1.

OBJECTIVE The objective is to verify member forces obtain from experiment with tension coefficient method.

2.0

LEARNING OUTCOME There are many learning outcome that we can get from this laboratory test: 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.! The application of theoretical engineering knowledge through practical application. To enhance the technical competency in structural engineering through laboratory application. ommunicate effectively in group. To identify the problem" solving and finding out the appropriate solution through laboratory application.

3.0

THEORY #f a members of a truss system is situated not in a two dimensional plane" then the truss is defined as a space frame truss. #n other words" space truss has components in three axis i.e. x" y and $. onsider a member with node % &x%" y%' and ( &x("y('

%ssume te force in the member is T%( &)ve tension' and length *%( 1

+efinition of tension coefficient &t'" t%(

T%(

*%( %t %" the hori$ontal component T%( is : T%( cos , , t%( *%( cos*%( t%( &x( . x%' , t%( *%( &x( . x%'

/se the same method" the vertical component at % is : , t%( &y( . y%' %t (" the hori$ontal component T%( , 0ertical component T%( , t%( &x% . x(' t%( &y% . y('

/sing statics" write the e1uation for each joint using the coordinate value and solve for it. onvert it into force using: T%( , t%( *%( , 2 &x( . x%'2 ) &y( . y%'2

% space frame or space structure is a truss3like" lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. 4pace frames usually utili$e a multidirectional span" and are often used to accomplish long spans with few supports. They derive their strength from the inherent rigidity of the triangular frame5 flexing loads &bending moments' are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut. 6any architects and engineers throughout the world have expressed their design freedoms with 4pace 7rame 4ystems. The simplicity of these systems provides a natural link between yesterday and today. 7or this reason" designers have specified 4pace 7rame 4ystems for an increasing variety of renovation and remodeling applications. The modular systems allow fast track delivery and job site assembly at affordable prices. 4pace frame systems give you the architectural beauty you desire within the budget you set.

4ome space frame applications include: 1' 8arking canopy9s: 2' 3' :otel;:ospital;commercial building entrances ommercial building lobbies;atriums

4ome advantages of space frame systems over conventional systems are: 1' 2' 3' !' =' >' ?' @' <andom column placement olumn3free spaces 6inimal perimeter support ontrolled load distribution <edundant integrity +esign freedom 4upports all types of roofing Axposing building exterior to view adds color" texture and style

Figure 1 : S !"e #r!$e #%r "%&'(ru"(i%&

).0

A**ARATUS

S !"e #r!$e !

!r!(u'

8<B4A+/<A4 8art 1 1. 2. 7irst of all" we select any weight between 1C to =C D. Then" ensure that the distance a , =CC mm and place load hanger on +.

3.

6easure the distance b" c and d" and then record it in table 1.

!.

Ee record the dynamometer readings for members 41" 42 and 43.

=.

%fter that" we put the selected load on hanger at + and record it.

>. ?.

Then" we repeat step &2' to &!' with the different value of a. 7inally" calculate the theoretical member forces and record it in table one.

8art 2 1. 2. 3. !. =. >. ?. 7or part 2" we use a distance of 3=C mm for a. Then" we place the hanger on +. %fter that" measure the distance b" c" and d. Then we record the dynamometer reading for member 41" 42" 43 in table 2. The next step is we put a load of = D on the hanger and record the dynamometer readings. Ee repeat step 2 to ! using the different load. Ee complete the table 2 by calculating the theoretical member value. The last one is we plot the graf of force against load for the theoretical and experimental results.

>

+.0
T!,-e 1

RESULT

.i$e&'i%& /$$0 ! =CC !CC 3CC 2CC T!,-e 2 L%!2 /N0 = 1C 1= 2C 2= , !@3 =C3 =32 =!@ " 2>C 21= 1?C 11C 2 3>= 3>= 3>= 3>=

.1&!$%$e(er Re!2i&g S1 L%!2e2 >C ?@ 1CF 1@1 U&-%!2e2 !C ?C 1= 31 S2 L%!2e2 == ?! 1C! 1?= U&-%!2e2 C !C 11 2@ S3 L%!2e2 @C 11C 1=C 2!C U&-%!2e2 1 C 1C !C

F%r"e /N0 E3 eri$e&( S1 2C @ F! 1=C S2 == 3! F3 1!? S3 @C 11C 1!C 2CC T4e%r1 S1 1!2.3= 1!1.=! ?2.1> 1!>.1! S2 1!2.3= 1!1.=! ?2.1> 1!>.1! S3 32?!.2? 32?3.=1 313F.>3 32?F.!?

