1

kvac-WnI
amn-fe- l
- f
c-kmn Ishj
Inn {]kn-oI-cWw

t]Pp-I adn-p-tm
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb teJ-\-
1.
B.-Pn. apw-Zm
2. tUm. Sn.-sI. cho-{
D-c-Wn-I
Kmn-Pn, bmq_v lpssk, B\n-_k
- v
Awt_-ZvI, C.-Fw.-F-kv., sI. am[-h\m-b
kn. tKm]m-e\m-b, sI.-]n. tIh-ta-t\m
k.-kn. i-c\m-b, Ipam-c-\m-im, SmtKm
Ip-I
1.
IZ\-ns IY-I
2. Io-cnepw tNmc-bnepw IpXn IY-I
teJ-\
-
1.
sI. tIf-
2. kn. \mcm-bW
- ]
- n
3. ]n. ]c-ta-i-z-c
4. ]n.-kn.-Fw. cmP
Ihn-X-I
1.
Hmw-Xp-
2. Zpc-h

Bap-J-ambn cp hmv
Cu kvac-WnI hmb-\-m-cpsS ap]n Ah-X-cn-n-p-hm, amn-f-e-lf c-kmn
Ishj In-nv AXn-bmb ktm-j-ap-v.
R-fm-{K-ln-{X ka-{Khpw kam-Ij-Ih
- p-amb coXn-bn CXp ]pd-n-d
- m Ign-n-n. Fm, Hcp Imc-y
- n Rp kwXr-]vXn-bp-v. Ghpw B[n-Im-cn-Ia
- mbn Cu hnj-bs-p-dnv Fgp-Xn-bn-p-h
- cpw Fgp-Xm Ign-bp-h
- c
- p-am-bn, Pohn-n-cn-p-h
- cpw acn-p-t]m-bh-cp-amb G-hp-a-[nIw Bfp-I-fpsS kw`m-h-\-I CXn Dsm-n-p--Xn R Ipsdtbsd hnP-bn-n-p-v. AXpw th-{X-bmbn Fp R-`n-{]m-b-an-. ka-bhpw kmh-Imihpw Ipd-p-IqSn Inn-bn-cp-s-n, C\nbpw Ipsd-qSn hkvXp-X-I Dsm-n-m-am-bn-cpp; Iem-]-c-ambn CXn-tesd tamSn-]n-Sn-n-p-Ibpw sNm-am-bn-cp-p. Fm, ]cn-an-X-amb kab-n-\p-n, Aev]w sXc-p-]n-Sn-p-Xs CsXmw sNt-n-h
- p. AXp-aq-ea
- p A]m-IX
- Ifpw A`w-Kn-Ifpw A]-cy- m-]vXX
- I
- f
- p-sa-m-an-Xn-\p-v. Ahbvv apgp-h D-ch
- m-Zn-Xz- h
- p-ta-s-Spp-sIm-v, am-]-W-k-ln-Xw, Cu kvac-WnI R-f-h-X-cn-n-p-I-bm-Wv.
Cu kvac-WnI ]pd-n-d-p--Xn R--p Dt-iyw Hm-Wv. Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-I
shfn-p sImp-h-c-Ww. Ncn-{X-ns t]cn Cp \S-p hmkvX-h-hn-cpamb s]mfns-gp-p-Ifpw sh-]q-ie
- p-Ifpw Ah-bpsS X\n-\n-d
- n s]mXp-P\
-
- p hy-a
- m-W
- w.
Ncn{Xw sIp-IY
- b
- m-bn-tm-Im-sX, Ncn-{X-am-bn-s \ne-\n-Ww. AXn-\m-hi
- y- a
- mb km[-\km-a-{Kn-I Ah-X-cn-n-p-I-bmWv ChnsS R-fpsS e-yw.
amn-f-e-lf \S-nv Ac-\q-m-n-e-[n-I-am-bn; B el-f-bpsS Zpxk-zmZv hmbn-eq-dn-\n-evp-h-cpsS Xe-apd Xosc Ap-I-gn-n-n-. Ah Pohn-n-cn-s, Ah-cpsS a\-n-t\ BLm-Xtm-sSm-w, DS-en-t\ X-fpw amp-t]m-ImsX \nevs, Ah-cpsS {]X-y-m-\p-`-h-sf
]msS Ah-K-Wn-p-sIm-v, Ncn{Xw hf-sm-Sn-p-Xv sXm-Wv; ]m]-am-Wv. Ah \n-lm-bcpw
\ncm-{i-bc
- p-am-bn-cn-mw; Icp-p Ic- Ahsc Dbn-n-Sn-mdn-m-bn-cn-mw; Nmf-If
- nepw
sN-p-Sn-ep-If
- n-epw, lX-`m-Ky- c
- mb Ah X-fpsS \nan-j
- s
- f-n-g
- n-bp-Ib
- m-bn-cn-mw; elf-bn A-\--am \jvS-s--h; hn[-h-I-fm-bn-o-h; hoSp sImn-h-bv-s--h, A`bmn-I-fm-bn, Pohn-X-k-kzw \jvS-s--h; _memm-c-ambn aXw-am--s--h A-cm-sc-n Cu Ac-\q-m-n-\n-S-bv-[n-I-amcpw Nnn-n-n-; Ah-cpsS thmp-I kwL-Sn-X-a-m-Xp-sIm-m-bn-cn-mw Iqmbn hne-t]-im t]mbnv \nhp-\np kwkm-cn-mt]mepw Ignhn-m-, Cu amI-hn-`m-K
- ns \mhm-bn-mWv Cu kvac-Wn-Isb R ImWp-X
- v. ImcWw,
Ah-tcmSv ]hn-{X-amb Hcp ISa Rp-sp R Icp-Xp-p. CXp \nh-ln-s
- -Spn-s-n, Ft-p-ambn AXp \nh-ln-s
- -SmsX InS-pw. Imc-Ww, Ctms ipjvInp-I-gn-n-p B Xe-apd Aev]-\mp-n Xosc \mam-h-ti-j-am-Ipw. Ah-cpsS i_vZw
Xosc \ne-p-t]m-Ipw. B Xe-ap-d-bpsS i_vZhpw Nn{Xhpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-h-bvm Ign-bp
Ah-km-\-k-`w CXm-Wv. \msf-bm-bm Xosc sshIn-tm-Ipw. ]ns \ap-v, hcpw-X-e-ap-dbvv, tIm-\n-S-h-cn-I, Ncn-{X-ns t]cn sIn--a-bv-s tkmt-i-y-amb sIp-I-Y-IfpsS I]-S-i_vZw am{X-am-bn-cn-pw. AX-\p-h-Zn-p-Iq-S. AXn-\p Hsc-fnb kwcw-`-amWv Cu
kvac-Wn-I.
el-fb
- psS Xobn Icn-h
- , tNmc-bn Ipfn-h
- , el-f
- m-cpsS aX-{`m-n\pw amwk-Zml-n\pw Cc-bm-b-h Ah-c-h-cpsS A\p-`-h- hnh-cn-p-sImp Rs-gp-Xnb Ip-IfpsS {]k--`m-K- R CXn tNn-p-v. `mj \m-mt\m tamSn-]n-Sn-n-mt\m
R Xp\n-n-n-. ]Tn-n-m-h
- c
- m-bn-cnmw AXn ]e-cpw; Ah-cpsS `mjbpw ssienbpw
A]-cn-jvIr-X-am-Imw; ]t AXn\v A\p-`-h-ns in-bmb aW-ap-v; Bm-X-bpsS
hy-a
- mb KpW-ap-.v Ah, R AtX-]Sn tNn-p-.v Ah-cn GXm\pw NnecpsS t^mtmIfpw R sImSp-m {ian-n-p-v. Ah Gdnb Iqdpw, cp-t]-scm-gn-sI, Cpw Pohn-n-cn-

p--h-cm-Wv. Ah A[n-Ihpw Iqen-th-e-m-cm-Wv; ]mh-s--h-cm-Wv; lcn-P-\--fm-Wv C-cm-cpsS taemWv el-f-m-cpsS hm hoW-Xv. Fnpw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-I-bm-Wv, kzm-X-{-y-k-ac-am-sW-v! Ij-Ie
- l
- f
- b
- m-sW-v!
A\n-tj-[y- N
- c
- n-{X-]W
- U
v n-X
- m-cpsS teJ-\
- R CXn tNn-p-.v B.-kn. apZm-dpsS teJ\w FSp-p-]-d-tb--Xm-Wv. hn{ip-X-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb Atlw el-f-bpsS Imc-Wsf hkvXp-\n-jvTa
- mbn hne-bn-cp-n-p-v.
amn-fe
- l
- f Ij-Ie
- l
- f
- b
- m-bn-cp-p-sh {]N-cW
-
- ns s]m-cw XnIpw ]pd-psIm-p-hc
- p HmWv tIc-fk
- h-Ie
- m-imem Ncn-{X-hn-`mKw tae-y-
- \
- mb tUm. Sn.-sI. cho{s I\-s teJ-\w. AXv kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
- a
- m-bn-cp-p-sh {]kvXm-h
- ns ASnd amp
B[n-Im-cn-I-h-kvXp-X-Isf AWn-\n-c-p-pv kzw teJ-\-n ]n. ]c-ta-i-z-c, Hc-\p-`-hkm-n-bpsS lrZ-b-p-Sn-p-I-fmWv tIf--Pn-bpsS teJ-\-n-ep-S-\ofw tIp--Xv. sImmsc tZim`nam-\n-If
- mn sh-]q-in, Ahv ]mcn-tXm-jnIw \evIp-X
- n-ep Aajw kn.
\mcm-bW
- ]
- n-b
- psS Icp-p ssien-bn {]I-Sa
- m-bn-m-Wmw.
alm-Ihn Ipam-c-\m-im amn-f-e-l-f-bpsS ]m--e-sa-gp-Xnb Zpc-h--bnse {]k--`mK- CXn \evIn-bn-p-v. Ihn-bpsS t\sc, aX-_v{`m-ns Ak-ln-jvWpX At ]S-hm-fpbn `ojWnapg-n. ]t, Ihn Dd-p-\n-p; hni-Zo-Ic
- Ww \evIn AsX-mw, GSp-If
- n\n
AtX-]Sn FSpp R tNn-p-v, `mj-yhpw hym-Jy- m-\hpw Hpw IqSm-sX-Xs
- .
bmq_v lpssk-sbpw sI.-]n. tIi-ht- a-t\m-sbpw Fmw Ip-I, Cp ]ecpw \ntj[n-m shp Ncn-{X-bm-Ym-y
- kv]jvSa
- mbn {]Im-in-n-p ssIhn-f
- p-If
- m-Wv.
{ioam sI. am[-h\m-b-cpsS ae-_m Iem-]-n\nv R [mcmfw D-c-W-
FSp-n-p-v. Ah-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-k-z-`m-h-amWv AXn\p Imc-Ww. BZ-ym-h-km-\w, el-f-bpambn t\cnp _-s Hcp t\Xmhpw A\p-`h
-
\pw teJ-I\
- p-sa \ne-bn, A\n-tj-[y- a
- mW-h-bpsS {]am-W-aq-eyw FXp \nkvX-am-W-tm.
kz-bw-hm-Nm-ea
- mb hkvXp-XI
- f
- m-Is
- Imv kvac-Wn-Ib
- psS D-S
- s
- -n hf-sc-sbmpw
ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-t--Xn- Hp am{Xw ChnsS ]d-bmw. Atcm-N-I-fpw Akp-J-I-c--fpamb ]e kwK-Xn-Ifpw Rn-hnsS tcJ-s-Sp-t-n-h-n-p-v. Bcp-sSbpw hnIm-c-sf
AWp-sh-nepw {hW-s-Sp-W
- s
- av R-fmcpw B{K-ln-n-n-. hmkvXh
-
- n, CuhI kw`h--sfmw Xs, A]-am-\-t_m-[-tmsS Ncn-{X-ns Nh-p-sIm--bn hen-s-dn-v, \mw
Hcp ]pXnb PohnXw Bcw-`n-t--Xm-bn-cp-p. ]t, \n`m-K-y-sap ]d-b-s, Cu ASp--Ime-kw-`-h- t\sc adn-mWv \on-b-Xv. kwL-S-\m-_-ew-sImv A[n-Imcw ]nSn-p-]-m Ign-h, Ncn{Xw amn-ad
- n-m\pw aX-{`m-ns _en-]o-T
- n c-km-n-If
- m-bn-o-hc
- psS
kvac-Ws
- b-tmepw Ah-tl-fn-p-sImv A{I-an-Iv ]pw hfbpw sImSpp _lp-am-\n-m\pw
XpS-n-bt- m, adp-`mKw hy-a
- m-mthn Nne \-kX
- y-
- Xpd-p-]d
- t- b-n-h
- p. ]t,
AXn-sem-c--cw-t]mepw R-fpsS kz--a-. Ah Hmtcmpw Ncn-{X-ns GSp-I-fn `{Zambn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bXpw \njv]
- a
- X
- n-If
- mb Ncn-{X-Im-c
- m-cpsS Xqen-Ib
- n-eqsS ]pd-p-h
- h
- bp-am-Wv. Ah-bvv, R-fm-tcmSpw am-]Ww sNt--Xn-.
Ah-km-\n-p--Xn-\p-ap]v Hcp ISa Rp sNm-\p-v. CXn Pohn-n-cn-p \nch[n A\p-`h
- k
- m-n-If
- p-tS-Xmb Ip-I R sImSp-n-p-v. Ah-cpsS t]cpw tahn-emkhpw Hgn-hm-n-bn-n-; ]e-cp-sSbpw t^mtm-I tNn-p-v. Ch-cn ]ecpw Ah-cpsS `bm-i-I hy--am-n-bn-cp-p. Ac-\q-mv ]g--ap Hm-I Cpw Ahsc Ak-z--cm-pp-v. kz-X{- -`m-cX
-
- nse kz-X{- -]u-c
- m-cmWv X-sf t_m[w Ahnpw ssIh-pI-gn-n-n-. Hcp-Xcw ]c-X-{-X-bpsS \ng-en-em-W-h-cnpw Pohn-p--Xv. X-fpsS t]cp-I
shfn-s-Sp-n-bm-sep kw`-hn-p-sa `bw Ahp-v. ]t, kap-Zm-b-ns a\-mn
PmK-cq-Ic
- m-sW hni-zm-kt- m-sS, Ak-ln-jvWp-Xb
- psS AXn-Xo-{h-X, hnth-I
- ns ap]n
Xe-Ip-\n-m-Xn-cn-p-I-bn-s {]Xo--tbm-sS, A]-Xvi--I-sfmpw IqSm-sX, R Ah

ChnsS AtX-]Sn tNp-Ib

- m-Wv, Ncn-{X-tm-Sv, hkvXp-n-Xn-It- fmSp \oXn-]p-emth-n.
R-sfmpw Ahn-thIw Imn-bn-n-sv Ncn{Xw hn[n-sb-gp-Xp-sav Dd-mbn hni-zk
- n-p-p.
a\-m-nsb sRn-n-p Hcp A\o-Xn-bpsS t\p hncNq-n-sm-v, R AXnhnsS Ah-km-\n-n-mw.
sIm-hv kmX-e
- n ]mcn-tXm-jnIw e`n-p-tm, {]Xn-amkw s]j\pw Xm{a]-{Xhpw e`n-p-tm, Ah {]Xm-]n-Ifpw ]W-m-cp-ambn amdp-tm, sIm-s--h-cpsS lX`m-K-y-cmb ]np-d-m AsXmw Ip-sIm-v, Ab-e-p sImp-]p-c-bn Pohn-p-sImp
acn-p-p. CsXp \oXn? Ah kzbw tNmZn-p-t]m-Ip-p. kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
-
- n ]s-Sp-h
- cm-sW t]cn-em-Ws{X s]j sImSp-p--Xv. sImSp-p--h ]d-bp--Xm-W-Xv. hmp-h hni-zk
- n-p-Xv adn-m-Wv. {_nojv `c-W
- n-s\-Xn-cmbn s]mcp-Xn-bX
- n-\
- , Abh-s
lnp-hns\ sIm-Xn-\mWv s]j Fm-W-h-cn ]ecpw hni-z-kn-p--Xv! A`n-am-\n-p-Xv! ""-Rm-\mWv \o-is\ sIm-Xv. F\n-n-\nbpw s]j Inn-bn-n-. Chn-Spv AsXmp
icn-bm-n--c-Ww.'' {ioam sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-t\ms\ kao-]n-v, el-f-bn ]s-Sp Hcm
]d hmp-If
- m-Wv! s]j hmp-h
- kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
-
- n ]s-Sp-h
- c
- m-sW [mcW-bn. AtX-k-abw bYm c-km-n-I Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp-p; Ah-tl-fn--s-Sp-p.
Cu h\ XpS-ct- Wm?
Inn

