Sokal 96 Transgressing The Boundaries

Tvansgvessing lIe Boundavies Tovavd a TvansJovnalive Hevneneulics oJ Quanlun Ovavil
AulIov|s) AIan B. SoIaI

Bevieved vovI|s)
Souvce SociaI Texl, No. 46/47, Science Wavs |Spving - Sunnev, 1996), pp. 217-252
FuIIisIed I Duke University Press
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Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies
TOWABB A TBANSFOBMATIVE HEBMENEUTICS
OF QUANTUM OBAVITY
AIan B. SoIaI
Tvansgvessing discipIinav
Ioundavies ...
[is]
a suIvevsive
undevlaIing
since
il is
IiIeI
lo vioIale lIe sancluavies oJ
accepled vas
oJ
pevceiving. Anong
lIe nosl JovliJied Ioundavies Iave Ieen lIose Ielveen lIe naluvaI sciences
and lIe Iunanilies.
-VaIevie
OveenIevg, Tvansgvessive Beadings
TIe
slvuggIe
Jov lIe lvansJovnalion oJ
ideoIog
inlo cvilicaI science ...
pvo-
ceeds on lIe Joundalion lIal lIe
cvilique
oJ aII
pvesupposilions
oJ science
and
ideoIog
nusl Ie lIe
onI
aIsoIule
pvincipIe
oJ science.
-SlanIe Avonovilz,
Science as Fovev
TIeve ave
nan
naluvaI
scienlisls,
and
especiaII pIsicisls,
vIo conlinue
lo
vejecl
lIe nolion lIal lIe
discipIines
concevned vilI sociaI and cuIluvaI
cvilicisn can Iave
anlIing
lo
conlviIule, excepl pevIaps pevipIevaII,
lo lIeiv veseavcI. SliII Iess ave
lIe veceplive
lo lIe idea lIal lIe
vev
Joundalions oJ lIeiv vovIdviev nusl Ie vevised ov veIuiIl in lIe
IigIl
oJ
sucI cvilicisn.
BalIev, lIe cIing
lo lIe
dogna inposed I
lIe
Iong posl-
EnIigIlennenl Iegenon
ovev lIe Weslevn inleIIecluaI
oulIooI,
vIicI
can Ie sunnavized
IvieJI
as JoIIovs lIal lIeve exisls an exlevnaI
vovId,
vIose
pvopevlies
ave
independenl
oJ
an
individuaI Iunan
Ieing
and
indeed oJ
Iunanil
as a
vIoIe:
lIal lIese
pvopevlies
ave encoded in
elevnaI
pIsicaI Iavs:
and lIal Iunan
Ieings
can oIlain
veIiaIIe,
aIIeil
inpevJecl
and
lenlalive, InovIedge
oJ lIese Iavs
I Ieving
lo lIe
oIjec-
live
pvoceduves
and
epislenoIogicaI
slvicluves
pvescviIed I
lIe
|so-
caIIed)
scienliJic nelIod.
Bul
deep concepluaI
sIiJls vilIin
lvenlielI-cenluv
science Iave
undevnined lIis Cavlesian-Nevlonian
nelapIsics |HeisenIevg 1958:
BoIv
1963):
vevisionisl sludies in lIe
Iislov
and
pIiIosopI
oJ science
Iave casl JuvlIev douIl on ils
cvediIiIil |KuIn 1970: FeevaIend 1975:
Lalouv
1987:
Avonovilz
1988I:
BIoov
1991): and,
nosl
vecenlI,
Jeninisl
and
poslslvucluvaIisl cviliques
Iave
densliJied
lIe suIslanlive conlenl oJ
nainslvean Weslevn scienliJic
pvaclice, veveaIing
lIe
ideoIog
oJ donina-
lion conceaIed IeIind lIe Jacade oJ
oIjeclivil |MevcIanl 1980:
KeIIev
1985: Havding 1986, 1991: Havava 1989, 1991:
Besl
1991).
Il Ias lIus
Iecone
incveasingI appavenl
lIal
pIsicaI veaIil,
no Iess lIan sociaI
veaIil, is al Iollon a sociaI and
Iinguislic conslvucl:
lIal scienliJic
InovIedge,
Jav Jvon
Ieing oIjeclive,
veJIecls and encodes lIe doni-
SociaI Texl
46/47,
VoI.
14,
Nos. 1 and
2, Spving/Sunnev
1996.
CopvigIl ?
1996
I
BuIe
Univevsil
Fvess.
nanl
ideoIogies
and
povev
veIalions oJ lIe cuIluve lIal
pvoduced il:
lIal
lIe lvulI cIains oJ science ave
inIevenlI lIeov-Iaden
and
seIJ-veJevenliaI:
and
consequenlI,
lIal lIe discouvse oJ lIe scienliJic
connunil,
Jov aII ils
undeniaIIe
vaIue,
cannol assevl a
pviviIeged epislenoIogicaI
slalus vilI
vespecl
lo
counlevIegenonic
navvalives
enanaling
Jvon dissidenl ov
navginaIized
connunilies. TIese lIenes can Ie
lvaced, despile
sone
diJJevences oJ
enpIasis,
in Avonovilz's
anaIsis
oJ lIe cuIluvaI JaIvic lIal
pvoduced quanlun
necIanics
|1988I, esp. cIaps.
9 and
12):
in Boss's
discussion oJ
opposilionaI
discouvses in
posl-quanlun
science
|1991,
inlvo,
and
cIap. 1):
in
Ivigava's
and
HaIes's exegeses
oJ
gendev encoding
in JIuid necIanics
|Ivigava 1985: HaIes 1992):
and in
Havding's
con-
pveIensive cvilique
oJ lIe
gendev ideoIog undevIing
lIe naluvaI sciences
in
genevaI
and
pIsics
in
pavlicuIav |1986, esp. cIaps.
2 and
10: 1991,
esp. cIap. 4).
Heve
n
ain is lo
cavv
lIese
deep anaIses
one
slep JuvlIev, I laIing
accounl oJ vecenl
deveIopnenls
in
quanlun gvavil
lIe
enevging
IvancI
oJ
pIsics
in vIicI
HeisenIevg's quanlun
necIanics and Einslein's
gen-
evaI
veIalivil
ave al once
snlIesized
and
supevseded.
In
quanlun gvavil,
as ve sIaII
see,
lIe
space-line
naniJoId ceases lo exisl as an
oIjeclive
pIsicaI veaIil: geonelv
Iecones veIalionaI and
conlexluaI:
and lIe
JoundalionaI
concepluaI calegovies
oJ
pviov science-anong lIen,
exis-
lence ilseIJ-Iecone
pvoIIenalized
and veIalivized. TIis
concepluaI
vevoIulion,
I viII
avgue,
Ias
pvoJound inpIicalions
Jov lIe conlenl oJ a
Juluve
poslnodevn
and
IiIevalov
science.
M appvoacI
viII Ie as JoIIovs.
Fivsl,
I viII veviev
vev IvieJI
sone
oJ lIe
pIiIosopIicaI
and
ideoIogicaI
issues vaised
I quanlun
necIanics
and
I
cIassicaI
genevaI veIalivil. Nexl,
I viII sIelcI lIe oulIines oJ lIe
enevging lIeov
oJ
quanlun gvavil
and discuss sone oJ lIe
concepluaI
issues il vaises.
FinaII,
I viII connenl on lIe cuIluvaI and
poIilicaI inpIi-
calions oJ lIese scienliJic
deveIopnenls.
Il sIouId Ie
enpIasized
lIal
lIis
essa
is oJ
necessil
lenlalive and
pveIininav:
I do nol
pvelend
lo
ansvev aII lIe
queslions
lIal I vaise.
M
ain
is, valIev,
lo dvav lIe allen-
lion oJ veadevs lo lIese
inpovlanl deveIopnenls
in
pIsicaI
science and
lo sIelcI as Iesl I can lIeiv
pIiIosopIicaI
and
poIilicaI inpIicalions.
I
Iave endeavoved Ieve lo
Ieep
nalIenalics lo a Iave
nininun:
Iul I
Iave laIen cave lo
pvovide
veJevences vIeve inlevesled veadevs can Jind
aII
vequisile
delaiIs.
Quanlun MecIanics
Uncevlainl, ConpIenenlavil,
Bisconlinuil,
and Inlevconnecledness
Il is nol
n
inlenlion lo enlev Ieve inlo lIe exlensive deIale on lIe con-
cepluaI
Joundalions oJ
quanlun
necIanics.1
SuJJice
il lo
sa
lIal
anone
vIo Ias
seviousI
sludied lIe
equalions
oJ
quanlun
necIanics viII assenl
2J8 AIan B. SoIaI
lo
HeisenIevg's
neasuved
|pavdon
lIe
pun) sunnav
oJ Iis ceIeIvaled
uncevlainl pvincipIe
We can no
Iongev speaI
oJ lIe IeIaviouv oJ lIe
pavlicIe independenlI
oJ lIe
pvocess
oJ oIsevvalion. As a JinaI
consequence,
lIe naluvaI Iavs JovnuIaled
nalIenalicaII
in
quanlun lIeov
no
Iongev
deaI vilI lIe
eIenenlav pav-
licIes lIenseIves Iul vilI ouv
InovIedge
oJ lIen. Nov is il
an Iongev possiIIe
lo asI vIelIev ov nol lIese
pavlicIes
exisl in
space
and line
oIjecliveI...
WIen ve
speaI
oJ lIe
picluve
oJ naluve in lIe exacl science oJ ouv
age,
ve
do nol nean a
picluve
oJ naluve so nucI as a
picluve oJ
ouv
veIalionsIips
vilI
naluve .
...
Science no
Iongev
conJvonls naluve as an
oIjeclive oIsevvev,
Iul
sees ilseIJ as an aclov in lIis
inlevpIa
Ielveen nan
[sic]
and naluve. TIe sci-
enliJic nelIod oJ
anaIsing, expIaining
and
cIassiJing
Ias Iecone conscious
oJ ils
Iinilalions,
vIicI avise oul oJ lIe Jacl lIal
I
ils inlevvenlion science
aIlevs and veJasIions lIe
oIjecl
oJ
invesligalion.
In olIev
vovds,
nelIod and
oIjecl
can no
Iongev
Ie
sepavaled. |HeisenIevg 1958, 28-29: enpIasis
in
oviginaI)2
AIong
lIe sane
Iines,
NieIs BoIv
|1928:
ciled in Fais
1991, 314)
vvole
An
independenl veaIil
in lIe
ovdinav pIsicaI
sense can ... neilIev Ie
ascviIed lo lIe
pIenonena
nov lo lIe
agencies
oJ oIsevvalion.
SlanIe
Avonovilz
|1988I, 251-56)
Ias
convincingI
lvaced lIis vovIdviev lo lIe
cvisis oJ IiIevaI
Iegenon
in CenlvaI
Euvope
in lIe
eavs pviov
and suIse-
quenl
lo WovId Wav I.3
A second
inpovlanl aspecl
oJ
quanlun
necIanics is ils
pvincipIe
oJ
conpIenenlavil,
ov diaIeclicisn. Is
IigIl
a
pavlicIe
ov a vave?
ConpIenen-
lavil
is lIe veaIizalion lIal
pavlicIe
and vave IeIaviov ave
nuluaII
excIusive, el
lIal IolI ave
necessav
Jov a
conpIele descviplion
oJ aII
pIenonena |Fais 1991, 23).4Move genevaII,
noles
HeisenIevg,
lIe diJJevenl inluilive
picluves
vIicI ve use lo descviIe alonic
sslens,
aIlIougI JuII adequale
Jov
given expevinenls,
ave nevevlIeIess
nuluaII
excIusive.
TIus,
Jov
inslance,
lIe BoIv alon can Ie descviIed as a snaII-
scaIe
pIanelav sslen, Iaving
a cenlvaI alonic nucIeus aIoul vIicI lIe
exlevnaI eIeclvons vevoIve. Fov olIev
expevinenls, Iovevev,
il
nigIl
Ie nove
convenienl lo
inagine
lIal lIe alonic nucIeus is suvvounded
I
a
sslen
oJ
slalionav
vaves vIose
Jvequenc
is cIavaclevislic oJ lIe vadialion
enanaling
Jvon lIe alon.
FinaII,
ve can considev lIe alon
cIenicaII
. . . EacI
pic-
luve is
Iegilinale
vIen used in lIe
vigIl pIace,
Iul lIe diJJevenl
picluves
ave
conlvadiclov
and lIeveJove ve caII lIen
nuluaII conpIenenlav.
|1958, 40-41)
And once
again
BoIv
|1934:
ciled in
Jannev 1974, 102)
A
conpIele
eIucidalion oJ one and lIe sane
oIjecl na vequive
divevse
poinls
oJ
viev vIicI
deJ
a
unique descviplion. Indeed, slviclI speaIing,
lIe con-
scious
anaIsis
oJ
an concepl
slands in a veIalion oJ excIusion lo ils
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies
219
innediale
appIicalion.5
TIis
JovesIadoving
oJ
poslnodevnisl episle-
noIog
is
I
no neans coincidenlaI. TIe
pvoJound
conneclions Ielveen
conpIenenlavil
and deconslvuclion Iave
vecenlI
Ieen eIucidaled
I
FvouIa
|1985)
and Honnev
|1994), and,
in
gveal deplI, I FIolnilsI
|1994).6,7
A lIivd
aspecl
oJ
quanlun pIsics
is
disconlinuil,
ov
vupluve
as BoIv
|1928:
ciled in
Jannev 1974, 90) expIained, [lIe]
essence
[oJ
lIe
quan-
lun
lIeov] na
Ie
expvessed
in lIe so-caIIed
quanlun posluIale,
vIicI
allviIules lo
an
alonic
pvocess
an essenliaI
disconlinuil,
ov valIev indi-
viduaIil, conpIeleI Joveign
lo lIe cIassicaI lIeovies and
snIoIized I
FIancI's
quanlun
oJ aclion. A IaIJ
cenluv Ialev,
lIe
expvession quan-
lun
Ieap
Ias so enleved ouv
evevda vocaIuIav
lIal ve ave
IiIeI
lo use
il vilIoul
an
consciousness oJ ils
ovigins
in
pIsicaI lIeov.
FinaII,
BeII's
lIeovens
and ils vecenl
genevaIizalions9
sIov lIal an acl
oJ oIsevvalion Ieve and nov can aJJecl nol
onI
lIe
oIjecl Ieing
oIsevved-as
HeisenIevg
loId us-Iul aIso an
oIjecl avIilvaviI
Jav
ava
|sa,
on Andvoneda
gaIax).
TIis
pIenonenon-vIicI
Einslein levned
spooI-inposes
a vadicaI veevaIualion oJ lIe lvadilionaI necIanislic
concepls
oJ
space, oIjecl,
and
causaIil,10
and
suggesls
an aIlevnalive
vovIdviev in vIicI lIe univevse is cIavaclevized
I
inlevconnecledness
and
|v)IoIisn
vIal
pIsicisl
Bavid BoIn
|1980)
Ias caIIed
inpIicale
ovdev.11
Nev
Age inlevpvelalions
oJ lIese
insigIls
Jvon
quanlun pIsics
Iave oJlen
gone
ovevIoavd in unvavvanled
specuIalion,
Iul lIe
genevaI
soundness oJ lIe
avgunenl
is undeniaIIe.12 In BoIv's
vovds,
FIancI's
discovev
oJ lIe
eIenenlav quanlun oJ
aclion . . veveaIed a Jealuve oJ
vIoIeness inIevenl in alonic
pIsics, going
Jav
Ieond
lIe ancienl idea oJ
lIe Iiniled
divisiIiIil
oJ nallev
|BoIv 1963, 2: enpIasis
in
oviginaI).
