vIen lIe did nol Iappen. AJlev aiI lIe vIoIe poinl oJ TeIpIousa's
pvopIec is lIal il is JaIse |11. 375-81).
THE
FIBST SACBEB WAB 35
sevenlI cenluv |1). TIeveaJlev lIeve is a conpIle IveaI, a IveaI vIicI
couId Ie veII expIained I sone cIange in lIe slalus oJ lIe Kvelan pviesls
|pevIaps even lIeiv expuIsion) vIicI so dispIeased lIe Kvelans lIal lIe
IvoIe oi veIalions vilI lIe sancluav. TIse Iines inpI lIal lIe lvouIIe,
vIalevev il vas, aJecled in sone va lIe slalus oJ lIe pviesls |2). Il is
lenpling lo connecl lIe lvo.
Fov lIse pevsuasive, iJ nol conpeIIing veasons, I an suve lIal lIe
connenlalovs ave vigIl, Iul lIe Ive nol Jaced lIe JuII inpIicalions oJ
lIeiv inlevpvlalion |3). Fov iJ lIse Iines descviIe lIe Sacved Wav lIe
lvadilionaI accounl oJ lIal vav cannol Ie lvue. TIe can Ie inlevpveled
onI in lvo vas. ApoIIo sas, eilIev ' ouv independence viII Iead ou
inlo xppx and ou viII Ie suIjecled lo olIevs vIo viII vuIe ou Jov lIe
vesl oJ line ', ov ' ouv naslevs viII Ie Ied inlo xppx, and ou viII lIen Ie
suIjecled lo nev naslevs vIo viII vuIe ou Jov lIe vesl oJ line ' |4).
In eilIev case il is a cIange in lIe ovganisalion oJ BeIpIi lIal is inpIied,
nol lIe venovaI oJ an oulside lIveal lo lIe independence oJ lIe ovacIe |ocooco0* oxo xoxo is an odd va lo descviIe IiIvalion ov lIe
deJence oJ IiIevl,
xx'
oorox
is an odd pIvase lo use iJ lIse BeIpIic
pviesls Iad in Jacl appeaIed lo lIe aIIies lo dJend lIen). Il is lIe ovgani
salion oJ BeIpIi lIal is vesponsiIIe Jov lIe xxoxo Ixo, lIe cpo, lIe
xppx, and since lIse pvesunaII pvovoIed lIe aIIied allacI, and since
lIal allacI vas divecled againsl KivvIa, ve nusl suppose lIal lIe
ovganisalion oJ BeIpIi, vIalevev il na Ive Ieen, vas acling in lIe
inlevesls oJ KivvIa.
IJ lIis is covvecl ve sIouId expecl lo JInd in lIe eavs IeJove 595 sone
signs oJ IosliIil Ielveen KivvIa/BeIpIi and SiIon, AlIens, TIessaI
and lIe AnpIiIlion, pvovocalive acls ov pvonouncenenls I BeIpIi
vIicI couId veasonaII Ie descviIed I lIe aIIies as ApoIIo descviIes
lIen, xxoxo cx, cpo and 6ppx. TIse can, I lIinI, Ie Jound, iJ ve
ave pvepaved lo accepl cevlain anendnenls lo lIe veceived accounl oJ lIe
poIilicaI Iislov oJ lIe slales invoIved.
|1) M. Ouavducci, Sludi e MaIeviaIi di SIovia dIie BeIigioni 19-20 |1943-6), pp. 85-114.
Miss Ouavducci lvies lo exlend lIe conneclion inlo lIe sixlI cenluv, Iul Iev avgunenls ave nol
convincing. TIe Ialesl avcIaeoIogicaI conlacl Inovn lo ne is vepvesenled I a Kvelan Iale
BaedaIic Iead |c. 630-20), puIIisIed I F. Anandv BCH 62 |1938) pp. 326 JJ. TIe Ialesl
poIilicaI conlacl na Ie lIe sending oJ Epinenides lo AlIens c. 600 |IeIov p. 41 and n. 3).
EavIiev exanpIes nol nenlioned I Miss Ouavducci ave in FIul. Mov. 1146 c, Biod. Sic. 8. 23. 1,
O. Kevn, InscIviJlen von Magnesia, no. 17. Fov JuvlIev avcIaeoIogicaI vidence see J. Mavcad
BCH 73 |1949), pp. 421-36. And cJ. nov J. BeJvadas, TInes de Ia pvopagande deIpIique, Favis,
1954, pp. 22 JJ and 72 J.
|2) BeIov p. 45.
|3) J. HunIevl |Honve Hnnes, Favis |Bud), 1941, p. 101 n. 1) noles lIe diJJIcuIl |' Ia sujlion du sacevdoce au conseiI esl expvine avec une IvulaIil un peu suspecle ').
|4) BeIov p. 45.
36 OEOBOE FOBBEST
1. SiIon - lIe xxoxo cxo.
KIeislIenes oJ SiIon is I Jav lIe cIeavesl |iJ nol lIe onI) exanpIe
oJ lIe anli-Bovian lvanl, lIe cIanpion oJ lIe pve-Bovian suIjecl peopIe
oJ SiIon |1). Hevodolus |2), il is lvue, ascviIes Iis Ialved oJ Bovians
lo Iis lvouIIes vilI Avgos, Iul vIelIev Ie disIiIed Avgives Iecause lIe
veve Bovians, ov disIiIed Bovians Iecause Ie vas al vav vilI Avgos is
IavdI inpovlanl Jov ouv puvpose. Il is enougI lo Inov lIal Ie vas, in
Jacl, IosliIe lo IolI.
TIe lvo Iesl Inovn and nosl inpovlanl Jacls vIicI connecl Iin
vilI BeIpIi ave Jivsl, lIal in lIe couvse oJ Iis canpaign againsl Avgos
BeIpIi opposed Iis suggeslion lo expeI lIe Bovian Ievo Advaslos Jvon
SiIon, saing lIal Advaslos vas Iing oJ SiIon vIiIe Ie |KIeislIenes)
vas no nove lIan a Xcxoxp |3), and secondI, lIal KIeislIenes IeIped lo
IiIevale BeIpIi duving lIe Sacved Wav. One exanpIe oJ IosliIil, one
oJ JviendsIip. In vIal ovdev do lIe covne ? Mosl Iislovians, IeIieving
lIal BeIpIi vas nove IiIeI lo Jovgel a Javouv lIan KIeislIenes lo Jovgive
an insuil, Ive pIaced lIe insuil |and consequenlI KIeislIenes ' vav
againsl Avgos) aJlev lIe Sacved Wav. TIis BeIpIic ingvalilude is lIen
expIained, Jov lIe nosl pavl, on novaI gvounds. TIeve vas a genevai
vvuIsion againsl lvann in lIe Jivsl IaIJ oJ lIe sixlI cenluv and BeIpIi
sIaved in il |4). BeIpIi, Ieconing conscious oJ lIe inpovlance oJ lIe vuIe
oJ Iav, asIaned oJ ils associalion vilI lIe KpseIids and OvlIagovids and
olIevs, evased lIe nane oJ KpseIos Jvon lIe KovinlIian lveasuv |5),
vas vude lo KIeislIenes, veJused lo Ive an deaIings vilI Feisislvalos
vIen Ie Iecane lvanl oJ AlIens |6), and so on. Nov lIeve cevlainI
vas a sIov veaclion againsl lvann duving lIe sixlI cenluv, il vas, in
pavl al Ieasl, a novaI veaclion |7) and BeIpIi nusl Ive Ieen lo sone snaII
degvee aJecled I il. Bul I cannol IeIieve in an vIoIesaIe cIange oJ
Ieavl. Il did nol pvevenl BeIpIic JviendsIip vilI lIe Ialev SiciIian
lvanls |8), and, even al lIe line, lIe novaI vvuIsion vas nol so slvong
lIal BeIpIi JeIl conpeIIed lo veJuse lIe Ialev oJJevings oJ KIeislIenes
IinseIJ |9). Once lIe dcision lo acl againsl an pavlicuIav lvanl Iad
|1) H. T. Wade-Oev CAH voI. III, cI. 77II. 6.
|2) Hdl. V 67-8.
|3) Hdl. V 67. 2. TIe exacl neaning oJ Xcxoxp is uncevlain, Iul il is cIeavI unconpIi-
nenlav, cp. H.W. FavIe, A Hislov oJ lIe BeIpIic OvacIe, OxJovd |BIacIveII), 1939 |IenceJovvavd
ciled as FavIe), p. 139 n. 1.
|4) TIe onI expIanalion lIal Ias an sevious vidence lo suppovl il.
|5) FIul. Mov. 400e.
|6) FavIe, pp. 163 JJ.
|7) SoIon's Ianguage in Jg. 23 |in BieII AL O3) sIevs al Iesl lIal Ie JeIl novaI disappvovaI,
al vovsl lIal Ie expecled olIev peopIe lo lIinI veII oJ novaI disappvovaI.
|8) As sIevn Jov exanpIe I lIe Beinonenid Iases |M. N. Tod OUI no. 17).
|9) BeIov p. 37.
THE FIBST SACBEB WAB 37
Ieen laIen novaI avgunenls nigIl Ie IvougIl in lo jusliJ lIe aclion,
Iul Jov lIe dcision ilseIJ sone Iellev, nove veaIislic, expIanalion is needed.
Fov KIeislIenes il Iies in lIe cIvonoIog.
We nusl nov IooI al lIe olIev vidence Jov Iis veIalions vilI BeIpIi.
1. WIen KIeislIenes Jivsl cane lo povev Ie vas Jaced vilI opposilion
vIicI, Ie suspecled, vas Ieing ovganised I lIe KpseIids in KovinlI |1).