amn-e-e-lf Jnem-^v
{]tm-`-ns A\--c-^ew

amnf-am, ]p-e--tmfw P\-kw-J-y-bp Hcp-Iqw apow atXm---cm-Ip-p. `qcn-`mKw

Zcn-{Zcpw hnZ-ym-lo-\-cpw, {InkvXzm_vZw Fpw H]Xpw \qm-p-I-fn ae-_m ISo-cv
Xma-k-ap-d-n--h-cp-am-Wv. A[n-Ihpw Cykv{Xo-Isf hnhm-lw-I-gn Ad-_n-I-fpsS km-\-fm-Wv. ae-_m-dn Ch Xma-kn-p-h-Xv GI-tZiw Ccp-]-Xp-ew lnp--fpsS CS-bn-emWv. aX-{`m-n\v ASn-a-sv A{I-a- sNp--Xn Akq-bm-h-l-a-m Ip{]-knn Ah
t\Sn-g
- n-n-p-m-bn-cp-p. {_nojv `c-WI
- mev Gsdpsd A{]-[m-\
- f
- mb apn-bp
Iem-]
- v Ah D-ch
- m-Zn-If
- m-bn. Fm 1921 BK-vam-k
- n \S el-fb
- m-bn-cpp
Ghpw `b-c
- w. AXn-s\-
- n-bp HutZ-ym-Kn-Ih
- n-hc
- Ww Xmsg D-cn-p-p.
1921se BZ-ya
- m-k
- f
- n {]tm`w ]n-bn\np ]n-bn-tepw {Kma-n\np {Kman-tepw AXn-io-{L-n hym-]n-p. Aen ktlm-Z-c-m-cpsS {]p-_v[-{]-kw-K-, \nl-Ic
- W
- h
- mZw {]N-cn-n ]{X-f
- psS kz-cm-Pyw Bk-a
- mbn F {]N-cWw Jnem-^v almk` Pqsse-am-k-n AwKo-I-cn {]ta-b-, Ch-bp-sS-sbmw Hm-sI-bp ^ew {]m\s D-ze
- n-n-p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. Pqsse, BKv amk-f
- n \S-nb Akw-Jyw Jnem-^v
tbmK-f
- n Idmn alm-tbm-K
- ns {]ta-b
- Bth-it- msS Bhn-s
- -p. In,
hm, Ipw apX-emb Bbp-[
- cl-ky- a
- mbn \nn-s
- -p. Fpw sNp-hm k-c
- mb
kml-kn-I-cpsS hyq-l- kwL-Sn-n--s-p. Cm-an-I-cm-jv{S-ns BK-a\w {]J-ym-]n-phm Fm Gm-Sp-Ifpw sNbvXp. BKv 20-mw XobXn Xncq-c-m-Sn-bn Bbp-[- tiJ-cnp-hncp Nne t\Xm-
- msc t]meo-kn-sbpw ]m-f
- n-sbpw klm-bt- m-Sp-IqSn XS-hn
]nSn-p-hm ae-_mPnm aPn-kvt{Sv {ian--tm Hcp D{K-amb t]mcmw \S-p. CtXm-Sp-IqSn
B {]tZ-is
- -m-bn-Shpw elf s]sp s]mn-p-ds
- -p. tdmUp-hgn KXm-KXw XS-s
- -Spn,
sSe-t^m In-I apdn-p; ]e e--fnepw Xohn sdbn-ep-I \ow-sN-bvXp. Iem]w
hS-tmp hym-]n-m-Xn-cn-p-hm th Gm-Sp-I sNt--Xn\p Pnm aPn-kvt{Sv tImgntm-tp aS-n. An-mbn H-Xn-cn-p-\n Nne Bo-kp-Ifpw s]meokvtj\p-Ifpw
am{X-am-bn-cpp `c-W-b-{-ns Ah-in-jvS--fm-bp-m-bn-cp--Xv. Chsb el-f-m ]noSv
Hsm-mbn ssIh-i-s-Spn. elf _m[n {]tZ-i--fn\np c-s-Sm km[n-m-Xncp bqtdm-]-y-m `mK-y-h-im Ah hfsc Ipd-p-t] am{Xta Dm-bn-cp-p-q arKo-bamb {Iqc-Xt- bmsS sIme-sN-s
- -p. `cWw kvXw`n-s
- DSs\ kz-cm-Pyw m]n-s
- p Fv
amn-f-am DZvtLm-jn-p. Ben-ap-k-en-bm F Hcm cmPm-hmbn {]J-ym-]n--s-p. Gd-\mSpw
hp-h\
- mSpw Cu cmP-y
- n Ds hn`m-K
- f
- m-bn-cp-p. Jnem-^v Nnw Cu cmP-y
- ns
sImSn-q-db
- mbn AwKo-Ic
- n-s
- -p. amn-fa
- m-cpsS AXn-{Iq-ca
- mb cu{Zw apJ-ya
- mbn kln-t-nh-Xv Khsa-, P\-kw-Jy- b
- n `qcn-]
- a
- m-bn-cp \n`m-Ky- h
- m-m-cmb lnp-f
- m-bn-cp-p
Iq-sm-e, \n_--a-Xw-am-w, t{X-sf Aip--am-, kv{XoIsf \n-y-ambn am\-`w-Ks-Spe, Krl--fn \S-nb sIm, Xoh-bvv, \io-I-c-Ww Npcp-n--d-bp-I-bm-sW-n
arKo-bhpw A]-cn-an-Xh
- p-amb Incm-XX
- z-
- ns {IqcX apgp-h A\n-b{- n-Xa
- mbn Ah-cpsS ta
Agn-p-hn-p. hnkvXohpw t]mp-hc
- hn\p hfsc kuI-cy- a
- n-m-X
- p-amb Cu {]tZ-iv ]mfw
hp kam-[m\w ]p\x-m-]n-p-X
- p-hsc Cu `b-c
- m-h XpSp.
amn-f-t\-Xm--m-cpsS IW-p-{]-Imcw el-f-m-cpsS CS-bn c-kmn ]Zw e`n--hcpsS kwJy 1000 BIp-p. elf Aap Ah-k-c-n {_no-jp-]-mfw ]n-I If-s-Sp-n-sbpw thsd kml-kI
- r-Xy-
- \S-n-sbpw Ahv Bt-]a
- p-v. amn-fI
- e
- m-

]-n-se {][m\ kw`-h-, hnti-jnv A\-h[n lnp--fpsSta \S-nb `bm-\-I-amb

t{Zml-, ta D-cn Khsa v, {]kvXm-h\
- b
- n hnh-cn {]Im-cw-Xs hmkvXh
-
- n
\S--Xm-sW-v, Khsans `mKw tNp-shp kwi-bn-m \nhr-n-bn-m ]ecpw
nco-Ic
- n-n-p-.v CXn\p sXfn-hmbn Cu hnj-bs kw_-n-p Hcp-Iqw tcJ-If
- n\np
NneXp am{Xw D-cn-m aXn-bm-Ipw.
1. tIcf kwm\ tIm{Kkv Inn sk{I--dn, tImgn-tmSv Pnm tIm{Kkv Inn
sk{I--dn, Gd-\mSv Jnem-^v Inn sk{I--dn, {io. sI.]n tKm]m-e-ta-t\m Fn-h Hn-v
{]kn-w-sNbvX Hcp {]kvXm-h-\-bn amn-f-am sNbvX Xmsg-m-Wn-p A{I-a-sf ]cmain-p-p. {]tIm-]-\-Im-c-W-sam-p-an-msX tIhew A\m-h-i-y-ambn lnp-sf ssItbw
sNbvXX
- v; Gd-\m-nepw hp-h\
- m-Sv, s]mm-\n, tImgn-tmSv Fo Xmep-p-If
- nse Nne- `mK-fnepw lnp--fpsS hoSp-I GXmv \ntjw sIm-b-Sn--Xv; el-f-bpsS Bcw-`n Nne
e--fn lnp-sf \n_--ambn aXw-am-n-bXpw ]noSv kzw hoSp-Ihnv HmSn-tmIm lnp-sf Iq-tmsS aX-]c
- n-h\w sNbvXX
- pw; \ncp-]{- Z-hn-If
- mb lnp-s
- f ]pcpj-m-scbpw kv{XoI-sfbpw Ipn-I-sf-bpw Ah Im^nam-cm-sW A]-cm-[-m am{X-tam,
Xamsc A]-am-\n-p-It- bm, ]n-If
- n {]th-in-p-Itbm sNbvX s]meo-kp-Im-cpsS PmXnbns--h-cm-sW Imc-W-mtem arKo-b-ambn sIme-sN-bvX-Xv; lnp-t-{X-sf aen-\-amp-I-bpw An-n-c-bm-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv; lnp-kv{Xo-Isf am\-`w-K-s-Sp-n-bXpw aXw-amw
sNbvXv amn-fa
- msc Ie-ym-Ww-Ig
- n-p-hm \n_-n-Xpw ({]-kvXm-h\
- b
- psS ]q-cq]w asmcn-S
- p-sIm-Sp-n-p-v).
Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bn C{Xbpw IqsS ]d-bp-p: Cu IjvS-m-Sp-I-sf-sbmw AXn-Po-hn
Nne A\p-`-h--cpsS samgn R tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. ta {]kvXm-hn ITn-\-Ir-X-y-fpsS bmYmYyw Cu tcJ-I kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn sXfn-bn-p-p.
2. ae-_m-dnse kv{XoI sdUnv {]`-znIv kan Hcp \nth-Z-\-n C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-p:
c-kz- `- m-hn-If
- mb el-f
- m \S-nb tLmc-Ir-Xy-
- s
- fbpw _o`-{- ]-hr-n-Is
- f-bpw-Ip-dnp
Xmp ]q-hn-hc
-
- Hcp ]t e`n-n-p-m-bn-cn-p-Ib
- n-. ]qn-Ic
- psS aXw ]cn-Xy- P
- np-hm hnk--Xn R-fpsS t{]a-]m-{X--fmb D-_-p-sf AwK-`w-K-s-Spn A{]m-Wc
- mn Xn-hnp \nd At\Iw InW-dp-Is
- f-bpw Ipf-s
- fbpw Ipdn-pw; shn-ap-dn-v Nnetm sImn-X
- ih-ns K`-]m-{X-n\np Xn-\n-evp P\n-n-n-m inip-tfm-Sp-IqSn tdmU-cn-Inepw Ipn-m-Sp-I-fnepw Ct-p-t]mb K`n-Wn-I-sf-p-dn-pw; R-fpsS
ssIbn\np ]nSn-p-]d- n-s-Spp R-fpsS Iap]nhp sIm-s \ntZm-jn-Ifpw Aic-W-cp-amb Ipn-I-sf-p-dn-pw; t`Z-yw-sNbvXp tXmep-cnp Poh-t\msS Xobn-enp Np `m-m-scbpw ]nXm--m-scbpw Ipdn-pw; _p-P-\--fpsS CS-bn\np _emm-tcW ]nSn-psImp-t]mbn Cu \nZ-b-cmb ]nim-Np--fpsS \n-yhpw arKo-b-hp-amb k-ev]-n Dul-yamb Fm-Xcw If--n\pw am\-`w-K-n\pw Iogvs-Sp-nb RfpsS ktlm-Z-cn-am-sc-p-dnpw; Ien-m Imm-fk
- z- `
- m-hhpw \io-Ic
- W
- h
- m-k\
- bpw am{Xw tlXp-hmbn Nmq-m-c-fmbn am-s Bbn-c--W-n-ep R-fpsS ]pc-bn-S--sf-p-dn-pw; If--s-Spn \inn R-fpsS t{X--sf-p-dn-pw; ]pjv]-am-e-IsImv Ae--cn--s-n-cp Cui-z-c-hn{K-l
- ]ip-f
- psS IpSame AWn-bnv A]-am-\n-p-Itbm ASn-p-XI
- p-Itbm sNbvXXn-s\-p-dnpw Adn-n-p-m-bn-cn-p-Ib
- n-.... R-fpsS P-e
-
- f
- mb {Kma-f
- n\nv Bntbm-Sn--tm Ippw-ImSpw \nd ae-{-tZ-i--fn \X ad-bvp-hm DSp-Xp-Wn-bn-msX
]n-Wn-In-Sv Ae-p-\S-
- Xp R Hman-p-p.
(a-t`-Z-I-amb Zpcn-Xm-\p-`-h--fpsS hnh-c-W-n\nv Hcp `mKw am{X-amWv ChnsS D-cn-Xv)
3. kmaq-Xn-cn-cm-Pm-hns A[-y
- X
- b
- n tImgn-tmp hp \S-nb tbmKw AwKo-Ic
- n Bdmw
{]ta-bw; el-f-m sNbvX Xmsg--d-bp Xcw ZpjvI-sf hnkva-cn-p-Itbm eLq-I-cn-

p-Itbm sNp-hm ]e e--fnepw Xev]-c-I-n-I \S-n-bn-p ]cn-{i-a-sf Cu

tbmKw Ah-t- bmSpw tJZ-tmSpw hon-p-p.
1. kv{XoIsf arKo-b-ambn am\-`w-K-s-Sp-p-I.
2. P\-sf Poh-t\msS tXmep-cn-p-I.
3. ]pcp-j--scbpw kv{XoI-sfbpw Ipn-I-sfbpw Iq-sme sNp-I.
4. IpSpw-_
- sf \ntjw Npp-Ic
- n-pI
5. Bbn-c--W-n Bfp-Isf \n_ aXw-amw sNn-p-Ibpw AXn\p hg-m--hsc
sImp-Ibpw sNp-I.
6. (t`-Zyw sNbvXv) A-{]m-W-cm-nb P\-sf InW-n-tep Xn-bn-Sp-Ibpw acn-p--Xphsc aWn-q-dp-I-tfmfw c-{]m-]n-p-hm hrYm {iaw \S-n-p-Ibpw sNp-I.
(Cu {]ta-b-n hoSp-I sIm-sN-bvXXpw t{X- If--s-Sp-n-bXpw kw_n C\- tase D-cn kv{XoI-fpsS \nth-Z\
-
- n Ds-Sp-n-bh Xs-bm-bX
- n-\m
ChnsS Bhn-p-n-.)
4. 1921 sk]vXw-_ 7\pw 1921 Unkw-_ 6\pw tImgn-tm-p-\n-b
- Hmtcm teJ-\
- (Hv
ssSwkv H^v CUy Zn\-]{- X-nepw atXv \yq CUy Zn\-]{- X-n-ep-amWv {]kn-o-Ic
- n-s
- -Xv) kv{XoI-fpsS t\sc \S-nb _o`--amb A{I-a-sf hnkvX-cnp hnh-cn-p-p. Ahsb
k`-yX ap\nn ChnsS tNp-n-.
5. Poh-t\msS tXm Dcn-s
- Nne-cp-sSbpw sIme-sN-s
- SpXn-\p-ap]v kzw ih-pgn
tXmm \n_-n-s
- Nne-cp-sSbpw Imcyw i-c\m-b ]cm-ain-n-p-v.
Cu IY-I tIm{Kkv t\Xm--m BZyw hni-z-kn-n-. ]t iX--W-n tImgntmSv icWw {]m]n-]
- n-cp lnp A`-bmn-I atXm-
- X tlXp-hmbn \S Incm-tXmNn-Xa
- mb {Iqc-Ir-Xy-
- sf nco-Ic
- n-t- m Fp-h
- mepw lnp apow sFI-ys
- -
- n-bp
\ho-\m-i-b- ssIhn-S-cp-sX {hX-m A-cm-bn-o-cm lnp--fpsS CS-bn Cu
kw`-h
- f
- psS tLmc-Xs
- b-n icn-bmb A`n-{]mbw hym-]n-p. Fm Kmn Cui-zc
- s\ am{Xw
`b-s-Sp [oc-cmb amn-f-am, Ah icn-bm-sWp Icp-Xp aXn-\p-th-n, Ah [manI-am-sWp Icp-Xp coXn-bn t]mcm-Sp--h-cm-sWp {]kvXm-hn-p. ]ns aX-n-\p-thn
[oc-ambn t]mcm-Snb amn-f-amsc Jnem-^v t\Xm--m A`n-\-n--Xn AZv`p-X-s-tS--Xntm. amn-fa
- m-cpsS CS-bn kam-[m\w ]p\x-m-]n-W
- s
- a Dt-iy-tm-Sp-IqSn elf \S
{]tZ-i--fn {]th-in-p-hm tIm{K-kn-sebpw Jnem-^v kwL-S-\-bn-sebpw AwK-
A\p-hm-Z
- n\v At]-n-p. CXp \evIs
- -Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t Xv bmsXmpw sNphm km-ya
- s
- p k-Xn-p-sImv Ah thK-n Xncn-s-n. kX-ym-h ad-p-hb
-
v m
\nhr-n-bn-m-sX-bm-bn. hmkvXh
-
n-Xn-bpsS _o`-c
- q]w \-ambn shfn-s-t- m ]e-Xcw
hni-Zo-I-c-W-fpw {]Xym-Lm-X-fpw Khsans sNbvXn-I-sf-n Ipm-tcm-]-W-fpw
sImp lnp-sf kam-[m-\n-n-p-hm Kmn {ian-p. Al-Z- m-_m-Zn tN tIm{Kkv
tbmKw AwKo-Ic
- n-t- XmsS Dcn {]ta-b
- n Ch kwt-]n-n-cn-p-p.
\n-lI
- c
- W
- {- ]-m-\hpw Jnem-^v {]tm-`W
- hpw amn-fe
- l
- f
- bvp Imc-Wa
- m-bn-cp-nsv Cu tbmKw kpZr-Va
- mbn A`n-{]m-bs
- -Sp-p. {]tX-yI
- n-v, el-fbvv Bdp-am-kw-ap]papXv Cu {]m-\
- f
- nse {]mkw-Kn-I
- mv el-f_
- m-[n {]tZ-i
- f
- n-tev Pnm DtZ-ym-K-m {]th-i\w \ntj-[n \ne-bvv, Cu cp {]m-\--fp-ambn bmsXmcp _-hp-anm Imc-W--fn-emWp el-f-bp-m-b-Xv. Alnw-km-k-tiw B {]tZ-ip {]N-cn-p-hm
A\p-hZ- n-n-p-m-bn-cp-p-sh-n elf Dm-Ip-am-bn-cp-n-. Fn-cn-nepw Nne amn-fa
- m \Snb \n_--a-Xw-am-w, sIme, kzp \io-I-cWw apX-emb IrX-y--fn tIm{Kkv ]cnX-]n-p-p. aZn-cmin Khsa v auem\m bmq_v lpssk-sbpw thsd \n-lI
- c
- W
- h
- m-Zn-Ifp-sSbpw klmbw Ah Bh-i-y-s {]Imcw kzo-I-cn-p-Ibpw alm-m-Km-nsb ae-_m-dntep t]mIp-hm A\p-h-Zn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p-sh-n elf C{X ZoLn-n-msX Ign-

m-am-bn-cp-p. amn-fX
- S- h
- p-Im izm-kw-apn ac-Wa
- S- kw`hw ImWn-p-Xv Khsans
s]cp-amw B[p-\n-IIm-e-tp tbmPn-mXc-n {Iqchpw Hcp ]cn-jvIr-bp-K-nse
Khsan\p tNcm-h
- n-[
- n-ep-Xpw Bbn-cp-p-sh-m-Wv.
Hcp {]tX-yI kap-Zm-b-s-b-, `mc-X-J-WvUs HmsI {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p-p-shv AhIm-i-s-Sp Hcp henb cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S-\-bpsS kt-cn\p If-w-h-cp-p Hcp {]ta-b-amWn-Xv. DtZ-ym-K

