Review: Linear Circuit Theory

Linear circuits - Resisitors, capacitors, inductors, linearly dependent

sources and independent sources
Nonlinear circuits - diodes, transistors, etc
- most linear circuits can be modelled as one or more linear circuits
diode MOSFET BJT
independent voltage
sources
independent
current
source
resistor capacitor inductor
Resistors:
Devices defined by their voltage vs their current (i.e.: voltage across vs current
through)
V=IR (Ohms Law)
I = V/R = 10V/10 = 1A
* note: current is positive when
flowing into positive
terminal
Demonstration of Flashlight
I = V/R = 1V/100= 0.01A = 10mA
Demonstration of a Flashlight (cont)
-I = 5V/100K = 0.00005A
= 50mA
I = -50mA
-I = V/R = 10V/1 = 10A
Demonstration of a Flashlight (cont)
I = -100V/10 = -10A
I = 10V/10 = 1A
Graphical Solution
I = V/R ----------- Y = mX + B
m = 1/R Equation of a straight line with
B = 0 slope m and Y-intercept of B
V = V + V
V = IR + IR
V = (R + R )
I =
V
(R + R )

I =
10V
(10 + 20 )
=
10V
30
= 0.333A
V = IR = (0.333A)(10 )
= 3.33V
V = IR = (0.333A)(20 )
= 6.67V
S 1 2
S 1 2
S 1 2
S
1 2
R1 1
R2 2

V = V = V I = V(
1
10W
+
1
20W
)
I + I = I I = 10V(
3
20W
)
V
R
+
V
R
= I I = 3/ 2A = 1.5A
V
R
+
V
R
= I I =
V
R
=
10V
10W
= 1A
V
R
=
10V
10W
1A I =
V
R
=
10V
20
= .5A
V(
1
R
+
1
R
) = I
1 2
1 2
1
1
2
2
1 2
1
1
1
2
2
1 2

V
2
V
1
+
-
V
1
V
2
-
+
In General:
Linear circuits can be represented by equations of the form
V = AI
1
+ BI
2
+...
or I = CV
1
+ DV
2
+ ...
where A, B, C, and D are constants or other linear operators
Circuit Cellar
Calculate the effective resisitence of the following resistor network:
R =
(10
+ 100 )
=
100
110
= 9.09
T
2

)( )
(
100
10
Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws
1. The sum of voltages encountered around any closed loop in a circuit is
equal to 0 (KVL)
2. The sum of all currents entering any node of a circuit is equal to 0
(KCL)
Loop A: V - V - V = 0
V = V + V (KVL)
Loop B: V - V - V - V = 0
V = V + V + V (KVL)
Node 1: I = I + I
Node 2: I + I = I
From Loop A: V = I R + I R = I (R + R )
I =
V
(R + R )
=
10V
(10 + 20 )
=
10V
30
= 0.333A
Similarly from Loop B:
V =
0 1 2
0 1 2
0 3 4 5
0 3 4 5
0 1 2
1 2 0
1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
1
0
1 2
0

I R + I R + I R + I (R + R + R )
I =
V
(R + R + R )
=
V
(30 + 40 + 50 )
=
10V
120
= 0.0833A
I = I + I = 0.333A + 0.0833A = 0.416A
V = I R = (0.0833A)(40 ) = 3.33V
2 3 2 4 2 5 2 3 4 5
2
0
3 4 5
0
0 1 2
4 2 4

Alternately:
R =
(30 )(120 )
(30 + 120 )
=
3600
150
= 24
T
2

I = 10V / 24 = 0.416A
0

Alternative Solution (cont)
Consider:
Calculate I
S
From N1
I = I + I (N1)
I + I = I (N2)
I = I + I (N3)
I + I = I (N4)
V = V + V = I R + I R (Loop A)
V = V + V = I R + I R (Loop B)
I
S 1 2
1 3 4
2 3 5
4 5 S
S R1 R4 1 1 4 4
S R2 R5 2 2 5 5
4
= I + I
V = V + V + V = I R + I R + I R
I = I - I (from N2)
I = I + I (from N3)
V = I R + I R + I R
V = I R + I R - I R
3 1
S R2 R3 R4 2 2 3 3 4 4
5 2 3
4 1 3
S 1 1 1 4 3 4
S 2 2 2 5 3 5
V = I + (R + R ) + I R
V = I (R + R ) - I R
V = I R + I R + I (R + R )
I =
V - I R
(R + R )
= 0.5A - (0.5)(I )
I =
V + I R
(R + R )
= 0.5A + (0.5)(I )
V = 5 - 5I + 5I + 5 + 5I + 20I
20I = 0
I = 0
I = 0.5A
I = 0.5A
I = 1A
S 1 1 4 3 4
S 2 2 5 3 5
3 1 4 2 2 3 3 4
1
S 3 5
1 4
3
2
S 3 5
2 5
3
S 3 3 3 3
3
3
1
2
S
Find I
3
I1 = I2 + I3
-5V - 100I1 - 10I3 = 0
-5V - 100I1 - 110I3 = 0
-100I2 - 110I3 = 5V
-210I2 - 100I3 = 5V
I2 =
5 + 110I3
-210
-100
+ 100I3
-210
- 110I3 = 5V
5
2.1
+
100
2.1
I3 - 110I3 = 5V
-62.4I3 = 5 - 2.38 = 2.62V
I3 = - 0.042A = - 42mA
I2 =
5V - 4.2V
-210
= - 0.0038A = - 3.8mA
I1 = - 42mA - 3.8mA = - 45.8mA
5