Hevneneulics oJ CIassicaI OenevaI
BeIalivil
In lIe Nevlonian necIanislic
vovIdviev, space
and line ave dislincl and
aIsoIule.13 In Einslein's
speciaI lIeov
oJ
veIalivil |1905),
lIe dislinclion
Ielveen
space
and line dissoIves lIeve is
onI
a nev
unil,
Jouv-dinen-
sionaI
space-line,
and lIe oIsevvev's
pevceplion
oJ
space
and line
depends
on Iev slale oJ nolion.14 In Hevnann MinIovsIi's Janous vovds
|1908)
HenceJovlI
space I ilseIJ,
and line
I ilseIJ,
ave dooned lo
Jade
ava
inlo neve
sIadovs,
and
onI
a Iind oJ union oJ lIe lvo viII
pvesevve
an
independenl veaIil |lvansIaled
in Lovenlz el aI.
1952, 75).
NevevlIeIess,
lIe
undevIing geonelv
oJ MinIovsIian
space-line
venains aIsoIule.15
Il is in Einslein's
genevaI lIeov
oJ
veIalivil |1915)
lIal lIe vadicaI
concepluaI
IveaI occuvs lIe
space-line geonelv
Iecones
conlingenl
220 AIan B. SoIaI
Here, at the
latest, sb has
to become
suspicios..
and
dnanicaI, encoding
in ilseIJ lIe
gvavilalionaI
JieId.
MalIenalicaII,
Einslein IveaIs vilI lIe lvadilion
daling
IacI lo EucIid
|vIicI
is inJIicled
on
IigI-scIooI
sludenls even
loda!),
and
enpIos
inslead lIe non-
EucIidean
geonelv deveIoped I
Bienann. Einslein's
equalions
ave
IigII nonIineav,
vIicI is
vI lvadilionaII
lvained nalIenalicians Jind
lIen so diJJicuIl lo soIve.16 Nevlon's
gvavilalionaI lIeov covvesponds
lo
lIe cvude
|and concepluaII nisIeading)
lvuncalion oJ Einslein's
equalions
in vIicI lIe
nonIineavil
is
sinpI ignoved.
Einslein's
genevaI veIalivil
lIeveJove suIsunes aII lIe
pulalive
successes oJ Nevlon's
lIeov,
vIiIe
going Ieond
Nevlon lo
pvedicl vadicaII
nev
pIenonena
lIal avise
diveclI
Jvon lIe
nonIineavil
lIe
Iending
oJ
slavIigIl I
lIe
sun,
lIe
pvecession
oJ lIe
peviIeIion
oJ
Mevcuv,
and lIe
gvavilalionaI coIIapse
oJ
slavs
inlo
IIacI IoIes.
OenevaI
veIalivil
is so veivd lIal sone oJ ils
consequences-deduced
I inpeccaIIe nalIenalics,
and
incveasingI
conJivned
I aslvopIsicaI
oIsevvalion-vead IiIe science Jiclion. BIacI IoIes ave
I
nov
veII-Inovn,
and vovnIoIes ave
Ieginning
lo naIe lIe cIavls.
FevIaps
Iess JaniIiav is
O6deI's conslvuclion oJ an Einslein
space-line adnilling
cIosed lineIiIe
cuvves lIal
is,
a univevse in vIicI il is
possiIIe
lo lvaveI inlo one's ovn
pasl!17
TIus, genevaI veIalivil
Jovces
upon
us
vadicaII
nev and counlevin-
luilive nolions oJ
space, line,
and
causaIil:18
so il is nol
suvpvising
lIal il
Ias Iad a
pvoJound inpacl
nol
onI
on lIe naluvaI sciences Iul aIso on
pIiIosopI, Iilevav cvilicisn,
and lIe Iunan sciences. Fov
exanpIe,
in a
ceIeIvaled
snposiun
lIvee decades
ago
on Les
Langages cviliques
el Ies sci-
ences de
I'Ionne, Jean HppoIile
vaised an incisive
queslion
aIoul
Jacques
Bevvida's
lIeov
oJ slvucluve and
sign
in scienliJic discouvse
WIen I
laIe,
Jov
exanpIe,
lIe slvucluve oJ cevlain
aIgeIvaic
conslvuclions
[ensenIIes],
vIeve is lIe cenlev? Is lIe cenlev lIe
InovIedge
oJ
genevaI
vuIes
vIicI,
aJlev a
JasIion,
aIIov us lo undevsland lIe
inlevpIa
oJ lIe eIe-
nenls? Ov is lIe cenlev cevlain eIenenls vIicI
enjo
a
pavlicuIav pviviIege
vilIin lIe ensenIIe? . . . WilI
Einslein,
Jov
exanpIe,
ve see lIe end oJ a
Iind oJ
pviviIege
oJ
enpivic
evidence. And in lIal conneclion ve see a con-
slanl
appeav,
a conslanl vIicI is a conIinalion oJ
space-line,
vIicI does
nol
IeIong
lo
an
oJ lIe
expevinenlevs
vIo Iive lIe
expevience,
Iul
vIicI,
in a
va,
doninales lIe vIoIe
conslvucl:
and lIis nolion oJ lIe conslanl-is
lIis lIe cenlev?19
Bevvida's
pevceplive vepI
venl lo lIe Ieavl oJ cIassicaI
genevaI veIalivil
TIe Einsleinian conslanl is nol a
conslanl,
is nol a cenlev. Il is lIe
vev
con-
cepl
oJ
vaviaIiIil-il is, JinaII,
lIe
concepl
oJ lIe
gane.
In olIev
vovds,
il is
nol lIe
concepl
oJ
sonelIing-oJ
a cenlev
slavling
Jvon vIicI an oIsevvev
couId naslev lIe JieId-Iul lIe
vev concepl
oJ lIe
gane.20
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 221
In nalIenalicaI
levns,
Bevvida's oIsevvalion veIales lo lIe invaviance oJ
lIe Einslein JieId
equalion O,
=
8&OT
,
undev nonIineav
space-line
diJ-
JeonovpIisns |seIJ-nappings
oJ lIe
space-line
naniJoId lIal ave inJi-
nileI
diJJevenliaIIe Iul nol
necessaviI anaIlic).
TIe
Ie poinl
is lIal lIis
invaviance
gvoup
acls
lvansiliveI
lIis neans lIal
an space-line poinl,
iJ il exisls al
aII,
can Ie lvansJovned inlo
an
olIev. In lIis
va
lIe inJinile-
dinensionaI invaviance
gvoup
evodes lIe dislinclion Ielveen oIsevvev and
oIsevved:
lIe 7v oJ EucIid and lIe O oJ
Nevlon, JovnevI lIougIl
lo Ie
conslanl and
univevsaI,
ave nov
pevceived
in lIeiv ineIuclaIIe
Iislovicil:
and lIe
pulalive
oIsevvev Iecones
JalaII de-cenleved,
disconnecled Jvon
an epislenic
IinI lo a
space-line poinl
lIal can no
Iongev
Ie deJined
I
geonelv
aIone.
Quanlun
Ovavil Slving,
Weave,
ov
MovpIogenelic
FieId?
Hovevev,
lIis
inlevpvelalion,
vIiIe
adequale
vilIin cIassicaI
genevaI
veIa-
livil,
Iecones
inconpIele
vilIin lIe
enevging poslnodevn
viev oJ
quanlun gvavil.
WIen even lIe
gvavilalionaI JieId-geonelv
incav-
nale-Iecones a
nonconnuling |and
Ience
nonIineav) opevalov,
Iov
can lIe cIassicaI
inlevpvelalion
oJ
Ov
as a
geonelvic enlil
Ie suslained?
Nov nol
onI
lIe
oIsevvev,
Iul lIe
vev concepl
oJ
geonelv,
Iecones
veIalionaI and conlexluaI.
TIe
snlIesis
oJ
quanlun lIeov
and
genevaI veIalivil
is lIus lIe
cenlvaI unsoIved
pvoIIen
oJ lIeovelicaI
pIsics:21
no one
loda
can
pve-
dicl vilI conJidence vIal viII Ie lIe
Ianguage
and
onloIog,
nucI Iess
lIe
conlenl,
oJ lIis
snlIesis,
vIen and iJ il cones. Il
is, nevevlIeIess,
useJuI lo exanine
IislovicaII
lIe
nelapIovs
and
inagev
lIal lIeoveli-
caI
pIsicisls
Iave
enpIoed
in lIeiv
allenpls
lo undevsland
quanlun
gvavil.
TIe eavIiesl
allenpls, daling
IacI lo lIe
eavI 1960s,
lo visuaIize
geonelv
on lIe FIancI scaIe
|aIoul
10-33
cenlinelevs) povlvaed
il as
space-line
Joan IuIIIes oJ
space-line cuvvaluve, sIaving
a
conpIex
and
evev-cIanging lopoIog
oJ inlevconneclions
|WIeeIev 1964).
Bul
pIsicisls
veve unaIIe lo
cavv
lIis
appvoacI JuvlIev, pevIaps
Iecause oJ
lIe
inadequale deveIopnenl
al lIal line oJ
lopoIog
and naniJoId
lIeov
|see IeIov).
In lIe 1970s
pIsicisls
lvied an even nove convenlionaI
appvoacI
sinpIiJ
lIe Einslein
equalions I pvelending
lIal
lIe
ave aInosl
Iineav,
and lIen
appI
lIe slandavd nelIods oJ
quanlun
JieId
lIeov
lo lIe
lIus
ovevsinpIiJied equalions.
Bul lIis nelIod, loo, JaiIed il luvned oul
lIal Einslein's
genevaI veIalivil is,
in lecInicaI
Ianguage, pevluvIaliveI
nonvenovnaIizaIIe
|IsIan 1991,
sec.
3.1.4).
TIis neans lIal lIe
slvong
222 AIan B. SoIaI
nonIineavilies oJ Einslein's
genevaI veIalivil
ave inlvinsic lo lIe
lIeov:
an allenpl
lo
pvelend
lIal lIe nonIineavilies ave veaI is
sinpI
seIJ-
conlvadiclov. |TIis
is nol
suvpvising
lIe aInosl-Iineav
appvoacI
deslvos
lIe nosl cIavaclevislic Jealuves oJ
genevaI veIalivil,
sucI as
IIacI
IoIes.)
In lIe 1980s a
vev
diJJevenl
appvoacI,
Inovn as
slving lIeov,
Iecane
popuIav
Ieve lIe JundanenlaI consliluenls oJ nallev ave nol
poinlIiIe pavlicIes
Iul valIev
lin |FIancI-scaIe)
cIosed and
open slvings
|Oveen
el aI.
1987).
In lIis
lIeov,
lIe
space-line
naniJoId does nol exisl
as an
oIjeclive pIsicaI veaIil: valIev, space-line
is a devived
concepl,
an
appvoxinalion
vaIid
onI
on
Iavge IenglI
scaIes
|vIeve Iavge
neans
nucI
Iavgev
lIan 10-33
cenlinelevs!).
Fov a vIiIe
nan
enlIusiasls oJ
slving lIeov lIougIl lIe
veve
cIosing
in on a
TIeov
oJ
EvevlIing-
nodesl
is nol one oJ lIeiv vivlues-and sone sliII lIinI so. Bul lIe nalI-
enalicaI diJJicuIlies in
slving lIeov
ave
JovnidaIIe,
and il is Jav Jvon
cIeav lIal
lIe
viII Ie vesoIved
an
line soon.
Move
vecenlI,
a snaII
gvoup
oJ
pIsicisls
Ias veluvned lo lIe JuII
nonIineavilies oJ Einslein's
genevaI veIalivil, and-using
a nev nalIe-
nalicaI
snIoIisn
invenled
I AIIa AsIleIav-lIe
Iave
allenpled
lo
visuaIize lIe slvucluve oJ lIe
covvesponding quanlun lIeov |AsIleIav
el
aI.
1992:
SnoIin
1992).
TIe
picluve lIe
oIlain is
inlviguing
as in
slving
lIeov,
lIe
space-line
naniJoId is
onI
an
appvoxinalion
vaIid al
Iavge
dislances,
nol an
oIjeclive veaIil:
al snaII
|FIancI-scaIe) dislances,
lIe
geonelv
oJ
space-line
is a veave-a
conpIex
inlevconneclion oJ lIveads.
FinaII,
an
exciling pvoposaI
Ias Ieen
laIing sIape
ovev lIe
pasl
Jev
eavs
in lIe Iands oJ an
inlevdiscipIinav
coIIaIovalion oJ
nalIenalicians,
aslvopIsicisls,
and
IioIogisls
lIis is lIe
lIeov
oJ lIe
novpIogenelic
JieId.22 Since lIe nid-1980s evidence Ias Ieen
accunuIaling
lIal lIis
JieId,
Jivsl
concepluaIized I deveIopnenlaI IioIogisls |Waddinglon 1965:
Covnev
1966:
Oievev el aI.
1978),
is in Jacl
cIoseI
IinIed lo lIe
quanlun
gvavilalionaI
JieId23
|a)
il
pevvades
aII
space: |I)
il inlevacls vilI aII nal-
lev and
enevg, ivvespeclive
oJ vIelIev ov nol lIal
nallev/enevg
is
nag-
nelicaII cIavged: and,
nosl
signiJicanlI, |c)
il is vIal is Inovn nalIe-
nalicaII
as a
snnelvic
second-vanI lensov. AII lIvee
pvopevlies
ave
cIavaclevislic oJ
gvavil:
and il vas
pvoved
sone
eavs ago
lIal lIe
onI
seIJ-consislenl nonIineav
lIeov
oJ a
snnelvic
second-vanI lensov JieId
is,
al Ieasl al Iov
enevgies, pveciseI
Einslein's
genevaI veIalivil |BouIvave
and Besev
1975). TIus,
iJ lIe evidence Jov
|a), |I),
and
|c)
IoIds
up,
ve
can inJev lIal lIe
novpIogenelic
JieId is lIe
quanlun counlevpavl
oJ
Einslein's gvavilalionaI JieId. UnliI vecenlI lIis lIeov Ias Ieen ignoved ov
even scovned
I
lIe
IigI-enevg-pIsics eslaIIisInenl,
vIicI Ias lvadi-
lionaII
vesenled lIe encvoacInenl oJ
IioIogisls |nol
lo nenlion Iunan-
isls)
on ils luvJ.24
Hovevev,
sone lIeovelicaI
pIsicisls
Iave
vecenlI
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 223
Iegun
lo
give
lIis
lIeov
a second
IooI,
and lIeve ave
good pvospecls
Jov
pvogvess
in lIe neav Juluve.25
Il is sliII loo soon lo
sa
vIelIev
slving lIeov,
lIe
space-line veave,
ov
novpIogenelic
JieIds viII Ie conJivned in lIe
IaIovalov
lIe
expevi-
nenls ave nol
eas
lo
pevJovn.
Bul il is
inlviguing
lIal aII lIvee lIeovies
Iave siniIav
concepluaI
cIavaclevislics
slvong nonIineavil, suIjeclive
space-line,
inexovaIIe
JIux,
and a slvess on lIe
lopoIog
oJ inlevconnecl-
edness.