- m C-yP-\X
- b
- psS t\sc \S-nb A{I-a
- sf sh-tXp aqSn-hb
- vphm {ian-p Khsap {]kvXm-h-\-I-fnse a\x-nXn CXp-X-s-bmWv. atXm---cmb
apo- Hcp hn`m-K
- m-cmb _lp-kl
- {kw \n-lm-bc
- mb lnp-f
- psS ta \S-nb tLmcm]-cm-[-\--fpsS \njvTq-cX eLq-I-cn-p-hm a\-qw \S-p DZy-a--fn shfn-s-Sp--Xv.
ka-`m-h-\-bp \ncq-]-I cpw Htc-co-Xn-bn A[n-t-]n-t--Xm-Wv. Idmn Jnem-^v
tbKm-nse {]ta-b- Bhnp _e-s-Sp-p-hm \S-nb tbmK-, Jnem-^v
cmjv{S-hn-fw-_-cw, ^nem-^v ]XmI Db Ccw A\n-tj-[-y-amb bmYmY-y--fpsS
ap]n \n-l-I-c-W-{]-m-\hpw Jnem-^v {]tm-`-W-hp-a amn-f-e-l-fbvp Imc-Wsap ]d-bp-Xv A]-lm-ky-am-Wv. Cu {]ta-b-n amn-f-am-sc, GXm-smcp am-t]-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn, Ip-s-Sp-p `mK-n D]-tbm-Kn hmp-Ifpw Nne DtZ-ym-K
m-cpsS ZpjvIrX-y
- v Ch D{K-am-bh
- X
- s Bbn-cp-p-sh-n-epw Khsans\ Bt-]n-p `mKv
D]-tbm-Kn `mj-bp-ambn Xmc-Xa
- y- w-sN-p-Xp ckm-hl
- a
- m-bn-cn-pw.
B\n-_-k v amn-f-I-em]w \n-l-I-c-W--Jn-em-^v {]tm-`--fp-ambn _-s--XmsWp JWvUn-X-ambn A`n-{]m-b-s-n-p-v. apow-t\-Xm--m Xs Cu A`n-{]m-bw ]tcm-ambn kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-p. Unkw-_ 30\v Al-Z- m-_m-Zn kt-fn apow-eo-Kns hmjnI-tbm-K-nse A[y--{]-kw-K-n lkvdv saml\n amn-f-am sNbvX {Iqc-Ir-X-y--sfn C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-Xv DZm-lc
- W
- a
- mbn FSp-mw.
amn-fa
- m Ah-cpsS \S-]Sn C{]-Imcw \ym-bo-Ic
- n-p-p.: Ah Cwo-jp-Ims-Xnsc Hcp
bpw \S-n-sm-n-cp--tm Ah-cpsS Abhm-kn-I (ln-p-) Ahsc klm-bn-nsp am{X-a-, \njv]-X ]men-p-Ibpw sNmsX k-{]-Im-tc-Wbpw Cwo-jp-Imp
klm-bk
- l
- I
- c
- W
-
- \evIn. Ah kz-aX
- k
- w-c-Wmw bp-n-tes-,v Ah-cpsS hoSpw
kzpw Dt]-nv ae-If
- nepw Ipn-m-Sp-If
- nepw A`-bw-{]m-]n-n-cns Ah-cpsS t]mcm-fn-Imh-i-y-amb ]Whpw `-W-km-[-\--fpw, thsd Pohn-tXm-]-I-c-W-fpw Cwo-jp-Im-cn\npw
Ah-cpsS XpW-bm-fn-I-fn\npw \n_-n-s-Spv sIm-sN-embn Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-Xv DNnX-as
- v Ahp \n-ba
- mbpw hmZn-mw.
amn-f-am-cpsS {]h-\s {_no-jp-Ims-Xn-cmbn \S-nb Hcp aX-bp--ambn hntijn-n--tm AXv Jnem-^v {]tm-`-W-n\np ths]-Sp-p-hm \nhr-n-bn-m
Hcp cmjv{So-b{- ]-m-\a
- m-bn-cp-p-shv lkvdv saml\n hy-a
- mbn k-Xn-p-p. amn-fa
- mcpsS {Iqc-Ir-X-y-v Atlw ImWp \ym-bo-I-cWw _meniw am{X-a-, hmkvX-h-hn-cp-hp-am-Ip-p. {]X-y
- a
- mb Hcp kwKXn Atlw hnkvac
- n-p-p. Gd-\m-Sv, hp-h\
- m-Sv, s]mm\n
Fo Xmeq-p-I-fnse ]e `mK--fnepw lnp--fpsS hoSp-I `qcn-`m-Khpw \ntjw sImsN--s-Xv BKv 21, 22, 23 Fo Xob-Xn-I-fn-em-bn-cp-p. Iem]w s]mn-p-d-s {]tZ-i-fn ]mfw Fn-t-cp--Xn-\p-ap]v amn-f-am ae-I-fnepw Ipn-m-Sp-I-fnepw A`-bw-{]m-]np--Xn\p hfsc ap]v.
amn-f-am-cpsS _o`--Ir-X-y--fpsS t\sc kzo-I-cn a\x-nXn tlXp-hmbn ]m-_n
{_nojv A[n-Im-cn-I \S-nb tLmc-Ir-X-y-sf hnain-p-hm tIm{K-n\p [mn-Imh-Imiw \jvS-s-p. ssZhs `b-s-Sp amn-f-am-sc-n Kmn-bpsS apd-hn-fn-Ifpw tIm{Kn-sebpw apow-eo-Kn-sebpw t\Xm-
- m Ah-cpsSta hjn A`n-\
- \
-
- fpw HmU-y UbdpsS sNbvXn-Isf icn-hp In ASn-X
- p-t]m-se, hmkvXh
-
- n \S kwK-Xn-Is
- f-p-dnp
A-Xs
- Im-m-bn-cn-mw. ]t ]noSv kwK-Xn-I kphy-a
- mbn shfn-s-t- i-jhpw Ah

10

BZys A`n-{]m-bs Dt]-nXmbn {]kvXm-hn-n-.

1923 sIm-\m-Sb
- nhp \Snb Jnem-^v kwL-S\
- b
- psS hmjn-It- bm-K
- n Hcp
anI tZio-b-t\-Xm-hmb juv Aen A[-y--m-\-p-\nv A\m-Y-cmb amn-f-Ip-Spw-_pw Ipn-Ipw klmbw A`-yn-p-sImv Hcp {]tabw Ah-X-cn-n-p. (C-Xn\v
F{Xtbm ap]p-Xs amn-f-am \S-nb tLmc-amb A]-cm-[- cmP-y-ns Hcw apX
at Aw-hsc Ip{]-kn-a
- m-bn-cp-p-ht- m) Atlw ]d-p: Bbn-c
- W
-
- n amn-fa
- m ckm-n-I-fm-bn-op. aX-[hpw am\p-j-[hpw ap\nn Cu [oc-amb amn-f-am-tcmSv
Hcp ISa \nd-th-m-\p-v. amn-fa
- m-cpsS ssIbm Nne lnp-v t{Zmlw A\p-`h
- n-n-p-sv
Atlw k-Xn-p. el-f-bpsS Cu hiw Ahv Hcp Am-X-hn-j-b-am-sW-nepw iqc-cmb
amn-f-am-tcmSv Hcp IS-m-Sp-spw Xm\pw Xs ktlm-Z-c apl-Zv Aenbpw Hmtcm amnf
A\m-Y_
- m-es sNe-hp-hl
- n-p-hm \n-bn-n-p-spw Atlw {]kvXm-hn-p.
tbmK-n kn-ln-X-cmb ]ecpw Hmtcm-cp--cmbn Fgp-tv Khsans ssIbm
amn-f-am kln-t-n-h-n-p Zpcn-X- hnh-cn-p. ]t Ah \S-nb a\p-tj-ym-Nn-X-am \njvTp-c-Ir-X-y--sf-n Fm-hcpw au\w Ah-ew-_n-p. tbmKw juv Aen-bpsS
{]tabw AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw A\m-Y-cmb amn-f-am-cpsS klm-b-n\p [\-ti-J-cWw \S-pIbpw sNbvXp. Fm amn-f-am-cpsS tLmc-I-v Cc-bmb lnp-v Cu amXncn
klmbw \evIp-hm lnp-t\-Xm-
- mtcm tIm{Ktm apt]mp h-Xm-bn-
- n-.

11

amn-e-e-l-f-I-fpsS bYm-k-z-`mhw
tUm.-Sn.-sI. cho-{
(tI-c-f-kh-I-em-ime Ncn-{X-hn-`mKw A-ym-]-I)

]sm]Xmw \qm-nepw Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-m-ns BZ-y-Z-i-I--fnepw ]c--c-bmbn s]mn-p-ds amn-f-e-l-f-Ip apJ-y-Im-cWw AYhm GI ImcWw Zp-l-amb IpSn-bm-bva-h-y-h-I tlXp-hmbn Ij-I-cpsS CS-bn kzm-`m-hn-I-ambn DZv`-hn B]-XvI-c-amb Akw-Xr-]vXnbm-bn-cp-p-shv Ak-n-Kv-ambn sXfn-bn-p-hm ASp--Im-ev ]ecpw ]cn-{i-an-n-p-v.
{_nojv C-yb
- n IpSn-bm-m Pn-If
- psS Zbm-Zm-n-Wy- s B{i-bnp Pohn-t-n-h
- X
- n\m IpSn-bmbva hy-h ]cn-jvI-cn-t-Xv ASn-b-n-cm-h-i-y-am-bn-cp-p-sh-Xv hmkvX-h-amWv. Fm Aan-XI
- cw Npa-pI apX-emb P\-a-\]
- c
- n-]m-Sn-I A]qh-kw-`h
-
- am{X-ambn-cp-p. hkvXp Hgn-n- Ghpw ]cn-an-X-am-bnt \S-n-cp-p-q. Ch km[mcW \S-]-Sn-bmbn-cp-n- H-s hy-Xn-Ne
- \
-
- am{X-am-bn-cp-p. Cu Ime-L- s
- -kw-_
- np \ne-hn-ep
tcJ-If
- n\nv A\p-am-\n-m-hp-Xv Pn IpSn-bm _- km[m-cW am\p-jn-I\
- n-ba
-
- sf
A\p-k-cnpw Gsd-p-sd kulm-]-chpw Bbn \ne-\n-n-cp-p-sh-m-Wv. `qhp-S-abpw Irjnm-c\pw At\-ym-\yw hn-Xp kap-Zm-b
- n\v A\m-tcm-Ky- a
- mb coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-n-, 19-mw iXm_vZ-ns D-cm-n Gd-\m-nepw hp-h-\m-nepw Dmb amn-f-e-l-f-I-sf--n-bp
hnh-c-W- CXp ]c-am-am-sWp sXfn-bn-p-p. el-f-bp-m-Ip-sa `b-m lnpp hocyw \jvSs
- {]tZ-i
- f
- n amn-fI
- p-Sn-bm Ah-cpsS Pn-If
- psS Poh\pw kzpw
cn-p-hm Ah-cpsS hoSp-If
- n-tep IpXn-n-cp-p.
""-Hmtcm henb lnp-P-n-bp-Sbpw hon-tev At-l-ns amnf IpSn-bm-m [rXn-sp
t]mIp-p Ah \ntZm-jn-I-fm-sWp sXfn-bn-p-hm-\pw Imhm-cmbn {]hnv AhcpsS kzm-an-`n ImWn-p-hm\pw. Hcp (am-n-f) IpSpw-_-nse Htm A[n-Itam AwK-
aX-{`m--m-cpsS `mKp tNn-p-s-n IpSpw-_-nse tij-ap ]pcp-j-m Pn-bpsS
hon-tep _-s-p-sNv elf Ah-km-\n-p-X
- p-hsc ]mdm-hp-Im-cmbn {]hn-p-p.''*
hnSt_mw ]d-bp-p: ""-el
- f \S {]tZ-i
- f
- nse amn-fI
- p-Sn-bm-m-cpsS CS-bn Rm
\S-nb At\-z-jWw lnp-P-n-I-fm-hs ImWw-Zmam-cm-Is IpSn-bm-msc ]cs t{Zmln-ncp-p-sh-tm, Ah-cn\nv Aan-Xa
- mb ]mw-]n-cn-p-shtm sXfn-bn-p-n-.'' Gd-\m-nse sN{t-cn, Xqhq apX-emb e-f
- nse nXn Atlw C{]-Imcw hni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-p: ""s\rjn
\S-p ]mS- GI-tZiw apgp-h shdpw ]m-m-cpsS ssIh-i-am-Wv. sN{-t-cn-bnepw
Xqhq-cnepw Ccp-hn-fs
- b-Sp-p `qanv hnns ]n-c- n-bmWv km[m-cW ]mw. cp hnfbvpw
IqSn samw hnfhv hnns 20 Cc-n-bn Ipd-bp-hm Xc-an AXp-sImv IpSn-bm\v InpXv hnf [m\-y-ns ]Ip-Xnbpw apgp-h sshtmepw BIp-p. Ing-Pn--I-fn (Xan-gv\m-n) C{X henb Hmlcn IpSn-bm-mp e`n-p-Xv hfsc A]q-am-Wv... Cu cv
Awi-f
- nse A[n-Im-cn-Ia
- m ]d-Xv Ah-cpsS Awi-f
- n Irjn-`q-anv G-dn\v 2 cq]-bne-[nIw \nIpXn Cs-m-Wv. Cu \nIpXn Khsan-tev AS-bvp-Xv DS-a
- \
- p-am-Wv. IpSnbm-m Ah-cpsS IpSn-bn-cn-n\p sImw-tXmdpw sImSp-p-Xv \ma-am-{X-amb Hcp hmS-I-bm-Wv
Hcp ]pXnb ]Ww (4 AW 7 ss] Ctm-gs 271/2 ss]k) Pn-I `mcn ]mw ]ncnp IpSnbm-msc t{Zmln-p-sh Bt]w ASn-m-\-c-ln-X-am-sWv CXn\np hy--am-Ip-p.
hmkvX-h-n IpSn-bm-msc Hgn-n-p-Xv A]q-kw-`-h--fm-bn-cp-p. h-tmgpw CXp \Sn-p-m-bn-cp-p-sh-n apJ-ya
- mb ImcWw Pn-am-cpsS CS-bn DZv`h
- n Ah-Im-iX
- -
Bbn-cp-p.

12

amn-fe
- l
- f IpSn-bm-m kln-t-n-h IjvS
- m-Sn\n-p-Zv`h
- n-p-sh hmZw ASn-m\-cl
- n-Xa
- m-sWp sXfn-bn-p thsdmcp kwK-Xn-Iq-Sn-bp-.v ""-taNmpw IpSn-bn-d
- epw kw_n hnh-c- cPn-kvt{S-j DtZ-ym-K--s-bpw, Gd-\mSv hp-h-\mSv apkn-^vam-cp-sSbpw
B^o-kp-I-fn\np tiJ-cn-p-hm Rm {ian-p. Cu hmZs km[q-I-cn-m D]-tbm-Knm-hp hnh-c--sfmpw e`-y-a-. atcn Awi-n 1895 Ah-km-\n-p 5 hj--fn
cPn- sNbvX tamp-I-fpsS Fw 17 Bbn-cp-p. CXn 10 tamp-I-fn BZys ImW-m lnp-f
- m-bn-cp-p. Ccp-pgn Awi-n Cu 5 sIm-f
- n 3 ta Nmm[m-c-W--fmWv cPn- sN-s--Xv. ]-\m-n 6, ]mn-m-n 7 tamp k{-Zmbw
A[n-Ihpw amn-fI
- p-Sn-bm-mp {]XnIqe-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-s
- -n-cn-p-p-sh hmZw Ak-Xy- am-sWv Cu IW-p-I sXfn-bn-p-p. 17 ta Nmp-I-fn 10 F-n IW-m-c
lnp-hm-bn-cp-p-sh hkvXpX taNmp k{-Zmbw amn-f-Ip-Sn-bm-m-cpsS ssIh-i-ap
`qan A]-l-cn-p-hm aX-hn-tZ-z-j-tm-Sp-IqSn Pn-I kzo-I-cn Hcp D]m-b-am-bn-cp-n-sp
ImWn-p-p. lyq Fvk tcJ-s-Sp-n-b-Xp-t]m-se, ""-am-n-f-amv {]tXy-I-ambn bmsXm-cp
D]-{Z-hs
- -
- nbpw Bh-em-Xn-s-Sm-\n-. A\p-`h
-
- n Pn-I lnp-f
- mb IpSn-bm-tm-tcmSp
ImWn-p--Xnepw IqSp-X kua-\-k-y-tm-sS-bmWv amn-f-Ip-Sn-bm-tm-tcmSp s]cp-am-dp--Xv.''
kmam-\y- a
- mbn ]d-bp-X
- m-bm amn-fI
- p-Sn-bm-mcpw Ah-cpsS Pn-Ifpw Xn-ep _w hfsc
Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bn-cp-p. el-f-bn ]s-Sp IpSn-bm-mp-t]mepw Ah-cpsS lnp-P-n-Isf
kw_-np kmc-ambn h Bt-]hpw Dm-bn-cp-p-shp ]d-bp-Xv sIp-IY
- I
- f
- psS kmev]n-It- em-I
- n hnl-cn-e
- m-bn-cn-pw.''
el-f-bn ]s-Sp--h-cpsS kz-`m-hw, elf \S Imev Ah-cpsS s]cp-am-w, Ah
sNbvX hnth-N-\m-iq-\yamb _o`--Ir-X-y-, elf HXp-nb Ncn-{Xw, el-f-sb-n
Khsap-tZ-ym-K
-
- m tiJ-cn tcJ-I Ch-sbmw kkqvaw ]cn-tim-[n-m Cu \n`mK-yh
- m-msc AXn-tLm-ca
- mb ZpjvI- sNp-hm {]tNm-Zn-n-Xv kz-nt]mbn a\xI-ev]n-X-amb kpJ- A\p-`-hn-m-sa hym-tam-l-am-bn-cp-p-shp hy--am-Ipw. Ah-cpsS
Dtiw Hcn-epw {Z-h-y-em-`-am-bn-cp-n-. Cu kap-Zmb hncp--{]-h-\--fn ]s-Sp--hsc
Ah-cpsS Bo-tbm-]t- Z-iI
- hniz-kn-n-X
- ,v Ah t]mcm-
- n acn-W
- s
- apw bpw sNbvX
"k-bnZv' ]Zhn km-Zn-m h]n KpW- t\Sp-sa-p-am-bn-cp-p. Cu {]m-\h
- p-ambn Nnehn-[-n _-s--h \evInb sXfn-hp-I Cu Bi-bs Xd-n-p-]-d-bp-p.
kzw tXSm
amn-f-e-l-f-I-fn Ftmgpw {]X-y--s-Sp-Xv kz-a-Xs kw_-n Aan-X-`-bpw
CX-c-a-X-sf kw_-n Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw BIp-p. hnSt_mw ]d-bp--Xp-t]m-se,
""1894se elf-t]m-se-bp kvt^mS-\
- IpSn-bm \nb-a]
- c
- n-jI
v mcw sImp-am{Xw \nm
Ign-bm aX-{`m-n\nv DZv`-hn-p--h-bm-sW-p-am{Xw Rm ssha-\-k-y-tmsS A`n-{]mb-s-Sp-p. Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw KW-y-ambn A`n-hr-n-s-m aX-{`m--m Dm-hp-I-bn-. ]t
Zmcn-{Zyw \psS IqsS Fm-bvtmgpw Fm-bn-Spw Dv. el-f-I s]mn-p-d-s-Sp {]tZ-i-fn \n-\-cmb amn-f-am [mcm-f-ambn D Ime-tmfw Bh-i-y-ap--tm-sgmw Iem]w
krjvSn-p-hm Fs-nepw ImcWw {]X-y
- s
- -Spw.'' lnp-s
- fbpw Ah-cpsS kzpw m]\-fpw t{X-fpw \in-n-p-hm Dt-inp \S-nb Zmcp-W-amb A]-cm-[-v {]_-eamb {]tNm-Z\w AIm-cW
- a
- mb aX-{`m-p-Xs
- -bm-bn-cp-p. As-n h[n-s
- -Sp-Itbm AwK`wKw A\p-`h
- n-t-n-hc
- n-Itbm sNbvX lnp-t- fmSp {]tX-yI
- nv bmsXmcp hntZ-zj
- h
- p-an-m
A\-h[n apo- el-f-m-cp-sS-IqsS tN-Xn\p ImcWw ImWp-n-. Ahn-i-zm-kn-I-fmb
lnp-sf shdp-p-Ibpw Ah-cp-ambn bp--n Gsp arXn-b-S-bp-Ibpw sNp-Xv aX[-am-sWpw AXp kz-a-lna Ic--am-p-hm kpZr-V-amb am-am-sWpw el-f-mcn ]e-scbpw bYm-{Iaw \njvIjnp ]Tn-n-n-p-m-bn-cp-p. Nne el-f-bn tNXv