.1&!$%$e(er Re!2i&g S1 L%!2e2 U&-%!2e2 =C 1C FC 1C 13! 1C 1?@ 1C 23C 1C Dimension a = 350mm

S2 L%!2e2 != @= 13C 1?= 22=

U&-%!2e2 ? ? ? ? ?

S3 L%!2e2 ?C 12C 1@C 2!= 3C=

U&-%!2e2 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C

F%r"e /N0 E3 eri$e&( S1 S2 !C 3@ @C ?@ 12! 123 1>@ 1>@ 22C 21@

S3 =C 1CC 1>C 22= 2@=

T4e%r1 S1 =3.!@ 1C>.F> 1>C.!3 213.F1 2>?.3F

S2 =3.!@ 1C>.F> 1>C.!3 213.F1 2>?.3F

S3 3F@.F? 31F?.F= 32F>.F2 33F=.@F 3!F!.@>

Dimension b = 521mm

Dimension c = 185mm

Dimension d = 365mm

.!(! A&!-1'i' 8art 1: Axample Bf Axperiment alculation a = 500 mm 1. 41 : 4o 2. 42 : 4o 3. 43 : 4o loaded /nloaded S1 loaded /nloaded 42 loaded /nloaded S3 , >CD , !CD = 60N 40N = 20N , ==D , CD , 55N 0N = 55N , @CD , CD = 80N 0N = 80 N

*!r( 1:

Table 1 theoretical calculation *oad 7 , 1C D 1. ! , =CCmm" , , !@3mm" " , 2>Cmm" 2 , 3>=mm. *x , b *y , d;2 Me$,er L3 /$$0 S1 !@3 S2 !@3 S3 !@3 7orce &D' C &for 41 and 42' L1 /$$0 31@2.= 1@2.= C.CC C L5 /$$0 2!C 2!C 2>C 31C L /$$0 =>F.3@ =>F.3@ =!@.=3 3 ( C.2= C.2= 3C.=C 3 F /N0 1!2.3= 1!2.3= 32?!.2? 3 Re$!r6' Tension Tension ompression 3

*$ , a . c &for 41 and 42' 7,*xt * , 2 &*xG ) *yG ) *$G'

H 7x , C5 H 7I , C5 H 7$ , C5

!@3s1 ) !@3s2 ) !@3s3 , C 31@2.=s1 ) 1@2.=s2 ) Cs3 , C 2!Cs1 ) 2!Cs2 ) 2>Cs3 , 31C

(y using calculator 4o ts1 , C.2= ts2 , C.2= ts3 , 3C.=C %nd S1 = 142.35 S2 = 142.35 S3 = -274.27

2. ! , !CCmm" , , =C3mm" " , 21=mm" 2 , 3>=mm. 1C

*x , b *y , d;2 Me$,er L3 /$$0 S1 =C3 S2 =C3 S3 =C3 7orce &D' C

&for 41 and 42' L1 /$$0 31@2.= 1@2.= C.CC C L5 /$$0 1@= 1@= 21= 31C L /$$0 =>>.1> =>>.1> =!?.C2 3 ( C.2= C.2= 3C.=C 3 F /N0 1!1.=! 1!1.=! 32?3.=1 3 Re$!r6' Tension Tension ompression 3

*$ , a . c &for 41 and 42' 7,*xt * , 2 &*xG ) *yG ) *$G'

H 7x , C5

=C3s1 ) =C3s2 ) =C3s3 , C

H 7I , C531@2.=s1 ) 1@2.=s2 ) Cs3 , C H 7$ , C5 1@=s1 ) 1@=s2 ) 21=s3 , 31C (y using calculator 4o ts1 , C.2= ts2 , C.2= ts3 , 3C.=C

%nd S1 = 141.54 S2 = 141.54 S3 = -273.51

3. ! , 3CCmm" , , =32mm" " , 1?Cmm" 2 , 3>=mm. *x , b *y , d;2 &for 41 and 42' 11

Me$,er

L3 /$$0 S1 =32 S2 =32 S3 =32 7orce &D' C

L1 /$$0 31@2.= 1@2.= C.CC C

L5 /$$0 13C 13C 1?C 31C

L /$$0 =??.2> =??.2> ==@.=C 3

( C.12= C.12= 3C.2= 3

F /N0 ?2.1> ?2.1> 313F.>3 3

Re$!r6' Tension Tension ompression 3

*$ , a . c &for 41 and 42' 7,*xt * , 2 &*xG ) *yG ) *$G'