BiJJevenliaI
TopoIog
and
HonoIog
UnIeInovnsl lo nosl
oulsidevs,
lIeovelicaI
pIsics
undevvenl a
signiJi-
canl lvansJovnalion-aIIeil nol
el
a lvue KuInian
pavadign
sIiJl-in
lIe 1970s and 1980s lIe lvadilionaI looIs oJ nalIenalicaI
pIsics |veaI
and
conpIex anaIsis),
vIicI deaI vilI lIe
space-line
naniJoId
onI
IocaII,
veve
suppIenenled I lopoIogicaI appvoacIes |nove pveciseI,
nelIods Jvon diJJevenliaI
lopoIog26)
lIal accounl Jov lIe
gIoIaI |IoIislic)
slvucluve oJ lIe univevse. TIis lvend vas seen in lIe
anaIsis
oJ anonaIies
in
gauge
lIeovies
|AIvavez-Oaun& 1985):27
in lIe
lIeov
oJ vovlex-nedi-
aled
pIase
lvansilions
|KoslevIilz
and TIouIess
1973):28
and in
slving
and
supevslving
lIeovies
|Oveen
el aI.
1987).
Nunevous IooIs and veviev
avlicIes on
lopoIog
Jov
pIsicisls
veve
puIIisIed duving
lIese
eavs
|e.g.,
NasI and Sen
1983).
Al aIoul lIe sane
line,
in lIe sociaI and
pscIoIogicaI
sciences
Jacques
Lacan
poinled
oul lIe
Ie
voIe
pIaed I
diJJevenliaI
lopoIog
TIis
diagvan [lIe
M6Iius
slvip]
can Ie consideved lIe Iasis oJ a sovl oJ
essenliaI
inscviplion
al lIe
ovigin,
in lIe Inol vIicI conslilules lIe
suIjecl.
TIis
goes
nucI JuvlIev lIan
ou na
lIinI al
Jivsl,
Iecause
ou
can seavcI
Jov lIe sovl oJ suvJace aIIe lo veceive sucI
inscviplions.
You can
pevIaps
see
lIal lIe
spIeve,
lIal oId
snIoI
Jov
lolaIil,
is unsuilaIIe. A
lovus,
a KIein
IollIe,
a cvoss-cul
suvJace,
ave aIIe lo veceive sucI a cul. And lIis
divevsil
is
vev inpovlanl
as il
expIains nan lIings
aIoul lIe slvucluve oJ nenlaI dis-
ease. IJ one can
snIoIize
lIe
suIjecl I
lIis JundanenlaI
cul,
in lIe sane
va
one can sIov lIal a cul on a lovus
covvesponds
lo lIe neuvolic
suIjecl,
and on a cvoss-cul suvJace lo anolIev sovl oJ nenlaI disease.
|Lacan 1970,
192-93:
Iecluve
given
in
1966)29
As AIlIussev
|1993, 50) vigIlI connenled,
Lacan
JinaII gives
Fveud's
lIinIing
lIe scienliJic
concepls
lIal il
vequives.30
Move
vecenlI,
Lacan's
lopoIogie
du
sujel
Ias Ieen
appIied JvuilJuII
lo cinena cvilicisn
|MiIIev
1977/78, esp. 24-25)31
and lo lIe
pscIoanaIsis
oJ AIBS
|Bean 1993,
esp. 107-8).
In nalIenalicaI
levns,
Lacan is Ieve
poinling
oul lIal lIe
Jivsl
IonoIog gvoup32
oJ
lIe
spIeve
is
lviviaI,
vIiIe lIose oJ lIe olIev suv-
224 AIan B. SoIaI
Jaces ave
pvoJound:
and lIis
IonoIog
is IinIed vilI lIe connecledness ov
disconnecledness oJ lIe suvJace aJlev one ov nove culs.33
FuvlIevnove,
as
Lacan
suspecled,
lIeve is an inlinale conneclion Ielveen lIe exlevnaI slvuc-
luve oJ lIe
pIsicaI
vovId and ils innev
pscIoIogicaI vepvesenlalion qua
Inol
lIeov
lIis
IpolIesis
Ias
vecenlI
Ieen conJivned
I
Willen's deviva-
lion oJ Inol invavianls
|in pavlicuIav
lIe
Jones poInoniaI [Jones 1985])
Jvon lIvee-dinensionaI CIevn-Sinons
quanlun
JieId
lIeov |Willen 1989).
AnaIogous lopoIogicaI
slvucluves avise in
quanlun gvavil,
Iul
inasnucI as lIe naniJoIds invoIved ave nuIlidinensionaI valIev lIan lvo-
dinensionaI, IigIev IonoIog gvoups pIa
a voIe as veII. TIese nuIli-
dinensionaI naniJoIds ave no
Iongev
anenaIIe lo visuaIizalion in con-
venlionaI lIvee-dinensionaI Cavlesian
space
Jov
exanpIe,
lIe
pvojeclive
space BF3,
vIicI avises Jvon lIe
ovdinav 3-spIeve I
idenliJicalion
oJ
anlipodes,
vouId
vequive
a EucIidean
enIedding space
oJ dinension
al Ieasl 5
|Janes 1991, 271-72).34 NevevlIeIess,
lIe
IigIev IonoIog
gvoups
can Ie
pevceived,
al Ieasl
appvoxinaleI,
via a suilaIIe nuIlidi-
nensionaI
|nonIineav) Iogic |KosIo 1993).35
ManiJoId
TIeov |W)IoIes
and Boundavies
Luce
Ivigava |1987, 76-77),
in Iev Janous avlicIe Is lIe
SuIjecl
oJ
Science Sexed?
poinled
oul lIal
lIe nalIenalicaI
sciences,
in lIe
lIeov
oJ vIoIes
[lIeovie
des
ensenIIes],
concevn lIenseIves vilI cIosed and
open spaces... TIe
concevn lIen-
seIves
vev
IillIe vilI lIe
queslion
oJ lIe
pavliaII open,
vilI vIoIes lIal ave
nol
cIeavI
deIinealed
[ensenIIes JIous],
vilI
an anaIsis
oJ lIe
pvoIIen
oJ
Iovdevs
[Iovds].
. .36
In
1982,
vIen
Ivigava's essa
Jivsl
appeaved,
lIis vas an incisive cvili-
cisn diJJevenliaI
lopoIog
Ias
lvadilionaII pviviIeged
lIe
slud
oJ vIal
ave Inovn
lecInicaII
as naniJoIds vilIoul
Ioundav. Hovevev,
in lIe
pasl decade,
undev lIe
inpelus
oJ lIe Jeninisl
cvilique,
sone nalIenali-
cians Iave
given
veneved allenlion lo lIe
lIeov
oJ naniJoIds vilI
Ioundav [Fv.
vavilis a'
Iovd] |see,
Jov
exanpIe,
Hanza
1990: McAvil
and OsIovn
1991:
AIexandev el aI.
1993). FevIaps
nol
coincidenlaII,
il is
pveciseI
lIese naniJoIds lIal avise in lIe nev
pIsics
oJ conJovnaI JieId
lIeov, supevslving lIeov,
and
quanlun gvavil.
In
slving lIeov,
lIe
quanlun-necIanicaI anpIilude
Jov lIe inlevac-
lion oJ n cIosed ov
open slvings
is
vepvesenled I
a JunclionaI
inlegvaI
|IasicaII,
a
sun)
ovev JieIds
Iiving
on a lvo-dinensionaI naniJoId vilI
Ioundav |Oveen
el aI.
1987).
In
quanlun gvavil,
ve
na expecl
lIal a
siniIav
vepvesenlalion
viII
IoId, excepl
lIal lIe lvo-dinensionaI nan-
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 225
iJoId vilI
Ioundav
viII Ie
vepIaced I
a nuIlidinensionaI one. UnJovlu-
naleI, nuIlidinensionaIil goes againsl
lIe
gvain
oJ convenlionaI Iineav
nalIenalicaI
lIougIl,
and
despile
a vecenl
Ivoadening
oJ alliludes
|nolaII
associaled vilI lIe
slud
oJ nuIlidinensionaI nonIineav
pIe-
nonena in cIaos
lIeov),
lIe
lIeov
oJ nuIlidinensionaI naniJoIds vilI
Ioundav
venains sonevIal
undevdeveIoped. NevevlIeIess, pIsicisls'
vovI on lIe
JunclionaI-inlegvaI appvoacI
lo
quanlun gvavil
conlinues
apace |HanIev 1992: NaIulosI
and Ben-Av
1993:
KonlsevicI
1994),
and lIis vovI is
IiIeI
lo slinuIale lIe allenlion oJ nalIenalicians.37
As
Ivigava anlicipaled,
an
inpovlanl queslion
in aII oJ lIese lIeovies
is can lIe
Ioundav
Ie
lvansgvessed |cvossed),
and iJ
so,
vIal
Iappens
lIen?
TecInicaII,
lIis is Inovn as lIe
pvoIIen
oJ
Ioundav
condilions
|I.c.).
Al a
puveI
nalIenalicaI
IeveI,
lIe nosl saIienl
aspecl
oJ
Ioundav
condilions is lIe
gveal divevsil
oJ
possiIiIilies
Jov
exanpIe,
Jvee I.c.
|no
oIslacIe lo
cvossing), veJIecling
I.c.
|specuIav
veJIeclion as in a niv-
vov), peviodic
I.c.
|ve-enlvance
in anolIev
pavl
oJ lIe
naniJoId),
and
anlipeviodic
I.c.
|ve-enlvance
vilI
180-degvee lvisl).
TIe
queslion
posed I pIsicisls
is oJ aII lIese conceivaIIe
Ioundav condilions,
vIicI
ones
acluaII
occuv in lIe
vepvesenlalion
oJ
quanlun gvavil?
Ov
pev-
Iaps,
do aII oJ lIen occuv
sinuIlaneousI
and on an
equaI Jooling,
as
sug-
gesled I
lIe
conpIenenlavil pvincipIe?38
Al lIis
poinl n sunnav
oJ
deveIopnenls
in
pIsics
nusl
slop,
Jov
lIe
sinpIe
veason lIal lIe ansvevs lo lIese
queslions-iJ
indeed
lIe
Iave
univocaI ansvevs-ave nol
el
Inovn. In lIe venaindev oJ lIis
essa,
I
pvopose
lo laIe as
n slavling poinl
lIose Jealuves oJ lIe
lIeov
oJ
quan-
lun
gvavil
vIicI ave
veIaliveI
veII eslaIIisIed
|al
Ieasl
I
lIe slandavds
oJ convenlionaI
science),
and
allenpl
lo dvav oul lIeiv
pIiIosopIicaI
and
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies Tovavd a
LiIevalov
Science
Ovev lIe
pasl
lvo decades lIeve Ias Ieen exlensive discussion
anong
cvilicaI lIeovisls vilI
vegavd
lo lIe cIavaclevislics oJ nodevnisl vevsus
poslnodevnisl cuIluve:
and in vecenl
eavs
lIese
diaIogues
Iave
Iegun
lo
devole delaiIed allenlion lo lIe
speciJic pvoIIens posed I
lIe naluvaI
sciences
|see especiaII
MevcIanl
1980:
KeIIev
1985: Havding 1986:
Avonovilz
1988I: Havava 1991:
and Boss
1991).
In
pavlicuIav,
Madsen
and Madsen Iave
vecenlI given
a
vev
cIeav
sunnav
oJ lIe cIavaclevis-
lics oJ nodevnisl vevsus
poslnodevnisl
science.
TIe posil
lvo cvilevia Jov
a
poslnodevn
science A
sinpIe
cvilevion Jov science lo
quaIiJ
as
posl-
nodevn is lIal il Ie Jvee Jvon
an dependence
on lIe
concepl
oJ
oIjec-
live lvulI.
B
lIis
cvilevion,
Jov
exanpIe,
lIe
conpIenenlavil inlevpve-
226 AIan B. SoIaI
lalion oJ
quanlun pIsics
due lo NieIs BoIv and lIe
CopenIagen
scIooI
is seen as
poslnodevnisl |1990, 471).39 CIeavI, quanlun gvavil
is in
lIis
vespecl
an
avcIelpaI poslnodevnisl
science.
Second,
TIe olIev
concepl
vIicI can Ie laIen as
Ieing
JundanenlaI lo
poslnodevn
science
is lIal oJ
essenliaIil.
Foslnodevn scienliJic lIeovies ave conslvucled Jvon
lIose lIeovelicaI eIenenls vIicI ave essenliaI Jov lIe
consislenc
and
uliIil
oJ lIe
lIeov |1990, 471-72).
TIus
quanlilies
ov
oIjecls
vIicI
ave in
pvincipIe
unoIsevvaIIe-sucI as
space-line poinls,
exacl
pavlicIe
posilions,
ov
quavIs
and
gIuons-ougIl
nol lo Ie inlvoduced inlo lIe lIe-
ov.40
WIiIe nucI oJ nodevn
pIsics
is excIuded
I
lIis
cvilevion, quan-
lun
gvavil again quaIiJies
in lIe
passage
Jvon cIassicaI
genevaI veIalivil
lo lIe
quanlized lIeov, space-line poinls |and
indeed lIe
space-line
naniJoId
ilseIJ)
Iave
disappeaved
Jvon lIe
lIeov.
Hovevev,
lIese
cvilevia,
adnivaIIe as
lIe ave,
ave insuJJicienl Jov a
IiIevalov poslnodevn
science
lIe
IiIevale Iunan
Ieings
Jvon lIe
lvann
oJ aIsoIule lvulI and
oIjeclive veaIil,
Iul nol
necessaviI
Jvon lIe
lvann
oJ olIev Iunan
Ieings.
In Andvev Boss's
vovds,
ve
need a science lIal viII Ie
puIIicI
ansvevaIIe and oJ sone sevvice lo
pvogvessive
inlevesls
|1991, 29).41
Fvon a Jeninisl
slandpoinl, KeII
OIivev
|1989, 146)
naIes a siniIav
avgunenl
In ovdev lo Ie
vevoIulionav,
Jeninisl
lIeov
cannol cIain lo descviIe vIal
exisls, ov,
naluvaI Jacls.
BalIev,
Jeninisl lIeovies sIouId Ie
poIilicaI looIs,
slvalegies
Jov
ovevconing oppvession
in
speciJic
concvele silualions. TIe
goaI, lIen,
oJ Jeninisl
lIeov,
sIouId Ie lo
deveIop slvalegic
lIeovies-nol
lvue
lIeovies,
nol JaIse
lIeovies,
Iul
slvalegic
lIeovies.
Hov, lIen,
is lIis lo Ie done?
In vIal
JoIIovs,
I vouId IiIe lo discuss lIe oulIines oJ a
IiIevalov
poslnodevn
science on lvo IeveIs
Jivsl,
vilI
vegavd
lo
genevaI
lIenes
and
alliludes:
and
second,
vilI
vegavd
lo
poIilicaI goaIs
and
slvalegies.
One cIavaclevislic oJ lIe
enevging poslnodevn
science is ils slvess on
nonIineavil
and
disconlinuil
lIis is
evidenl,
Jov
exanpIe,
in cIaos lIe-
ov
and lIe
lIeov
oJ
pIase
lvansilions as veII as in
quanlun gvavil.42
Al
lIe sane
line,
Jeninisl lIinIevs Iave
poinled
oul lIe need Jov an ade-
quale anaIsis
oJ
JIuidil,
in
pavlicuIav
luvIuIenl
JIuidil |Ivigava 1985:
HaIes 1992).43
TIese lvo lIenes ave nol as
conlvadiclov
as il
nigIl
al
Jivsl
appeav
luvIuIence connecls vilI
slvong nonIineavil,
and snoolI-
ness/JIuidil
is sonelines associaled vilI
disconlinuil |e.g.,
in calaslvo-
pIe lIeov [TIon 1975,
1990:
AvnoI'd
1992]):
so a
snlIesis
is
I
no
neans oul oJ lIe
queslion.