13

Xmevm-en-I-amb tm`-n-\-[o-\-s-npw Bbn-cp-p-shp tXmp-p. 1896se Iem-]-n

atcn t{X-]c
- n-kc
-
- nhp arXn-bS-
h
- c
- n ]{-p-hb
-
- p-am{Xw {]mb-amb Hcp Ipnbpw
Dm-bn-cp-p. Ah hb-en Fv DW-n-sm-n-cp--tm s]s-p-mb Hcp Bthiw
Ahs\ el-f
- m-cpsS kwL-n-tep \bn-X
- m-bn-cp-p.
A]-cm-[n-I-fn _lp-`q-cn-`m-Khpw apow-k-ap-Zm-b-nse Ghpw XmW-]-Sn-bn-ep--h-cm-bncp-p-shp kwi-bm-Xo-Xa
- mbn sXfn-bn-s
- -n-p-v. Ahv bmsXmpw \jvSs
- -Sp-hm-\p-mbn-cp-n-. c-km-n-Iv hmKvZm\w sN-s aln-ab
- m-bn-cpp Ahsc hio-Ic
- n-X
- v. AXpsImv Pohs\ _en-bn t{Im[m-Ip-ec
- mb h]n P\-q-s t{]cn-n-Xv Ah-cpsS CSbn XmW-]-Sn-bn-ep-hsc \n`m-K-y-h-im Iog-S-n-bXv aX-{`m-ns in am{X-am-bn-cp-p.
Im^am-cp-am-bp kwLj-n Poh-X-ym-Kw-sN-bvXm Ahp kz-nse kpJ-t`m-K A\p-`h
- n-m-sapw `qan-bn Ah-cpsS Ion Fpw kvacn-s
- -Sp-sapap ZrV-hn-izmkw Ahn-iz- m-kn-If
- psS t\sc-bp GXp kml-kI
- r-Xy-
- n\pw Ahsc k-c
- m-n.
Cu aX-{`m--m-sc-n Hman-t--Xmb thsdmcp Imcyw Ah-cn At\-Iw-t] \njvTq-cIr-X-y- \S-n-bXv Ah-cpsS kz-tZ-i-m-bn-cp-n F-Xm-Wv. aX-bp--n tNcp-hm
Ah hnZq-c--e--fnse Ipn-m-Sp-I-fn Fn-tp. CXns Aw Hcp es
kw_-n {]tXyI Imc-W
- thW-sa-n F-Xm-bn-cp-p. IpSn-bmbva hy-h
s
- b-p-dnp Akw-Xr-]X
v n Ccw Iem-]
- sf Xz-cn- X-s-Sp-n-bX
- mbn hnNm-cn-p-hm A[nIw \ymbw
ImWp-n-. Ah-bpsS ]nn {]mtZ-in-I-a-m aX-]-c-amtbm hnIm-c-]-c-amtbm D Imc-W Dm-bn-cp-n-cn--Ww. Ahn-i-zm-kn-Iv Poh-t\msS Iog-S-p--Xn-s\-m bp-n
ac-Ww-h-cn-p-hmt\m B-l-X-y-sN-p-hmt\m Bbn-cpp el-f-m CjvS-s-Xv F
bmYmyw Ahsc Bth-iw-sIm-n-Xv aX-hn-Im-c-am-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. ""-e-l-fm-cpsS CS-bn Hmtcm-cp-\pw ]m-f
- m-cp-ambn ssItbm-SpssI bpw \S-m\pw FXn-cm-fnbpsS Poh-\p-]-Icw kzw Poh hne-bmbn sImSp-p-hm\pw Xcw-t\m-n-bn-cp-Xv XS--s-Spp-hm {_nojv DtZ-ym-K--m \S-nb ]cn-{iaw ]cm-P-b-s-p.* Cu A`n-{]mbw XsbmWv hnSt_m-a
- n\pw Dm-bn-cp-X
- v. ""-Hcp kwLw amn-fa
- X
- {- `m-
- m Iog-S
- p-hm hnk-Xn-X
- mtbm Acw kwL-nse Hcp hyn apdn-th-evtmsX ]nSn-s
- -X
- mtbm Hcp DZml-cWw Ip-]n-Sn-p-hm Hcp \qm-nse tcJ-I-sfmw ]cn-tim-[n-mepw B {iaw hn^-e-ambn-cn-pw.'' CsXmw m]n-p-Xv Cu el-fI
- aX-{`m-ns hnkvt^m-S\w am{X-am-bn-cp-psh-X
- m-Wv.
cmjv{So-tbm-t-iy- a
- n
CXp-t]m-se-Xs amn-f-e-l-Isf {_no-jp-`-c-W-n-s\-Xn-cmb cmjv{Sob{]tm-`-ns
Ah-y
- a
- mb Bcw-`a
- mbn hym-Jy- m-\n-m-\p {iahpw tIhew \njv^e
- a
- m-Ip-p. aX-{`m-
- m
Khsap-ambn CS-Xv Ai-c-W-cmb ssl-h-P-\-Xbvpw Ah-cpsS kz-n\pw tZhm-e-bpw Khsa v cm-h-y-h--I Gs-Sp-n-b-tm-gm-bn-cp-p. cmjv{So-b-amb ZmVyw
Ahv Hcp {]iv\-am-bn-cp-n-. Fm kz-a-Xm-kn _pnsb A[o-\-s-Sp-n, Ahsc
{`mp-]n-Sn-n-p. AXp-sImv Cu kml-kn-Ik
- w-L
- f
- psS {]h-\
- tIc-f
- nse BZy-Im-es kzm-X{- -yt- bm-m-f
- psS ]cn-]m-Sn-If
- p-ambn kao-Ic
- n-p-Xv A{I-aa
- m-bn-cn-pw. HmaXv amn-f-e-l-f-mv cmjv{So-b-k-zm-X-{-y-sa-m-sW-p-Xs \n-b-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. AXns\-n Ahv h k-ev]-hp-ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-n AXv aX-hn-tcm-[n-I-fmb lnp--fp-ambn
\S-t bps kw_-np am{X-am-bn-cp-p. CXp sXfn-bn-m B Imes tcJ-I
[mcm-f-ap-v. amn-f-am-cpsS CS-bn DS-se-Sp Hmtcm {]tm-`-n-sbpw ]nn ImWp-Xv
Ah-cpsS aXs A]-am-\np F Bt-]-am-bn-cpp (CXv hmkvX-htam Dultam Bbn-cnmw). 1874-se elbvp ImcWw Hcp \mbsh-fn-
- m-Sns Iev]\
- b
- m-bn-cp-p. CXn\n-smw
A\p-am-\n-t-Xv ]sm]Xmw iXm-_vZ-nse amn-f-e-l-f-I {][m-\-ambn kmap-Zm-bn-I-

14

e-lf
- I
- f
- m-bn-cp-p-sh-m-Wv. Cu el-fI
- f
- n aX-{`m-
- mv lnp-t- fmSv Fpw-sN-m-sa
\ne-bm-bn-cpp Dm-bn-cp-X
- v. CXn\p hnSt_mw hmIvNm-Xp-cy- t- m-Sp-IqSn kmyw hlnp-p: ""-Hc
- p-Iqw amn-fa
- X
- {- `m-
- m t]mcn\p hcp-p-s-d
- n-m lnp-f
- psS CS-bn-ep
Fm hn`m-K-m-cnepw Dm-Ip \ny-amb Zb-hn-l-z-eX Ah-\o-b-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS nXn
em-hl
- h
- pw Zb-\o-bh
- p-am-Wv. Hcp i{Xp-ssk-\y-
- ns B{I-aWw CXn-ep-a[
- nIw sh{]m-fhpw
]cn-{`-ahpw krjvSn-p-I-bn-. Xsbpw Xs kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw c-bvmbn Hcp amn-f-a-X-{`mns\ FXn-cn-Sp-hm Hcp lnp-hn\pw tXmp--tX-bn-. Bbp-[--fp-m-bn-cp--h Ahsb
kqn-p-hm-\mbn Khsap-tZ-ym-K
-
- msc Gev]n-p-Itbm As-n Hfn-n-p-hb
-
v p-Itbm
AXp-as
- -n el-f
- mv hnp-sIm-Sp-p-Itbm sNbvXn-p-m-bn-cn-pw. kz-tZ-i
- p-\nv ]memb\w sNp-X
- ntem cl-ky- k
- t- -X
- f
- n Hfn-n-cn-p-X
- ntem am{X-amWv Ah cm-amw
ImWp--Xv. 1849se Iem-]-n el-f-mcpw Hcp ssk\-y-hn-`m-K-hp-ambn \S Gp-ap--en
Cu aX-{`m--m ]m-f-m-cpsS t\sc IpXn-p-Nm-Sn-b-tm `b-hn-l-z-e-cmbn ]m-f-m HmSntm-bXv Hman-p-tm hp-h\
- m-n-sebpw Gd-\m-n-sebpw ae-{-tZ-i
- f
- n ]mp Aic-Wc
- mb _lp-P\
-
- A\p`hn kw{`mn Duln-m-hp-X
- m-Wt- m.
kz-nse kpJ-n-\p-thn Zmln-p Hcmsf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Imjn-Iamb
Ah-iX
- I
- aXn-bmb {]tIm-]\
- a
- s
- v Dd-n-p-]d
- bmw. "sk-bvZm'fm-Im-\mbn ]S-s]m-cp-Xn-bhp Imjn-I-]-cn-jvI-cWw A{X-sbmpw BIj-I-am-bn-cn-m\pw CS-bn-. Iem-]-Im-cn-Ifn Ah-ti-jn--h-cm-cpw-Xs Xstbm Xs Iqp-Im-cp-sStbm eyw AXm-bn-cp-p-shp
]d-n-p-an-. Aan-Xa
- mb ]m-n\pw IpSn-sbm-gn-n-e
- n\pw FXn-cmbn "]p-Wy- b
- p-w' \S-p-Isb-Xv Hcp ]n-tI-Sm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw. AXn-\m CXv- Imjn-I-amb Ah-i-X-IsXn-cmtbm Imjn-I]
- c
- n-jI
v m-c
- n-\p-th-ntbm D Iem-]a
- m-sW-Xv I]-S\
- m-Syw am{X-am-sWp
hy-w AXp ]t bYm-e-yw ad-p-]n-Sn-m-\m-bn-sm--W-sa-n-. el-f-bn ]sSp-h
- cpw Pohn-n-cn-p-h
- c
- p-am-bh
- sc cn-mth-n-bm-hmw.
Ipf-q elf
1851 Dmb asmcp el-f-bmWv Ipf-qe-lf Fp Ip{]-knn t\Snb el-f. Cu
el-f-bn ]e lnp--sfbpw el-f-m sImp-Ibpw ]e hoSp-Ifpw \in-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXtijw Ipf-q hmcn-b-cpsS hmcn-b-tv Ch ]pd-s-p. hmcn-b Hcp ]n-sI-p Imc-yn Ftm hntcm-[-ambn NneXp {]hn-n-cp-p. el-f-m hmcn-bv Fn. kv{XoItfmSpw Ipn-I-tfmSpw hoSp-hn-p-t]m-Im ]d-p. Ahcpw hmcn-b-cpsS cv A\-n-c-h-mcpw
c-s-p. aqn hmcn-bv 79 hbv {]mb-am-bn-cp-p. Abm Hcp apdn-bn AS-n-cp-m-bn.
Atm-tgv Ahn-Sp-p-Im-cmb Nne lnp- A{]-tZ-i
- m-cmb amn-fa
- msc icWw {]m]n-p.
amn-f-am A]-Xp-t]-tcmfw hmcn-bv Fn. ]t Cu h-h-cns Nne el-f-mtcm-Sp- IqSn-tv hmcn-bsc D]-{Z-hn-m IqSp-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv. hmcnb sNdp-w-ap-Xp
Xs hfn-sm-p-h Hcp amn-f-bm-bn-cpp Abm Hfn-n-cp ew el-f-mp
ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-Xpw el-f-m t]msbv D]mbw ]dv hmcn-bsc ]pd-p-h-cp-n-b-Xpw.
hmcn-bsc ASp-p ]mSv Cv shn-sm-p. Ipf-q hp-mb Cu kw`-h-amWv amn-famscn lnp-f
- psS a\-n Ahn-iz- mkw P\n-n-p-X
- n\p {][m-\a
- mbn klm-bn-n-p-X
- v.
amn-fe
- l
- f
- I
- f
- psS `mhw
el-fI
- f
- psS Bcw`w an-hmdpw Npcp-nb \ne-bn-em-bn-cn-pw. GsX-nepw Hcp {]tZ-iv
Htm ctm t] tahn-h-cn h Imc-W-nt]mepw lmen-fIn i{Xp-sf sImm\pw
]ns acn-m\pw Hcp-p-p. B hnhcw Xv hfsc hni-zm-ka
- p Abhm-knsb Adn-bnp-p. Ah-s\bpw hio-I-cnp Iq-n tNp-p. Cs\ el-f-m-cpsS kwLw \mtem
Atm Bbm Dn-jvS-Im-c-y-n-\ndn ]pd-s-Sp-p. AXn-\n-S-bn Nne hmfp-Itfm InItfm tXmp-Itfm tiJ-c-n-p-h-n-p-m-bn-cn-pw. Cu Bbp-[--tfm-Sp-IqSn X sIm-W-

15

sap a\-n Xo-s-Sp-n-bn-p Bfns t\sc sNp-p. Xc-n Inn-bm Abm-sfsmv ASp {]tZ-i--fn-tep bm{X-sN-p-p. BZ-ys sIme Ign-bp--Xp-hsc XfpsS {]hr-n-I KqV-am-bn-s hbvp-sa-nepw AXpIgn-m ]ns kI-e-{]-hr-nIfpw ]c-ky- a
- m-Wv. X t]mIp hgn-bn t\cn-p-ap-p A\-ya
- X
-
-
- msc an-hmdpw Ah
sImp-Itbm sXmn CSo-p-Itbm sNpw. Ah-tcmSp bmsXmcp hntcm-[hpw thW-sa-n-. Nnesc
hn-b
- n-s-p-an-. AXp-{]-Imcw Xs Ah t]mIp Znp-If
- n-ep lnp-f
- psS hoSp-I
Npp-\i
- n-n-pw. _nw_- Xp-Sb
-
v pw. t{X- \in-n-pw. Cuhn-[
- n GXm\pw Nnesc
\in-n-m-\mbn Bcw-`n-p elf lnp-f
- psS t\sc s]mXp-hmb Hcp bp-ambn Iem-in-pp. bp-sap ]d-Xp sXm-Wv. el-f
- m hcpp Fp-tI-m HmSp-Ib
-
- msX Ah-tcmSp
lnp- FXnp-\n-X
- mbn amn-fe
- l
- f
- I
- f
- psS apgp-h Ncn{Xw t\mn-bmepw ImWp-hm
{]-bm-ka
- m-Wv.
(sI. am[-h\m-b, ae-_m Iem-]w, t]Pv 19-20)

16

B.-kn. ap-Zm-cpsS teJ-\-n ]cm-ain A\p-_-

1921 sk]vXw-_ 7mw Xob-Xn-bnse
ssSwkv Hm^v C-y-bnse dntmv

kzmX, ]W-sm-Xn, A[n-Im-ct- amlw Fn-hb

- m t{]cn-Xc
- m-b- am-n-fa
- m Imn-qnb PpKp]vkm-hl
- a
- mb aX-{`m-n-s\-n kmam-\y- _
- p-n-bp GsXmcp lnp-hn-s\bpw t_m[y-s-Sp-p
A\p-`-h--fmWv Cu el-f-sb-n Fgp-Xp-tm F\np ]d-bp-hm-\p--Xv. \mbk-ap-Zm-bnepw av Db kap-Zm-b
- nepws] bph-Xn-Ifpw kp-cn-If
- p-amb s]Ip-n-Isf Ah-cpsS
A-\
- a
- m-cnepw `m-
- m-cn-epw-\nv _emm-ca
- mbn ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]mbn ]q-\
- I
- fmn Ah-cpsS ap]nqSn \S-p-Ibpw HSp-hn am\-`w-K-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvX kw`-h A`-bmn-I hnh-cn-p-p. a\p-j-y-hn-Im-c-a--hcpw arKo-b-hn-Im-c--fm A-cp-amb
amn-fa
- m Hcp Ukt\m A[n-Itam Bfp-If
- psS amwk-Zmlw Xom Hcp kv{Xosb D]-tbm-Ks-Sp-nb kw`-h--fp-ap-v. Iem-]-Im-cn-I kp-cn-I-fmb lnpkv{Xo-Isf XS-hn]n-Snv
_emm-ca
- mbn aXw-amn amn-fk
- v{Xo-Is
- f-tmse ImXp-Ip-nv Xmevm-en-I`- m-cy- a
- m-cmbn D]tbm-Kn-n-p-v. `oj-Wnpw am\-`w-K-n\pw Poh-lm-\npw ap]n `b A-\--I-fmb
lnp-kv{Xo-I Imp-ar-K--fp h\--fn A`bw tXtS-n-h-n-p-v. A-tmsS Pohn
lnp-sf Nne apk-en-bm-m-cp-sSbpw Xam-cp-sSbp klm-bt- msS _ew-{]-tbm-Knv kpv
\Sn aXw-am-n-bn-p-v. lnp-ho-Sp-I sIm-Sn-p-I-bpw sImn-h-bvp-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v.
\n-l-I-c-W-hm-Zn-Ifpw Jnem-^v {]m-\-mcpw sImn-tLm-jn-p lnp apow sFI-yns s]m-cw shfn-hm-m Cu B{I-a-W- t]mtc? hnj-bm-k--cmb amn-f-amcpsS \Sp-hnqSn \-I-fmbn \S--s lnp-kv{Xo-I-fpsS _o`--Nn{Xw ad-mt\m
ambvmt\m km[-y-a-. Fm amn-f-I-em-]-Im-cn-I Hcp apow-kv{Xosb Fnepw am\-`w-Ks-Sp-n-bX
- mbn Rm tIn-n-. (kn. i-c\m-bc
- psS Kmn BUv A\mn F ]pkvXI-n cmw A\p-_
- a
- mbn sImSp-n-p-X
- v.)
612-1921se ssSwkv Hm^v Cybnse dntmv.
sN{-tcn Xfpw ssk\-ym-[n-]\pw tNv Fs {]tZ-i
- mWv lnp-sf Icp-Xn-qn
sImm\pw kzv sIm-b-Sn-m\pw BZ-y-ambn Bcw-`n--Xv. AtX-]n ae-_m tPW-en
Rms\-gp-Xnb hnh-cW
-
- Xm-b
- Xp hmbn-p-Im-Wp-at- m? Ccw kw`-h
- ]Ih-ym-[n-t]mse hym-]np Znh-tk\ sIme-I-sf-n tIm XpS-n. cm-gvN-bvIw Zmcp-Wamb lnp-sIm-e]
- m-XI
-
- \nX-yk
- w-`h
-
- f
- m-bn. Gd-\m-Sn-sbpw tImgn-tm-Sn-sbpw D`m-K-fn\nv Iem-]I
- m-cn-I \S-nb sIme-If
- p-sSbpw B{I-aW
-
- f
- p-sSbpw IY-If
- p-ambn A`bmn-I {]h-ln-m XpS-n. tImgn-tmv \nv 12 ssa am{Xw hS-p-In-g-p Gd-\mnse ]pq-cw-i
- n aXw-am-dm hnk-X
- n 25 lnp-sf ]m-I
- shn-smv InW-n-enp. Ch-cn-sem-cm el-fm t]mbn--gn--tm Xe-\m-cn-g-sImp c-sv Hcp-hn-[-n
tImgn-tm-s-n. Abm-fn-tm Bip-]-{Xn-bn-em-Wv. A\p-`-h--\mb Hcm-sf \nebvv Cu
IY kXy-am-Imt\ hgn-bp-q.
Gd-\mSp Xmeq-n IS-epn sdbnth-t-j\
- n Acn-b
- q-cn\v ASp-p aq-cn\npw
Ign--bmgvN sIme-I-fp-sSbpw _emm-c-amb aXw-am--n-sbpw hm-I Inn-bn-p-v.
Cu ehpw tImgn-tm-Sp-\nv shdpw 14 ssa Zqc-m-Wv. Ign Hcm-gvN-bmbn tImgn-tmtp hcp Hmtcm Xoh-nbpw 100 IW-n\v A`-bmn-I-sfbpw hln-p-sIm-mWv hcp-Xv. Ign--bmgvN ]Xn-\m-bncw A`-bmn-Imbn Zpcn-Xm-i-zm-k-k-anXn `Ww sImSp--