TIeve na even Ive Ieen open vavJave Ielveen SiIon and KovinlI
al one slage, iJ ve can IeIieve lIe slov in Fvonlinus oJ an allacI on
SiIon I Feviandev's aII, TIvasIouIos oJ MiIelos |2). Feviandev, lIen,
is pIolling againsl KIeislIenes al lIe Ieginning oJ Iis veign, IeJove lIe
Sacved Wav. TIe cIose JviendsIip Ielveen lIe KpseIids and BeIpIi
suggesls lIal lIe ovacIe vouId Ie on lIe side oJ KovinlI |3).
2. On one occasion BeIpIi gave snpalIelic advice lo lIe nen oJ
FeIIene aJlev lIe Iad Ieen deJealed in a vav vilI KIeislIenes |4). TIis
pisode cannol Ie daled.
3. InnedialeI aJlev lIe Sacved Wav KIeislIenes inlvoduced FlIian
Oanes al SiIon vilI none laIen Jvon lIe spoiIs oJ KivvIa |5). Il Ias
Ieen avgued |6) lIal lIis vas an acl oJ dJiance, and sucI il na Ive
Ieen, Jov Feisislvalos' lenpIe oJ FlIian ApoIIo vas cevlainI inlended
as a cIaIIenge lo BeIpIi. Bul, on lIe olIev Iand, FoIIvales' oJev oJ a
FlIian JeslivaI lo BeIpIi vas cevlainI inlended as a conpIinenl |7),
and ve na jusl as veII laIe lIis Jov ouv pavaIIeI. TIe inslilulion oJ
ganes Ias in ilseIJ no signiJicance. EvevlIing dpends on lIe civcuns-
lances and in lIe civcunslances oJ 590, so soon aJlev lIe vav lIal
KIeislIenes Ias nol Iad line lo spend Iis pvize-none, a conpIinenl is
nove IiIeI lIan an insuil.
4. M. Oeovges Baux Ias vilI gveal sIiII and palience saIvaged Jvon
lIe vuins oJ lIe SiIonian lveasuv al BeIpIi lIe design oJ lvo eavIiev
IuiIdings |8). TIse ave lIe suIjecl oJ an exceIIenl slud I M. de La
Cosle-MesseIive |9) in vIicI Ie avgues convincingI lIal lIe ave SiIo
nian, lIal lIe ave pavl oJ lIe sane IuiIding pvogvanne, and lIal lIe
ave, in Jacl, lIe vovI oJ KIeislIenes. TIe eavIiev Ie dales appvoxinaleI
lo 580 and connecle vilI KIeislIenes'
viclov in lIe Sacved Wav ov Iis
|1) NiI. Ban. FOvHisl 90 Jg. 61. 5.
|2) Fvonlinus III 9.7, Hdl. I 20.
|3) Fov lIe KpseIids and KivvIan BeIpIi see FavIe pp. 133 J., 136 JJ., and IeIov p. 47 n. 5.
|4) Anaxandvidas FOvHisI 404 Jg. 1.
|5) ScIoI. Find. Nen. I7, inscv. and 20.
|6) FavIe pp. 139 J., M. F. McOvegov TAFA 27 |1941), pp. 282 J.
|7) Suidas s. vv. Bx0xo and xoxxo oox. BeIpIi vejecled FoIIvales' oJJev nol Iecause il oIjecled
lo ganes Iul Iecause il oIjecled lo FoIIvales. He vas connecled vilI Lgdanis |FoIain. I 23)
and Lgdanis vas a Jviend oJ Feisislvalos |Hdl. 161.4 and 64. 2). TIal vas enougI.
|8) CBAI 1922 pp. 69 JJ., BCH 46 |1922), p. 510.
|9) Au Muse de BeIpIes, Favis, 1936, cI. 2 and 3.
38 OEOBOE FOBBEST
lviunpI al lIe Oanes oJ 582 |1), lIe second Ie pIaces sone eavs Ialev in
lIe neigIIouvIood oJ 560. M. de La Cosle-MesseIive vigIlI insisls lIal
lIse dales ave onI appvoxinale, Iul on gvounds oJ genevai pvoIaIiIil
il is diJicuIl lo vesisl lIe concIusion lIal ve Ive Ive lvo dedicalions
lo ApoIIo, lIe one nade soon aJlev lIe lvanl's gveal sevvice lo lIe god
in lIe Sacved Wav, lIe olIev lovavds lIe end oJ Iis IiJe |ov pevIaps I Iis
successov aJlev Iis dealI) as a navI oJ conlinued IoaIl, oJ lIivl eavs
coIIaIovalion vilI BeIpIi |2).
5. Sone line aIoul 570 KIeislIenes IeId Iis counlv-Iouse sIeclion
pavl Jov lIe suilovs oJ Agavisle |3). MucI Ias Ieen vvillen aIoul lIis
slvange occasion, Iul Jov lIe nonenl onI one snaII poinl is veIevanl.
MegaIIes, lIe AIIneonid, vas lIe successJuI candidale. TIe AIIneonids
veve al lIis line on lIe Iesl oJ levns vilI BeIpIi |4), and lIe navviage
aIIiance vilI SiIon does nol appeav lo Ive aJecled lIal JviendsIip.
We inJev BeIpIic IIessing and lIence BeIpIic appvovaI oJ KIeislIenes.
Fvon lIse odd scvaps oJ inJovnalion il vouId seen lo JoIIov lIal
vIen KIeislIenes Jivsl Iecane lvanl Ie did nol Ive BeIpIic suppovl,
lIal Ie vas in Javouv innedialeI aJlev lIe Sacved Wav, again al lIe
line oJ lIe Jivsl FlIian Oanes in 582 and Jov a Jev eavs aJlevvavds,
again in 570, and again al lIe end oJ Iis IiJe |c. 560 ?). Nov il vouId Ie
pevJeclI possiIIe lo avgue lIal in lIe oIscuve IuvI-IuvI oJ eavI OveeI
poIilics an nunIev oJ aIIiances couId Ie nade, IvoIen, and venade in
lIe couvse oJ Jovl eavs, Iul il is suveI nove econonicaI, and even nove
pIausiIIe, lo assign aiI lIe exanpIes oJ BeIpIic IosliIil lo lIe peviod
al vIicI ve suspecl IosliIil exisled, lo pul lIe FeIIene ovacIe, lIe
canpaign againsl Advaslos, and lIe appeaI lo BeIpIi, IeJove lIe Sacved
Wav. TIus in KIeislIenes ' case ve can soIve lIe pvoIIen oJ BeIpIi's novaI
vvuIsion I assuning lIal il nevev exisled.
One pvoIIen is soIved, Iul anolIev appeavs. WI did KIeislIenes
lv lo gel BeIpIic appvovaI iJ Ie Inev lIal BeIpIi vas IosliIe ? TIeve
is no neal ansvev lo lIis, Jov KIeislIenes nusl Ive Ioped lo delacI BeIpIi
Jvon ils oId Jviend Avgos and sucI a Iope couId onI Ie expIained iJ ve
Inev nove lIan ve do aIoul lIe Iislov oJ Avgos al lIis line. IJ Fvo-
Jessov Andveves'
geneaIog oJ lIe Tenenids is covvecl, ve nigIl conjecluve
lIal lIe expuIsion oJ King MeIlas, lIe gvandson oJ FIeidon, vas soneIov
invoIved, Jov MeIlas vas expeIIed Iecause Ie vas suspecled oJ Ieing loo
JviendI vilI lIe non-Bovian Avcadians, pvoIaII lIen I an exlvene
Bovian gvoup, and il nigIl veII Ive Ieen lIe nev exlvenisn oJ lIe Avgives
|1) Fausanias 7 7. 6.
|2) TIe dale oJ K.'s dealI cannol Ie JIxed. He vas aIive aIoul 570 vIen Iis daugIlev
vas navvied, dead I 556 vIen Iis successov vas expeIIed [CAH III, p. 568).
|3) Hdl. VI 126-30. McOvegov op. cil., p. 279, ' Iale aulunn 575 '. Lale aulunn cevlainI,
Iul 575 ov 571 ov even 567.
|4) BeIov p. 50.
OEOBOE FOBBEST 39
vIicI pvovoIed KIeislIenes' nove againsl Advaslos in lIe Jivsl pIace.
FuvlIev, iJ KIeislIenes suspecled lIal BeIpIi's JviendsIip Iad Ieen vilI
lIe Iouse oJ FIeidon val'iev lIan vilI Avgos ilseIJ, Ive vas a cIance lo
IveaI inlo lIe BeIpIic civcIe, pevIaps even a cIance lo vin Avgos as an
aII I vesloving lIe vigIlJuI Iing. TIe pvo-Avcadian MeIlas na Ive
allacIed IinseIJ lo lIe anli-Bovian KIeislIenes in lIe Iope oJ vegaining
Iis lIvone vilI lIe IeIp oJ SiIonian avns - sucI a vappvocIenenl vouId
niceI accouIl Jov lIe appeavance oJ MeIlas' nepIev LaIedes as one oJ
lIe suilovs oJ Agavisle in 570 |1).
Be lIal as il na, KIeislIenes appeaIed lo BeIpIi and BeIpIi veIuJJed
Iin. No IeIp couId Ie given lo a cil vIicI, anong olIev lIings, couId
Ie a sevious vivaI on lIe KovinlIian OuIJ IolI lo BeIpIi's ovevIovd and
lo ils nosl vaIuaIIe cIienl, lo KivvIa and KovinlI. BeIpIi caIIed KIeis
lIenes a Xcxoxp, a xxoxo cxo.