Second,
lIe
poslnodevn
sciences deconslvucl and lvanscend lIe
Cavlesian
nelapIsicaI
dislinclions Ielveen IunanIind and
Naluve,
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies
227
One cIavaclevislic
oJ lIe
enevging
poslnodevn
science is ils slvess
on
nonIineavil
and
disconlinuil
lIis is
evidenl,
Jov
exanpIe,
in cIaos
lIeov
and lIe
lIeov
oJ
pIase
lvansilions as veII
as in
quanlun
gvavil.
oIsevvev and
oIsevved, SuIjecl
and
OIjecl. AIvead quanlun necIanics,
eavIiev in lIis
cenluv,
sIalleved lIe
ingenuous
Nevlonian JailI in an
oIjeclive, pveIinguislic
vovId oJ naleviaI
oIjecls
oul
lIeve:
no
Iongev
couId ve
asI,
as
HeisenIevg pul il,
vIelIev
pavlicIes
exisl in
space
and
line
oIjecliveI.
Bul
HeisenIevg's
JovnuIalion sliII
pvesupposes
lIe
oIjeclive
exislence oJ
space
and line as lIe
neulvaI, unpvoIIenalic
avena
in vIicI
quanlized pavlicIe-vaves
inlevacl
|aIIeil indelevninislicaII):
and
il is
pveciseI
lIis vouId-Ie avena lIal
quanlun gvavil pvoIIenalizes. Jusl
as
quanlun
necIanics inJovns us lIal lIe
posilion
and nonenlun oJ a
pavlicIe
ave
IvougIl
inlo
Ieing onI I
lIe acl oJ
oIsevvalion,
so
quanlun
gvavil
inJovns us lIal
space
and line lIenseIves ave
conlexluaI,
lIeiv
neaning
deJined
onI
veIalive lo lIe node oJ oIsevvalion.44
TIivd,
lIe
poslnodevn
sciences ovevlIvov lIe slalic
onloIogicaI
cal-
egovies
and IievavcIies cIavaclevislic oJ nodevnisl science. In
pIace
oJ
alonisn and
veduclionisn,
lIe nev sciences slvess lIe
dnanic
veI oJ
veIalionsIips
Ielveen lIe vIoIe and lIe
pavl:
in
pIace
oJ Jixed individuaI
essences
|e.g.,
Nevlonian
pavlicIes), lIe concepluaIize
inlevaclions and
JIovs
|e.g., quanlun JieIds). InlviguingI,
lIese
IonoIogous
Jealuves avise
in nunevous
seeningI dispavale
aveas oJ
science,
Jvon
quanlun gvavil
lo cIaos
lIeov
lo lIe
IiopIsics
oJ
seIJ-ovganizing sslens.
In lIis
va,
lIe
poslnodevn
sciences
appeav
lo Ie
convevging
on a nev
epislenoIogi-
caI
pavadign,
one lIal
na
Ie levned an
ecoIogicaI pevspeclive, IvoadI
undevslood as
vecogniz[ing]
lIe JundanenlaI
inlevdependence
oJ aII
pIe-
nonena and lIe enIeddedness oJ individuaIs and socielies in lIe
ccIicaI
pallevns
oJ naluve
|Capva 1988, 145).45
A JouvlI
aspecl
oJ
poslnodevn
science is ils seIJ-conscious slvess on
snIoIisn
and
vepvesenlalion.
As BoIevl
MavIIe |1992, 264) poinls
oul,
lIe
poslnodevn
sciences ave
incveasingI lvansgvessing discipIinav
Ioundavies, laIing
on cIavaclevislics lIal Iad IeveloJove Ieen lIe
pvovince
oJ lIe Iunanilies
Quanlun pIsics,
Iadvon
Ioolslvap lIeov, conpIex
nunIev
lIeov,
and
cIaos
lIeov
sIave lIe Iasic
assunplion
lIal
veaIil
cannol Ie descviIed in
Iineav
levns,
lIal nonIineav-and
unsoIvaIIe-equalions
ave lIe
onI
neans
possiIIe
lo descviIe a
conpIex, cIaolic,
and non-delevninislic
veaIil.
TIese
poslnodevn
lIeovies
ave-signiJicanlI-aII
nelacvilicaI in lIe sense lIal
lIe Jovegvound
lIenseIves as
nelapIovs
valIev lIan as accuvale
descvip-
lions oJ
veaIil.
In levns lIal ave nove JaniIiav lo
Iilevav
lIeovisls lIan lo
lIeovelicaI
pIsicisls,
ve
nigIl sa
lIal lIese
allenpls I
scienlisls lo
deveIop
nev
slvalegies
oJ
descviplion vepvesenl
noles lovavds a
lIeov
oJ
lIeovies,
oJ Iov
vepvesenlalion-nalIenalicaI, expevinenlaI,
and vevIaI-is
inIevenlI conpIex
and
pvoIIenalizing,
nol a soIulion Iul
pavl
oJ lIe seni-
olics oJ
invesligaling
lIe univevse.46
228 AIan B. SoIaI
Fvon a diJJevenl
slavling poinl,
Avonovilz
|1988I, 344)
IiIevise
suggesls
lIal a
IiIevalov
science
na
avise Jvon
inlevdiscipIinav sIaving
oJ
epis-
lenoIogies
NaluvaI
oIjecls
ave aIso
sociaII
conslvucled. Il is nol a
queslion
oJ vIelIev
lIese naluvaI
oIjecls, ov,
lo Ie nove
pvecise,
lIe
oIjecls
oJ naluvaI scienliJic
InovIedge,
exisl
independenlI
oJ lIe acl oJ
Inoving.
TIis
queslion
is
ansveved
I
lIe
assunplion
oJ veaI line as
opposed
lo lIe
pvesupposilion,
connon
anong neo-Kanlians,
lIal line
aIvas
Ias a
veJevenl,
lIal
lenpo-
vaIil
is lIeveJove a
veIalive,
nol an
uncondilioned, calegov. SuveI,
lIe eavlI
evoIved
Iong
IeJove IiJe on eavlI. TIe
queslion
is vIelIev
oIjecls
oJ naluvaI
scienliJic
InovIedge
ave consliluled oulside lIe sociaI JieId. IJ lIis is
possiIIe,
ve can assune lIal science ov avl
na deveIop pvoceduves
lIal
eJJecliveI
neulvaIize lIe eJJecls
enanaling
Jvon lIe neans
I
vIicI ve
pvoduce
InovIedge/avl.
FevJovnance avl
na
Ie sucI an
allenpl.
FinaII, poslnodevn
science
pvovides
a
povevJuI
veJulalion oJ lIe aulIov-
ilavianisn and eIilisn inIevenl in lvadilionaI
science,
as veII as an
enpivicaI
Iasis Jov a denocvalic
appvoacI
lo scienliJic vovI.
Fov,
as BoIv
noled,
a
conpIele
eIucidalion oJ one and lIe sane
oIjecl na vequive
divevse
poinls
oJ viev vIicI
deJ
a
unique descviplion:
lIis is
quile sinpI
a Jacl aIoul lIe
vovId,
nucI as lIe
seIJ-pvocIained enpivicisls
oJ nodevnisl science
nigIl
pveJev
lo
den
il. In sucI a
silualion,
Iov can a
seIJ-pevpelualing
secuIav
pvieslIood
oJ cvedenliaIed scienlisls
puvpovl
lo nainlain a
nonopoI
on
lIe
pvoduclion
oJ scienliJic
InovIedge? |Lel
ne
enpIasize
lIal I an in no
va opposed
lo
speciaIized
scienliJic
lvaining:
I
oIjecl onI
vIen an eIile
casle seeIs lo
inpose
ils canon oJ
IigI science,
vilI lIe ain oJ
excIuding
a
pviovi
aIlevnalive Jovns oJ scienliJic
pvoduclion I nonnenIevs.)47
TIe conlenl and
nelIodoIog
oJ
poslnodevn
science lIus
pvovide
povevJuI
inleIIecluaI
suppovl
Jov lIe
pvogvessive poIilicaI pvojecl,
undev-
slood in ils Ivoadesl sense lIe
lvansgvessing
oJ
Ioundavies,
lIe
IveaIing
dovn oJ
Iavvievs,
lIe vadicaI denocvalizalion oJ aII
aspecls
oJ
sociaI,
eco-
nonic, poIilicaI,
and cuIluvaI IiJe
|see,
Jov
exanpIe,
Avonovilz
1994).
Con-
vevseI,
one
pavl
oJ lIis
pvojecl
nusl invoIve lIe conslvuclion oJ a nev and
lvuI pvogvessive
science lIal can sevve lIe needs oJ sucI a denocvalized
sociel-lo-Ie.
As
MavIIe oIsevves,
lIeve seen lo Ie lvo nove-ov-Iess
nuluaII
excIusive cIoices avaiIaIIe lo lIe
pvogvessive connunil
On lIe one
Iand, poIilicaII pvogvessive
scienlisls can
lv
lo
vecupevale
exisl-
ing pvaclices
Jov novaI vaIues
lIe upIoId, avguing
lIal lIeiv
vigIl-ving
ene-
nies ave
deJacing
naluve and lIal
lIe,
lIe
counlev-novenenl,
Iave access
lo lIe lvulI.
[Bul]
lIe slale oJ lIe
IiospIeve-aiv poIIulion,
valev
poIIulion,
disappeaving
vain
Jovesls,
lIousands oJ
species
on lIe
vevge
oJ
exlinclion,
Iavge
aveas oJ Iand Iuvdened Jav
Ieond
lIeiv
cavving capacil,
nucIeav
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 229
povev pIanls,
nucIeav
veapons,
cIeavculs vIeve lIeve used lo Ie
Jovesls,
slavvalion, naInulvilion, disappeaving velIands,
nonexislenl
gvass Iands,
and
a vasI oJ
envivonnenlaII
caused
diseases-suggesls
lIal lIe veaIisl dvean oJ
scienliJic
pvogvess,
oJ
vecapluving
valIev lIan
vevoIulionizing exisling
nelIodoIogies
and
lecInoIogies, is,
al
vovsl,
ivveIevanl lo a
poIilicaI slvuggIe
lIal seeIs
sonelIing
nove lIan a veenaclnenl oJ slale sociaIisn.
|MavIIe
1992, 271)
TIe aIlevnalive is a
pvoJound veconceplion
oJ science as veII as
poIilics
TIe
diaIogicaI
nove lovavds
vedeJining sslens,
oJ
seeing
lIe vovId nol
onI
as an
ecoIogicaI
vIoIe Iul as a sel oJ
conpeling sslens-a
vovId IeId
logelIev I
lIe lensions
anong
vavious naluvaI and Iunan inlevesls-oJJevs
lIe
possiIiIil
oJ
vedeJining
vIal science is and vIal il
does,
oJ
veslvucluving
delevninislic scIenes oJ scienliJic educalion in Javov oJ
ongoing diaIogues
aIoul Iov ve inlevvene in ouv envivonnenl.
|MavIIe 1992, 271)48
Il
goes
vilIoul
saing
lIal
poslnodevnisl
science
unequivocaII
Javovs
lIe
Iallev, deepev appvoacI.
In addilion lo
vedeJining
lIe conlenl oJ
science,
il is
inpevalive
lo
veslvucluve and vedeJine lIe inslilulionaI Ioci in vIicI scienliJic IaIov
laIes
pIace-univevsilies, govevnnenl IaIs,
and
covpovalions-and
veJvane lIe vevavd
sslen
lIal
pusIes
scienlisls lo
Iecone,
oJlen
againsl
lIeiv ovn Iellev
inslincls,
lIe Iived
guns
oJ
capilaIisls
and lIe
niIilav.
As
Avonovilz
|1988I, 351)
Ias
noled,
One-lIivd oJ lIe
11,000 pIsics
gvaduale
sludenls in lIe Uniled Slales ave in lIe
singIe
suIJieId oJ soIid
slale
pIsics,
and aII oJ lIen viII Ie aIIe lo
gel joIs
in lIal suIJieId.
|AIlIougI
lIis oIsevvalion
appeaved
in
1988,
il is aII lIe nove lvue
loda.)
B conlvasl,
lIeve ave Jev
joIs
avaiIaIIe in eilIev
quanlun gvavil
ov envi-
vonnenlaI
pIsics.
Bul aII lIis is
onI
a Jivsl
slep
lIe JundanenlaI
goaI
oJ
an enancipa-
lov
novenenl nusl Ie lo
densliJ
and denocvalize lIe
pvoduclion
oJ
scienliJic
InovIedge,
lo IveaI dovn lIe avliJiciaI Iavvievs lIal
sepavale
scienlisls Jvon lIe
puIIic. BeaIislicaII,
lIis lasI nusl slavl vilI lIe
oungev genevalion, lIvougI
a
pvoJound
veJovn oJ lIe educalionaI
sslen
|Fveive 1970:
Avonovilz and Oivoux
1991, 1993).
TIe
leacIing
oJ science
and nalIenalics nusl Ie
puvged
oJ ils aulIovilavian and eIilisl cIavaclev-
islics,49
and lIe conlenl oJ lIese
suIjecls
envicIed
I incovpovaling
lIe
insigIls
oJ lIe
Jeninisl, queev, nuIlicuIluvaIisl,
and
ecoIogicaI cviliques.50
FinaII,
lIe conlenl oJ
an
science is
pvoJoundI
conslvained
I
lIe
Ianguage
vilIin vIicI ils discouvses ave
JovnuIaled:
and nainslvean
Weslevn
pIsicaI
science
Ias,
since
OaIiIeo,
Ieen JovnuIaled in lIe
Ianguage
oJ
nalIenalics.51
Bul vIose nalIenalics? TIe
queslion
is
JundanenlaI,
Jov,
as Avonovilz Ias
oIsevved,
neilIev
Iogic
nov nalIenalics
escapes
230 AIan B. SoIaI
lIe 'conlaninalion' oJ lIe sociaI
|Avonovilz 1988I, 346).52
And as Jen-
inisl lIinIevs Iave
vepealedI poinled oul,
in lIe
pvesenl
cuIluve lIis con-
laninalion is
ovevvIeIningI capilaIisl, palviavcIaI,
and niIilavislic
MalIenalics is
povlvaed
as a vonan vIose naluve desives lo Ie lIe
conqueved
OlIev
|CanpIeII
and
CanpIeII-WvigIl 1995, 135).53 TIus,
a
IiIevalov
science cannol Ie
conpIele
vilIoul a
pvoJound
vevision oJ lIe
canon oJ nalIenalics.54 As
el
no sucI
enancipalov
nalIenalics
exisls,
and ve can
onI specuIale upon
ils evenluaI conlenl. We can see Iinls oJ
il in lIe nuIlidinensionaI and nonIineav
Iogic
oJ
Juzz sslens lIeov
|KosIo 1993):
Iul lIis
appvoacI
is sliII
IeaviI
navIed
I
ils
ovigins
in
lIe cvisis oJ
Iale-capilaIisl pvoduclion
veIalions.55
CalaslvopIe lIeov
|TIon 1975, 1990:
AvnoI'd
1992),
vilI ils diaIeclicaI
enpIases
on
snoolIness/disconlinuil
and
nelanovpIosis/unJoIding,
viII
induIilaII
pIa
a
najov
voIe in lIe Juluve
nalIenalics:
Iul nucI lIeovelicaI vovI
venains lo Ie done IeJove lIis
appvoacI
can Iecone a concvele looI oJ
pvogvessive poIilicaI pvaxis |see
ScIuIevl 1989 Jov an
inlevesling slavl).