H 7x , C5

=32s1 ) =32s2 ) =32s3 , C

H 7I , C5 31@2.=s1 ) 1@2.=s2 ) Cs3 , C H 7$ , C5 13Cs1 ) 13Cs2 ) 1?Cs3 (y using calculator 4o ts1 , C.12= ts2 , C.12= ts3 , 3C.2= S1 = 72.16 S2 = 72.16 S3 = -139.63 , 31C

%nd

!. ! , 2CCmm" , , =!@mm" " , 11Cmm" 2 , 3>=mm. *x , b *y , d;2 &for 41 and 42' *$ , a . c &for 41 and 42' 12

Me$,er

L3 /$$0 S1 =!@ S2 =!@ S3 =!@ 7orce &D' C

L1 /$$0 31@2.= 1@2.= C.CC C

L5 /$$0 FC FC 11C 31C

L /$$0 =@!.=> =@!.=> ==@.F3 3

( C.2= C.2= 3C.=C 3

F /N0 1!>.1! 1!>.1! 32?F.!? 3

Re$!r6' Tension Tension ompression 3

7,*xt * , 2 &*xG ) *yG ) *$G'

H 7x , C5

=!@s1 ) =!@s2 ) =!@s3 , C

H 7I , C5 31@2.=s1 ) 1@2.=s2 ) Cs3 , C H 7$ , C5 FCs1 ) FCs2 ) 11Cs3 , 31C

(y using calculator 4o ts1 , C.2= ts2 , C.2= ts3 , 3C.=C %nd S1 = 146.14 S2 = 146.14 S3 = -279.47

*!r( 2 : Table 2 theoretical calculation: 1. Load F = 5 N 13

! , 3=Cmm" , , =21mm" " , 1@=mm" 2 , 3>=mm. *x , b *y , d;2 Me$,er L3 /$$0 S1 3=C S2 3=C S3 3=C 7orce C &D' &for 41 and 42' L /$$0 !2?.@2 !2?.@2 3F=.@F 3 ( C.12= C.12= 3C.2= 3 F /N0 =3.!@ =3.!@ 3F@.F? 3 Re$!r6' Tension Tension ompression 3

L1 /$$0 L5 /$$0 31@2.= 1>= 1@2.= 1>= C.CC 1@= C 3=

*$ , a . c &for 41 and 42' 7,*xt * , 2 &*xG ) *yG ) *$G'

H 7x , C5 H 7I , C5 H 7$ , C5

3=Cs1 ) 3=Cs2 ) 3=Cs3

,C

31@2.=s1 ) 1@2.=s2 ) Cs3 , C 1>=s1 ) 1>=s2 ) 1@=s3 , 3=

(y using calculator 4o ts1 , C.12= ts2 , C.12= ts3 , 3C.2=

%nd S1 = 53.48 S2 = 53.48 S3 = -98.97

1!

2. Load F = 10 N ! , 3=Cmm" , , =21mm" " , 1@=mm" 2 , 3>=mm. *x , b *y , d;2 Me$,er L3 /$$0 S1 3=C S2 3=C S3 3=C 7orce C &D' &for 41 and 42' L /$$0 !2?.@2 !2?.@2 3F=.@F 3 ( C.2= C.2= 3C.=C 3 F /N0 1C>.F> 1C>.F> 31F?.F= 3 Re$!r6' Tension Tension ompression 3

L1 /$$0 L5 /$$0 31@2.= 1>= 1@2.= 1>= C.CC 1@= C 31C

*$ , a . c &for 41 and 42' 7,*xt * , 2 &*xG ) *yG ) *$G'

H 7x , C5 H 7I , C5 H 7$ , C5

3=Cs1 ) 3=Cs2 ) 3=Cs3

,C

31@2.=s1 ) 1@2.=s2 ) Cs3 , C 1>=s1 ) 1>=s2 ) 1@=s3 , 31C

(y using calculator 4o ts1 , C.2= ts2 , C.2= ts3 , 3C.=C

%nd S1 = 106.96 S2 = 106.96 S3 = -197.95

1=

3. Load F = 15 N ! , 3=Cmm" , , =21mm" " , 1@=mm" 2 , 3>=mm. *x , b *y , d;2 Me$,er L3 /$$0 S1 3=C S2 3=C S3 3=C 7orce C &D' &for 41 and 42' L5 /$$0 1>= 1>= 1@= 31= L /$$0 !2?.@2 !2?.@2 3F=.@F 3 ( C.3?= C.3?= 3C.?= 3 F /N0 1>C.!3 1>C.!3 32F>.F2 3 Re$!r6' Tension Tension ompression 3

L1 /$$0 31@2.= 1@2.= C.CC C

*$ , a . c &for 41 and 42' 7,*xt * , 2 &*xG ) *yG ) *$G'