2. AlIens - lIe cpo.
In AlIens lIe Iasl IaIJ oJ lIe sevenlI cenluv vas a line oJ lvouIIes,
al Ione sociaI unvesl, aIvoad lIe squaIIIes vilI Megava. Sone line
Ielveen 636 and 624 a oung noIIe, KIon, encouvaged and IeIped I
Iis JalIev-in-Iav TIeagenes, lvanl oJ Megava, 'gvev Iis Iaiv Iong vilI
a viev lo lvann' and venl so Jav as lo seize lIe AIvopoIis |2). Bul Iis
allenpl JaiIed, Ie and Iis conpanions veve capluved and pul lo dealI
I MegaIIes, lIe AIIneonid avcIon. Nov KIon JaiIed Iecause Ie Iad
nisundevslood lIe inslvuclions given lo Iin I BeIpIi. TIal, al Ieasl,
vas lIe BeIpIic expIanalion, and, as FvoJessov FavIe vev juslI
venavIs |3), lIe Jacl lIal an expIanalion vas necessav is convincing
vidence lIal BeIpIi Iad sonelIing lo do vilI lIe allenpl in lIe Jivsl
pIace. KIon Iad consuIled lIe FlIia and Iad Ieen given JviendI
advice. FavIe goes on lo sa, Il indicales veII lIe diJJvence Ielveen
lIe sevenlI cenluv allilude lo lvann and lIal oJ Ialev peviods, lIal
aIoul 630 a OveeI cilizen couId consuIl lIe FlIia on sucI a suIjecl
vilIoul veceiving a veIuJ. He vouId inslead veceive a useJuI lip, iJ Ie
Inev Iov lo acl on il . Bul lIis is suveI a nisvepvesenlalion oJ BeIpIi's
vIe. Il is nol possiIIe lo discuss Ive lIe videv queslion oJ Iov Jav BeIpIi
couId in genevai give advice on poIilicaI nallevs and sliII venain ov appeav
lo venain neulvaI, Iul on an issue sucI as lIis lIe ansvev is cIeav. BeIpIi
|1) A. Andveves CQ 44 |1951) pp. 39 JJ. I add lIe oId conjecluve lIal Hdl. |VI 127.3) Ias
conJused FIeidon lIe Iing vilI an unInovn gvandson, IvolIev oJ MeIlas and JalIev oJ LaIedes.
FvoJessov Andveves suggesls lo ne lIal lIe conJusion nigIl Ie a sinpIev one, LaIedes son oJ an
unInovn vilI LaIedes son oJ FIeidon. In lIal case LaIedes lIe suilov is no Iongev a nepIev
oJ MeIlas Iul is pvesunaII one oJ lIe JaniI.
|2) Fov lIe dale, Cadoux op. cil., p. 91. Fov KIon, Hdl. V 71, TIuc. I 126.
|3) F. 138.
40
OEOBOE FOBBEST
couId nevev Ive Ieen a sovl BisaJJecled Cilizens' Advice Buveau, open
lo an anIilious vevoIulionav. IJ BeIpIi gave advice lo KIon, il did
so Iecause il vas JviendI lovavds TIeagenes and/ov IosliIe lovavds lIe
lIen govevnnenl oJ AlIens, Iecause il lIougIl KIon vouId Ie a Iellev
nan lo Ive in povev lIan MegaIIes. TIis is lIe onI soIid vidence Jov
BeIpIi's allilude lo AlIenian poIilics al lIe line, Iul I vegavd il as vev
soIid vidence indeed.
TIe posilion duving lIe nexl lIivl eavs is oIscuve. B lIe Ieginning
oJ lIe sixlI cenluv ve Ive on one side a snaII gvoup oJ IiIvaI avislo
cvalie JaniIies vIo veaIised, as vise avislocvals sonelines do, lIal iJ lIe
avislocvac vas lo suvvive, il vouId Ive lo adapl ilseIJ lo cIanging
condilions, sIave ils povev, Ie viIIing xo oxxo xpoxo opxoxo-
rpoxc\o0oo. To lIis gvoup ve can assign lIe AIIneonids : SoIon : Iis
veIalives, lIe JaniI oJ Kvilias and Bvopides : Iis Jviends, lIe JaniIies
oJ Konon, oJ KIeinias, and oJ HipponiIos |1). On lIe olIev side lIe nass
oJ lIe noIIes and vilI lIen lIe suvviving JoIIovevs oJ KIon. Bul lIis
is sIigIl vidence Jov lIe slale oJ aJJaivs a gnvalion eavIiev, and, indeed,
ve can do no nove lIan guess al lIe ansvevs lo lIe queslions lIal avise.
Was lIeve an sociaI unvesl as eavI as 630 ? TIe neasuve oJ veJovn
cavvied lIvougI I BvaIon in lIe lvenlies suggesls lIal lIeve vas. IJ
lIeve vas, did lIe AIIneonids and lIeiv Jviends appeav al once as
suppovlevs oJ veJovn ov did lIe onI cIinI on lo lIe Iand-vaggon Ialev ?
TIe Jovnev is nove IiIeI, Jov soneone nusl Ive Ied lIe novenenl
and lIeve ave no olIev oIvious candidales. FuvlIev, al a line vIen poIilics
veve sliII vev nucI a JaniI aJJaiv, il is nol enliveI Iudicvous lo avgue
IacI Jvon a vadicaI AIIneon lo a vadicaI MegaIIes. Bul vIeve does
KIon Jil in ? He cannol Ive IeIonged lo lIe sane gvoup, Ie can IavdI
Ive Ieen lo lIe IeJl oJ lIal gvoup. Fov in lIal case vI did Ie Jind no
suppovl in lIe dnos ? Mv. Hignell's expIanalion |2), lIal lIe gvievances
oJ lIe peopIe Iad nol el Iecone acule, viII IavdI do. Fov iJ lIeve veve
no sevious gvievances il is unIiIeI lIal lIeve vouId Ive Ieen an veJovn
al aiI. Modevale veJovns ave nol pvoduced onI I nodevale gvievances,
nov indeed do nodevale gvievances pvoduce onI nodevale denands, and
iJ KIon Iad Iad an pvogvanne oJ veJovn, no nallev Iov exlvene, Ie
nusl Ive Jound sone suppovl. TIal Ie did nol suggesls lIal ve sIouId
pIace nove enpIasis on Iis Joveign conlacls, on Megava and BeIpIi, lIan
on an doneslic pvogvanne.
|1) CJ. F. JacoI, AIlIis, OxJovd, 1949, pp. 39 JJ. and noles. C. Hignell A Hislov oJ lIe
AlIenian Conslilulion, OxJovd, 1952, p. 105. Fov Kvilias and Bvopides, SoIon lg 18 |BieII AL O3),
FIal. Tin. 20 d, Biog. L. III 1. 1. Fov Konon, KIeinias, and HipponiIos, FIul. SoI. 7V. Il is
signiJIeanl lIal Konon and |pvoIaII) KIeinias cane Jvon lIe FavaIia, Konon Jvon AnapIIslos
|KivcInev F A nos. 8706-8), KIeinias Jvon Sounion |Hignell, op. cil. pp. 391 JJ.). KIeinias1 gveal-
gvandson IeIped lIe AIIneonids in lIe expuIsion oJ lIe Feisislvalids |IsoI. 7VI 26). B lIe end
oJ lIe cenluv HipponiIos' JaniI vas eslaIIisIed al lIe AIIneonid Ieadquavlevs in AIopeIe
|Hespevia 5, 1936, p. 410).
|2) Hignell, op. cil. p. 87.
THE FIBST SACBEB WAB 41
MegaIIes lIen deaIl vulIIessI vilI KIon and Iis Jviends, and al lIe
line lIeve vouId Ie Jev in AlIens vIo oIjecled. Bul as lIe eavs passed
lIe vulIIessness vas venenIeved and lIe need Jov il Jovgollen. As lIe
suvviving KIonians vaIIied and lIeiv canpaign againsl lIe AIIneonids
Iecane nove eJJeclive, lIe veve joined, pvesunaII, I nan veaclionav
opponenls oJ veJovn. TIen cane lIe suppovl oJ an even nove povevJuI
aII. Sone veIigious aulIovil decIaved lIe AIIneonids lo Ie cocx
rox oXxxpxox x 0co6. In viev oJ BeIpIi's aid lo KIon lIeve can Ie
IillIe douIl lIal lIis veIigious aulIovil vas BeIpIi.
BeIpIi cuvsed lIe AIIneonids and lIe AIIneonids veve dviven inlo
exiIe. Bul Ive ve nusl Ie caveJuI. Fov lIeve is no divecl conneclion
Ielveen lIe cuvse and lIe exiIe. A cuvse Ias nol, in ilseIJ, an aulonalic
poIilicaI consquences. Indeed lIe vIoIe poinl oJ a cuvse is lIal lIe
god ov gods viII punisI lIe sinnevs vilIoul an govevnvnenlaI inlevvenlion.
Ils poIilicaI inpovlance Iies in ils pvopaganda vaIue. ' We 've Ieen
Iealen I lIe Megavians Iecause ve sliII Ive lIe AIIneonids vilI us '.
' TIeve's Ieen a Iad Iavvesl Iecause ApoIIo can'l deslvo AIIneonid
cvops vilIoul deslvoing ouvs as veII '. B avgunenls IiIe lIse I inagine,
lIe KIonians veve aIIe lo vovI up enougI JeeIing againsl lIe AIIneonids
lo Iving aIoul lIe judiciaI acl vIicI did dvive lIen oul oJ AlIens. TIe
inpovlanl lIing is lIal lIeve nusl Ie a judiciaI acl, a pvoseculion, nol
Iecause lIe veve cocx, Iul Iecause lIe Iad connilled sone civiI
oJJence, oocpcxo, oo, ooox |1), and Jov lIis veason I an pvepaved lo
IeIieve FIulavcI's slov oJ lIe spciaI couvl |2). WIelIev SoIon in Jacl
encouvaged lIe AIIneonids lo suInil lo lIis couvl is nol so cevlain.