FinaII,
cIaos
lIeov-vIicI pvovides
ouv
deepesl insigIls
inlo lIe
uIiq-
uilous
el nslevious pIenonenon
oJ
nonIineavil-viII
Ie cenlvaI lo aII
Juluve nalIenalics. And
el,
lIese
inages
oJ lIe Juluve nalIenalics nusl
venain Iul lIe Iaziesl
gIinnev Jov, aIongside
lIese lIvee
oung
IvancIes
in lIe lvee oJ
science,
lIeve viII avise nev lvunIs and IvancIes-enlive
nev lIeovelicaI JvanevovIs-oJ vIicI
ve,
vilI ouv
pvesenl ideoIogicaI
IIindevs,
cannol
el
even conceive.
TIe conlenl and
nelIodoIog
oJ
poslnodevn
science lIus
pvovide povevJuI
inleIIecluaI
suppovl
Jov lIe
pvogvessive
poIilicaI pvojecl,
undevslood in ils
Ivoadesl sense
lIe
lvansgvessing
oJ
Ioundavies,
lIe
IveaIing
dovn oJ
Iavvievs,
lIe vadicaI
denocvalizalion
oJ
aII
aspecls
oJ
sociaI, econonic,
poIilicaI,
and
cuIluvaI IiJe.
Noles
I lIanI Oiacono
CavaccioIo,
Lucia
Fevnindez-Sanlovo,
Lia
Oulievvez,
and EIiza-
IelI
MeiIIejoIn
Jov
enjoaIIe
discussions vIicI Iave conlviIuled
gvealI
lo lIis
essa.
NeedIess lo
sa,
lIese
peopIe
sIouId nol Ie assuned lo Ie in lolaI
agveenenl
vilI lIe scienliJic and
poIilicaI
vievs
expvessed Ieve,
nov ave
lIe vesponsiIIe
Jov
an
evvovs ov oIscuvilies vIicI
na inadvevlenlI
venain.
1. Fov a
sanpIing
oJ
vievs,
see
Jannev 1974:
BeII
1987:
AIIevl
1992:
Biivv
el aI.
1992: WeinIevg
1992
|cIap. 4):
CoIenan
1993:
MaudIin
1994:
Bvicnonl
1994.
2. See aIso Ovevslveel
1980: Cvaige 1982: HaIes 1984:
BooIev
1990:
OveenIevg 1990:
and Fovlev 1990 Jov
exanpIes
oJ cvoss-JevliIizalion oJ ideas
Ielveen veIalivislic
quanlun lIeov
and
Iilevav
cvilicisn.
UnJovlunaleI, HeisenIevg's uncevlainl pvincipIe
Ias
JvequenlI
Ieen nis-
inlevpveled I
analeuv
pIiIosopIevs.
As OiIIes BeIeuze and FeIix Ouallavi
|1994, 129-30) IucidI poinl oul,
in
quanlun pIsics, HeisenIevg's
denon does nol
expvess
lIe
inpossiIiIil
oJ
neasuving
IolI lIe
speed
and lIe
posilion
oJ a
pavlicIe
on lIe
gvounds
oJ
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 231
a
suIjeclive
inlevJevence oJ lIe neasuve vilI lIe
neasuved,
Iul il neasuves
exaclI
an
oIjeclive
slale oJ aJJaivs lIal Ieaves lIe
vespeclive posilion
oJ lvo
oJ ils
pavlicIes
oulside oJ lIe JieId oJ ils
acluaIizalion,
lIe nunIev oJ inde-
pendenl
vaviaIIes
Ieing
veduced and lIe vaIues oJ lIe coovdinales
Iaving
lIe
sane
pvoIaIiIil
....
Fevspeclivisin,
ov scienliJic
veIalivisn,
is nevev veIalive
lo a
suIjecl
il conslilules nol a
veIalivil
oJ lvulI
Iul,
on lIe
conlvav,
a
lvulI oJ lIe
veIalive,
lIal is lo
sa,
oJ vaviaIIes vIose cases il ovdevs accovd-
ing
lo lIe vaIues il exlvacls Jvon lIen in ils
sslen
oJ coovdinales.
3. See aIso FovusI
|1989)
Jov a
Jascinaling
accounl oJ Iov a second
gvoup
oJ scienlisls and
engineevs-cIevnelicisls-conlvived,
vilI considevaIIe
success,
lo suIvevl lIe nosl
vevoIulionav inpIicalions
oJ
quanlun pIsics.
TIe nain
Iinilalion oJ FovusI's
cvilique
is lIal il venains
soIeI
on a cuIluvaI and
pIiIo-
sopIicaI pIane:
Iis concIusions vouId Ie
inneasuvaII slvenglIened I
an
anaI-
sis oJ econonic and
poIilicaI
Jaclovs.
|Fov exanpIe,
FovusI JaiIs lo nenlion lIal
engineev-cIevnelicisl
CIaude SIannon vovIed Jov lIe lIen
leIepIone nonopoI
AT&T.)
A caveJuI
anaIsis
vouId
sIov,
I
lIinI,
lIal lIe
viclov
oJ
cIevnelics
ovev
quanlun pIsics
in lIe 1940s and 1950s can Ie
expIained
in
Iavge pavl I
lIe
cenlvaIil
oJ
cIevnelics
lo lIe
ongoing capilaIisl
dvive Jov aulonalion oJ
induslviaI
pvoduclion, conpaved
vilI lIe
navginaI
induslviaI veIevance oJ
quan-
lun necIanics.
4. Avonovilz
|1981, 28)
Ias noled lIal
vave-pavlicIe duaIil
vendevs lIe
viII lo
lolaIil
in nodevn science
seveveI pvoIIenalic
TIe diJJevences vilIin
pIsics
Ielveen vave and
pavlicIe
lIeovies oJ
nallev,
lIe
indelevninac pvincipIe
discoveved
I HeisenIevg,
Einslein's
veIalivil
lIeov,
aII ave acconnodalions lo lIe
inpossiIiIil
oJ
avviving
al a uniJied
JieId
lIeov,
one in vIicI lIe
anonaI
oJ diJJevence Jov a
lIeov
vIicI
posils idenlil na
Ie vesoIved vilIoul
cIaIIenging
lIe
pvesupposilions
oJ
science ilseIJ.
Fov JuvlIev
deveIopnenl
oJ lIese
ideas,
see Avonovilz
1988a, 524-25,
533.
5. BoIv's
anaIsis
oJ lIe
conpIenenlavil pvincipIe
aIso Ied Iin lo a sociaI
oulIooI lIal
vas,
Jov ils line and
pIace, nolaII pvogvessive.
Considev lIe JoI-
Ioving excevpl
Jvon a 1938 Iecluve
|BoIv 1958, 30)
I
na pevIaps
Ieve venind
ou
oJ lIe exlenl lo vIicI in cevlain socielies lIe
voIes oJ nen and vonen ave
vevevsed,
nol
onI vegavding
doneslic and
sociaI dulies Iul aIso
vegavding
IeIaviouv and
nenlaIil.
Even iJ
nan
oJ
us,
in sucI a
silualion, nigIl pevIaps
al Jivsl sIvinI Jvon
adnilling
lIe
possiIiI-
il
lIal il is
enliveI
a
capvice
oJ Jale lIal lIe
peopIe
concevned Iave lIeiv
speciJic
cuIluve and nol
ouvs,
and ve nol lIeivs inslead oJ ouv
ovn,
il is cIeav
lIal even lIe
sIigIlesl suspicion
in lIis
vespecl inpIies
a
IelvaaI
oJ lIe
nalionaI
conpIacenc
inIevenl in
an
Iunan cuIluve
vesling
in ilseIJ.
6. TIis
inpvessive
vovI aIso
expIains
lIe inlinale conneclions vilI
O6ideI's
pvooJ
oJ lIe
inconpIeleness
oJ JovnaI
sslens
and vilI SIoIen's conslvuclion oJ
nonslandavd nodeIs oJ
avilInelic,
as veII as vilI BalaiIIe's
genevaI econon.
Fov JuvlIev discussion oJ BalaiIIe's
pIsics
see HocIvolI 1995.
Nunevous olIev
exanpIes
couId Ie adduced. Fov
inslance,
BavIava
JoInson
|1989, 12)
naIes no
speciJic
veJevence lo
quanlun pIsics:
Iul Iev
descviplion
oJ deconslvuclion is an
eeviI
exacl
sunnav
oJ lIe
conpIenenlavil pvincipIe
232 AIan B. SoIaI
Inslead oJ a
sinpIe eilIev/ov slvucluve,
deconslvuclion
allenpls
lo eIaIovale a
discouvse lIal
sas
neilIev
'eilIev/ov,
nov
'IolI/and'
nov even
'neilIev/nov'
vIiIe al
lIe sane line nol
lolaII aIandoning
lIese
Iogics
eilIev. See aIso
McCavlI
1992 Jov a
lIougIl-pvovoIing anaIsis
lIal vaises
disluvIing queslions
aIoul lIe
conpIicil
Ielveen
|nonveIalivislic) quanlun pIsics
and deconslvuclion.
7. Fevnil ne in lIis
vegavd
a
pevsonaI
vecoIIeclion FiJleen
eavs ago,
vIen I
vas a
gvaduale sludenl, n
veseavcI in veIalivislic
quanlun
JieId
lIeov
Ied ne lo
an
appvoacI
lIal I caIIed
de[con]slvuclive quanlun
JieId
lIeov |SoIaI 1982).
OJ
couvse,
al lIal line I vas
conpIeleI ignovanl
oJ
Jacques
Bevvida's vovI on
deconslvuclion in
pIiIosopI
and
Iilevav lIeov.
In
velvospecl, Iovevev,
lIeve is
a
slviIing aJJinil n
vovI can Ie vead as an
expIovalion
oJ Iov lIe ovlIodox
discouvse
|e.g., IlzIson
and ZuIev
1980)
on scaIav
quanlun
JieId
lIeov
in
Jouv-dinensionaI
space-line |in
lecInicaI
levns,
venovnaIized
pevluvIalion
lIe-
ov
Jov lIe
|p44 lIeov)
can Ie seen lo assevl ils ovn
unveIiaIiIil
and
lIeveI
lo
undevnine ils ovn aJJivnalions. Since
lIen, n
vovI Ias sIiJled lo olIev
ques-
lions, noslI
connecled vilI
pIase lvansilions:
Iul suIlIe
IonoIogies
Ielveen
lIe lvo JieIds can Ie
discevned, nolaII
lIe lIene oJ
disconlinuil |see
n.
42).
Fov JuvlIev
exanpIes
oJ deconslvuclion in
quanlun
JieId
lIeov,
see Mevz and
Knovv Celina 1994.
8. BeII
1987, especiaII cIaps.
10 and 16. See aIso MaudIin 1994
|cIap. 1)
Jov a cIeav accounl
pvesupposing
no
speciaIized InovIedge Ieond IigI-scIooI
aIgeIva.
9.
OveenIevgev
el aI.
1989, 1990:
Mevnin
1990,
1993.
10. Avonovilz
|1988I, 331)
Ias nade a
pvovocalive
oIsevvalion
concevning
nonIineav
causaIil
in
quanlun
necIanics and ils veIalion lo lIe sociaI conslvuc-
lion oJ line
Lineav
causaIil
assunes lIal lIe veIalion oJ cause and eJJecl can Ie
expvessed
as a Junclion oJ
lenpovaI
succession.
Oving
lo vecenl
deveIop-
nenls in
quanlun necIanics,
ve can
posluIale
lIal il is
possiIIe
lo Inov lIe
eJJecls oJ aIsenl
causes:
lIal
is, speaIing nelapIovicaII,
eJJecls
na
anlici-
pale
causes so lIal ouv
pevceplion
oJ lIen
na pvecede
lIe
pIsicaI
occuv-
vence oJ a cause. TIe
IpolIesis
lIal
cIaIIenges
ouv convenlionaI
concep-
lion oJ Iineav line and
causaIil
and lIal assevls lIe
possiIiIil
oJ line's
vevevsaI aIso vaises lIe
queslion
oJ lIe
degvee
lo vIicI lIe
concepl
oJ line's
avvov is inIevenl in aII scienliJic
lIeov.
IJ lIese
expevinenls
ave
successJuI,
lIe concIusions aIoul lIe
va
line as cIocI-line Ias Ieen consliluled
IislovicaII
viII Ie
open
lo
queslion.
We viII Iave
pvoved I
neans oJ
expevinenl
vIal Ias
Iong
Ieen
suspecled I pIiIosopIevs, Iilevav
and sociaI
cvilics lIal line
is,
in
pavl,
a convenlionaI
conslvuclion,
ils
segnenlalion
inlo Iouvs and ninules a
pvoducl
oJ lIe need Jov induslviaI
discipIine,
Jov
valionaI
ovganizalion
oJ sociaI IaIov in lIe
eavI Iouvgeois epocI.
TIe lIeovelicaI
anaIses
oJ
OveenIevgev
el aI.
|1989, 1990)
and Mevnin
|1990,
1993) pvovide
a
slviIing exanpIe
oJ lIis
pIenonenon:
see MaudIin 1994 Jov a
delaiIed
anaIsis
oJ lIe
inpIicalions
Jov
concepls
oJ
causaIil
and
lenpovaIil.
An
expevinenlaI lesl, exlending
lIe vovI oJ
Aspecl
el aI.
|1982),
viII
IiIeI
Ie JovlI-
coning
vilIin lIe nexl Jev
eavs.
11. TIe inlinale veIalions Ielveen
quanlun
necIanics and lIe
nind-Iod
pvoIIen
ave discussed in OoIdslein
1983, cIaps.
7 and 8.
12.
Anong
lIe voIuninous
Iilevaluve, Capva
1975 can Ie veconnended Jov
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 233
Das ist ja schon geil, muss man
zugeben ...
nicht drin
LOOOL
ils scienliJic
accuvac
and ils
accessiIiIil
lo
nonspeciaIisls.
In
addilion,
SIeI-
dvaIe
1981,
vIiIe
occasionaII specuIalive,
is in
genevaI
sound. Fov a
snpa-
lIelic Iul cvilicaI
anaIsis
oJ Nev
Age lIeovies,
see Boss
1991, cIap.
1. Fov a cvi-
lique
oJ
Capva's
vovI Jvon a TIivd WovId
pevspeclive,
see AIvaves
1992, cIap.
6.
13. Nevlonian alonisn lveals
pavlicIes
as
Ipevsepavaled
in
space
and
line,
IacIgvounding
lIeiv inlevconnecledness
|FIunvood 1993a, 125): indeed,
lIe
onI
'Jovce' aIIoved vilIin lIe necIanislic JvanevovI is lIal oJ Iinelic
enevg-
lIe
enevg
oJ nolion
I
conlacl-aII olIev
puvpovled Jovces, incIuding
aclion al a
dislance, Ieing vegavded
as occuIl
|MalIevs 1991, 17).
Fov cvilicaI
anaIses
oJ
lIe Nevlonian necIanislic
vovIdviev,
see WeiI
1968, esp. cIap. 1:
MevcIanl
1980:
Bevnan
1981:
KeIIev
1985, cIaps.
2 and
3:
MalIevs
1991, cIap. 1:
and
FIunvood
1993a, cIap.
5.
14.
Accovding
lo lIe lvadilionaI lexlIooI
accounl, speciaI veIalivil
is con-
cevned vilI lIe coovdinale lvansJovnalions
veIaling
lvo Jvanes oJ veJevence in
uniJovn veIalive nolion. Bul lIis is a
nisIeading ovevsinpIiJicalion,
as Bvuno
Lalouv Ias
poinled
oul
Hov can one decide vIelIev an oIsevvalion nade in a lvain aIoul lIe
IeIaviouv oJ a
JaIIing
slone can Ie nade lo coincide vilI lIe oIsevvalion
nade oJ lIe sane
JaIIing
slone Jvon lIe enIanInenl? IJ lIeve ave
onI one,
ov even
lvo,
Jvanes oJ
veJevence,
no soIulion can Ie Jound since lIe nan in
lIe lvain cIains Ie oIsevves a
slvaigIl
Iine and lIe nan on lIe enIanInenl
a
pavaIoIa.