17

sX-n CubmgvN AXv 15000 Bbn. Ah-cn\np Innb hm-b-\p-k-cnv Hc]-Xm-sfnepw sIm-s-p-Im-Wpw. sIm-hbv]pw aXwam-hpw Akw-Jyw. inip--sfbpw K`n-Wn-Isfbpw sIme-sN-p--Xn-s\-m ss]im-Nn-I-amb Hcp ]mXIw \nv k-ev]n-m Ignbp-sam? cp-Zn-hkw ap]v tImgn-tm-Sp-\nv Hcp A`-bmn ]d h-am\w hmbn-m-\nS-h-p. 7 amkw K`-ap Hcp kv{Xo hb Adp-p-sIm--\n-e-bn N Ipn-bpsS tZlw
]pdp ImW-
- h
- n-[
- n hgn-at- [y InS-p-p. ape-Ip-Sn-p-sIm-n-cp 6 amkw {]mb-ap
asmcp Ipnsb X-bpsS amdn\nv ]nSn-s-Spv cmbn IjvWn-p. F{X lrZ-b-t`-Z-Iw!
el-f
- m a\p-jy- tcm sNIp-m-m-tcm? _ew {]tbm-Kn-p F-a aXw-am-
- fpw dntmp
sN-s-Sp-p. Hcp Uk-\n-e[
- nIw Bfp-Isf Xe-sam-b
- S- n-nv Jpdm-\n\nv Ftm sNmnpXv Hcp ac-n-sem-fn-n-cp Hcm I-Xmbn dntmp sNp-p. Fp sXfn-hp-h-p-sImmWv Nne Ccw kw`-h
- sf \ntj-[n-p-s
- Xv F\np a\-n-em-Ip-n-. \ntj-[n-p-h Chn-sS-hv CXns kX-ym-h t\cn-p-Im-W-s. Ign--Zn-hkw sIme-]m-X-I--fpsS
thsdmcp hm tIm-b
v e
- n-\S- p-p-\n-p-m-bn-cp-p. kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j
- m-cp-aS- w ]Xn-s\mp
lnp-sf el-f
- m sImp-sh-m-bn-cpp B hm.
cmgvN ap]v s]cn-a-bvpw taem-q-cn\pw CS-bvp tdmUnse Hcp Iep-n-\-Snbn ]Xn-\p lnp--fpsS arX-tZ-l- ImW-s-Sp-I-bp-m-bn. Cu sIme-]m-X-I--fpsS
IY-I tIv \np thZ\ tXmp-n-t? Cu hm-Is
- fmw Xs icn-bm-sWp sXfnn-p--h-bm-Wv. sN{-tcn X-fpsS t\Xr-X-z-n \S Hcp _emkw-K-s-n Adnbm-\n-S-h ka-bv Fs a\-n-ep-mb Aajhpw shdppw {]I-Sn-n-m hmp-I-fn-.
taem-q-cnse am\-y-bmb Hcp \mbkv{Xosb sXm-Spp ssII ]nn sIn-\nn-bn-cp
kz-k-tlm-Z-c-sbpw `m-hn-sbpw apnhv el-f-m DSp-h-kv{X- Agn-p-am-n. Cu
Zriyw ImWm-\m-ImsX I-S ktlm-Zc
- s
- \bpw A{I-an-I hmNq-n-smv _e-ambn IpXp-d
- n-p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Xpd-I
-
- p-Ip ap]nhv _emkwKw sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp!
Ccw lo\-kw-`-h--sf-p-dnv Fgp-XmXs F\np aSpp tXmp-p. hf-sc-b-[nIw
kpw \mep-t]-cpsS Poh\w (c-p-th-e
- mcpw cp _p-f
- pw) \jvSs
- -s-nepw Cui-zcm-\p-{K-l-m Fs IpSpw-_hpw _p-fpw Cu a\p-j-y-ar-K--fm A]-am-\n--s-SmsX
kpc-n-Xa
- mbn tImgn-tm-s-n-tp. ta-d _emkw-K
- ns kw`hw hfsc hnizm-kt- bm-Ky- a
- mw-hn[w Ah-cpsS ktlm-Zc
-
- m-cn-sem-cmXs Fs Adn-bn-X
- m-W.v CXp-t]m-ep
\nc-h[n \n-yhpw lo\-hp-amb A{I-a--fpsS IY-I Bfp-Isf shfn-s-Sp-m--h-bm-bn-p-apv.
(k.-kn. i-c\m-bc
- psS Kmn B v A\mn F ]pkvXI
-
- n cmw A\p-_
- ambn sImSp-n-p-X
- v.)
sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m apX-em-b-h-cpsS {]kvXm-h\
kz-cm-Pnse lnp-a
- pow sFI-ys
- -m kX-ya
- mWv ]c-a{- ]-[m-\a
- m-bn-p-X
- v. Bb-Xn-\m
auem-\m-km-ln-_n-t\mSpw At-l-ns ap aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSpw C-y-bpsS Bcm-[y-t\-Xmhmb alm-m-Km-n-tbm-Spw At-lhpw Chn-Ss Cu kw`-h
- Adn-n-n-s-n R
]d-bp-p, lnp--fpsSta amn-f-am \S-n-bn-p A{I-a- XnIpw kX-y-am-Wv. Hcp
bYm A{I-a-c-ln-X-amb \n-l-I-c-W-hm-Znv amn-f-e-l-f-m-cpsS {]hr-n-Isf A`n-\-nm Ign-bn-. Fn-\mWv \ma-hsc A`n-\-n-t--Xv? lnp--fpsS t\sc Ah \S-nb
h]n-Xpw {]tIm-]\
- c
- l
- n-Xh
- p-amb B{I-a
- tm? tImgn-tm-S,v s]mm-\n, hp-h\
- mSv Fo
Xmeq-p-If
- psS Nne `mK-f
- n-sebpw Gd-\m-n-sebpw kI-el
- n-p-`h
- \
-
- f
- nepw \S-nb htXmXn-ep sIm-bvtm? el-fb
- psS XpS-
- n sNdnb tXmXnepw ]noSv el-fb
- psS ASp-L-
- n hons Ign-p-Iq-Sn-bt- m htXm-Xnepw lnp-sf _ew-{]-tbm-Knv aXwam-n-bX
- n-t\m? \ncp-]{- Z-hn-Ifmb lnp-]p-cp-j
- m-scbpw kv{XoI-sfbpw Ipn-Is
- fbpw \njvc
- pWw

18

shn-sm-X
- n-t\m? ]n-bn {]th-in-p-Ibpw X-msc A]-am-\n-p-Ibpw sNbvX s]meokp-Im-cpsS hwi-n P\n--h-sc--Xn-\m, As-n Im^-dp-I F ImcWw Hp-sImp-am-{X-at el-f-m lnp--fpsS t{X- aen-\-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Ah \in-n-p-Ibpw
lnp-kv{Xo-Isf _emkw-K-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Ahsc amn-f-am \n_-n-X-ambn aXw-amn
hnhmlw Ign-p-Ibpw sNbvXX
- v? bmX\ A\p-`h
- n-h
- c
- n Cp Pohn-n-cn-p-h
- hnh-cn-p-XXpw R tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p--Xp-amb hnh-c--fn ]d-bp {Iqc-kw-`-h- A`n-\--\aln-p--h-bm-tWm? t\sc-adnv icn-bmbn Nnn-p--h-cmb Fm-hcpw Xs, {]tX-y-Inv
Fm {]tIm-]\
-
- f
- nepw A{I-ac
- l
- n-Xa
- mbn {]hn-p-sap {]Xn-m-_
- a
- m-bn-p Jnem^v kt-f\w t]mep Hns {]Xn-\n[n {]tX-yI
- n-,v CXns\ in-bmb `mj-bn Bt]n-t-X
- t- ? Ccw {Iqc-Ir-Xy-
- sNbvXh
- c
- mb amn-fa
- m Ah-cpsS aX-n-\p-thn Poh
_en-bn-p-thm?
1. sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m, sk{I--dn, tIc-fm-{]-tZiv tIm{Kkv Inn (H-v)
2. sI. am[-h\m-b, sk{I--dn, tImgn-tmSv Pnm tIm{Kkv Inn (H-v)
3. Sn.-hn. saml--Zv, sk{I--dn, Gd-\mSv Jnem-^v Inn (H-v)
4. sI. Icp-Wm-I-c tat\m, {Sj-d, tIcfm {]tZiv tIm{Kkv Inn (H-v)
5. sI.hn. tKm]m-et- a-t\m (H-v)
(Kmn B v A\mn F {K-nse aqmw A\p-_
- w)
{io am[-h\m-b-cpsS {]kvXm-h\
kmcpw amn-f-amcpw Xn-ep Hcp ka-c-sa \ne-bnepw As-n amn-f-am Imn
Pohn-t-Xv A\m-h-iy-am-bn-op-sh--Xns t]cnepw amn-f-am lnp-sf sIm-b-Snp-Xv icn-bm-sWv auem\m saml\n \ym-bo-Ic
- n-p-Ib
- m-W.v Gd-\m-S,v hp-h\
- m-S,v s]mm\n
Xmeq-p-I-fn lnp-`-h-\--fpsS t\sc htXm-Xn-ep sImbpw Ihbpw A[nIw \SXv ssk\n-I-\n-baw {]J-ym-]n BKv 22, 22, 23 Xob-Xn-Ip ap]m-sW Imcyw auem\-bv-dn-bn-m-bn-cn-mw. auem\m Duln-p ka-bv amn-f-am ImSp-I-fn-te-bvtm-Sn-tm-bncp-n-; AXp-t]m-se-Xs lnp- Hcp {]tX-yI hn`m-K-sa \nebvv amn-f-am-cpsS hntZzjw km-Zn----hn[w amn-f-amsc t{Zmln-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-n-. Iem]w s]mnpd-sXv BKv 20-\m-bn-cp-p. 21\v s]meo-kn-s\bpw aPn-kvt{S-n-s\bpw Xncq-c
- m-Sn-bn\npw tImgntm-tbvv ]nh-en-p-Ibpw s]meo-kp-Im el-f-_m-[n-X-{]-tZ-i--fn-sepw Npa-X-e-tb-sSp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lnp- Wn-p-Itbm klm-bn-p-Itbm sNp-X
- mb amn-fa
- m-cpsS
FXn-cm-fn-bmb Hcmfpw Dm-bn-cp-n. lnp--fpsS taep B{I-aWw _o`-hpw {]tIm-]\-cl
- n-Xh
- p-am-bn-cp-p.
(*-Kmn B v A\mn F ]pkvX
- n D-cn-n-p aqmw A\p-_
-
- n\n-v, t]Pv
138)
k-m-hnse InWdpw tIf-\pw
1921se HIvtSm-_-\
- h
- w-_ amk-f
- n tImgn-tmSv Xmeqv ]pq-cwiw apXp-a\ Cv
Atm- ap-ym `c-W-am-cw-`nv {Kma-{]-tZ-i--fn\npw Iqw-Iq--ambn lnp-sf ]nSn-psIm-p-hv Cmw kzo-I-cn-m Bh-i-y-s-p. aXw-am--n\p Xm-dm-b-hsc amw-Iqn XSp-hb
- vp-Itbm ]d-b
- b
- vp-Itbm sNbvXp. hnk-X
- n-h
- v amn-m h[-in hn[np. C-n-t\m-S-\p-_-nv Hcp k-mhpw InW-dp-ap-v. h[-in-bvp hn[n-s lnpsf Imhn-tep am-sN-n-p; Xe-shn InW-n-se-dn-p. C-c-n \nt-]n--s
A]tXm Adp-]tXm ih- InW-n ImW-s-p. tIf- Fp t]cmb Hcm am{Xw
AZv`p-XI
- c
- a
- mb hn[-n InW-n\npw c-sv Cu IY-]d
- b
- m Ah-ti-jn-p. Abmv
Xebvp ]n`m-Kv cp-sh-p-I sImn-cp-p. ap--h-cpsS Xe-I-f-p-t]m-bn-cp-p. `mK-yw-

19

sImp am{X-amWv tIf- c-s-X

- v. Abm acn-s-p-Ic
- pXn el-f
- m Abmsf Imen\p
]nSn-p-he
- np InW-n-tep Xn.
InW ih--sf-smp \nd-n-cp-p. Ah-bpsS apI-fn-emWv tIf- hoW-Xv. cp-aWn-q Ign--tm-tgpw Abmp t_m[w hcn-Ibpw InW-n-tep Nmp-In-S Hcp
Imp-h-n--Sn ]nSnp Ic-bvp-I-bdn Hfn-n-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp sNdnb ag-s]-bvX-Xn\m Abmv Aev]w Bizmkw e`n-p. Ccp-m-b-tm Rc-nbpw aqfnbpw apt]m-p-Xqnb Xe Xmn-n-Sn-p-sImv Cg-p-\n-cn 8, 9 ssa k-cn-p. ]nt-p-cm-hnse 8 aWnv
t_m[-c-ln-X-\mb \ne-bn Hcp k_v-Ckvs]-IvS Abmsf Isn Bkv]-{Xn-bn-se-np.
(Zn amn-f-e-lf 1921, kn. tKm]m-e\m-b, ]pdw 55-56)

20

el-f-Im-cWw C.-Fw.-F-n\pw
\mSp-hn-tS-n-hp

ae_mdn s]mXp-shbpw R-fpsS {]tZ-ia

- mb hp-h\
- m-Sp-Xm-eq-n hnti-jnpw amn-fa
- m
Cf-In-h-im-bn.... elf XpSn \mtem Atm Znhkw R Fd-Wm-Ip-f-p-Xs Xma-knp. B Znh-k--fn-sempw Ahn-S--fn bmsXm-c-{I-ahpw \S-n-cp-n-. ]t ]e-bn-Spw
A{Iaw \S-p-p-sp kwkm-ca
- p-m-bn-cp-p. Chn-sSbpw \S-p-sap `b-hpw. AXp-sImp
el-f
- m hp Ipg-a
- p-m-m-Xn-cn-p-X
- n-\v, R-fpsS ]Sn- nc-ambn Imh-tes-Spn. (Cu ImhmXs amn-fa
- m-cm-bn-cp-p). {ItaW elf Ipd-bp-X
- n-\p-]I
- cw ]c-p-Ibm-sW dntmp-I ]c-m XpS-n. C ep ]mew s]mfn-p. Xmeq-p-I-tcn
ssItb-dn, s\pw ]Whpw tNmZn-p-Ibpw _e-ambn ]nSn-p-hm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp CsXm-sbmWv tIp- IY-I. Cu kml-N-c-y-n F{X Imh-ep-s-nepw kv{XoIfpw Ipn-Ifpw
Ipd-p-Zn-hkw amdn-m-ak
- n-p-X
- mWv \-sXp Xocp-am-\n-p.
Hcp-Zn-hkw cmhn-se-bmWv R Ahn-sS-\np ]pd-s-X
- v. ]pg-IS- v 7, 8 ssa Zqsc-bp
sjmqp-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv. D-bq-Wn\v h-p-g-bn-ep A-bpsS Krl-n Ib-dn. DuWpI-gnv sjmqp \S-p.
Cu hgn-smw lnp-fpw apo-f
- p-am-bh
- sc ImWm-am-bn-cp-p. Ah Xn bmsXmcp
hy-Xy- m-kh
- p-an-. Ah-km\w sjmq-sc-n-bt- m I ImgvNb
- mWv el-fs
- b-p-dnp t_m[ap-m-n-bX
- v. sdbnth-t-js apJ-y
m-\
- f
- n-semw sh-- m-f
- m \ne-bp-d
- n-n-p-v.
tjIm-he
- n\p \n-s-n-p Chp-]p-dsa el-f
- msc Aam Xm-dm-bn-\n-e
v p
]m-f-hn-`m-K-mcpw Ahn-sS-bp-v. {_nojv `c-W-i-n-bpsS cq]-s-p-dnv Fs Pohn-X-nem-Zy- a
- m-bn-n-p {]X-y
- m-\p-`h
- w.
sjmq-cn\npw hn-Ib
- dn Ccn-m-e
- p-St- -j\
- nsen. Ahn-sS-\npw IpXn-ch
-
- nv
810 ssa Zqcv shm-
- q-cn-ep _p-Kr-l
- n-se-n. Ap-ap-X Ap-am-kt- mfw
Ahn-sS-bmWv Ign-p-Iq-n-bX
- v. Ahn-sS-m-ak
- n-p Ime-s-mw el-f
- m-cpsS A{I-a
- s
- fp-dn-p IY-I ]d-pw-tIpw ]{X- hmbnpw a\-n-em-n. Fsm-s--d-mepw
amn-fa
- msc hni-zk
- n-p-IqSm F Nnm-KX
- n-bmWv AXn-se-m-aS-
- n-bn-cp-X
- .v Kmn-Pnpw \nl-Ic
- W
- {- ]-m-\
- n\pw tIm{K-n-\p-sa-m-sa-Xn-cmb Nnm-KX
- n-bmbpw CXp cq]w-{]m-]n-n-cpp. CXn-s-sbmw Ae t\cn-bt- Xm-Xn Fs a\-nepw ASn-n-cp-p.
Am-dp-am-k
- p-tijw hopw Gew-Ip-ft- -p-Xs Xncn-p-h
- p. R Cm-Xncp--Im-ev \mn\-S kw`-h--sf-n A\p-`-h- ]d-p-tI--tm Fs Bi-b-pgw Ipsd-qSn hn-p-shv Chn-sS-s ]d-p-hb
- vs
- . \n-lI
- c
- W
- ]
- c
- n-]m-Sn-bpsS `mKambn AwKo-Ic
- n-s
- -n-cp lnp-a
- pow ssa{Xn-bpsS ASn XIp-Ig
- n-n-cp-p. el-f
- m
\S-nb A{I-a
- s
- f-p-dnv bYmtam Bb IY ]d-bp lnp-; s]meokv hv Adv
sNp-Xv Ftm-sgv `b-s-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ibpw Pbn-en Ign-bp _p-s
- f-p-dnp hymIp-ec
- m-bn-g- n-bp-Ibpw sNp apo-; Kmn-Pn-sbbpw tIm{K-n-s\bpw ]gn-p {_nojv
`-m; tIm{K-ns\ \ym-bo-Ic
- n-p-s
- X-s
- \-sb-d
- n-bmsX \nevp tZio-bh
- m-Zn-I
CXmWv nXn.
(C.-Fw.-F-kv. \q-Xn-cn-mSv, B-I-Y, ]pdw: 76-79)