IJ Ie did, Ie nusl Ive undeveslinaled lIe slvenglI oJ lIe opposilion
and lIe AIIneonids paid Jov Iis nislaIe.
TIe accuvsed Iad gone Iul in lIe ees oJ lIe KIonians lIe poIIulion
venained, and il is lo lIen ve sIouId ascviIe lIe sleps laIen lo venove
il, lIe sunnoning oJ Epinenides lo AlIens and lIe puviJicalion oJ lIe
cil I Iin. Once again I lIinI ve can see lIe Iand oJ BeIpIi, Jov
Epinenides vas a Kvelan and ve Ive aIvead noled lIe conneclions
Ielveen BeIpIi and Kvele |3).
TIis lIen is lIe posilion al AlIens in lIe eavI eavs oJ lIe sixlI cen-
luv. TIanIs lo lIe divecl inlevvenlion oJ BeIpIi, lIe KIonians Ive
Ieen veinslaled, lIe veaclionav noIIes encouvaged, and lIe veJovnevs
Ive suJJeved a sevious vevevse. TIe IeIp lo KIon, lIe inposilion oJ
lIe cuvse, and lIe sending oJ Epinenides ave c'po vIicI SoIon and Iis
|1) In lIeiv case oocpcxo |BusoIl OO* II p. 209 n. 1).
|2) FIul. SoI. 7II. CJ. JacoI op. cil. pp. 367 J. n. 81.
|3) Av. AII. FoI. 1, FIul. SoI. 7II, Suidas s. . 1xxcxo. In genevai I JoIIov JacoI
|Ioc. cil.) Iul disagvee on lIe vIe oJ BeIpIi, Jov I cannol undevsland Iis dislinclion Ielveen
puviJicalion I ApoIIo ov in Iis nannev and I lIe Cvelan pviesl Epinenides .
Biog. L. I 109 and FIal. Lavs 642d connecl Epinenides vilI BeIpIi, Iul neilIev is sevious
vidence.
42 OEOBOE FOBBEST
Jviends couId nol ignove. Il vas an AIIneonid genevai vIo connanded
lIe AlIenian lvoops in lIe Sacved Wav |1).
3. TIessaI and lIe AnpIiIlion - 6ppx.
AIoul lIe vIe oJ lIe TIessaIians il is idIe even lo guess. TIe Jev
suvviving dues lo lIeiv veIalions vilI lIeiv soulIevn neigIIouvs can do
no nove lIan jusliJ lIe slalenenl lIal lIe na veII Ive Ieen inlevesled
in lIe eavI eavs oJ lIe sixlI cenluv in Jovcing a va lIvougI lIe pass
oJ AnoIissa lo lIe KovinlIian OuIJ al KivvIa.
TIessaI Jivsl inlevJves soulI oJ lIe MaIian OuIJ al lIe line oJ lIe
LeIanline Wav, aIoul 725, vIen TIessaIian lvoops avvive in EuIoia lo
suppovl KIaIIis |2). Lalev |' nove lIan lvo Iundved eavs IeJove lIe
IallIe oJ LeuIlva ') a TIessaIian avn is deJealed I lIe Boiolians al
Kevessos neav TIespiai |3). Lalev again |' nol Iong IeJove lIe Fevsian
Wavs ') anolIev TIessaIian avn is deJealed in FIoIis |4). TIis is aiI
ve Ive lo pIa vilI and il is cIeavI nol enougI lo pvoduce a connecled
slov oJ TIessaIian expansion. We can onI sa lIal allenpls al expans
ion veve aIvas Ieing nade, and I assune lIal il vas one oJ lIse
allenpls lIal Ied EuvIocIos and Iis nen soulI lIvougI Bovis lovavds
lIe sancluav oJ ApoIIo.
Bul ve na veasonaII use vIal ve Inov aIoul lIe AnpIiIlion lo
JiII up ouv picluve oJ TIessaI. Fov il is a Jaiv guess lIal I lIe end oJ
lIe sevenlI cenluv lIe AnpIiIlion vas no nove lIan an inslvunenl
oJ TIessaIian poIic, lIal il vas pIaing BeIpIi lo TIessaI 's KivvIa.
Ils eavI Iislov is oIscuve |5), Iul il seens JaivI cevlain lIal il oviginaled
al AnlIeIa I TIevnopIae as a League oJ lIe neigIIouving slales, pvo-
IaII al Jivsl oJ MaIis, LoIvis, and FIlIiolis |6). Lalev il vas exlended
lo incIude FIoIis, Bovis, Boiolia, lIe Ionians oJ EuIoia |7), and lIe vavious
dislvicls oJ TIessaI - a veovganisalion vIicI gave TIessaI a cIeav
najovil oJ lIe voles and na Ive Ieen, I lIinI, a pavl oJ lIe sellIenenl
lIal JoIIoved lIe LeIanline Wav vIen TIessaI vas cevlainI inlevJeving
in lIe SoulI. Bul vIen did lIe AnpIiIlion adopl BeIpIi as a second
cenlve, vIen did il gel a sa in lIe vunning oJ lIe sancluav ? Il vas
cevlainI IeJove lIe niddIe oJ lIe sixlI cenluv Jov il is lIe AnpIiIlions
|1) FIul. SoI. 7I.
|2) FIul. Mov. 760. Fov lIe dale, Wade-Oev FoeI oJ lIe IIiad, CanIvidge, 1952, p. 61 n. 1.
|3) FIul. CaniIIus 7I7 4.
|4) Faus. 7 1, Hdl. VIII 27. Fov lIe oviginaI TIessaIian allacI Hdl. VII 215 and 176.
|5) BusoIl OO I pp. 681-4 vilI veJs. lo eavIiev vovIs, Cauev avl. AnpIiIlonia in HE.
|6) TIe sons oJ AnpIiIlion ave MaIos |SlepI. Bz. s. . MoXxcx), Ilonos |Faus. I7 1. 1 and
olIevs), and FIsIos |EuslalI. ad Hon. 277, 19, cJ. SlepI. Bz. s. . 4xoro).
|7) Il is unIiIeI lIal lIe AlIenians veve so eavI incIuded in lIe Ionian vepvsenlalion and
Jov lIal veason slovies vIicI sIev SoIon uvging lI AnpIiIlions lo vav ave suspecl |AescIines
III 108, FIul. SoI. 7I).
THE FIBST SACBEB WAB 43
vIo laIe cIavge oJ lIe veIuiIding oJ ApoIIo's lenpIe vIen il is Iuvnl
dovn in 548 |1), and il Ias oJlen Ieen assuned, vigIlI I lIinI, lIal il
vas, in Jacl, al lIe line oJ lIe Sacved Wav. Bul FavIe |2), on lIe slvenglI
oJ lIe nane oJ FIades, Ovesles' cousin and son oJ SlvopIios, Iing oJ
KivvIa, avgues Jov an eavIiev dale. TIe nane, Ie sas, Ias oIvious
AnpIiIlionic associalions, il does nol appeav IeJove lIe sevenlI cenluv,
il vouId nol Ie invenled aJlev lIe deslvuclion oJ KivvIa, lIeveJove il
nusl Ive Ieen pvoduced in lIe sevenlI cenluv lo jusliJ lIe nev associa
lion Ielveen lIe AnpIiIlion and BeIpIi. TIal FIades is a sevenlI
cenluv Jiclion is pvoIaIIe enougI |3), Iul il is vev unIiIeI lIal lIe
AnpIiIlion vas lIe aulIov oJ lIe Jiclion. Fov il vouId IavdI Ie
viIIing lIus lo aIandon ils cIain lo an independenl and ancienl ovigin
and suppovl a slov lIal nade il no nove lIan an adjuncl oJ KivvIa and
BeIpIi. FIades nusl lIen Ie a KivvIan invenlion and in lIal case FavIe's
is no Iongev lIe onI possiIIe expIanalion. IJ KivvIa vas aIvead vepve-
senled al AnlIeIa |as il na Ive Ieen, iJ FIoIis vas a nenIev) lIen lIe
suggeslion lIal a nenIev oJ lIe KivvIan voaI Iouse Iad Iad a Iand in
lIe Joundalion oJ lIe AnpIiIlion couId Ie a KivvIan allenpl lo incvease
ils inJIuence. IJ KivvIa vas nol vepvesenled, lIen il couId Ie an allenpl
lo cIain vepvsenlalion. In neilIev case is anlIing inpIied aIoul lIe
sile oJ lIe AnpIiIlion, Jov il is eas lo Jovgel lIal iJ TIessaI couId IooI
as Jav soulI as KivvIa, KivvIa IeJove 595 couId IooI as Jav novlI as AnlIeIa.
KivvIa, lIen, na Ive lvied lo inlevJve vilI lIe AnpIiIlion, Iul
vIal Jovn lIis inlevJvence looI il is inpossiIIe even lo guess, unIess
lIeve Ie a cIue in lIe lvadilion oJ lIe Joundalion oJ a vivaI anpIiIlion
al BeIpIi, pvesevved in lIe scIoIia lo Euvipides' Ovesles |4). SucI a
|1) Hdl. II 180, V 62. 2. Fov lIe dale, Faus. 7 5.13.
|2) F. 119.
|3) TIe eavIiesl nenlion oJ FIades as a nenIev oJ lIe KivvIan voaI Iouse na Ie in Asios
oJ Sanos |lIougI il is nol cevlain lIal Asios vas vesponsiIIe Jov aiI lIe FIoIian geneaIog in
Faus. II 29. 2), Iul Asios cannol Ie daled. I an lenpled lo see Iin as an agenl oJ KIeislIenes
in Iis nlIoIogicaI vavJave, Jov |vev IvieJI)
a) His suIjecls ave KIeislIenic - Jg. 1, Anliope, and Jg. 3, Floos |Jov lIe pvoposed TIeIan
aIIiance ?) : Jg. 6, lIe Tndavidai |cJ. lIe SiIonian nlopes |F. de La Cosle-MesseIive Ioc. cil.
and IeIov p. 47)) : Jg. 8, FeIasgos |AvIadia ? |Faus. VIII 1.4 and IeIov p. 47)) : Jg. 4, AnpIia-
vaos |an enen oJ Advaslos) : Jg. 11, SiIon and Iis AlIenian anceslovs.