. . . Einslein's soIulion is lo considev lIvee aclovs one in lIe
lvain,
one on lIe enIanInenl and a lIivd
one,
lIe aulIov
[enuncialov]
ov
one oJ ils
vepvesenlanls,
vIo lvies lo
supevinpose
lIe coded oIsevvalions
senl IacI
I
lIe lvo olIevs . . . WilIoul lIe enuncialov's
posilion |Iidden
in
Einslein's
accounl),
and vilIoul lIe nolion oJ cenlves oJ
caIcuIalion,
Ein-
slein's ovn lecInicaI
avgunenl
is unundevslandaIIe.
|1988, 10-11, 35:
enpIasis
in
oviginaI)
In lIe
end,
as Lalouv
villiI
Iul
accuvaleI oIsevves, speciaI veIalivil
IoiIs dovn
lo lIe
pvoposilion
lIal nove Jvanes oJ veJevence vilI Iess
pviviIege
can Ie
accessed, veduced,
accunuIaled and
conIined,
oIsevvevs can Ie
deIegaled
lo a
Jev nove
pIaces
in lIe
inJinileI Iavge |lIe cosnos)
and lIe
inJinileI
snaII
|eIec-
lvons),
and lIe
veadings lIe
send viII Ie undevslandaIIe. His
[Einslein's]
IooI
couId veII Ie lilIed 'Nev Inslvuclions Jov
Bvinging
BacI
Long-Bislance
Scien-
liJic TvaveIIevs'
|22-23).
Lalouv's cvilicaI
anaIsis
oJ Einslein's
Iogic pvovides
an
eninenlI
accessiIIe inlvoduclion lo
speciaI veIalivil
Jov non-scienlisls.
15. Il
goes
vilIoul
saing
lIal
speciaI veIalivil pvoposes
nev
concepls
nol
onI
oJ
space
and line Iul aIso oJ necIanics. In
speciaI veIalivil,
as ViviIio
|1991, 136)
Ias
noled,
lIe
dvonospIevic space, space-speed,
is
pIsicaII
descviIed
I
vIal is caIIed lIe
'Iogislic equalion,'
lIe vesuIl oJ lIe
pvoducl
oJ lIe
nass
dispIaced I
lIe
speed
oJ ils
dispIacenenl,
MxV. TIis vadicaI aIlevalion oJ
lIe Nevlonian JovnuIa Ias
pvoJound consequences, pavlicuIavI
in lIe
quanlun
lIeov:
see Lovenlz el aI. 1952 and
WeinIevg
1992 Jov JuvlIev discussion.
16. Sleven Besl
|1991, 225)
Ias
pul
Iis
Jingev
on lIe cvux oJ lIe
diJJicuIl,
vIicI is lIal unIiIe lIe Iineav
equalions
used in Nevlonian and even
quanlun
necIanics,
nonIineav
equalions
do
[nol]
Iave lIe
sinpIe
addilive
pvopevl
vIeveI
cIains oJ soIulions can Ie conslvucled oul oJ
sinpIe, independenl
pavls.
Fov lIis
veason,
lIe
slvalegies
oJ
alonizalion, veduclionisn,
and conlexl-
slvipping
lIal undevIie lIe Nevlonian scienliJic
nelIodoIog sinpI
do nol vovI
in
genevaI veIalivil.
234 AIan B. SoIaI
ohh shit..
17.
O6deI
1949. Fov a
sunnav
oJ vecenl vovI in lIis
avea,
see 'l HooJl
1993.
18. TIese nev nolions oJ
space, line,
and
causaIil
ave in
pavl
JovesIadoved
aIvead
in
speciaI veIalivil. TIus,
AIexandev
Avgvos |1991, 137)
Ias noled lIal
in a univevse doninaled
I pIolons, gvavilons,
and
neulvinos,
lIal
is,
in lIe
vev eavI univevse,
lIe
lIeov
oJ
speciaI veIalivil suggesls
lIal
an
dislinclion
Ielveen IeJove and aJlev is
inpossiIIe.
Fov a
pavlicIe lvaveIing
al lIe
speed
oJ
IigIl,
ov one
lvavevsing
a dislance lIal is in lIe ovdev oJ lIe FIancI
IenglI,
aII
evenls ave sinuIlaneous.
Hovevev,
I cannol
agvee
vilI
Avgvos's
concIusion
lIal Bevvidean deconslvuclion is lIeveJove
inappIicaIIe
lo lIe Ievneneulics oJ
eavI-univevse cosnoIog Avgvos's avgunenl
lo lIis eJJecl is Iased on an
inpev-
nissiII lolaIizing
use oJ
speciaI veIalivil |in
lecInicaI
levns, IigIl-cone
coov-
dinales)
in a conlexl vIeve
genevaI veIalivil
is
inescapaIIe. |Fov
a siniIav Iul
Iess innocenl
evvov,
see n.
20.)
Jean-Fvanois Lolavd |1989, 5-6)
Ias aIso
poinled
oul lIal nol
onI genevaI
veIalivil,
Iul aIso nodevn
eIenenlav-pavlicIe pIsics, inposes
nev nolions oJ
line
In
conlenpovav pIsics
and
aslvopIsics
. . . a
pavlicIe
Ias a sovl oJ eIe-
nenlav nenov
and
consequenlI
a
lenpovaI
JiIlev. TIis is
vI conlenpo-
vav pIsicisls
lend lo lIinI lIal line enanales Jvon nallev
ilseIJ,
and lIal il
is nol an
enlil
oulside ov inside lIe univevse vIose Junclion il vouId Ie lo
galIev
aII diJJevenl lines inlo univevsaI
Iislov.
Il is
onI
in cevlain
vegions
lIal
sucI-onI pavliaI-snlIeses
couId Ie delecled. TIeve vouId on lIis
viev Ie aveas oJ delevninisn vIeve
conpIexil
is
incveasing.
FuvlIevnove,
MicIeI Sevves
|1992, 89-91)
Ias noled lIal cIaos
lIeov |OIeicI
1987)
and
pevcoIalion lIeov |SlauJJev 1985)
Iave conlesled lIe lvadilionaI Iin-
eav
concepl
oJ line
Tine does nol
aIvas
JIov
aIong
a Iine. . . ov a
pIane,
Iul
aIong
an exlvaov-
dinaviI conpIex naniJoId,
as iJ il sIoved
slopping poinls, vupluves,
sinIs
[puils],
JunneIs oJ
ovevvIeIning
acceIevalion
[cIenindes
d'acceIvalion
Joudvoanle], vips, Iacunae,
aII sovn
vandonI....
Tine JIovs in a luvIuIenl
and cIaolic
nannev:
il
pevcoIales. |TvansIalion
nine. Nole lIal in lIe
lIeov
oJ
dnanicaI sslens, puils
is a lecInicaI levn
neaning sinI,
i.e. lIe
opposile
oJ
souvce.)
TIese
nuIlipIe insigIls
inlo lIe naluve oJ
line, pvovided I
diJJevenl IvancIes oJ
pIsics,
ave a JuvlIev iIIuslvalion oJ lIe
conpIenenlavil pvincipIe.
OenevaI
veIalivil
can
avguaII
Ie vead as
covvoIovaling
lIe NielzscIean
deconslvuclion oJ
causaIil |see, e.g.,
CuIIev
1982, 86-88), aIlIougI
sone veIa-
livisls Jind lIis
inlevpvelalion pvoIIenalic.
In
quanlun necIanics, I conlvasl,
lIis
pIenonenon
is valIev
JivnI
eslaIIisIed
|see
n.
10).
OenevaI
veIalivil
is
aIso,
oJ
couvse,
lIe
slavling poinl
Jov
conlenpovav aslvopIsics
and
pIsicaI
cosnoIog.
See MalIevs 1991
|59-90, 109-16, 142-63)
Jov a delaiIed
anaIsis
oJ lIe conneclions Ielveen
genevaI veIalivil |and
ils
genevaIizalions
caIIed
geonelvodnanics)
and an
ecoIogicaI
vovIdviev. Fov an
aslvopIsicisl's spec-
uIalions
aIong
siniIav Iines, see FvinacI and AIvans 1995.
19. Biscussion oJ Bevvida
|1970, 265-66).
20.
BigIl-ving
cvilics Ovoss and Levill
|1994, 79)
Iave vidicuIed lIis slale-
nenl, viIIJuII nisinlevpveling
il as an assevlion aIoul
speciaI veIalivil,
in vIicI
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 235
lIe Einsleinian conslanl c
|lIe speed
oJ
IigIl
in
vacuun)
is oJ couvse conslanl.
No veadev even
nininaII
convevsanl vilI nodevn
pIsics-excepl
an
ideoIogi-
caII
Iiased one-couId JaiI lo undevsland Bevvida's
unequivocaI
veJevence lo
genevaI veIalivil.
21. Luce
Ivigava |1987, 77-78)
Ias
poinled
oul lIal lIe conlvadiclions
Ielveen
quanlun lIeov
and JieId
lIeov
ave in Jacl lIe cuIninalion oJ a Iislov-
icaI
pvocess
lIal
Iegan
vilI Nevlonian necIanics
TIe Nevlonian IveaI Ias usIeved scienliJic
enlevpvise
inlo a vovId vIeve
sense
pevceplion
is vovlI
IillIe,
a vovId vIicI can Iead lo lIe anniIiIalion oJ
lIe
vev
slaIes oJ
pIsics' oIjecl
lIe nallev
|vIalevev
lIe
pvedicales)
oJ lIe
univevse and oJ lIe Iodies lIal conslilule il. In lIis
vev science,
noveovev
[d'aiIIeuvs], cIeavages
exisl
quanlun lIeov/JieId lIeov,
necIanics oJ
soIids/dnanics
oJ
JIuids,
Jov
exanpIe.
Bul lIe
inpevcepliIiIil
oJ lIe nallev
undev
slud
oJlen
Ivings
vilI il lIe
pavadoxicaI pviviIege
oJ
soIidil
in dis-
covevies and a
deIa,
even an
aIandoning
oJ lIe
anaIsis
oJ lIe
inJinil
[I'in-
Jini]
oJ lIe JieIds oJ Jovce.
I Iave Ieve covvecled lIe lvansIalion oJ
d'aiIIeuvs,
vIicI neans noveovev ov
Iesides
|nol Iovevev).
22. SIeIdvaIe
1981, 1991: Bviggs
and Feal
1984, cIap. 4:
Ovanevo-Fovali
and Fovali
1984:
KazavinoJJ
1985:
ScIiJJnann
1989:
Fsavev
1990:
BvooIs and
Caslov
1990:
Heinonen el aI.
1992: Bensing
1993. Fov an
in-deplI
lvealnenl oJ
lIe nalIenalicaI
IacIgvound
lo lIis
lIeov,
see TIon
1975, 1990:
and Jov a
IvieJ Iul
insigIlJuI anaIsis
oJ lIe
pIiIosopIicaI undevpinnings
oJ lIis and veIaled
appvoacIes,
see Boss 1991
|40-42,
253 n.
20).
23. Sone
eavI
vovIevs
lIougIl
lIal lIe
novpIogenelic
JieId
nigIl
Ie
veIaled lo lIe
eIeclvonagnelic JieId,
Iul il is nov undevslood lIal lIis is
neveI
a
suggeslive anaIog
see SIeIdvaIe 1981
|77, 90)
Jov a cIeav
exposilion.
Nole aIso
poinl |I)
IeIov.
24. Fov anolIev
exanpIe
oJ lIe luvJ
eJJecl,
see
CIonsI
1979
|6-7).
25. To Ie Jaiv lo lIe
IigI-enevg-pIsics eslaIIisInenl,
I sIouId nenlion
lIal lIeve is aIso an Ionesl inleIIecluaI veason Jov lIeiv
opposilion
lo lIis
lIeov
inasnucI as il
posils
a
suIquanlun
inlevaclion
IinIing pallevns lIvougIoul
lIe
univevse,
il
is,
in
pIsicisls' levninoIog,
a nonIocaI JieId
lIeov. Nov,
lIe Iis-
lov
oJ cIassicaI lIeovelicaI
pIsics
since lIe
eavI 1800s,
Jvon MaxveII's eIeclvo-
dnanics
lo Einslein's
genevaI veIalivil,
can Ie vead in a
vev deep
sense as a
lvend
ava
Jvon aclion-al-a-dislance lIeovies and lovavd IocaI
JieId
lIeovies in
lecInicaI
levns,
lIeovies
expvessiIIe I pavliaI
diJJevenliaI
equalions |Einslein
and
InJeId
1961: HaIes 1984).
So a nonIocaI JieId
lIeov deJinileI goes againsl
lIe
gvain.
On lIe olIev
Iand,
as BeII
|1987)
and olIevs Iave
convincingI avgued,
lIe
Ie pvopevl
oJ
quanlun
necIanics is
pveciseI
ils
non-IocaIil,
as
expvessed
in
BeII's lIeoven and ils
genevaIizalions |see
nn. 8 and
9). TIeveJove,
a nonIocaI JieId
lIeov, aIlIougI javving
lo
pIsicisls'
cIassicaI
inluilion,
is nol
onI
naluvaI Iul in
Jacl
pveJevved |and possiII
even
nandalov?)
in lIe
quanlun
conlexl. TIis is
vI
cIassicaI
genevaI veIalivil
is a IocaI JieId
lIeov,
vIiIe
quanlun gvavil |vIelIev
slving, veave,
ov
novpIogenelic JieId)
is
inIevenlI
nonIocaI.
26. BiJJevenliaI
lopoIog
is lIe IvancI oJ nalIenalics concevned vilI lIose
pvopevlies
oJ suvJaces
|and IigIev-dinensionaI naniJoIds)
lIal ave unaJJecled
I
snoolI deJovnalions. TIe
pvopevlies
il sludies ave lIeveJove
pvinaviI quaIi-
lalive valIev lIan
quanlilalive,
and ils nelIods ave IoIislic valIev lIan Cavlesian.
236 AIan B. SoIaI
27. TIe aIevl veadev viII nolice lIal anonaIies in novnaI science ave lIe
usuaI
IavIingev
oJ a
Juluve pavadign
sIiJl
|KuIn 1970).
28. TIe
JIoveving
oJ lIe
lIeov
oJ
pIase
lvansilions in lIe 1970s
pvoIaII
veJIecls an incveased
enpIasis
on
disconlinuil
and
vupluve
in lIe videv cuIluve
|see
n.
42).
29. Fov an
in-deplI anaIsis
oJ Lacan's use oJ ideas Jvon nalIenalicaI
lopoIog,
see
JuvanviIIe
1984
|cIap. 7):
Ovanon-LaJonl
1985, 1990: Vappeveau
1985:
and Nasio
1987, 1992:
a IvieJ
sunnav
is
given I Leupin
1991. See
HaIes
1990
|80)
Jov an
inlviguing
conneclion Ielveen Lacanian
lopoIog
and
cIaos
lIeov: unJovlunaleI
sIe does nol
puvsue
il. See aIso ZizeI 1991
|38-39,
45-47)
Jov sone JuvlIev
IonoIogies
Ielveen Lacanian
lIeov
and
conlenpovav
pIsics.
Lacan aIso nade exlensive use oJ
concepls
Jvon sel-lIeovelic nunIev
lIeov see,
Jov
exanpIe,
MiIIev
1977/78
and
BagIand-SuIIivan
1990.