21

Zp_-e\pw Akw-L-Sn-X-\p-amb lnp

sI. am[-h \mb

ae_mel-f-bpsS kpZoLhpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb Ncn-{X-Im-c el-f-n-c-bmb lnp-fpsS ASn-m-\]

- c
- a
- mb Zu_-eys hni-Ie
- \w sNp-p.
lnp-f
- psS PmXn-hn-`m-Khpw Xo apX-emb A\m-Nm-c
- fpw Ah-sc-
- n F{X-am{Xw
AI-n-bn-cn-p-p-shpw C-s\-bp B]-p-If
- n GtIm-]nv i{Xp-t- fm-sS-Xnm km[nmsX Ahsc F{X-am{Xw Zp_-ec
- m-n-bn-cn-p-p-shpw aps]m-ch
- k
- c
-
- n {]kvXm-hn-np-v. Fm B Imc-Ww-sImp am{X-a amn-fa
- m-tcmSv FXnm Ah Xosc Ai-c
- mbn-o-Xv. Gd-\m-Sv Xmeq-n amn-fa
- m F-n lnp-s
- f-m A[n-Ia
- p-sp am{Xa Ah an-hmdpw \nc-ns hpw Am-Sn-bn sXcp-hp-I-fpsS k{-Zm-b-n-ep-amWv
Xma-kn-n-cp-X
- v. GsX-nepw Imc-y
- n\v Hcp-an-p-Iq-Sp-hm Ahp W-t\-cw-sImp km[np-p. Fp-am-{X-a-, hnp-Xm-a-kn-p--ht]mepw Hcp-an-p-IqSn thp Btem-N-\-I
sNbvhm Ah-cpsS ]n-I Ahv AX-yw D]-Icn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
el-f
- m-ev CXp {]tX-yI
- npw Fm-hpw A\p-`h
-
- kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. el-fb
- psS Bcw`-tm-Sp-IqSn \mn-ep kIe Bbp-[
- fpw Ah Ic-a
- m-n. AXn-\p-tijw kwLw kwLam-bn-mWv Ah lnp--fpsS hoSp-I sIm-sN-bvhm XpS-n-b-Xv. Ah-cn ]pcp-j-m
an-hmdpw AXXp e--fn {]hnv D]-Po-h\w Ign-p--h-cm-Wv. Fm lnp-fpsS nXn CXn\n-smw hy-X-ym-k-s-n-cn-p-p. Ah an-hcpw A[nIw Zqcw hoSp-hnp
Xma-kn-p-p. Hmtcm ]d-n lnp--fpsS cpho-Sp-I Hcp-anp ImWp-Xv Zp-`-am-Wv.
Ah-cn Db PmXn-m tZlm-[-zm-\-ap {]hr-n-Isf \n-y-ambn IcpXn am\-y-amb Irjn{]-hr-nsb an-hmdpw Dt]-n-n-cp-p. hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-ap--h-scmw Kpa-kvX-m-cmbpw hnZ-ym-`-ymk-an-m-h
- tIm-_nam-cpw in]m-bn-amcpw `rX-y
- mcpw Bbpw Ah-\h
- \pw hop-Impw
KpW-an-msX A\-yZ- n-p-If
- n Ime-bm-]\w sNp-p. Ah-cpsS tZl-_ew {]mtbW bn-ncn-p-p-shp am{X-a
- , Hcp-anp tNcmt\m {]hr-n-mt\m kuI-cyw \evIp bmsXmcp m]\hpw Ahn-X
- m-\pw. AXn-\m kwLw tNv Bbp-[
- f
- p-ambn A{I-a
- n-\n-d
- nb amnf-am-tcmSv FXnp-hm Ah Xosc Ai-c
- m-bn. amn-fa
- m tZtlm-]{- Z-ht- a-ev]n-p-hm XpSnb cm-as L-n Ahcn Nne hfsc ss[c-yhpw ]cm-{I-ahpw ImWn-n-cp-p-shnepw A[nIw P\-f
- psS t\sc Fstbm Npcpw Nne-cp-sStbm [oc-Xbpw _e-{]-tbm-Khpw
\njv^e
- a
- m-bn-s Iem-in-p. aXw-am-p-hm \n_-n-s
- Ah-kc
-
- n im-[o-c\
- mbn
Npg-en-p-ds hmkp-tZ-h\-q-Xncn ac-Ws hcn-p. Ctlw GXp kap-Zm-b-n\pw A`n-am\n-
- iqc-]p-cp-jX-s-bm-bn-cp-p. Xs hoSn-s\bpw IpSpw-_s
- bpw cn-p-hmthn
Poh _en-sIm-Sp thsdbpw ]e DZm-lc
- W
-
- f
- p-v. Ah-sbmw ChnsS hnh-cn-p-hm Hcpp-n-.
kwL-Sn-Ww i-cm-hWw
ta {]kvXm-hn--hn[w Aev]w Nne el-f-m-cpsS t\sc _ehpw D]m-bhpw {]tbm-Knv
FXnp-sh-nepw BI-msS lnp- \mSpw hntm-Sn-tm-hp-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv. ]t
CXpsImsmpw lnp- bmsXmcp ]mThpw ]Tn-X
- mbn tXmp-n-. Ah-\h
- s kap-Zm-bn-ep Ak-a-X-z- Xov tZl-_-ehpw kwL-_-ehpw hn-n-p-hm Ah {inm ]w Ah-sc-tmgpw Cu B]-p-Iv hi-s-Sp-hm hgn-bp-X
- m-sW-X
- n\p kwib-an-. amn-fa
- m Am-\
- nepw A-hn-iz- m-k
- nepw apgp-In-bn-cn-p-n-St- mfw Imew lnp-

22

v Ah-cpsSbnS-bn\nv Ccw B]-p-I t\cn-Sp-hm-\n-Sb

- p-X
- m-Wv. AXn-\m amnf-amsc ]cn-jvI-cn-p-hm\pw X-fpsS kap-Zm-b-n _m[n-n-p tZmj- Xop-hm\pw
lnp- _m[-y
- c
- m-bn-cn-p-p.
(a-e-_m el-f, t]Pv 212-213)
Xqhq-cnse InW (1921 BKv 24)
Xqhq-cn\pw Icp-hmc Ipn\pw at[-yb
- p sam-p-ns sNcn-hn Hcp InW-dp-v. CXn-\Spv sNc-tcn Cn-n-tm-b--fpw 4000 Hmfw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Hcp h]n tbmKw
tNp. Hcp sNdnb ac-ns XW-en-ep ]md-ta X Bk-\
- \
- m-bn. ssII ]nn
sIn-b\
- n-eb
- n \mev]X
- n]cw lnp- Abm-fpsS apn-te-m-\b
- n-s
- -p. ]m-fs klmbn-p-sh Ipw Ah-cp-sS-ta Npa-n. ap-s-p-t]sc h[-in-bvp hn[n-p. aqp-t]sc
shSn-h
- X
- mbn ]d-bs
- -Sp-p. _mn-bp-h
- sc Hmtcm-cp-c
- mbn InW-nI-cb
- n-tep sImph-p.
Bcm-m InW-p-h
-
- p Hcp sNdnb ac-n-\S- p-p-\nv Hmtcm-cp-s
- c-bmbn Xe-shn
InWntep Xn. InW-n-se-dn-b-s-n-cp--h-cn Nnep Poh-\p-m-bn-cp-p. ]t cs-S Akm-[-y-am-bn-cp-p. \ sN]m-d-bn shn-p-gn InW-dn\v Ac-m-Wp-I Cmbn-cp-p. Cu Iq-sm-e-bpsS aqmw-Zn-h-khpw InW-n\npw Ic-n tIm-am-bn-cp-p-hs{X! F{X `b-c
- a
- m-bn-cp-n-cn-Ww Ah-cpsS ac-Ww! Iq-sme \S kabw ag-m-ea
- m-bn-cp-Xn-\m InW-n sh-ap-m-bn-cp-p. Fm Ctm AXp hn-bn-p-v. Bpw B `oIc-Zr-iyw ImWm Ign-bpw. InW-n-\-Sn-`mKw a\p-j-ym-n-I-sf-smp \nd-n-cn-p-p. Fs
IqsS-bp-m-bn-cp ]WvUnv Ejndmw F Bc-y-k-amPw anj-\dn apXp Xe-tbm-Sp-I FpI-bp-m-bn. Hcp Xe-tbm-Sn-s\-n {]tX-yIw ]cm-ain-t--Xp-v. AXp cp Xpe-y-J-WvU-fmbn hn`-Pn-s
- -n-cp-p. Hcp Cu-hmsImv cmbn Cup apdn-s
- B Xe Ipamc-W
- n- F Hcp hr-t-Xm-bn-cp-p-shp ]d-bs
- -Sp-p.
({io. C. cmata-t\m _n.-C., amn-f-e-lf F ]pkvX-I-n\n-v)
C.-Fw.-Fk
- v. Apw Cpw
""-A{- I-ac
- l
- n-Xa
- mb \n-lI
- c
- W
- {- ]-m-\
- n-\p-th-n-bm-bn-cp-n-, t\sc-ad
- n-,v X\n lnwkm-I-amb ka-c-n-\p-th-n-bm-bn-cnpw CS--c-m-cmb {]mtZ-in-I-t\-Xm-m amn-f-IjIsc kwL-Sn-n--Xv. Bdp-am-ks ITn-\m--zm-\-n-\p-tijw am{Xta kpi--amb {_nojv
km{am-Py- X
- z-
- ns ]S-bm-fn-Iv Cu hn-hs ASn-a
- m Ign-p-q. A{X ka-{K-ambn-cpp Ah-cpsS kwL-S\
- m-km-a-yw. Ah-cpsS \nb-{-W
- n-\m-bn-cp {]tZ-i
- f
- n Hcp
X\n P\-Io-b-`-cWw Gs-Sp-p-hm el-f--e-h-\mb Ip-l-Zv lmPnp Ign-p;
sXs ae-_m-dns `q{]-IrXn Hfn-tm apd-Iv Ah AXn-km-ay-tmsS D]-tbm-Ks
- Sp-n; Hcn- Cf-n-hn-p-I-gn-m F{X in-tb-dnb FXn-cm-fn-sb-tmepw FXnp-\nevm-\p hgnbpw Ign-hp-Ifpw Is-p-hmX kma-ya
- p-h
- c
- mWv amn-fI
- j-Is
- cv
CXp icnpw sXfn-bn-p.''
(C.-Fw.-F-v., "tIc-f--C--se, Cpw \msf-bpw')
Ctm {io. C.-Fw.-F-kv. Cu \ne-]mSv amp-Ibpw el-f-bpsS ho-b-k-z-`mhw AwKo-I-cn-pIbpw el-f-bnse c-km-n-IpIqSn s]j A\p-h-Zn--W-sav Bh-i-y-s-Sp-Ibpw
sNp-p-v.
arKo-bhpw A\n-b-{n-X-hp-amb Imm-fw
""-Jn-em-^v {]tm-`w, amn-fa
- msc BI-am\w Cf-n-ad
- n-p. el-f, bYm-n {_nojv
Khsan-s\-Xn-cm-bp Hcp {]tm-`a
- m-bn-cp-p. {_nojv Khsans\ ]pdw-Xn Xm-

23

\v Cm-an-I-`-cWw m]n--W-sa--Xm-bn-cpp Dt-i-yw. In-I, hmfp-I, Ip-

Fnh kz-Im-c-y-ambn \nn-p-I-bpw, {_nojv `c-W-Iq-S-ns Bm-\s XIm
Fn\pw aSn-bn-m A{I-an-Isf kwL-Sn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1921 BKv 30\v Xncq-c-m-Snbnhv amn-fa
- mcpw {_nojv ssk\-yhpw Xn Hcp D{K-amb kwL-\w \S-p. tdmUp-If
- n
am-X-Sw krjvSn-p-Ibpw sSe-{Km^v In-Ifpw sdbnth sse\p-Ifpw ]e-bn-S--fnepw
apdn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `c-Wk
- X
v w-`\w \ne-hnh-t- Xm-sS, kz-cmPv m]n-s
- -n-cn-p-p-shp
amn-f-am {]-J-ym-]n-p. Hcp Ben-ap-k-en-bmsc cmPm-hmbn hmgn-p. Jnem-^v sImSn-I \mpI-bpw, Gd-\m-Sv, hp-h-\mSv Xmeq-p-I Jnem-^v cmPy-ambn {]J-ym-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{_nojv Khsan-s\-Xn-cmb Iem-]-sa \nebvv CsXmw XnIpw a\-n-em-m-hp--tXbp-q. Fm, F{X-bm-tem-Nn-mepw a\-n-em-hm-X
- v, ae-_m-dnse lnp-f
- psS t\v amnf-am Imnb hn{In-bI
- f
- m-Wv. amn-fa
- m-cpsS ssIsImp lnp-p t\cn ZpXn `b-c
- a
- mbn-cp-p. sIme-I, _ew-{]-tbm-Kn-p aX-]-cn-h-\w, t{X-[-zw-k-\-, K`n-Wn-I-fmb
kv{XoIsf shn-n-fpI XpSn kv{XoI-fpsS t\p lo\-amb s]cp-am-w, sImn-h-bv]v,
hn[-zw-kI
- Fp-th arKo-bhpw A\n-b{- n-Xh
- p-amb Imm-f
-
- ns Fm ZpjvIr-Xy-fpw
lnp-f
- psS ta amn-fa
- m \n_m[w \S-n. Zp-ahpw hnim-eh
- p-amb B {]tZ-iv \nb-ahmgvN ]p\-m-]n-m ]mfw Fn-t-cp-X
- p-hsc CXp XpSp. sIm-s-Sp-Ibpw aXw-am-s-Sp-Ibpw apdn-th-ev]n--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX lnp--fpsS Fw IrX-y-ambn Adn-p-Iq-Sm.
Fm, Xo-bmbpw AXp `oa-amb Hm-bn-cn--Ww.''
(tUm. Awt_-ZvI, "]m-In-kvXm As-n C-y-bpsS hn`-P-\w')
""-Hman-p-tm Rm \odn-tm-Ip-p'
""-ae
- _
- m-dn kw`-hn Imc-y
-
- , Ahn-Ss Npp-]m-Sp-I icn-d
- n-bm-hp \p-sS-sbmw
a\-ns\ Imp-Xn-p-Ib
- m-W.v \psS amn-fk
- t- lm-Zc
-
- mp {`mp ]nSn-s]-p-t]mbn Ftmanp-tm Fs lrZ-b
- n\np cw hmsm-en-p-Ib
- m-W.v Ah DtZ-ym-K
-
- msc h[np
Fp Nnn-p-tm Fs lrZbw thZ-\n-p-p. Ah lnp-ho-Sp-I sIm-b-Sn-p-Ibpw
\qdp-IW
-
- n\p kv{Xo]p-cp-j
- msc `h-\c
- l
- n-Xcpw `-Wc
- l
- n-Xc
- p-am-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-tmptm Fs thZ-\-bv-Xn-cn-. lnp-sf Cm-an-tev _emm-c-ambn Ah aXw-am-m
{ian-p-sh-tmp-tm Rm \odn-tm-Ip-p.''
(Km-n-Pn, bMv C-y, 22-9-1921)

24

tNmc-bnep Ip-\o-cnepw
IpXn IY-I
kn. ]mdp-A
- , Nmw-ho-n, tXn-mew, ae-p-dw-Pn-
20-1-1973
Fs A ]pg--S-hv amv Ipn-\m-b F IrjvW-\pn \mbsc 1921se amn-f-el-fb
- n apo- ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]mbn shn-smv Hcp InW-n-en-p. hon-ep-m-bn-cp km[\-fpw el-f
- m sIm-sN-bvXp.
sI.-kn. _me-Ir-jvW\m-b, hmmS hoSv, Xrp-fw
19-10-1973
Fs s] sNdn-bw-ho-n s]m-bn Ipp-A F kv{Xo apS-p Hcp kv{Xobmbn-cp-p. cp sNhnpw tIhn Dm-bn-cp-n-. Cu kv{Xosb apow el-f
- m hmsIm
shn Igp--dpv Rm Ctm Xma-kn-p-h-cp Xrpfw Awi-n hmmS ]d-n-ep
InW-dn ihw Cp. Cu ISpwssI sNbvXXv R-fpsS kao-]
c
- mb apow-If
- m-Wv. CXn\pw
]pdsa Fs Hcp Am-hs
- \bpw shn-smp InW-n-en-p.
kn. IrjvW\m-b, aT-n hoSv, Xrp-fw, 19-10-1973
1921se amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- n AXn-Zm-cp-Wa
- mb hn[-n Iim-p-sN-s
- Hcp lnp-hns aI\mWv Rm... Fs As A sNdn-bw-ho-n s]m-bn IrjvW\m-b Xncq-c-mSn
Xrpfw Awi-nse Hcp tImm-c\
- m-bn-cp-p. {]mbm-[n-Iy-
- m DtZ-ym-K
- n\np ]ncnp
hon Ccn-m-bn-cp-p. B Ah-k-c-n-emWv 1921se amn-f-e-lf s]mn-p-d-s--Xv. tij-mscmw HmSn A\-yZ- n-n-tep t]mbn. \S-m km[n-m-X
- p-sImv Atlw t]mbn-. ASpp Nne apow-I hv At-l-tmSv Cmw-aXw kzo-I-cn-m ]d-p. hb-kp-Im-ev
C\n h Fv Atlw Xop-]-d-p. Atm At-ls Ah Zmcp-W-amw-hn[w shnsm-es
- -Spn ihw Fs Abpw apw Ctm Xma-kn-p-hc
- p hop-hf
-
- n-ep InW-n
\nt-]n-p.
ae-bn inip-]m-e, ae-bnho-Sv, t_q, tImgn-tmSv
24-10-1973
Fs A-s A\p-P\
- mb ae-bn _mpsh amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- n shn-sm-es
- -Sp-n. A\pPs Zpa-cW
-
- n-\p-tijw A\p am\-kn-It- cmKw ]nSn-s]-p. Atlw As ae-_m XpnSn-bpsS ss{Uh-dm-bn-cp-p.
hn. _me, A-smSn hoSv, Acn-bq, ]me-mSv Pn
17-10-1973
amnf-el
- f
-
- m-ev Fs hon el-f
- m {]th-in-p. hf-sc-b[
- nIw s\pw ]m{Xfpw
B`-c-W-fpw sImp-t]m-bn-p-v. sImbvn\v Bfp-Isf hnfn-m hon\nv Cd-n-ncn Fs Hcp hen-b-m-hs\ (In-p) el-f-m ]nSn-p.
]m-f-mv Cf-\o Cp-sIm-Spp Fp-]-dv BZyw sNhn cpw Adpv Ah-cpsS
IqsS sImp-t]m-bn. ]ns GXmv cp \mgnI AI-ev Xosc B]mn-m Hcp
e-p-hv shn-smv InW-dn-tev cp Xp-ambn Acn-p. Ap-Xs ASp honse
Hcm-sfbpw C{]-Imcw sImp Fm-Wd
- n-hv.