H 7x , C5 H 7I , C5 H 7$ , C5

3=Cs1 ) 3=Cs2 ) 3=Cs3

,C

31@2.=s1 ) 1@2.=s2 ) Cs3 , C 1>=s1 ) 1>=s2 ) 1@=s3 , 31=

(y using calculator 4o ts1 , C.3?= ts2 , C.3?= ts3 , 3C.?=

%nd S1 = 160.43 S2 = 160.43 S3 = -296.92

1>

4. Load F = 20 N ! , 3=Cmm" , , =21mm" " , 1@=mm" 2 , 3>=mm. *x , b *y , d;2 &for 41 and 42' L /$$0 !2?.@2 !2?.@2 3F=.@F 3 ( C.= C.= 31 3 F /N0 213.F1 213.F1 33F=.@F 3 Re$!r6' Tension Tension ompression 3

Me$,er L3 /$$0 L1 /$$0 L5 /$$0 S1 3=C 31@2.= 1>= S2 3=C 1@2.= 1>= S3 3=C C.CC 1@= 7orce C C 32C &D' *$ , a . c &for 41 and 42' 7,*xt * , 2 &*xG ) *yG ) *$G'

H 7x , C5 H 7I , C5 H 7$ , C5

3=Cs1 ) 3=Cs2 ) 3=Cs3

,C

31@2.=s1 ) 1@2.=s2 ) Cs3 , C 1>=s1 ) 1>=s2 ) 1@=s3 , 32C

(y using calculator 4o ts1 , C.= ts2 , C.= ts3 , 31

%nd S1 = 213.91 S2 = 213.91 S3 = -395.89

1?

5. Load F = 25 N ! , 3=Cmm" , , =21mm" " , 1@=mm" 2 , 3>=mm. *x , b *y , d;2 Me$,er L3 /$$0 S1 3=C S2 3=C S3 3=C 7orce C &D' &for 41 and 42' L5 /$$0 1>= 1>= 1@= 32= L /$$0 !2?.@2 !2?.@2 3F=.@F 3 ( C.>2= C.>2= 31.2= 3 F /N0 2>?.3F 2>?.3F 3!F!.@> 3 Re$!r6' Tension Tension ompression 3

L1 /$$0 31@2.= 1@2.= C.CC C

*$ , a . c &for 41 and 42' 7,*xt * , 2 &*xG ) *yG ) *$G'

H 7x , C5 H 7I , C5 H 7$ , C5

3=Cs1 ) 3=Cs2 ) 3=Cs3

,C

31@2.=s1 ) 1@2.=s2 ) Cs3 , C 1>=s1 ) 1>=s2 ) 1@=s3 , 32=

(y using calculator 4o ts1 , C.>2= ts2 , C.>2= ts3 , 31.2=

%nd S1 = 267.39 S2 = 267.39 S3 = -494.86

J<%8: 1@

Graph of Force versus Load

300 250 Force (N) 200 150 100 50 0 5 10 15 Load (N) 20 25 S1 Exp. S1 Theory

Graph of Force versus Load 2

300 250 Force (N) 200 150 100 50 0 5 10 15 Load (N) 20 25 S2 Exp. S2 Theory

7.0

.ISSCUSSION 1F

(ased on the graph that have been plotted" we can see that for the graph1" the comparison between the theoretical and the experimental results is there is not much different for the two lines. Ehen more load were applied" the value of force was also increase. #t is same like the graph2" which is there is a little difference between the theoretical and the experimental results. The value of force in increase due to the increasing of load. (ut for the graph3" the results of the theoretical and the experimental is totally difference because for the experiment" the results is in range C to 3CC while for the results of the theoretical is around range 3C to 33CC. 7or the theoretical" when more load were applied" the value of force were decrease but for the experimental" when more load were applied" the force will increase. The reason of discrepancy in the results maybe cause by the spring that used was not elastic anymore after being stretched for many time of doing experiment" it might have a mistake during taking the results. (eside that" it maybe cause by the error of the apparatus which is not in good condition.

8.0

CONCLUSION The experiment is to prove experimental and theoretical have a small relative

value. 4pace frames usually utili$e a multidirectional span" and are often used to accomplish long spans with few supports. They derive their strength from the inherent rigidity of the triangular frame5 flexing loads &bending moments' are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each structure. #n many ways this looks like the hori$ontal jib of a tower crane repeated many times to make it wider. % stronger purer form is composed of interlocking tetrahedral pyramids in which all the struts have unit length. 6ore technically this is referred to as an isotropic vector matrix or in a single unit width an octet truss.

2C