In
Iouvgeois
sociaI
pscIoIog, lopoIogicaI
ideas Iad Ieen
enpIoed I
Kuvl Levin as
eavI
as lIe
1930s,
Iul lIis vovI Joundeved Jov lvo veasons
Jivsl,
Iecause oJ ils individuaIisl
ideoIogicaI pveconceplions:
and
second,
Iecause il
veIied on oId-JasIioned
poinl-sel lopoIog
valIev lIan nodevn diJJevenliaI
lopoI-
og
and
calaslvopIe lIeov. Begavding
lIe second
poinl,
see BacI 1992.
30. II
suJJil,
a celle
Jin,
veconnaIlve
que
Lacan conJ&ve enJin a Ia
pensee
de
Fveud,
Ies
concepls scienliJiques qu'eIIe exige.
TIis Janous
essa
on Fveud and
Lacan vas Jivsl
puIIisIed
in
1964,
IeJove Lacan's vovI Iad veacIed ils
IigIesl
IeveI oJ nalIenalicaI
vigov.
Il vas
vepvinled
in
EngIisI
lvansIalion in AIlIussev
1969.
31. TIis avlicIe Ias Iecone
quile
inJIuenliaI in JiIn
lIeov see,
Jov
exanpIe,
Janeson
1982
|27-28)
and lIe veJevences ciled lIeve. As SlvalIausen
|1994, 69)
indicales,
MiIIev's avlicIe is
lougI going
Jov lIe veadev nol veII vevsed in lIe
nalIenalics oJ sel
lIeov.
Bul il is veII vovlI lIe eJJovl. Fov a
genlIe
inlvoduc-
lion lo sel
lIeov,
see BouvIaIi 1970.
32.
HonoIog lIeov
is one oJ lIe lvo nain IvancIes oJ lIe nalIenalicaI
JieId caIIed
aIgeIvaic lopoIog.
Fov an exceIIenl inlvoduclion lo
IonoIog lIeov,
see MunIves
1984:
ov Jov a nove
popuIav accounl,
see
EiIenIevg
and Sleenvod
1952. A
JuII
veIalivislic
IonoIog lIeov
is
discussed,
Jov
exanpIe,
in
EiIenIevg
and Moove 1965. Fov a diaIeclicaI
appvoacI
lo
IonoIog lIeov
and ils
duaI,
coIonoIog lIeov,
see
Masse
1978. Fov a
cIevnelic appvoacI
lo
IonoIog,
see SaIudes i CIosa 1984.
33. Fov lIe veIalion oJ
IonoIog
lo
culs,
see HivscI 1976
|205-8):
and Jov
an
appIicalion
lo coIIeclive novenenls in
quanlun
JieId
lIeov,
see CavaccioIo el
aI. 1993
|especiaII Appendix
A.
1).
34. Il
is, Iovevev,
vovlI
noling
lIal lIe
space
BF3 is
IoneonovpIic
lo lIe
gvoup SO|3)
oJ volalionaI
snnelvies
oJ convenlionaI lIvee-dinensionaI EucIid-
ean
space. TIus,
sone
aspecls
oJ lIvee-dinensionaI
EucIidicil
ave
pvesevved
|aIIeil
in nodiJied
Jovn)
in lIe
poslnodevn pIsics, jusl
as sone
aspecls
oJ
Nevlonian necIanics veve
pvesevved
in nodiJied Jovn in Einsleinian
pIsics.
35. See aIso
JoInson
1977
|481-82)
Jov an
anaIsis
oJ Bevvida's and Lacan's
eJJovls lovavd
lvanscending
lIe EucIidean
spaliaI Iogic.
AIong
veIaled
Iines,
Eve
Seguin |1994, 61)
Ias noled lIal
Iogic sas nolIing
aIoul lIe vovId and allviIules lo lIe vovId
pvopevlies
lIal ave Iul conslvucls oJ
lIeovelicaI
lIougIl.
TIis
expIains vI pIsics
since Einslein Ias veIied on aIlev-
nalive
Iogics,
sucI as lvivaIenl
Iogic
vIicI
vejecls
lIe
pvincipIe
oJ lIe excIuded
niddIe. A
pioneeving |and unjuslI Jovgollen)
vovI in lIis
diveclion,
IiIevise
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 237
inspived I quanlun necIanics,
is
Lupasco
1951. See aIso FIunvood 1993I
|453-59)
Jov a
speciJicaII
Jeninisl
pevspeclive
on noncIassicaI
Iogics.
Fov a cvil-
icaI
anaIsis
oJ one noncIassicaI
Iogic |Ioundav Iogic)
and ils veIalion lo lIe
ideoIog
oJ
cIevspace,
see
MavIIe
1994.
36. TIis
essa oviginaII appeaved
in FvencI in
Ivigava
1982.
Ivigava's
pIvase
lIeovie des ensenIIes can aIso Ie vendeved as
lIeov
oJ
sels,
and Iovds is
usuaII
lvansIaled in lIe nalIenalicaI conlexl as Ioundavies. Hev
pIvase
ensenIIes
JIous na
veJev lo lIe nev nalIenalicaI JieId oJ
Juzz
sels
|KauJ-
nann
1973:
KosIo
1993).
37. In lIe
Iislov
oJ nalIenalics lIeve Ias Ieen a
Iong-slanding
diaIeclic
Ielveen lIe
deveIopnenl
oJ ils
puve
and
appIied
IvancIes
|SlvuiI 1987).
OJ
couvse,
lIe
appIicalions lvadilionaII pviviIeged
in lIis conlexl Iave Ieen lIose
pvoJilaIIe
lo
capilaIisls
ov useJuI lo lIeiv
niIilav
Jovces Jov
exanpIe,
nunIev
lIeov
Ias Ieen
deveIoped IavgeI
Jov ils
appIicalions
in
cvplogvapI |Loxlon
1990).
See aIso
Havd
1967
|120-21, 131-'32).
38. TIe
equaI vepvesenlalion
oJ aII
Ioundav
condilions is aIso
suggesled I
CIev's
Ioolslvap lIeov
oJ suIalonic
denocvac
see CIev 1977 Jov an inlvo-
duclion,
and see Movvis 1988 and
MavIIe
1992 Jov
pIiIosopIicaI anaIsis.
39. TIe nain Iinilalion oJ lIe Madsen-Madsen
anaIsis
is lIal il is essen-
liaII apoIilicaI:
and il
IavdI
needs lo Ie
poinled
oul lIal
dispules
ovev vIal is
lvue can Iave a
pvoJound
eJJecl
on,
and ave in luvn
pvoJoundI
aJJecled
I,
dis-
pules
ovev
poIilicaI pvojecls.
TIus
MavIIe |1992, 270)
naIes a
poinl
siniIav lo
lIal oJ
Madsen-Madsen,
Iul
vigIlI
siluales il in ils
poIilicaI
conlexl
BadicaI
cviliques
oJ science lIal seeI lo
escape
lIe conslvainls oJ delevnin-
islic diaIeclics nusl aIso
give
ovev
navvovI
conceived deIales aIoul veaIisn
and lvulI lo
invesligale
vIal Iind oJ
veaIilies-poIilicaI veaIilies-nigIl
Ie
engendeved I
a
diaIogicaI Ioolslvapping.
WilIin a
diaIogicaII agilaled
envivonnenl,
deIales aIoul
veaIil Iecone,
in
pvaclicaI levns,
ivveIevanl.
BeaIil, JinaII,
is a IislovicaI conslvucl.
See
MavIIe
1992
|266-72)
and HoIsIavn 1993
|63-64)
Jov JuvlIev discussion
oJ lIe
40. Avonovilz
|1988I, 292-93)
naIes a
sIigIlI diJJevenl,
Iul
equaII
cogenl,
cvilicisn oJ
quanlun cIvonodnanics |lIe cuvvenlI Iegenonic lIeov
vepvesenling
nucIeons as
pevnanenlI
Iound slales oJ
quavIs
and
gIuons)
dvav-
ing
on lIe vovI oJ
FicIeving |1984),
Ie noles lIal
in Iis
[FicIeving's] accounl, quavIs
ave lIe nane
assigned
lo
|aIsenl) pIe-
nonena lIal coIeve vilI
pavlicIe
valIev lIan JieId
lIeovies, vIicI,
in eacI
case,
oJJev
diJJevenl, aIlIougI equaII pIausiIIe, expIanalions
Jov lIe sane
|inJevved)
oIsevvalion. TIal lIe
najovil
oJ lIe scienliJic
connunil
cIose
one ovev anolIev is a Junclion oJ scienlisls'
pveJevence
Jov lIe lvadilion valIev
lIan lIe
vaIidil
oJ
expIanalion.
Hovevev, FicIeving
does nol veacI IacI Jav
enougI
inlo lIe
Iislov
oJ
pIsics
lo Jind lIe Iasis oJ lIe veseavcI lvadilion Jvon vIicI lIe
quavI
expIanalion
enanales. Il
na
nol Ie Jound inside lIe lvadilion Iul in lIe ide-
oIog
oJ
science,
in lIe diJJevences IeIind JieId vevsus
pavlicIe lIeovies,
sin-
pIe
vevsus
conpIex expIanalions,
lIe Iias lovavd
cevlainl
valIev lIan inde-
levninaleness.
238 AIan B. SoIaI
AIong vev
siniIav
Iines, MavIIe |1992, 269)
oIsevves lIal
pIsicisls' pveJevence
Jov
quanlun cIvonodnanics
ovev CIev's
Ioolslvap lIeov
oJ suIalonic
denocvac |CIev 1977)
is a vesuIl oJ
ideoIog
valIev lIan dala
Il is nol
suvpvising,
in lIis
vegavd,
lIal
Ioolslvap lIeov
Ias JaIIen inlo veIa-
live disJavov
anong pIsicisls seeIing
a OUT
|Ovand
UniJied
TIeov)
ov
TOE
|TIeov
oJ
EvevlIing)
lo
expIain
lIe slvucluve oJ lIe univevse. Con-
pveIensive
lIeovies lIal
expIain evevlIing
ave
pvoducls
oJ lIe
pviviIeging
oJ coIevence and ovdev in veslevn science. TIe cIoice Ielveen
Ioolslvap
lIeov
and lIeovies oJ
evevlIing
lIal conJvonls
pIsicisls
does nol Iave lo
do
pvinaviI
vilI lIe lvulI-vaIue oJJeved
I
lIese accounls oJ avaiIaIIe dala
Iul vilI lIe navvalive slvucluves-indelevninale ov delevninislic-inlo
vIicI lIese dala ave
pIaced
and
I
vIicI
lIe
ave
inlevpveled.
UnJovlunaleI,
lIe vasl
najovil
oJ
pIsicisls
ave nol
el
avave oJ lIese incisive
cviliques
oJ one oJ lIeiv nosl
JevvenlI
IeId
dognas.
Fov anolIev
cvilique
oJ lIe Iidden
ideoIog
oJ
conlenpovav pavlicIe
pIsics,
see KvoIev el aI. 1989
|158-62, 204-7).
TIe
slIe
oJ lIis
cvilique
is
valIev loo BaudviIIavdian Jov
n
slaid
lasle,
Iul lIe conlenl is
|excepl
Jov a Jev
ninov
inaccuvacies) vigIl
on
lavgel.
41. Fov an
anusing exanpIe
oJ Iov lIis nodesl denand Ias dviven
vigIl-
ving
scienlisls inlo Jils oJ
apopIex |JvigIleningI
SlaIinisl is lIe cIosen
epi-
lIel),
see Ovoss and Levill 1994
|91).
42. WIiIe cIaos
lIeov
Ias Ieen
deepI
sludied
I
cuIluvaI
anaIsls-see,
Jov
exanpIe, HaIes 1990, 1991: Avgvos 1991:
Besl
1991: Young 1991, 1992:
Assad
1993
anong nan
olIevs-lIe
lIeov
oJ
pIase
lvansilions Ias
passed IavgeI
unvenavIed.
|One exceplion
is lIe discussion oJ lIe venovnaIizalion
gvoup
in
HaIes
1990
[154-58].)
TIis is a
pil,
Iecause
disconlinuil
and lIe
enevgence
oJ
nuIlipIe
scaIes ave cenlvaI Jealuves in lIis
lIeov:
and il vouId Ie
inlevesling
lo
Inov Iov lIe
deveIopnenl
oJ lIese lIenes in lIe 1970s and aJlevvavds is con-
necled lo lvends in lIe videv cuIluve. I lIeveJove
suggesl
lIis
lIeov
as a JvuilJuI
JieId Jov Juluve veseavcI
I
cuIluvaI
anaIsls.
Sone lIeovens on
disconlinuil
vIicI
na
Ie veIevanl lo lIis
anaIsis
can Ie Jound in Van Enlev el aI. 1993.
43.
See, Iovevev,
ScIov 1989 Jov a
cvilique
oJ
Ivigava's
undue deJevence
lovavd convenlionaI
|naIe) science, pavlicuIavI pIsics.
44.
Concevning
lIe
Cavlesian/Baconian nelapIsics,
BoIevl
MavIIe |1991,
6)
Ias oIsevved lIal
Navvalives oJ scienliJic
pvogvess depend upon inposing Iinav opposilions-
lvue/JaIse, vigIl/vvong-on
lIeovelicaI and
expevinenlaI InovIedge, pvivi-
Ieging neaning
ovev
noise, nelonn
ovev
nelapIov, nonoIogicaI aulIovil
ovev
diaIogicaI
conlenlion . . . TIese
allenpls
lo Jix naluve ave
ideoIogicaII
coevcive as veII as
descvipliveI
Iiniled.
TIe
Jocus allenlion
onI
on lIe
snaII
vange
oJ
pIenonena-sa,
Iineav
dnanics-vIicI
seen lo oJJev
eas,
oJlen ideaIized
vas
oJ
nodeIing
and
inlevpveling
IunanIind's
veIalionsIip
lo lIe univevse.
WIiIe lIis oIsevvalion is inJovned
pvinaviI I
cIaos
lIeov-and secondaviI
I
nonveIalivislic
quanlun
necIanics-il in Jacl sunnavizes
IeauliJuII
lIe vad-
icaI
cIaIIenge
lo nodevnisl
nelapIsics posed I quanlun gvavil.
45. One caveal I Iave
slvong
vesevvalions aIoul
Capva's
use Ieve oJ lIe
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 239
vovd
ccIicaI,
vIicI iJ
inlevpveled
loo
IilevaII
couId
pvonole
a
poIilicaII vegves-
sive
quielisn.
Fov JuvlIev
anaIses
oJ lIese
issues,
see BoIn
1980:
MevcIanl
1980, 1992:
Bevnan
1981: Fvigogine
and
Slengevs 1984:
Boven
1985:
OviJJin
1988:
KilcIenev
1988:
CaIIicoll 1989
|cIaps.
6 and
9):
SIiva
1990:
Besl
1991:
Havava 1991, 1994:
MalIevs
1991:
Movin
1992:
Sanlos
1992:
and
WvigIl
1992.
46. A ninov
quiIIIe
il is nol cIeav lo ne lIal
conpIex
nunIev
lIeov,
vIicI is a nev and sliII
quile specuIalive
IvancI oJ nalIenalicaI
pIsics, ougIl
lo Ie accovded lIe sane
epislenoIogicaI
slalus as lIe lIvee
JivnI
eslaIIisIed sci-
ences ciled
I MavIIe.
See WaIIevslein 1993
|17-20)
Jov an incisive and
cIoseI anaIogous
accounl
oJ Iov lIe
poslnodevn pIsics
is
Ieginning
lo Iovvov ideas Jvon lIe IislovicaI
sociaI
sciences:
and see Sanlos 1989 and 1992 Jov a nove delaiIed
deveIopnenl.