I) A Sanian al KIeislIenes' couvl does nol suvpvise, Jov Sanos vouId pveJev SiIon lo
MiIelos' Jviend KovinlI. FuvlIev Sanos vas nov cIaIIenging Megava's IoId on lIe HeIIesponl
I lIe Joundalion oJ FevinlIos, and so again vouId Ie dvavn inlo lIe anli-Megavian i. e. AlIenian
and SiIonian gvoup :
c) SlIislicaII a dale in lIe JIvsl IaIJ oJ lIe sixlI cenluv seens veasonaIIe |Iul see WacIev-
nageI SpvacIIicIe UnlevsucIungen zu Honev, Ollingen, 1916, p. 94).
Asios' inlevesl in KivvIa vouId lIen Ie expIained, Iul vIal pvopaganda Une Ie did ov couId
laIe on KIeislIenes' IeIaIJ venains a nslev. Il vouId aIso Ie inlevesling lo InovjvI
KpseIos caIIed one oJ Iis sons FIades |NiI. Ban. FOvHisl. 90 Jg 57.7).
|4) ScIoI. Euv. Ovesl. 1094 |cJ. SlvaIo p. 420) sas lIal AIvisios oJ Avgos IeIped lIe
BeIpIians againsl lIeiv neigIIouvs and lIen Jounded an anpIiIlion in vivaIv lo lIe AnlIeIan
44 OEOBOE FOBBEST
lvadilion is IavdI IiIeI lo Ive Ieen invenled aJlev lIe AnlIeIan AnpIiI-
lion Iad gained eJJeclive conlvoI oJ BeIpIi, and lIeve na Ie sone
IislovicaI Iasis Jov lIe slov. Il vouId Ie vasI lo sa nove lIan lIal.
Bul vIal ve na concIude vilI cevlainl Jvon aiI lIis is lIal lIeve
is no need vIalsoevev lo assune, Iecause oJ FIades, lIal lIe AnpIiIlion
veacIed BeIpIi in lIe sevenlI cenluv. WIal is nove, lIeve is divecl
vidence lIal lIe did nol in lIe Iines oJ lIe Hnn lo ApoIIo aIvead
quoled. TIe oXXox ooxopc oJ Iine 542 can onI Ie lIe AnpIiIlions,
and lIe vilaI vovd is oXXox - lIe ave nev lo lIe joI, lIe avvived in
595, in 600 lIe veve sliII oulside, and iJ lIeve is anlIing al aiI in lIe
FIades Janlas, lIe can Ive JeIl nolIing Iul suspicion aIoul lIe
inlenlions oJ KivvIa and ils saleIIile. A vivaI anpIiIlion vouId appeav
as nolIing sIovl oJ xppx.
|iii)
And el lIe lvadilion is pevsislenl - lIe Sacved Wav vas JougIl on
IeIaIJ oJ BeIpIi, and ils independence. Il is lvue lIal lIe ancienl aulIo-
vilies disagvee ovev lIe acluaI casus IeIIi, Iul lIeiv disagveenenl is easiI
expIained. Fausanias sa s |1) lIal lIe KivvIans cuIlivaled sacved
gvound - Iul lIal is vIal lIe AnpIissans did lo pvovoIe lIe Sacved Wav
oJ 340. AescIines cIained |2) lIal lIe lanpeved vilI lIe sacved
oJevings - Iul lIal vas Iov lIe FIoIians IvougIl aIoul lIe Sacved
Wav oJ 356. SlvaIo, Iess dvanalicaII, accuses lIen |3) oJ inlevJvence
vilI piIgvins on lIe va lo BeIpIi - Iul again lIis cIavge vas IvougIl
againsl lIe AnpIissans in 340. KaIIislIenes, nove vonanlicaII, leIIs |4)
oJ lIe aIduclion oJ sone oJ lIe nove allvaclive piIgvins - Iul lIis is
vIal a ceIeIvaled Tvojan Iad done. We na see lIen aiI as Iale allenpls
lo expIain lIe unInovn I lIe Inovn, ov, in AescIines'
case, lo jusliJ
ovganisalion. TIe lvo veve Ialev nevged. IJ lIeve is anlIing in lIis, il neans lIal lIe nev
anpIiIlion vas given a Joundev even nove ancienl lIan AnpIiIlon, and, noveovev, a Joundev
vIo lied il lo non-Tenenid Avgos.
|1) 737. 4JJ.
|2) III 107 JJ.
|3) F. 418.
|4) FOvHisI 124 Jg. 1 and connenlav. KaIIislIenes undouIledI gave a JuII accounl oJ
lIe vav and pvoIaII pIaed a Iavge pavl in lIe Jovnalion oJ lIe lvadilion, Iul JacoI is cevlainI
vigIl in vejecling lIis conpvessed excevpl as no nove lIan an inilalion oJ lIe Tvojan Wav :
xo Apcxu 0xoxcpo is disluvIing, Iul il is odd OveeI and oddev Iislov, and iJ ve discavd
lIe daugIlevs as deulevo-HeIens lIe pavenls na veII go vilI lIen. TIeve is no olIev
vidence Jov Avgive pavlicipalion. UnJovlunaleI ve cannol Jov cevlain leII vIelIev lIe KIeoIis
and Bilon dedicalion vas lo pve- ov posl-vav BeIpIi |c. 600-590 is lIe accepled dale. Cp.
O. BicIlev Ko6pox, OxJovd, 1947, p. 51).
TIal lIe FIoIians veve invoIved in lIe vav is IiIeI enougI, Iul vas il sinpI Kqpo\ox
xpo 4urc\ ? Faus.VI19.4 suggesls lIal one LoIvian cil alIeasl joined lIe aIIies. TIe ancienl
dedicalion oJ lIe Manes couId connenovale lIeiv sIave in lIe aIIied viclov |W. A. OIdJalIev
avl. , Mania ' in BE).
THE FIBST SACBEB WAB 45
conlenpovav aclion I invenling a IislovicaI pvcdenl. We na lIen
veasonaII suspecl lIse pavlicuIav expIanalions, Iul al lIe sane line ve
nusl adnil lIal lIe aiI Ive one connon Jaclov - KivvIan inlevJvence
vilI BeIpIi - and lIal noden Iislovians Ive lIeveJove sone gvounds
Jov saing lIal lIe Sacved Wav vas JougIl lo IiIevale lIe connon sanc-
luav Jvon lIe inJIuence oJ one lenpovaI povev. Yel lIis cannol Ie
IilevaII lvue, iJ I an vigIl in lIinIing lIal al Ieasl lvo, and pvoIaII
aiI lIvee, oJ lIe aIIies Iad no aJJeclion Jov BeIpIi as il vas lIen Ieing vun.
TIe ansvev is a sinpIe one - lIe aIIies von lIe vav, il is lIeiv vevsion
lIal Ias suvvived, and I an quile pvepaved lo IeIieve lIal lIe cIained
lo Ie JIgIling Jov lIe IiIvalion oJ BeIpIi. Bul IiIvalion is a JaniIiav
poIilicaI concepl vIicI Ieavs IillIe veIalion lo novnaI ideas oJ Jveedon.
In lIis use a nan is Jvee iJ and onI iJ Ie agves vilI ou. To conpeI
Iin lo agve is lo sel Iin Jvee, and conpuIsion na Ie necessav, Jov in
Iis ignovance Ie na even Ie JIgIling againsl Iis IiIevalov. TIeve ave
counlIess exanpIes Jvon lIe Spavlans in 431 lo Fvsidenl EisenIovev
and Mv. CIou-en-Iai, and il vas lIis Iind oJ IiIvalion, I IeIieve, lIal
KIeislIenes, SoIon, and EuvIocIos IvougIl lo BeIpIi. ApoIIo, lIe
vouId avgue, is aIvas vigIl, and nusl lIeveJove aIvas agve vilI us.
Bul in lIe case oJ Advaslos, oJ KIon, oJ FIades, Ie Ias nol agveed vilI
us. TIeveJove Iis vovds ave Ieing pevvevled - Ie nusl Ie sel Jvee, lIe
oId pvo-KivvIan ovganisalion nusl Ie svepl ava, a nev ovganisalion
sel up vIicI viII see lIal Iis lIougIls ave inlevpveled covveclI |no douIl
lIeve vas a JiJlI coIunn al BeIpIi |1) vIicI vouId Ie onI loo pIeased
lo Iecone lIe govevnnenl, and naIe suve lIal ApoIIo nevev again
disagveed vilI Iis IiIevalovs).