25

Hm-m-n-c-n- `mkvI-c, ]pq, tImgn-tmSv

22-10-1973
tImgn-tmSv Xmeq-n s] ]pq hnt-Pn ]Sn-mtd sXmSn-bn IWm-c (CXv
Fgp-Xp BfpsS A-bpsS A) ]mh-s-h
- \pw ]mWk-ap-Zm-b
- ns-h
- \pw 4 s]a-fpsS ]nXmhpw Bbn-cp-p. Cfb s]Ip-ns 28-mw Znhkw Dp-hm-m ]oSn-Ib
- n-tep
t]mb-tm Iem-]I
- m-cn-I At-ls tdmUnhp ]nSn-Iq-Sn. 32 hbp {]mbhpw \mep-a
- fp-sSbpw `mc-y-bp-sSbpw GIm-h-ew-_-hp-amb Atlw ""-A-Sn-bs\ shdpsX sIm-cp-tX'' Fp
\ne-hn-fn--t]-n-npw bmsXmcp Zmn-W-yhpw IqSmsX Ah At-ls hmfp-sImp Igpp-sh-n-sm-p-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv. CXn\p ZrIvkm-n-I-fm-b-h Nne-sc-nepw Cpw Pohn-ncn-p-p-v. At-l-ns \mep-a-fpw Cpw Pohn-n-cn-p-v. Cu {]tZ-i--fn thsdbpw
]e lnp-fpw el-f
- m-cpsS ISpw-ssI-In-cb
- m-bn-p-v.
sI. Ap-\m-b, If-pSn hoSv, ]n-tm-Sv, tImgn-tmSv
20-10-1973
Fs A-bpsS ktlm-Zc
- Ap-p-\m-bsc 1921se el-fb
- n amn-fa
- m shn-sIm-pI-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. Av kpam 30 hbv {]mb-ap-m-Ipw. F\nv Ap aqp-h-bt {]mb-apq. Rm\pw Fs A\pw Abpw av Am-h-mcpw el-fsb t]Snp \mSp-hn-n-cp-p.
sI.-kn. Ie-ymWn A, sI.-kn. Nnp A, sI.-kn. evan A, am-t-bn hoSv,
tXn-m-ew, 23-10-1973
1921se amn-f-e-l-f-bn Fs A-\mb IrjvW--Wn-sc amn-f-am shn-sm-p-Ibpw
hoSv Xohp \in-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Abpw a-fmb Rfpw ssZh-Ir-]-bm c-s-p.
As\ shn sIme-s-Sp-n-b-Xn-\p-tijw A A[n-I-Imew Pohn-p-hm km[n-msX acnp.
sI. Cn-c, I\n-bn hoSv, sshZ-y-c-m-Sn, tImgn-tmSv
21-10-1973
1921 sk]vXw-_ amk-n Xncp-n-bnhv Fs A An-tmSv i-cs\ el-fm shn-sm-p-Ibpw ]pc Xohp \in-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kn. cmL-h, Iqth-cn, Iq-, 13-10-1973
sImtm-nv Ingv Aco-tmSv hnt-Pn-em-bn-cpp Fs As kz-tZ-iw. Hcp Znhkw
cm{Xn aX-{`mp ]nSn amn-f-am As hoSv B{I-an-p-Ibpw ssIbn ]nn-b-h-sc-sbmw
sImm' apXn-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. amXm-]n-Xm-fpw apw acn-p-ho-gp-X
- p-I
- t- m A Xs
Cfb ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS ssI]n-Sn-p-sImv Ccp-n-eqsS HmSn-c--s-p. A\v Ap ]Xn\mtem
]Xn-\tm hbp am{Xta Dm-bn-cp-p-q. Ch Ah-km\w el-f-_m-[n-X-{]-tZ-i-tp
\ntbm-Kn-n-cp Hcp k_v Ckvs]-IvS-dpsS ap]nsNp s]p. Atlw Cu cp Ipn-Isfbpw Xe-t-cn-bn-ep Xs hon sImp-hp hfn.
]n. am[hn A, F-en- hoSv, ]p-, ae-pdw
18-10-1973
Fs Am-hs\ amn-f-e-l-f-bn shn-sm-p. R-fpsS kz-p- \in-n-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. CXp-Im-cWw Am-hs `mc-ybpw Ipn-Ifpw IjvS-n-em-bn-tmbn
tXm-n tIfp ]pw-Ip-v ]qemp hoSv, cma-\m-p-Ic

26

Fs hne-b
- \
- mb A-s\ amn-fe
- l
- f
-
- m shn-sm-p. ap-h
- s
- cmw hon\np
t\cs Hgn-p-t]m-bn-cp-p. R-fpsS hoSv el-f
- m Xohp \in-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p.
Sn.-]n. A-, B\-a-m-Sv, ae-p-dw, 26-10-1973
1921-se el-f-m-ev Fs As\ ae-p-dw-Pn--bnse s]mSn-bmv F e-p-\np
amn-fa
- m Iqw-tNp hp hon\np ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]mbn ASp-p Hcp Ac-bm-enNph-nhp shn-sm-p-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv. Adp-sIm-e-IqSn B BenNp-h-nhp Xs \Sp. sIm-s-h
- s
- cmw lnp- Xs-bm-bn-cp-p.
AS-mw-I
-
- n Ntm-a, Xma-ct- -cn, tImgn-tmSv
26-1-01973
Fs hen-b
- \
- m-bn-cp Imb- Ntm-as\ amn-fa
- m ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]mbn shn sImes-Sp-p-Ibpw hon-ep-m-bn-cp B`-cW
-
- fpw ap km[-\
- fpw Ih sNp-Ibpw hoSns
]e `mK-fpw \in-n-p-Ibpw tISp-hc
- p-p-Ibpw Ip-Im-en-Isf Agn-p-sIm-p-t]m-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. el-f-m Nhnn-s]m-n hmXn-ep-Ifpw Npa-cp-Ifpw s]mnv D-chpw Cpw AtXt]mse Bpw ImWm-hp-X
- m-Wv.
]p-ev \mcm-b-W, tKm]m-e, Ie-ym-Wn, sImSp-h-n, tImgn-tmSv
1921 \S amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- n Fs A-\mb DWn-m-csh amn-fa
- m ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]mbn
shn-sm-p. Rm\pw Fs Abpw A\p-P\pw A\p-P-nbpw am{Xta Dm-bn-cp-p-q.
F\nv Av 9 hbpw A\p-P-nv 3 hbpw A\p-P\v Hcp hbpw am{Xta Dm-bn-cp-pq. honse Fm km[-\
- fpw el-f
- m sIm-sNbvXp sImp-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
sI.-Sn. them-bp-[, Xr-\-n, ae-pdw Pn
R-fpsS A Nmcp-p-n-sbbpw A\p-P Dn-b
- p-hn-s\bpw Ah-cpsS A Np-nsbbpw el-f--e-h Ip-l-Zv lmPnbpw ]mnbpw Hcp Znhkw hoSn\pw hon-\-Sp-p
Awi--t-cnpw XosIm-Spp \in-n--tijw ta-d aqp-t]-scbpw ""-Ip-fn-n-p-I-b-phm'' (sh-n-sm-e-s-Sp-p-I) Hcp ssaZq-sc-bp Xr-\-n-bn-tep sImp-t]m-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. hgn-bn hv R-fpsS A Nmcp-pn kq{X-n HmSn c-s-p. ap cp-t]sc
el-f
- m \nn-X
e
-
- p-hv shn-sm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Rmd-mv ]pdm-bn s]cn-bm-c Nm, ]pfn-, ae-p-dw, 13-11-1973
taSn Xmeqv Awiw-tZ-iv Im-ncn Xma-knpw tNe-p-dp Ipdp--m-cpsS hon
hv Fs A s]cn-bm-c \mhp-nbpw As A\p-P s]cn-bm-c \oem-\pw amn-f-el-f
- m-cm shSn-hp sIm-s-X
- m-Wv. Av 13 hb-p-{]m-ba
- p Rm kw`-h
e
-
- p-\nv
HmSn c-s-X
- m-bn-cp-p.
sI.-]n. Ie-ym-Wn-pn A, ]qtm-n-bn hoSv, Aco-tm-Sv, 13-11-1973
Fs hoSv Gd-\mSv Xmeq-n Aco-tm-Sw-i
- nse sImg-tm-q tZi-m-W.v Fs AbpsS aq-kt- lm-Zc
- \
- mb Ap-ta-t\m F i-ct- a-t\m-\mWv R-fpsS IpSpw-_I
- m-cy-
-
t\mn-h
- X
- .v
1921se amn-f-e-l-f-bn Hcp i\n-bmgvN Aco-tmSv N-n-cnhp Ign-p-a-S-n-h-cp-tm
amn-fa
- m Dtiw D-Xn-cnp cp-aW
- nv At-ls
- kwLw-tNp ]nSn-p-sI-p-Ibpw AcotmSv ]pg-bn sImp-t]mbn (Ip-fn-n- Iw) Xe-sh-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xs-bp-a amnf-am R-fpsS hoSv ssItb-dp-Ibpw [m\-y-fpw Inn, Dcpfn apX-em-bh FSp-p-sIm-p-

27

t]m-hp-Ibpw AXn-\p-]p-dsa Xpd-m apdn-I-fpsS hmXn-ep-I shn-sm-fn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

CuhI kwK-Xn-Is
- fmw Xs Cpw R-fpsS hon hm Ghpw ImWm-hp-X
- m-Wv.
]n. {iotZhn A, Ip-fw-Ipw hoSv, ]p-, ae-pdw
711-1973
Fs cv Am-h
- m-scbpw Hcp B-fs
- bbpw 1921se amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- n shn-sm-p-Ibpw
A\-h[n kz-p- el-f
- m sIm-bS- n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
sI. Ip-p, ]pXp-tm-Sv, ae-pw, 13-11-1973
el-f
- m-es
- mcp Znhkw ]pebvv Hcp-Iqw amn-fa
- m sNdp-Im-hwiw t]mv tZiv
sImf-mv tImcp-hns hon Ibdnsp-Ibpw Abmsf hnfn-p-Wn shSn-h
- p-sIm-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. At-l-ns `mc-ybpw cv Ba-fpw (Ip--p, Np) Ctmgpw Pohn-n-cn-pv.

28

"kzm-X-{-y-k-a-cw' C-s\-tbm?
]pc NpSepw sImbpw sImebpw
\n_-np aXw-am-epw t{X-[-zw-k-\hpw

1921se amn-f-e-l-f-bn lnp-sf sImepw Ah-cpsS kzp sIm-sN-epw kv{XoIsf

am\-`w-K-s-Sp-epw hoSp-Ifpw t{X-fpw sImn-h-bvepw kv{XoI-fpssS ]e-scbpw
\n_-nv Cmw-aXw kzo-I-cn-n-epw am{X-amWv \S--sXv A\p-`-h--m tcJ-s-Spp-p. A{I-a
- n-\n-cb
- m-bh
- c
- n Gdn-bI
- qdpw ]mh-s-h
- c
- m-bn-cpp Fpw Cu Ip-If
- n\np
a\-n-em-mw. CsX-s\ kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
- a
- m-Ipw? Pn-Xz-
- n-s\-Xn-cm-bp Ij-Ik
- a
- c
- a
- m-hpw?
Ftfm-{]-p-p-t \mWp-\m-b, t]mv ]pq-cv, hgn sImSp-h-n, tImgn-tm-Sv, 1973-91873
Fs A-\mb IrjvW\m-b FS-mv F-hsc tItfmv F e-p-hv s\p
sImbvXp aS-n-hc
- p-tm apo- ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]m-hp-Ibpw Poh-t\msS Xs sXmen DucpIbpw AXn ]ns Hmcm `mK-fpw Acnp sImp-I-bp-amWv sNbvX-Xv. IqSmsX At-lns IqsS Dm-bn-cp thsd cv Bm-scbpw Igpp shp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Av A\v Rm\pw Hc-\n-b\pw Hcp s]fpw am{X-amWv Dm-bn-cp--Xv. As ac-Wtijw ]nsbpw apo- R-sfbpw B{I-an-mthn hon Fp-Ibpw hoSv hf-bpIbpw sNbvXt- m Rm\pw IpSpw-_hpw HmSn c-s-Sp-Ibpw hon\npw GXmv 5 ssatemfw
Zqc-ap ]Sn- tIfp-\m-b-cpsS hon A`-bw-{]m-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. H]-Xp-am-k-n-\ptijw el-f-I-gnp Xncn-p-h--tm honepw ]d-n-ep-ap Fm km[-\-fpw \in-n-s-n-cp-p.
sXocn ]mhXn A, ae-p-dw, 17-9-1973
amn-f-e-l-f-bn (1921-se) F\np hf-sc-b-[nIw \mi-\-jvS- Dm-bn-p-v. amn-f-am
hv Fs honse ]e km[-\-fpw sIm-sN-p-Ibpw Ab]--p ]e-scbpw shn
sImp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn `b-sv Rm\pw A\pw Abpw _mn hon-ep--h-scmw
Ipsd-Zn-hkw Imntmbn Hfn-p. AXn-\n-S-bn As\ Ah shn-sm-p. AXn-\m `bsv R-sf-m-hcpw tImgn-tmv kmbv]-m-cpsS ASp- AWn-\n-c-p. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv
`bw Ipd-X
- v. Fm hon Xncn-p-h
- p-t\m-n-bt- m Ip-Im-en-Is
- fbpw ap ]e km[\-fpw In-. Imen-Is
- f-sbmw Ah shn-smv lnp-sf Xon. A-t\mSv Ipsd {]mhiyw amn-f-am-n tNcm \n_-n-p. A AXn\p k-Xn-m--Xn-\m-emWv shnsm-X
- .v
hn.-sI. Id-, sImSn-b-q-cv, tImgn-tmSv
Hcp kwLw amn-fa
- m R-fpsS hon Cmw-aXw kzo-Ic
- n-W
- s
- apw CXn Btcm-Ky- ap--h ]S-\m-b-I-m-cmbn X-fpsS IqsS t]mc-W-sap ]d--tm R-fpsS hen-b-\mb Ftcp AXn\p k-Xn-n-. R GXp-h-gn-s-nepw t]mbn-sm-m-sap ]d-p.
Fm Ctm Xs t]mI-W-sap ]d-bp-Ibpw Ah t]mcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. FS-h--m-dhv R-fpsS hen-b-s\ ]nSn-p-sIn Ah-t\mSv Hcp kwKXn tNmZn-p-hm-\p-v, \n \Stm-fn \n-fpsS IqsS Ab-p-Xc
- m-sap ]d-p. s]p- \ne-hn-fn-p-hm {ian-t- m
tXmp-Nqn \n-sf-sbm-msI sImp-If
-
m tNmZn-m Bcpw C. AXv Hman-W
- -

29

sap ]dv `oj-Wn-s-Sp-n, Xncn-p-t\m-msX t]mI-W-sap ]d-p. AtX-{]-Imcw

t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. As\ cma-\m-p-Ic
- b
- n sNp. Apw ]nt-Zn-hk
- hpw hen-b
- s\ In. As\ Xmakw amm-hn-te-mn \memw Znhkw AhnsS Innb hnhcw cp-Zn-hkw henb-s\ XS-n tiJ-cam--dpsS hon Ad-bn Cp-]q-n-sbpw aqmw-Zn-hkw sNdp-hmSn
]pg-bn sImp-t]mbn shn sIme-s-Spn Fp-am-Wv....
amWn-b sXmSn, N-cp, Xncn-b-c hoSv, ]n.-H., Duc-Iw, taap-dn, ae-pdw 22-10-1973
1921se el-f-bn Fs hmcn-bIp- Ipp-ap-l-Zv lmPnbpw Iqcpw ]nSn-p-sImp-t]m-bn. aXw-amdmw Fp ]d-t- m Rsf D]-{Z-hn-n-. aXw-am-dm Xm-dn-sp ]d
inm-cv tKmhn-\m-b, In- sXmSn-bn Cn-nc A aI am[hn A, am[-hn-A
- bpsS `mhv ]ncn-bmv DIpn \mb Fn-hsc DucIw ae-bpsS ]Sn-mdv Xmgvhc
- b
- mb
Inf-\t- m-p-hv Xe-shn InW-n Cp. Chsc R-fpsS Iq-n\n-mWv thXn-cn-p-sImp-t]m-bX
- v. R ]noSv amn-fa
- m-cpsS ]nSn-bn\np c-sv ae-p-dv A`-bw {]m]n-p.
Cum-ncn themv cma\m-b, ae-pdw Pn
ae-_m el-f-m-ev Fs A-bpsS Abvv aqp s]a-fpw Hcp aI\pw Dmbn-cp-p. Ch-cn Nne s]c-I-a Awiw aSn-ticn tZiv Rm\pw Fs ktlm-Z-cn-am-cn
Nnecpw A Hnv FS-h Awi-n-ep-am-bn-cpp Xma-kn-n-cp--Xv. Fm Fs AbpsS ap ktlm-Zc
- n-am evan A, ]mhXn A, hp-\m-b Fn-h Am-a i-c\mb-cpsS IqsS Cum-ncn Awi-n-ep-am-bn-cpp Xma-kn-n-cp-X
- v. hon-ep-m-bn-cp \ ]Ww,
]w, Dup-dp-p-I, ^Wn- apX-em-bh el-f-m ]e kwL-m-cp-ambn aqp-h-w-hv
Ih-\S- n Fmw sImp-t]m-hp-Ibpw Am-a i-c\m-bsc sambvXoIpn lmPn Xmakn-n-cp Icp-v C-tp sNm ]d-n-p-sp ]dv el-f-m Iqn-sm-pt]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Fs Am-ht- \mSv Zo hni-zk
- n-W
- s
- apw Am-]
- w shn-sm-p-sa-p-amWv elf-m ]d-n-cp-X
- v. Poh\p c-bn-sp I-tm As\ sNm-sapw Fs IpSpw-_ s]cp-Ip-av Awi-nepw FS-h Awi-nepw Xma-kn-p-h-cp-p. AXn-\m Ah-scqSn sImp-h-c--Xn-tev ]mv Xc-W-sapw Am-h ]d-p. Fm Acn-iw-sIm
el-f-m X\np ]m-, \Spv ]pg--c-bn-tev Fp ]dp ]pg-bn sImp-t]mbn
shp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. elf \S-p-tm Fs A ]p-amkw K`n-Wn-bm-bn-cp-p. Amhs\ sIm-tijw el-f-m hv A-tbmSpw s]am-tcmSpw A\p-P-t\mSpw aXw-am-dm
\n_-n-p. Am-hs\ sIm-Xmbn Adn-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Poh-c
- b
- vp-thn AXns\
k-Xn-p-Ibpw aXw-amn apow-t]-cp-Ifpw hkv{X-f
- p-samw ]d-{- ]-Imcw kzo-Ic
- n-p-Ibpw
sNt-n-h
- p.
Ipd-p-Zn-hkw Ign--tm FS-h ]mfw hcp-Ibpw el-f-m Adn-bmsX Rfpw
ap ]ecpw FS-h Fp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AhnsS Ipn-- k_v Ckvs]-IvS
Rp hkv{Xhpw `-Whpw Xv Rsf cnv GXmv cp-amkw Ignv elf
Ah-km-\n-X
- n-\p-ti-ja
- mWv \mn-tep Xncn-X
- v.
]mtdm sNdp-n-\m-b, ]n.-H. ]pq, sImSp-h-n, tImgn-smSv
Fs P-tZ-i-amb Nm-aw-Kew sh-tmSv F ev 1921-emWv Cu Iem]w hXv. AXn Fs IpSpw-_-ns ]e Bmcpw ew-amdn Xma-kn-p-Ibpw el-f-m
Fs _emm-c-ambn ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]mbn Igpv shm {ian-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p.
Fm GtXm {]Im-c-n Rm HmSn c-s-p. ]t Fs IqsS ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]m-bncp ha-\b
- -
- n cmapn Fn-hsc Xk-abw Xs Ah shn-sm-p.