1
]
1

Alternate Solution
I = V/R = 5V/109.17 = 45.8mA
I + I = I
LOOP1: 10V - 10I - 100I = 0
LOOP2: 20V - 10I - 100I = 0
LOOP2: 20 - 110I - 10I = 0
I =
-20 + 110I
-10
= 2 - 11I
LOOP1: 10 - 10 (2 - 11I ) +100I = 0
10 - 20 + 110I + 100I = 0
201I = 10
I = 10/ 210 = 0.0476A = 47.6mA
I = 2 - 11(0.0476) = 2 - 0.524 = 1.476A
I = I + I = 1.476 + 0.0476 =
1 2 3
2 1
3 1
1 2
2
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
2
3 1 2
1.52A
30V
20
= 1.5A

If R = 100 ?
LOOP2: 20 - 100I -100I = 0
20 - 200I - 100I = 0
I =
-20 + 200I
-100
= 0.2 - 2I
LOOP1: 10 - 10 (0.2 - 2I ) + 100I = 0
10 - 2 + 120I = 0

120I = - 8
I = - 0.0667 = - 66.7mA
3
3 1
1 2
2
1
1
1 1
1
1
1

Current Source
V
R1
= IR
1
= (4A)(10) = 40V
V
R2
= (4A)(100) = 400V
Current Source (cont)
Find V
IS
+
V
IS
-
Current Source (cont)
I = I + I
I = I + 500mA
LOOP1: 5V - 100I - V = 0
LOOP2: 5V - 100I - 1000I = 0
LOOP2: 5V - 1100I - 50V = 0
I =
45V
1100
= - 0.041A = 41mA

I = - 41mA + 500mA = 459mA
V = (I )(R ) = (-41mA)(1000 ) = - 41V
1 2 3
1 2
1 IS
1 2
2
2
1
IS 2 2

Characteristics of a VI Port
- linear circuits with straight line graphical solutions
Characteristics of VI Ports (cont)
I
SC
= short circuit current = V
S
/V
R
V
OC
= open circuit voltage = V
S
V - I R - V = 0
I =
V - V
-R

I =
-1
R
V +
V
R
y = mx + B
S L S L
L
L S
S
L
S
L
S
S
Thevenin Equivalent Circuits
Circuits containing multiple resistors, and voltage and current source can
be modelled as a simpler ciruit containing a single voltage source and
resistor.
The circuits are identical in every aspect and have same V-I characteristics
Thevenin Equivalent Circuits (cont)
I = I + I
Loop 1: V - I R - V = 0
V = V - I R
Loop 2: V - I R = 0
V = I R
I = V / R
From Loop 1
V = V - (I + I )R
V = V - (
V
R
+ I )R
V (1 + R / R ) = V - I R
I = V / R -
1
R
(1 +
R
R
V
I
1 2 L
1 1 1 L
2 1 1 1
L 2 2
L 2 2
2 L 2
L 1 2 L 1
L 1
L
2
L 1
L 1 2 1 L 1
L 1 1
1
1
2
L
L
)
= -
R + R
R R
V + V / R
2 1
1 2
L 1 1

_
,

Thevenin Equivalent Circuits (cont)

Thevenin Equivalent Circuits (cont)
I = -
1
R
V +
V
R
1
R
=
R + R
R R
R =
R R
R + R
V
R
=
V
R
V =
V
R
R R
R + R2
=
V R
(R + R )
L
TH
L
TH
TH
TH
1 2
1 2
TH
1 2
1 2
TH
TH
1
2
TH
1
1
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
R || R = 20 || 30 = 12
I =
10V
22
= 0.4545A
V = (12 0.4545) = 5.45V
I =
V
R
=
5.45V
30
= 0.182A
R =
(20 10 )
(20 + 10 )
= 6.67
V =
(10V)(20 )
(20 + 10 )
= 6.67V
2 L
1
L
L
L
L
TH
TH

I =
V
R + R
=
6.67V
(6.67 + 30 )
= 0.182A
V = I R = (0.182A)(30 ) = 5.45V
L
TH
TH L
L L L

Thevenin Rules
Thevenin Rules are used to:
- find the Thevenin equivalent of any two-terminal resistive circuit
1. Disconnect and elements not to be included in the circuit
2. Find the open circuit voltage at the port. The Thevenin V
TH
is equal
to the open circuit voltage.
3. Set the independent sources to zero (voltage source look like short
circuits and current sources look like open circuits).
Use series/parallel resistors combinations to find the net resistance
R
TH
We found V = - 41V
I = - 41mA
R2
R2
Disconnect R
2
and find the open circuit voltage V
OC
Set independent sources to 0 and find resistance R
0
V = R I = 50V
V = 5V - 50V = - 45V
V = V = - 45V
R1 1 S
OC
TH OC
R = R = R
I =
V
R + R
=
-45V
1100
= - 0.041A
= - 41mA

V = (1000)(-41mA)
= - 41V
0 1 TH
R2
TH
TH 2
R2

Found I
1
= 47.6mA
Using Thevenin
V
OC
= V
TH
I =
V + V
R + R
=
30V
20
= 1.5A
V = IR = (1.5A)(10 ) = 15V
V = V = V - V = 10V - 15V = - 5V
1 2
1 2
R1 1
OC TH 1 R1

R = R || R = 10 || 10 = 5
TH 1 3

I =
V
R + R
=
-5V
105
= - 47.6mA
TH 2

Voltage and Current Division
Shortcut used in the solution of resistive circuits
V = V
I =
V
R
=
V
R + R
V = V = IR =
V
R + R
R
X R2
0
EQ
0
1 2
X R2 2
0
1 2
2
What is the voltage at node X?
Voltage and Current Divsion (cont)
V =
R
R + R + R
V
R2
2
1 2 3
S