47. Al lIis
poinl,
lIe lvadilionaI scienlisl's
vesponse
is lIal vovI nol con-
Jovning
lo lIe
evidenliav
slandavds oJ convenlionaI science is
JundanenlaII
ivvalionaI,
lIal
is, IogicaII
JIaved and lIeveJove nol
vovlI
oJ cvedence. Bul lIis
veJulalion is insuJJicienl
Jov,
as FovusI
|1993)
Ias
IucidI oIsevved,
nodevn
nalIenalics and
pIsics
Iave lIenseIves adnilled a
povevJuI
inlvusion oJ lIe
ivvalionaI in
quanlun
necIanics and
O6deI's
lIeoven-aIlIougI,
undevsland-
aII,
IiIe lIe
FlIagoveans lvenl-Jouv
cenluvies
ago,
nodevnisl scienlisls Iave
allenpled
lo exovcise lIis unvanled ivvalionaI eIenenl as Iesl
lIe
couId. FovusI
naIes a
povevJuI pIea
Jov a
posl-valionaI epislenoIog
lIal vouId velain lIe
Iesl oJ convenlionaI Weslevn science vIiIe
vaIidaling
aIlevnalive
vas
oJ
Inoving.
Nole aIso lIal
Jacques Lacan,
Jvon a
quile
diJJevenl
slavling poinl,
cane
Iong ago
lo a siniIav
appvecialion
oJ lIe inevilaIIe voIe oJ
ivvalionaIil
in nodevn
nalIenalics
IJ
ou'II pevnil
ne lo use one oJ lIose JovnuIas vIicI cone lo ne as I
vvile
n noles,
Iunan IiJe couId Ie deJined as a caIcuIus in vIicI zevo vas
ivvalionaI. TIis JovnuIa is
jusl
an
inage,
a nalIenalicaI
nelapIov.
WIen I
sa ivvalionaI,
I'n
veJevving
nol lo sone unJalIonaIIe enolionaI slale Iul
pveciseI
lo vIal is caIIed an
inaginav
nunIev. TIe
squave
vool oJ ninus
one doesn'l
covvespond
lo
anlIing
lIal is
suIjecl
lo ouv
inluilion, anlIing
veaI-in lIe nalIenalicaI sense oJ lIe levn-and
el,
il nusl Ie
consevved,
aIong
vilI ils JuII Junclion.
|Lacan 1977, 28-29:
seninav
oviginaII given
in
1959)
Fov JuvlIev veJIeclions on
ivvalionaIil
in nodevn
nalIenalics,
see SoIonon 1988
|76)
and BIoov 1991
|122-25).
48.
AIong pavaIIeI Iines,
Bonna
Havava |1991, 191-92)
Ias
avgued
eIo-
quenlI
Jov a denocvalic science
conpvising pavliaI, IocalaIIe,
cvilicaI InovI-
edges suslaining
lIe
possiIiIil
oJ veIs oJ conneclions caIIed
soIidavil
in
poIilics
and sIaved convevsalions in
epislenoIog
and Jounded on a doclvine and
pvac-
lice oJ
oIjeclivil
lIal
pviviIeges conleslalion, deconslvuclion, passionale
con-
slvuclion,
veIIed
conneclions,
and
Iope
Jov lvansJovnalion oJ
sslens
oJ InovI-
edge
and
vas
oJ
seeing.
TIese ideas ave JuvlIev
deveIoped
in
Havava
1994
and
BoIe
1994.
49. Fov an exanpIe in lIe conlexl oJ lIe Sandinisla vevoIulion, see SoIaI
1987.
50. Fov Jeninisl
cviliques,
see MevcIanl
1980:
EasIea
1981:
KeIIev
1985,
1992: Havding 1986, 1991: Havava 1989, 1991:
FIunvood 1993a. See
WIie
el
aI. 1990 Jov an exlensive
IiIIiogvapI.
TIe Jeninisl
cvilique
oJ science
Ias,
nol
240 AIan B. SoIaI
suvpvisingI,
Ieen lIe
oIjecl
oJ a Iillev
vigIl-ving
counlevallacI. Fov a
sanpIing,
see Levin
1988:
HaacI
1992, 1993:
Sonnevs
1994:
Ovoss and Levill 1994
|cIap. 5):
and Falai and
Koevlge
1994.
Fov
queev cviliques,
see TveIiIcol 1988 and HaniII 1994.
Fov nuIlicuIluvaIisl
cviliques,
see EzeaIasiIi
1977:
Van Sevlina
1983: Fve
1987:
Savdav
1988:
Adans
1990: Nand 1990:
AIvaves
1992: Havding
1994. As
vilI lIe Jeninisl
cvilique,
lIe nuIlicuIluvaIisl
pevspeclive
Ias Ieen vidicuIed
I
vigIl-ving cvilics,
vilI a condescension lIal in sone cases Iovdevs on vacisn.
See,
Jov
exanpIe,
Ovliz de MonleIIano
1991:
MavleI
1991/92: HugIes
1993
|cIap. 2):
and Ovoss and Levill 1994
|203-14).
Fov
ecoIogicaI cviliques,
see MevcIanl
1980, 1992:
Bevnan
1981:
CaIIicoll
1989
|cIaps.
6 and
9):
MalIevs
1991: WvigIl 1992:
FIunvood
1993a:
Boss
1994.
51. See
WojcieIovsIi
1991 Jov a deconslvuclion oJ OaIiIeo's
vIelovic,
in
pavlicuIav
Iis cIain lIal lIe nalIenalico-scienliJic nelIod can Iead lo divecl
and veIiaIIe
InovIedge
oJ
veaIil.
A
vev
vecenl Iul
inpovlanl
conlviIulion lo lIe
pIiIosopI
oJ nalIenalics
can Ie Jound in lIe vovI oJ BeIeuze and Ouallavi
|1994, cIap. 5).
Heve
lIe
inlvoduce lIe
pIiIosopIicaII
JvuilJuI nolion oJ a Junclive
[Fv. JoncliJ],
vIicI is
neilIev a Junclion
[Fv. Jonclion]
nov a JunclionaI
[Fv. JonclionneIIe]
Iul valIev a
nove Iasic
concepluaI enlil
TIe
oIjecl
oJ science is nol
concepls
Iul valIev
Junclions lIal ave
pvesenled
as
pvoposilions
in discuvsive
sslens.
TIe eIenenls
oJ Junclions ave caIIed
Junclives |117).
TIis
appavenlI sinpIe
idea Ias
suvpvis-
ingI
suIlIe and
Jav-veacIing consequences:
ils eIucidalion
vequives
a delouv inlo
cIaos
lIeov |see
aIso
BosenIevg
1993 and
Canning 1994)
TIe Jivsl diJJevence Ielveen science and
pIiIosopI
is lIeiv
vespeclive
alli-
ludes lovavd cIaos. CIaos is deJined nol so nucI
I
ils disovdev as
I
lIe
inJinile
speed
vilI vIicI
evev
Jovn
laIing sIape
in il vanisIes. Il is a void
lIal is nol a
nolIingness
Iul a
vivluaI, conlaining
aII
possiIIe pavlicIes
and
dvaving
oul aII
possiIIe Jovns,
vIicI
spving up onI
lo
disappeav
innedi-
aleI,
vilIoul
consislenc
ov
veJevence,
vilIoul
consequence.
CIaos is an
inJinile
speed
oJ IivlI and
disappeavance. |117-18)
Bul
science,
unIiIe
pIiIosopI,
cannol
cope
vilI inJinile
speeds
Il is
I sIoving
dovn lIal
nallev,
as veII as lIe scienliJic
lIougIl
aIIe lo
penelvale
il
[sic]
vilI
pvoposilions,
is acluaIized. A Junclion is a SIov-
nolion. OJ
couvse,
science
conslanlI
advances
acceIevalions,
nol
onI
in
calaIsis
Iul in
pavlicIe
acceIevalovs and
expansions
lIal nove
gaIaxies apavl.
Hovevev,
lIe
pvinovdiaI sIoving
dovn is nol Jov lIese
pIenonena
a zevo-
inslanl vilI vIicI
lIe
IveaI Iul valIev a condilion coexlensive vilI lIeiv
vIoIe
deveIopnenl.
To sIov dovn is lo sel a Iinil in cIaos lo vIicI aII
speeds
ave
suIjecl,
so lIal
lIe
Jovn a vaviaIIe delevnined as
aIscissa,
al lIe
sane line as lIe Iinil Jovns a univevsaI conslanl lIal cannol Ie
gone
Ieond |Jov exanpIe,
a naxinun
degvee
oJ
conlvaclion).
TIe
Jivsl Junclives
ave lIeveJove lIe Iinil and lIe
vaviaIIe,
and veJevence is a
veIalionsIip
Ielveen
vaIues oJ lIe vaviaIIe
ov,
nove
pvoJoundI,
lIe
veIalionsIip
oJ lIe
vaviaIIe,
as
aIscissa oJ
speeds,
vilI lIe Iinil.
|118-19: enpIasis nine)
A valIev inlvicale JuvlIev
anaIsis |loo IenglI
lo
quole Ieve)
Ieads lo a concIu-
sion oJ
pvoJound nelIodoIogicaI inpovlance
Jov lIose sciences Iased on nalIe-
Tvansgvessing
lIe Boundavies 241
nalicaI
nodeIing
TIe
vespeclive independence
oJ vaviaIIes
appeavs
in nalIe-
nalics vIen one oJ lIen is al a
IigIev povev
lIan lIe Jivsl. TIal is
vI HegeI
sIovs lIal
vaviaIiIil
in lIe Junclion is nol conJined lo vaIues lIal can Ie
cIanged |2/3
and
4/6)
ov ave IeJl undelevnined
|a
=
2I)
Iul
vequives
one oJ lIe
vaviaIIes lo Ie al a
IigIev povev |2/x
=
F) |122). |Nole
lIal lIe
EngIisI
lvans-
Ialion
inadvevlenlI
vviles
2/x
F
F,
an
anusing
evvov lIal
lIovougII nangIes
lIe
Iogic
oJ lIe
avgunenl.)
SuvpvisingI
Jov a lecInicaI
pIiIosopIicaI vovI,
lIis IooI
|Qu'esl-ce que
Ia
pIiIosopIie?)
vas a Iesl-seIIev in Fvance in 1991. Il Ias
vecenlI appeaved
in
Eng-
IisI
lvansIalion,
Iul
is, aIas, unIiIeI
lo
conpele successJuII
vilI BusI Lin-
IaugI
and Hovavd Slevn Jov lIe Iesl-seIIev Iisls in lIis
counlv.
52. Fov a vicious
vigIl-ving
allacI on lIis
pvoposilion,
see Ovoss and Levill
1994
|52-54).
See
OinzIevg 1989: Cope-Kaslen 1989: Ne 1990:
and FIun-
vood 1993I Jov Iucid Jeninisl
cviliques
oJ convenlionaI
|nascuIinisl)
nalIenal-
icaI
Iogic,
in
pavlicuIav
lIe nodus
ponens
and lIe
sIIogisn. Concevning
lIe nodus
ponens,
see aIso
WooIgav
1988
|45-46)
and BIoov 1991
|182):
and
concevning
lIe
sIIogisn,
see aIso
WooIgav
1988
|47-48)
and BIoov 1991
|131-35).
Fov an
anaIsis
oJ lIe sociaI
inages undevIing
nalIenalicaI
conceplions
oJ
inJinil,
see
Havding
1986
|50).
Fov a denonslvalion oJ lIe sociaI
conlexluaIil
oJ nalIenal-
icaI
slalenenls,
see
WooIgav
1988
|43)
and BIoov 1991
|107-30).
53. See MevcIanl 1980 Jov a delaiIed
anaIsis
oJ lIe lIenes oJ conlvoI and
doninalion in Weslevn nalIenalics and science.
Lel ne nenlion in
passing
lvo olIev
exanpIes
oJ sexisn and niIilavisn in
nalIenalics lIal lo
n InovIedge
Iave nol Ieen noliced
pveviousI.
TIe Jivsl
concevns lIe
lIeov
oJ
IvancIing pvocesses,
vIicI avose in Viclovian
EngIand
Jvon lIe
pvoIIen
oJ lIe exlinclion oJ JaniIies and vIicI nov
pIas
a
Ie
voIe
inlev aIia in lIe
anaIsis
oJ nucIeav cIain veaclions
|Havvis 1963).
In lIe seninaI
|and
lIis sexisl vovd is
apl) papev
on lIe
suIjecl,
Fvancis OaIlon and lIe Bev-
evend H. W. Walson
|1874)
vvole
TIe
deca
oJ lIe JaniIies oJ nen vIo
occupied conspicuous posilions
in
pasl
lines Ias Ieen a
suIjecl
oJ
Jvequenl veseavcI,
and Ias
given
vise lo vav-
ious
conjecluves
. . . TIe inslances ave
vev
nunevous in vIicI suvnanes
lIal veve once connon Iave since Iecone scavce ov Iave
vIoII disap-
peaved.
TIe
lendenc
is
univevsaI, and,
in
expIanalion
oJ
il,
lIe concIusion
Ias
IasliI
Ieen dvavn lIal a vise in
pIsicaI
conJovl and inleIIecluaI
capac-
il
is
necessaviI acconpanied I
a dininulion in
'JevliIil'..
Lel
p0 p1, F2,
. . . Ie lIe
vespeclive pvoIaIiIilies
lIal a nan Ias
0, 1, 2,
.
.sons,
Iel eacI son Iave lIe sane
pvoIaIiIil
oJ sons oJ Iis
ovn,
and so
on. WIal is lIe
pvoIaIiIil
lIal lIe naIe Iine is exlincl aJlev v
genevalions,
and nove
genevaII
vIal is lIe
pvoIaIiIil
Jov
an given
nunIev oJ descen-
danls in lIe naIe Iine in
an given genevalion?
One cannol JaiI lo Ie cIavned
I
lIe
quainl inpIicalion
lIal Iunan naIes
vepvo-
duce
asexuaII: nevevlIeIess,
lIe
cIassisn, sociaI-Bavvinisn,
and sexisn in lIis
passage
ave oIvious.
TIe second
exanpIe
is Lauvenl ScIvavlz's 1973 IooI Badon Measuves.
WIiIe
lecInicaII quile inlevesling,
lIis vovI is
inIued,
as ils lilIe naIes
pIain,
vilI lIe
pvo-nucIeav-enevg
vovIdviev lIal Ias Ieen cIavaclevislic oJ FvencI
science since lIe
eavI
1960s.
SadI,
lIe FvencI
IeJl-especiaII
Iul
I
no neans
soIeI
lIe FCF-Ias
lvadilionaII
Ieen as enlIusiaslic Jov nucIeav
enevg
as lIe
vigIl |see
Touvaine el aI.
1980).
54.
Jusl
as IiIevaI Jeninisls ave
JvequenlI
conlenl vilI a nininaI
agenda
oJ
242 AIan B. SoIaI
IegaI
and sociaI
equaIil
Jov vonen and
pvo-cIoice,
so IiIevaI
|and
even sone
sociaIisl)
nalIenalicians ave oJlen conlenl lo vovI vilIin lIe
Iegenonic
Zev-
neIo-FvaenIeI JvanevovI
|vIicI, veJIecling
ils
nineleenlI-cenluv
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Sokal 96 Transgressing The Boundaries

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Tvansgvessing lIe Boundavies Tovavd a TvansJovnalive Hevneneulics oJ Quanlun Ovavil

AulIov|s) AIan B. SoIaI

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