WIal Jovn lIe cIanges in lIe adninislvalion looI ve cannol leII,
Jov ouv onI vidence is once again lIe Honevic Hnn, and on lIis poinl
ils inlevpvlalion is douIlJuI. Boes ocooco0' oxo xoxo inpI lIal
lIeve vas no cIange in lIe pvieslIood ilseIJ, lIal lIe Kvelan pviesls
venained in oJJice undev nev conlvoI ? Nol necessaviI, Jov ApoIIo is laIIing
oJ lIe oJJice, nol oJ individuaIs, and even iJ lIe individuaIs veve cIanged,
il vouId Ie in lIe inlevesls oJ lIe aIIies lo insisl on lIe conlinuil oJ lIe
oJJice. I JeeI nseIJ lIal lIe oId pviesls veve pvoIaII loo cIoseI
associaled vilI lIe pvo-KivvIan pasl lo Ie aIIoved lo venain, Iul il nusl
Ie IeJl an open queslion. Boes oXXox . . . ooxopc inpI lIal lIeve
Iad Ieen sone conlvoIIing Iod vIicI vas vepIaced I lIe AnpIiIlions,
ov nol ? Bo ve lvansIale Iine 542 ' You viII Ive a diJJvenl gvoup oJ
diveclovs' ov ' A gvoup oJ diveclovs |nol ouvseIves) viII Ive conlvoI ovev
ou ' ? TIe Jivsl is cevlainI nove naluvaI, and I sIouId Ie pvepaved
lo accepl il, iJ onI lo pvovide a possiIIe soIulion lo anolIev oJ lIe ninov
puzzIes lIal suvvound lIe vIoIe pvoIIen, lIe idenlil oJ lIe KvagaIIidai |2).
|1) BivaI Jaclions did exisl al BeIpIi |A. Bovalouv BE O 46 |1933), pp. 214 1T.).
|2) Fov lIe Jovn oJ lIe nane, BusoIl O O* I p. 692 n. 6.
46 OEOBOE FOBBEST
AescIines |1) sas lIal lIe vav vas JougIl nol onI againsl lIe KivvIans
Iul againsl lIe KvagaIIidai as veII, and HescIius |2) idenliJies lIse
nen, vilIoul nucI conJidence, as Kxppoxu pooxXcx oxoopo co.
Weve lIe Kxppoxu pooxXcx ov veve lIe pevIaps lIe JaniI vIo van
lIe sancluav IeJove 595 in KivvIa's inlevesls, lIe ooxopc vIo pveceded
lIe AnpIiIlions ? TIeiv anceslov, KvagaIeus, is vepvesenled as a son oJ
Bvops. We do nol Inov vIo lIe Bvopians veve, nov do ve Inov
vIo veve lIe oviginaI inIaIilanls oJ BeIpIi, Iul ve do Inov lIal lIe
Bvopians veve aIvas vegavded as Ieing connecled in sone spciaI va
vilI lIe vovsIip oJ ApoIIo |3). TIis suggeslion vouId adequaleI expIain
lIe conneclion. Bul once again ve can do no nove lIan asI lIe queslion,
and Ieave lIe ansvev open.
SoneIov lIe ovganisalion vas cIanged, and lIis nusl Ive Iappened
vev eavI in lIe vav, Jov lIe Ieginning oJ lIe sige oJ KivvIa vouId give
lIe aIIies possession oJ lIe sancluav. NaluvaII Jvon lIe line oJ lIe
occupalion onvavds, lIal is duving lIe gvealev pavl oJ lIe canpaign,
onI pvo-aIIied pvonouncenenls vouId issue Jvon lIe ovacIe |4). WIal
is nove, an lvaces oJ ApoIIo's eavIiev ' nislaIes ' vouId Ie suppvessed,
lIe aIIies' pvopaganda Iine Iecane lIe lvulI, ' lIe vav vas JougIl Jov lIe
IiIvalion oJ BeIpIi '. FovlunaleI lIe aulIov oJ lIe Inn, in vviling
Iis jusliJicalion oJ lIe anpIiIlionic usuvpalion, vas sliII loo neav lIe evenls
lo JaIsiJ ov accepl a JaIsiJicalion oJ lIe puIIic Jacls.
iv
TIis is, as Jav as I Inov, aiI lIe vidence lIal can Ie used lo suppovl
lIe IpolIesis lIal lIe Sacved Wav vas JougIl againsl valIev lIan Jov
KivvIan BeIpIi. Il nusl Ie adnilled lIal il is Jav Jvon concIusive.
Bul oIviousI lIe case couId Ie gvealI slvenglIened iJ il couId Ie sIevn
lIal BeIpIic poIic cIanged aIvuplI aJlev lIe vav, and, in pavlicuIavi
lIal lIe aIIies Jound in lIe ovacIe aJlev 595 veIiaIIe suppovl Jov lIeiv
poIicies. TIis can Ie done.
IJ il is agveed lIal il vas onI aJlev lIe Sacved Wav lIal lIe AnpIiIl
ions gained conlvoI oJ lIe sancluav, lIen lIeiv advanlage is cIeav.
TIessaI, on lIe olIev Iand, appeavs lo Ive Jound IillIe pvoJil. TIis is
|1) Loc. cil.
|2) S. . KporoXXxoox.
|3) TIose Bvopians vIo Iived on lIe sIopes oJ Favnassos veve dedicaled lo ApoIIo I
HevaIIes |Faus. IV 34.10 and olIev veJs. in MiIIev avl. ' Bvopes ' in BE). Since il appeavs lIal
BeIpIi, unIiIe Mcenaean Kvisa, vas spaved I lIe invading Bovians |L. Leval BA 113 |1938),
pp. 183-227), lIe pve-Bovian popuIalion |Bvopians ?) na Ive venained on lIe sile. Il vouId
lIen Ie naluvaI lIal lIeiv Ieading JaniI |iJ nol Iings) sIouId lvace lIeiv descenl Jvon KvagaIeus.
On lIe Bvopians genevaII, MiIIiev Bovians I 44 and MiIIev Ioc. ciI.
|4) TIe Iesl exanpIe, AescIines III 108.
THE FIBST SACBEB WAB 47
ilseIJ in pavl due lo lIe nove oJ lIe AnpIiIlion soulIvavds, Jov il vas
lIus venoved Jvon divecl, ov al Ieasl excIusive, TIessaIian doninalion,
and cane undev lIe inJIuence oJ AlIens, and oJ TIeIes vIose povev
sleadiI incveased lIvougIoul lIe sixlI cenluv as a vesuil oJ lIe uniJicalion
oJ Boiolia |1). Fvon lIe slov oJ KIeislIenes' appeaI lo TIeIes Jov
nlIoIogicaI IeIp againsl Avgos ve sIouId inJev lIal TIeIes vas snpa-
lIelic lovavds lIe aIIies duving lIe vav |2). Yel soneline IeJove 571
TIeIes vas al vav vilI TIessaI, and il is pvoIaIIe lIal al lIe sane line
lIe olIev soulIevn nenIevs oJ lIe AnpIiIlion, suspicious oJ TIessaIian
expansion and encouvaged I lIe suppovl oJ lIe nev najov povev in
Boiolia, vouId Iegin lo vepenl oJ lIeiv eavIiev suInission. I assune lIal
lIe vavs Ielveen TIessaI and FIoIis Ialev in lIe cenluv ave a navI oJ
lIis vepenlance, and il is signiJicanl lIal BeIpIi IacIed lIe FIoIians |3).
Bul vilI SiIon lIe case is diJJvenl. TIe vidence Jov KIeislIenes '
cIose JviendsIip vilI lIe ovacIe aJlev 595 Ias aIvead Ieen ciled |4). Bul
lIeve vas nove lIan JviendsIip Ielveen lIe lvo, lIeve vas aclive coII
aIovalion. BeJove lIe vav KIeislIenes Iad Ieen anli-KpseIid, anli-
Avgive, anli-Bovian. In eacI case BeIpIi JeII inlo une.
BeIpIi Iad Ieen an aII oJ lIe KpseIids since IeJove lIeiv accession |5),
and, indeed, lIe JaiIuve oJ Feviandev lo IeIp KivvIa in ils deJence oJ lIe
ovacIe can onI Ie expIained I Iis ovn sevious doneslic lvouIIes al lIe
line, Iis vav vilI FvoIIes and Iis vovvies aIoul lIe succession |6). Fov
us lIe signiJicanl lIing is lIal vIen lIe KpseIid lvann JeII, KIeislIenic
BeIpIi, unIiIe OInpia, vas onI loo pIeased lo Jovgel KpseIid Iene-
Jaclions and evase lIe nane oJ KpseIos Jvon lIe KovinlIian lveasuv.
BeIpIi Iad opposed KIeislIenes' nlIoIogicaI vavJave againsl Avgos.
AJlev lIe deslvuclion oJ KivvIa KIeislIenes' Ialved oJ Avgos venained |7),
Jov in 570, iJ ouv conjecluve is vigIl, Ie accepled an Avgive venegade as a
suilov Jov Agavisle, and a Jev eavs Ialev Ie ov Iis successov pvocIained
lIeiv conlinued Ialved Jov aiI lIings Avgive I lIe adovnnenl oJ lIe
second IuiIding al BeIpIi. TIe aIsence oJ Bovian and Avgive suIjecls
on lIe suvviving nlopes oJ lIis IuiIding is so slviIing lIal, as M. de La
Cosle-MesseIive avgues |8), il appeavs lo Ie dIiIva leI anli-Bovian
and anli-Avgive. BeIpIi agveed lo ils conslvuclion.
|1) F. CIocI TIeIes de BoIie, Navauv, 1952, pp. 17 JJ.
|2) Hdl. V 67.2.
|3) Hdl. VIII 27, Faus. 7 1.
|4) AIove p. 37.
|5) Hdl. V 92e. TIe Iasl Iine Ias Ieen docloved Iul lIe vesl is eavI |FavIe pp. 136 JJ.), and
I see no veason lo disIeIieve Hdl.'s vevsion oJ lIe civcunslances. - BeIpIi vas giving KpseIos
cvedenliaIs lo pvsenl lo lIe peopIe oJ KovinlI. CJ. NiI. Ban. FOvHisI 90 Jg. 57.6.
|6) Hdl. III 50.3.
|7) As did lIal oJ Avgos Jov KIeislIenes, Jov McOvegov's accounl oJ lIe inlvoduclion oJ lIe
Nenean Oanes in 573 |op. cil. pp. 277 J.) is vIoII convincing.
|8) Op. ciI. pp. 82-95. TIeve ave Jgs. oJ nine oJ lIe oviginaI Jouvleen. OJ lIse JIve can Ie
vesloved vilI sonelIing IiIe cevlainl, lIe olIevs ave nove douIlJuI Iul de La Cosle-MesseIive's
guesses ave pIausiIIe.
48 OEOBOE FOBBEST
BeIpIi Iad Jvon eavIiesl lines Ieen associaled aInosl excIusiveI
vilI Bovian slales |KIaIIis, Jov exanpIe, appeavs onI vIen sIe is an aII
oJ KovinlI in lIe LeIanline Wav) |1). Bul in 595 lIe enpIasis sIiJled
nev non-Bovian slales, IiIe AlIens, avvived lo consuIl ov dedicale |2),
vIiIe sone oJ Iev cIosesl pve-vav Jviends disappeaved |3). BeIpIi's allilude
lo lIose Bovian slales vIicI sliII consuIled Iev aIso cIanged. WIen
lIe peopIe oJ Kvene appeaIed Jov advice in sellIing lIeiv aJJaive aIoul 570,
lIe veve loId lo accepl nev coIonisls Jvon aiI ovev Oveece |4), and vIen
lIeve vas JuvlIev lvouIIe lIeve, il vas an AvIadian, Benonax oJ Manlinea,
vIon BeIpIi senl oul lo veovganise lIe conslilulion |5). Spavla vas
veadnilled lo lIe BeIpIic civcIe onI on lIe condilion lIal sIe aIandoned
Iev lvadilionaI poIic oJ Bovian expansion |6), nade peace vilI lIe AvIa-
dians vIon BeIpIi na Ive suppovled duving lIe pveceding vav |7),
and sel IevseIJ up as lIe AcIaean Ieadev oJ lIe FIoponnse. TIe snIoIic
galIeving-up oJ Ovesles' Iones vas suggesled I BeIpIi |8), and il vas
lIe cIanpion oJ lIe Ovesles poIic, KIeonenes, vIo Iad inJIuence lIeve
Ialev |9). His IvolIev Bovieus, lvue lo Iis nane, saiIed oJJ lo lIe vesl
vilIoul vegavd Jov lIe ovacIe |10). TIe enpIasis sIiJled, and in evev case
sIiJled as KIeislIenes vouId vanl il lo sIiJl.
Al AlIens lIe slov can Ie JoIIoved up in even gvealev dlaiI. TIe
nev pviesls noved in al lIe end oJ lIe canpaigning season oJ 595, and
al once pvo-SoIonian pvopaganda Iegan lo pouv inlo AlIens Jvon BeIpIi.
Al Jivsl lIe veve even ovev-enlIusiaslic in lIeiv allenpls lo naIe anends
Jov lIeiv pvedecessovs' evvovs. KivvIan BeIpIi Iad lvied lo naIe KIon
a lvanl, lIe nev BeIpIi nusl lIen sIev lIal il couId Ie jusl as IeIpJuI
lo ils Jviends, SoIon nusl Iecone lvanl oJ AlIens - a suggeslion lo lIal
eJJecl vas despalcIed, a suggeslion lIal sIevs IillIe sign oJ novaI
|1) Naxos and ApoIIo AvcIegeles, TIuc. VI 3.1 : BIegion, SlvaIo pp. 257 and 260.
|2) Naxos c. 570 |F. Anandv FouiIIes de BeIpIes II, La CoIonne des Naxiens, elc. Favis,
1954, pp. 28-32), SipInos c. 525 |Hdl. III 57.2). CJ. lIe inlevesling conlvasl Ielveen lIe sevenlI
and sixlI cenluv oIjecls puIIisIed I Anandv )BCH 62 |1938), pp. 307-331, and BCH 63
|1939), pp. 86-119 vespecliveI).
|3) Fov Kvele, aIove p. 34 and p. 35 n. 1. BIodes consuIled BeIpIi aIoul lIe Joundalion
oJ OeIa |Biod. Sic. VIII 23.1), Iul no Joundalion ovacIe Jov AIvagas is vecovded. TIis na
nol Ie accidenlai.
|4) Hdl. IV 159.2.
|5) Hdl. IV 161.1-3.
|6) CAH III pp. 565 J.
|7) TIe ovacIe in Hdl. I 66 is, I suspecl, JaIse. Hovevev, Fausanias |7 9.6) descviIes
lIe JouvlI cenluv Tegeale dedicalion al BeIpIi as iJ il veve Jov lIe sixlI cenluv viclov al
lIe BallIe oJ lIe Fellevs. TIe nonunenl Faus. sav vas cevlainI JouvlI cenluv |O. Baux
Fausanias a BeIpIes, Favis, 1936, pp. 79-81), Iul did il incovpovale an eavIiev sixlI cenluv
oJJeving ? IJ so, ApoIIo Iad suppovled Tegea.
|8) Hdl. I 67.2.
|9) Hdl. VI 66.
|10) Hdl. V 42.2.
THE FIBST SACBEB WAB 49
disappvovaI oJ lvann, c6ooxo xxoXxc0po co rpxro
oroxo |1).
Bul lIe pviesls veve nev and inexpevienced, lIe nisjudged lIe lenpev
oJ AlIens al lIe line, and possiII oJ SoIon IinseIJ. He Iad lo expIain
ava lIe FlIia's advice in a singuIavI unconvincing va. WIelIev ov
nol Ie JeIl a genuine dislasle Jov lvann, Ie vas cIevev enougI lo veaIise
lIal lvann vas a dangevous lIing lo pIa vilI, lIal, aIlIougI oJJeved
lo Iin I ApoIIo |co0Xo 0cox oxooxo) |2) il vouId Ie saJev lo veJuse -
roXo c cxox x xxpoxoo _upxo, oxr c_cx oc oxopoox. And so lIe
Iine vas cIanged. TIe nexl nessage Jvon BeIpIi vas nove lo SoIon's
lasle
THoo co roxo o rxpcpxpxo cpo
cx0xu * xoXXox xox 'A0oxu cxxroxpox |3)
- a divine IIessing Jov lIe vIoIe oJ Iis IgisIalion, and SoIon acInovIedged
Iis deIl lo ApoIIo I vviling inlo Iis Iavs lIe sanclion lIal a nagislvale
vIo JaiIed lo nainlain lIen sIouId dedicale a IiJe-size goIden slalue al
BeIpIi |4).
A IillIe Ialev lIe end oJ lIe vav pvoIaII IvougIl IeIp lo Iis cononie
pvogvanne as veII. Fov, iJ lIe pIain oJ KivvIa vas lIen, as il is nov, one
oJ lIe vicIesl oIive-pvoducing aveas in Oveece, il is diJicuIl nol lo see
cononie as veII as veIigious signiJicance in lIe dedicalion oJ lIe vIoIe
pIain lo ApoIIo and lIe Ian on Juluve cuIlivalion. Il vas SoIon IinseIJ
vIo pvoposed il, lIe slov sas |5).
TIal lIe AIIneonids aIso pvoJiled I lIeiv associalion vilI lIe nev
BeIpIi is undeniaIIe, Iul Ive lIeve ave sone pvoIIens invoIved. To soIve
lIen I nusl again insisl lIal lIeve is no divecl conneclion Ielveen lIe
cuvse and lIe exiIe. TIeiv escape Jvon lIe cuvse and lIeiv veluvn Jvon
exiIe ave spava le queslions, and so Iong as lIe ave lvealed sepavaleI,
il is possiIIe lo expIain IolI.
Al Jivsl sigIl lIe oo appeavs lo vaise diJJIcuIlies. Fov Iov couId
AIIneon as co connand lIe AlIenian lvoops ? On lIe olIev Iand,
Iov couId Ie escape Jvon lIe oo IeJove KivvIan BeIpIi vas ovevlIvovn ?
He nusl Ie cIeaved IeJove Iis connand Iegins, el Ie cannol Ie cIeaved
unliI lIe vav is, al Ieasl in pavl, von. TIe diJIcuIl is iIIusov. Fov
lIe oo vas Iaid on lIe AIIneonids I KivvIan BeIpIi, and lIe Sacved
Wav is an allacI on KivvIan BeIpIi. TIe Jacl lIal lIe AlIenian govevn-
nenl decIaved vav sIevs lIal lIe Iad aIvead vejecled ils aulIovil,
|1) FIul. Mov. 152c.
|2) SoIon lg. 23 |BieII ALOa).
|3) FIul. SoI. 7IV 2.
|4) FIalo FIaedvus 235 d and scIoI., FIul. SoI. 77V. Fov lIe possiIiIil lIal SoIon aIso
cvealed lIe cxo\ xx0o_poxox and Jov lIeiv dulies, JacoI AIiIis cI. 1.2. I onil lIe queslion
oJ BeIpIic aid lo SoIon duving lIe SaIanis canpaign Jov IolI lIe cIvonoIog and lIe pavl pIaed
I BeIpIi ave loo uncevlain lo jusliJ an useJuI concIusion.
|5) Faus. 7 37.6.
50 OEOBOE FOBBEST
and lIal inpIies lIal lIe no Iongev vegavded lIe oo as a pvopev expves
sion oJ lIe JeeIings oJ ApoIIo. Il vas in a va appvopviale lIal soneone
vIo Iad Ieen decIaved co I lIe oId discvediled BeIpIi sIouId Iead
lIe allacI on lIose vIo veve lo Ie decIaved cocx I lIe nev BeIpIi
as soon as il Iegan lo opva le, lIe Kxppo\ox rox KpooXXxoox xopoouxoxo
c. TIeve is lIen no need lo cIeav AIIneon IeJove lIe Sacved Wav
Iegins, nov indeed aJlev il ends. Fov lo vilIdvav lIe cuvse vouId Ie lo
adnil lIal il Iad Ieen IegaII inposed in lIe Jivsl pIace, and lIis neilIev
BeIpIi nov lIe AIIneonids vouId Ie pvepaved lo do |1). So, I inagine,
lIe vIoIe queslion vas quielI dvopped, lIe cuvse vas Jovgollen unliI
KIeonenes in 508 Jound lIal il vouId Ie pvoJilaIIe lo venenIev il |2).
TIe queslion oJ lIe exiIe is nove avIvavd, and lIeve is no cIeav-cul
ansvev. MucI dpends on ouv inlevpvlalion oJ lIe SoIonian annesl
Iav oJ nidsunnev 594, Axxu ooox oxxox oo xpx ZoXuo opox,
cxxxxox cxox xX ooox c 'Apcxox xoox ooox cr xu ccxu cr xpxxo
cxox roxooxroo0cxc xxo xu pooxXcu cxx ou ooo\ox cxx xxpoxox
ccxo oxc o 0coo co
ooc |3). Il Ias Ieen avgued lIal, since cxx
xxpoxox can onI Ie a vJvence lo lIe KIonians, lIe olIev exceplion
nusl poinl lo lIe AIIneonids, lIal SoIon, in Iis dsive Jov peace and
concovd anong AlIenians IeJl lIe lvo sels oJ exlvenisls aIvoad. Bul
lIe AIIneonid cvine vas nosl pvoIaII oocpcxo and in lIal case
lIe ave nol excIuded I lIe exceplions. Nov ave lIe excIuded iJ
FIulavcI's slov oJ lIe spciaI couvl is lvue, Jov lIe Iav veJevs lo lIose
condenned I lIe veguIav couvls, nol I spciaI ad Ioc pvocduves.
FinaII lIe appeavance oJ siniIav exceplions in suIsquenl AlIenian
annesl Iavs sIevs lIal lIeve is no need lo allacI spciaI signiJicance
lo lIen in lIis case |4).
Bul lo sa lIal lIe AIIneonids veve nol excIuded is nol lo sa lIal
lIe veve lIeveJove necessaviI incIuded. TIe na Ive Ieen vecaIIed
sone line IeJove 594, vIen lIe pavl oJ SoIon vas Ieginning lo vecovev,
a vecovev navIed I lIe Ieclion oJ Kvilias I as avcIon in one oJ lIe
eavs Ielveen 600 and 596 |5). Al lIe sane line lIe possiIiIil lIal
lIe Iav vas speciaII designed I SoIon lo secuve lIeiv veluvn cannol Ie
vuIed oul, and lIis does vaise diJIcuIlies aIoul AIIneon's connand.
|1) CJ. Bv. MossadegI, ' Even iJ lIe SIaI veve lo gvanl ne a pavdon I sIouId nol accepl il.
Fov one onI pavdons lvailovs and I an nol a lvailov '.
|2) Hdl. V 70.2. KIeonenes' case vouId Ive Ieen Iess eJJeclive lIan il vas iJ lIe AIIneonids
Iad evev Ieen JovnaII cIeaved. Fov lIis veason I cannol agve vilI JacoI |op. ciI. pp. 39 JJ.)
lIal lIe cxox, veve given lIe dul ro0oxpcx xox ocx xxx cxo_c0cxo in ovdev lo cIeav
lIen. Il vouId valIev Ie lo guavd againsl an Juluve oo and an Juluve Epinenides.
|3) FIul. SoI. 7I7 4. Again in lIe nain I JoIIov JacoI )op. cil. p. 272 n. 225).
|4) AndoIides 1. 78. TIeve ave sevious diJIcuIlies in FIulavcI's slov oJ lIe AIIneonid
lviaI, elc. vIicI I Ive nol lvied lo Jace lIougI accepling lIe slov. Hve I can onI sa lIal lIe
do nol seen sevious enougI lo jusliJ lIe lvansJev oJ lIe vIoIe aJJaiv lo 508.
|5) Cadoux op. vil. p. 92.
THE
FIBST SACBEB WAB 51
Bul lIe ave nol JalaI, Jov lIeve vas anolIev gveal AlIenian vIo Iecane
connandev oJ Iis counlv's Jovces vIiIe in exiIe and von Iis vecaII I
Iis successes in lIal connand - AIIiIiades. AIIneon's slov na Ie
siniIav. EilIev va ouv slov oJ lIe vav can Ie saved, and eilIev va
AIIneon connanded Jov AlIens.
TIal Ie and Iis JaniI pvoJiled Jvon lIe pavl Ie pIaed is aIundanlI
cIeav. Il vas al BeIpIi, sas Hevodolus, lIal AIIneon Jivsl cane inlo
conlacl vilI lIe Mevnnads oJ LdIa and lIanIs lo lIe veaIlI lIal lIis
JviendsIip IvougIl Iin Ie vas aIIe lo open a slaIIe and vin Iis Janous
OInpic viclov in 592 |1). TIe conneclion Ielveen lIe lvo evenls na
Ie invenlion |Jov il is diJJicuIl lo IeIieve lIal lIe AIIneonids veve loo poov
IeJove 595 lo lv lIeiv Iands al Iovse-vacing) Iul even iJ il is lvue lIe
inpIied cIvonoIog viII sland. AIIneon's visil lo Savdis nusl lIen Ie
daled lo 594 vIen lIe vav Iad aIvead sellIed dovn lo a Iong duII sige
and one oJ lIe aIIied connandevs couId easiI Ie spaved Jov a goodviII
nission lo BeIpIi's nosl inpovlanl Jviend aIvoad, lo assuve AIalles lIal
lIe nev BeIpIi vouId Ie as IeIpJuI and co-opevalive as lIe oId |2). In 593
Ie vouId Iu Iis slaIIe and in 592 vas lIe JIvsl |and Iasl) AIIneonid
lo vin.
TIe slov oJ lIe cIose JviendsIip Ielveen BeIpIi and lIe AIIneonids
duving lIe vesl oJ lIe cenluv is loo veII Inovn lo need vplilion |3)
WIen lIe veIuiIl ApoIIo's lenpIe lovavds lIe end oJ lIe cenluv il vas
a navI oJ gvalilude Jov lIvee gnvalions oJ co-opevalion as veII as a Iinl
lIal nove vas expecled.
|v)
TIe concIusion lIen is conJivned. TIe Sacved Wav vas JougIl Jov
BeIpIi, Iul il vas ' Jov lIe possession oJ ' nol ' Jov lIe saIe oJ '. B lIe
end oJ lIe sevenlI cenluv lIe ovacIe, vIicI a Iundved and JIJl eavs
IeJove vas no nove lIan lIe IocaI sancluav oJ KivvIa |4), Iad Iecone a
pvize vovlI JIgIling Jov. Il Iad Jivsl von dislinclion I pulling lIe slanp
oJ divine appvovaI on lIe coIoniaI pvoposais oJ KovinlI and Iev aIIies in
lIe LeIanline Wav |5). TIanIs lo lIe success oJ lIse coIonies and lIe
KovinlIian viclov in lIe vav ils inJIuence gvev, il vas caIIed in lo sellIe
|1) Hdl. VI 125 and Find. FII. VII 14-5, Jvon vIicI il is cIeav lIal AIIneon von lIe
onI AIIneonid OInpic viclov. ScIoI. FII. inscv. a dales an AIIneonid viclov lo 592,
and aIlIougI il is lIeve ascviIed lo a MegaIIes, ve idenliJ lIis vilI AIIneon's success. Il is
diJIcuIl lo see an olIev soIulion.
|2) BeIpIi and Ldia, FavIe cI. 7.
|3) FavIe pp. 163-7.
|4) FavIe |p. 117) dnies lIis eavI dependence, Iul il is inpIied I lIe Hon.Hnn 1.282 -
ApoIIo Jounds Iis lenpIe in Kvisan levvilov.
|5) Fov KovinlI, Faus. V 7.3 and EuneIos lg. 11 |KinIeI). Fov KIaIIis, aIove p. 48 n. 1.
52 OEOBOE FOBBEST
lIe lvouIIes in Spavla |il appvoved iJ il did nol oviginale lIe LIuvgan
veJovns) |1), il couId even inlevvene againsl lIe eslaIIisIed govevnnenl
oJ KovinlI |il gave ils suppovl lo lIe vvoIulion oJ KpseIos). Bul
lIe KivvIan saleIIile Iecane ovev-conJidenl. Il Iad nov inlevJeved
unsuccessJuII vIeve ils advice vas nol vanled, il Iad Ieen vude lo
soneone slvong enougI lo Iil IacI. Nol onI vas il vovlI JigIling Jov,
il Iad lo Ie JougIl Jov. FovevJuI gods sIouId nol naIe nislaIes |2).
Oeovge Fovvesl.
|1) Tvlaios Jg. 3I |BieII ALO*), FIul. Lc. 6.
|2) I an vev gvaleJuI lo Siv Mauvice Bovva, Mv A. B. Buvn, Bv L. H. JeJJev and aIove aiI
lo FvoJessov A. Andveves and FvoJessov H. T. Wade-Oev Jov lIeiv advice and cvilicisn on
nan poinls in lIis avlicIe. I sIouId aIso IiIe lo lIanI Mv Baux, lIe Biveclov, and lIe nen-
Ievs oJ lIe coIe Jvanaise d'AlInes Jov lIeiv Iindness lo ne in AlIens and BeIpIi.