30

CsXmw Iv `b-s-p-h Rm hon-se-p-Ibpw kwKXn ]d-bp-Ibpw IpSpw-_k

- t- aXw
hon\nv GXmv 20 ssae-Ise aS F e-tp Xmakw amp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Fm Cu bm{X-bn Fmw-ssa a-Sn-]mv F e-p-hv A-\mb tKmhn-\mb acn-p. Cu \mn \S Iem]w GXmv 9 amk-tmfw \op-\n-evp-Ibpw AXp-Ignv R aS-n-sb-n-bt- m F\nv Ah-Im-is
- -Xpw Fs kzw hon Dm-bn-cp-Xp-amb km[-\
- fpw Ip-Im-en-Ifpw \jvSs
- -X
- mbn ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
IqSmsX Fs ASp _-ns C-p-\m-b, C. cma\m-b, DW-ym-X
- , CmWn-A Fn-hsc Cmw-a-X-n _emmcw tNp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. Chsc hfsc
\n_-nv Imf-amwkw Xon-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm Iem]w Ignv aSn R Fnb-tm Ah R-fpsS kap-Zm-b
- n-tep aS-n-t-Xm-Wv.
F.-F. \mcm-b-W\m-b, sNdp--f-t-cn, H-mew
el-f
- m-ev Rm Xma-kn-n-cp-Xv hp-h\
- mSv Xmeqv ]md Awiw ]mfw-Ipfw tZiv
Fs A-sbpw A-bp-sSbpw IqsS-bm-bn-cp-p. Xmgs Ipf-p-\np s]cn-a
sslkvIq-fn-tev 4 ssa Imp-{]-tZ-i-p-IqSn \S-s--Ww. As\ 1921 Hcp Xn-fmgvN
cmhnse Imp-hgn s]cn-a--bn-sen sXmp Xmeq-m-o-kn\nv AXn-Kw-`o-c-amb ]pI
BIm-it- -p-bc
- p-p-m-bn-cp-p. kvIqfn\nv aSn Xmeq-m-o-kns ]Sn-s
- e-n-bt- m
\nc-h[n amn-fa
- m aS-hmfpw [cn-p-\n-evp-Xp ImWp-Ibpw `b-hn-lz- e
- c
- mbn 4 \mgnI ImSp-hgn
HmSn As hon-se-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
oWhpw Zml-hpw-sImp he Rm Ipd--[nIw shw IpSn-n-cn-p ka-bv
kpam 80-Hmfw amn-fa
- m hon Ib-dn-h
- p. Hmtcm-cp-c
- psS ssIbnepw hSn, aS-hm apX-emb
amc-Im-bp-[- Dm-bn-cp-p. A ]pd-t-s-hn-sStbm t]mbn-cp-p. h-h-cn Hcp-
IrjvW\m-b FhnsS t]mbn Fp tNmZn-p. `b-hn-l-z-e-cmb Rm, A, tPy-jvT, A\pP Fm-hcpw Dds \ne-hn-fn-p. \ne-hnfn tIv A ASp--ho-n\npw HmSn-sb-n.
Ah-cpsS Bh-iyw Fm-sW-m-cm *** Ah ]Whpw s\p-samw Bh-i-y-s-p. sImSpn-s-n Fm-h-scbpw sImp-sap ]d-MvRp. kz-Xth ss[c-y-hm-\mb A R-tfmSp
aS-hm-sf-Sp-m ]d-p. 4 F-ns\ sImt A acn-q, tijw \n hcp-Xv A\p`-hn-pI Fp ]d-p. aS-hm-sf-Sp-m A AI-tp IS--tm FmWp kw`-hnp F `b-n R-sfmw hmhn-e
- d
- n. HSp-hn A sIm-mv Hmtcm ]d s\pw
Hmtcm Ddp-n-Ibpw sImSpv F-s\-sb-nepw ]d-b
-
- p.
takw-`hw Ignv Amw-Zn-hkw Fm-hcpw cm{Xn DuWp-I-gnp InS-p. cp
Imhmsc Atm-tgpw hon \nn-bn-cpp (Hcp amn-fbpw Hcp \mb-cpw). kpam 10
aWnv Ipsd amn-f-am hm, tXmv, Ipw Fn-h-bp-ambn hv Imhm-c \mbsc ASnp-Ibpw s\p-Ip-p De FSpv IX-In\v Ipp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pdp InS-n-cp
Imhm-c IrjvW\m-b hmXn Xpd-n As-n amn-f-am Fs sImp-sav
Dds Ae-dn-sm-n-cp-p. CXp-tIv hmXn Xpd-p. As\ Ah Im, ssI, apJw Fnh
sIn \ne-p-hogvn ]e t`Z-y-fpw Gev]n-p. AXn-\p-tijw Ipsd-t] amfn-I-bn Ibdn
XpWn F-bn apn CS-\m-gn-I-bnepw apw In-n-p. CXp-Iv R \ne-hn-fn-m XpSn.
honse kIe kma-{Kn-Ifpw Ah IS-n-sm-p-t]m-bn. ]ns apI-fn\np Xmgp
hp-t\m-n-b-tm A _-\-n anp-hmt]mepw hmsX InS-p--XmWv IXv.
tZl-am-kI
- ew hnd-bvp-p-m-bn-cp-p.
As\ Ipd-p-Zn-hkw Ignv A-sbpw B Awiw A[n-Im-cn-bs
- Sbpw Xe thW-sap
]d-p\Sp--Xmbn R-dnhp Innb DSs\ As\ Fm-Zn-h-khpw ]I apgp-h
Xns apI-fn Hfn-n-pw. cm{Xn s\ns CS-bn ]mSv XWp-p-hn-dp Ign-p-Iq-pw.

31

Cs\ Hcp Znhkw cm{Xn Bcpw Adn-bmsX R-sf-m-hcpw ImnIqSn \S-p-\-Sp s]cna--bn Fn-tp. Hcp hjw s]cn-a--bn Ign-p-Iq-n. Atm-tgpw elf
Hsmp ian--Xn-\mepw A{I-an amn-f-am inn--s--Xn-\mepw R IpSpw-_-ktaXw
P\n \mn-tep Xs Xncn-p-t]m-p.
Fkv.-sI. ]n. cma\-q-Xn-cn, ]mn
1921 BKv amkw Hcp Znhkw Imev ]p-aW
- n-tbm-Sp-IqSn tdmUn\nv GXm\pw Nne
kwL-ambn Cd-p-Xv Fs A Ip. A AXp-Iv ]cn-{`-anv Fm-h-scbpw ho-n-\I-mn hmXn-eS-
- n-cn-p-Ibpw As A\p-P\
- mb \oe-IW
- T
v \-q-Xn-cn-tbmSv Bsc-sb-nepw
hnfn-p-sIm-p-hv B]-n\np c-s-Sp-m ]d-p. Atlw Ipd-p-Zqcw t]mb-tm
Xm am{Xw c-s-Sp-Xp icn-bs
- pw hcp B]v Fm-hpw Hcp-anv A\p-`h
- n-m-sap-dv C-tp Xs aS-n. el-f
- m Imn-cp-p. Fs A-t\mSv ]Ww Bh-iy- s
- -SpIbpw ]pd-p-s] \oe-I-WvT\-q-Xn-cnsb Zmcp-W-amw-hn[w an-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A
Ipd-p-cq] P\-e-gn-bn-eqsS Cp-sIm-Sp-p. el-f-m AXp-sImp Xr]vXn-s-SmsX hopw
\oe-I-WvT\-q-Xn-cnsb an-p. hmXn-en in-bmbn tImSmen D]-tbm-Knp shm\pw XpSn.
shn-b-Xns ]mSp-I Ctmgpw ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv. kpam Hcp aq-c-a-Wn-tbmsS ]mfw
hcp-p-sh kqN\ e`n--tm Ah-scmw ]ncn-p-t]m-bn. aqp-\m-ep-amkw Ign--tm
sIm-m-cpsS a-\t- a \oe-IW
- vT\
-
- q-Xncn acn-p.
F. hnim-emn A, Icn-mSv
R-fpsS h-y-am-Xmhv \{v Imfn A 1921se Jnem-^-nse hf-sc-b-[nIw ZpcnXw
A\p-`-hn hy-n-bm-Wv. el-f-bn Asb aXw-am-p-Ibpw tZtlm-]-{Z-hhpw sNp-I-bp-ap-mbn. aXw-am-nb Ah-k-c-n A-bpsS t] ]mp Fm-bn-cp-p. A\pw Jnem-^-n
hf-sc-b-[nIw _pn-ap-n-bn-p-v. hf-sc-b-[nIw ]cp-p-I A\pw Gn-p-v.
]n.-sI. cmaIp-n, DucIw tate-ap-dn, ae-pdw
1921se amn-f-e-l-f-bpsS Zpc--^-e- XnIpw A\p-`-hn-n-p F\nv Iem]w \S-Im-ev 41 hbv {]mb-am-Wv. Ap \ Btcm-K-y-hm\pw A[-zm-\-io-e-\p-am-bn-cpp Rm. hfsc-b[
- nIw IjvS\
- j
- vS
- f
- \
- p-`h
- n-t-n-h
- n-p F\n-n-tm 93 hb-m-bn.
kw`hw \S Imev Rm\pw IpSpw-_hpw ]mp-h-n-cp-Xv ItSm-Sv ]dv F
e-m-bn-cp-p. el-f
- m hcp-p-s Dulm-t]mlw \mSmsI ]c-p. Atm Chn-Ss
Hcp [\m-Vy- \
- mb Ipn-p-dv ]Wn-sc aX-]c
- n-h-\
- n\pw hoSp sIm-sN-p-X
- n-\p-ambn
Im-aq-e-bn\npw Ip-l-Xv lmPnbpw Iqp-Imcpw s]mSn-bmv \nv (a-e-pdw taap-dn)
Hcp kwLw ]pd-s-p-sh-smcp hm Imp-Xo-t]mse ]c-p. Ign--X-\p-k-cnv \ BtcmK-y-hm-m-cmb \qtdmfw lnp-bp-hm- Ipn-pdw ]Wn--cpsS hoSv Imp--Xn-\mbn GmSv
sNbvXn-cp-p. Aq--n Rm\pw Dm-bn-cp-p. Fs IpSpw-_-m el-f-msc `bv aepdw ]m-f-I-ym-n\p kao]w ]mnp. Ipd-p-Zn-hkw Ign--tm Ipdp apow-Isf IqSn
Imh-en-t\s-Sp-p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS \mb-I-Xzw hln-p--Xn\v ]mW-ms Hcp Xsf Iqnsm-p-h
- m-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmgvN Ign-t- m X Hc-Sn-b
- c
- m-hi
- yw ]dv ]mWm-tv ]nt-Zn-hkw Xs hcm-sa-t-p-t]m-bn. At Znhkw Xs Imh \nn-cp apow-Ifpw Hmtcm Imc-Ww-]-dv ew-hn-p. Ap-cm{Xn kpam 10 aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn sIm-m
Rsf hf-p. kwL-n apq-tdmfw t]cp-m-bn-cp-p. el-f
- m ]Sn-p-cb
- v Fnb-tm XpS-sc-p-Ss
- c-bmbn cp-sh-Sn, ]Sn-p-cb
- psS ASp-p-m-bn-cp Fc-n-ac
-
- n-tep
hp. Bfn-
- p B\-
-
- Dbn-n-Snpw Nns IW tXmfn-te-nbpw kempw

32

sNmn Bfp-I Xpcp-Xpcm {]h-ln-p-Xp-S-n. Imhm-cmbn \nn-cp Rfpw B honse

kv{XoIfpw Ipn-Ifpw ]pcp-j-m-cn Nnecpw Aw-hnv \mep-]mSpw HmSn. R \mep-t] (1.
]pg- tNmbn, 2. ]pg- Ipq-n, 3. t]md-mSn Xman, 4. ]Sn-m-d I cmaIp-n)
Fn-h Hcp hgn-mWv HmSn-bX
- v. cm{Xn Ipd-I
- s
- e-bp Hcp Ipnap-If
- n Ign-p-Iq-n. cpZn-hkw ]nsbpw R \mns Npn-n Ign-p-Iq-Sn.
apo- Cf-In-h-cp-p-spw lnp--sf-I-m hnSn-spw \n_-np aX-]-cnh\w sNn-p-p-spw ae-pdw taap-dn-bnse Hcp [\m-Vy- \
- m-bn-cp Hcp tiJ-ct- at\ms\
aX-]-cn-h\w sNbvXp-sh-p-ap hm \msSpw ]c-p. AtXmsS hon-ep-m-bn-cp
k-kz- hpw Dt]-nv R GXm\pw Bfp-I kwL-ambn ae-p-dt- p ]pd-s-p. ky
ab-n-bX
- n]n-s-bmWv R ]pd-s-X
- v. hgn-at- y ae-pdw Awi-ns ]Sn-mdv nXnsN-p FtS-mew Fp ]d-p-h-cp ev Hcp kwLw Bfp-I \nn-cp-p. R
ASp-s-n-b-tm Ah R-fpsS Iq-n-tep NmSn-ho-Wp. Hmtcm-cp--cp-sSbpw ssI]nSn-p-\nn ssIbn-ep-m-bn-cp knbpw aSnbpw Fmw ]cn-tim-[n-p. Innb ]Ww Xn-sb-Spp. ]cn-tim-[\
- b
- n s]Sm-h
- c
- mbn Bcpw-Xs
- Ah-ti-jn-n-cp-n-. R-fpsS Iq-n
Ah-tcmSv FXn \mem-fp-Isf Ah _e-ambn ]nSn-p-\nn (1. tNcqm-c XS-n
Ipn-s-c-h, 2. ]mtd- ]pc- cmaIpn sshZ-y, 3 Dw 4 Dw DucIw kz-tZ-in-I-fmb
\mb-m-cm-bn-cp-p). Rsf ]cn-tim-[n--Xn-\p-tijw ]pdp Xp-Ibpw ]rjvS-`m-Kv Nhn-pIbpw sNbvXp-sImv HmSn-s\Sm Fv Bt{Im-inv Poh\pw sImtm-Sn. R Ipp-I-b-dn.
Ipnap-I-fn-sen Xncn-p-t\m-n-b-tm I ImgvN lrZ-b-s`-Z-I-am-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw
R Pohn-m-\p Bi-b-sImv bmsXmpw sNbvXn. R-fpsS Iq-n\np XSp-h
- n-cp-h
- sc \ne-p-In-Sn GXm\pw Bfp-I ssIIm-ep-I Aan-n-Snv \of-ap
hmsImv Igp-n aqcp-X
- p-Iv hopw HmSn ae-p-dv R-fpsS IpSpw-_
- ]mh-n-cp e-s-n-tp.
C-c
- n ]e-`m-K
- p-\npw el-f
- msc `bv HmSn-sb-nb \qdncw IpSpw-_
-
PohnXw apn-b-tm aS-pdw tIm--Sn- nXn-sN-p k{X-n hcm ]d--X-\p-kcnv R Xncn-p-t]m-p. ASp--Zn-hkw k{X-n sNp. [mcmfw Acn Ahn-sS-bp-m-bncp-p. apXn-hv \mgnbpw Ipn-Iv Dcnbpw hoXw Acn Xp-sIm-n-cp-p. CXv Bdp-amk--tfmfw XpSp. C\n el-f-sbmw Aan-cn--sImv Fm-hpw \mn t]mIp-hm\p Iev]\ Inn. Dn `b-hp-ambn kIp-Spw_w \mn-tep Xncn-p.
hon-se-n-t-tm hon-ep-m-bn-cp k-k-zhpw sIm-b-Sn--Xmbn ImWm Ignp.
Infn-Ip-p- Nman, Xqhq
Fs hon\nv ap-\-mSn sambvXp Fs ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]m-bn. kpam 40-]cw
lnp-sf shn-sm-n Xqhq-cn-ep s]mt-mv InW-ntev ssI cpw ]nn-tev sInbmWp sImp-t]m-b-Xv. Av F\nv kpam 16 hb-p-v. B InW-dn\v ASpp Xma-knp s]mt-mv skbvX-e-hn-Ip-n-lmPn Fs Ip. Abm ssI Agn-p-hn-Sm ]d-p.
A-s\-bmWv Rm c-s-X
- v.
tImtmv Dn-p-am-c \mb, t]mv ]pq-cv, hgn--sIm-Sp-h-n, tImgn-tmSv Pn,
14-11-1973
Fs {]tZ-i-amb s]-mv ]pq F ev 1097 Xpemw amk-n-emWv el-f-h-Xv. AXn Fs IpSpw-_-nshcpw Fs Abhm-kn-I-fns--h-cp-amb A\-h[n
lnp-sf apo- shn-sm-p-Xv F\np ImWm Ign-n-p-v. Cu ]cn-X
n-Xn-bn
Rm\pw IpSpw-_hpw Fs hon\npw GXmv 20 ssatemfw AI-se-bp tImgn-tmSv

33

]pXn-bd F ev tXccv In-bn F hon A`-bw-{]m-]n-p.

R-fpsS Cu `b-tm--n kzw s]-m-cmb \mcm-b-Wn-b-, Ie-ym-Wn-b Fnhcpw ]s-Sp-n-cp-p. Cu Iem]w ChnsS 9 amk-tmfw \op-\n-evp-Ibpw AXnns
R aS-n-sb-n-bt- m F\nv Ah-Im-is
- -Xpw Fs kzw hon D-Xp-amb ]eXpw
F\nv Fs-t-p-ambn \jvSw hcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-p-p.
]nem-tm--n tNmbn, t]mv ]pq-cv, hgn--sIm-Sp-h-n, tImgn-tmSv Pn, 15-11-1973
F\nv 1997 Xpemw-am-k
- n ChnsS ho-bI
- e
- m]w \S-p-tm 21 hb-tmfw {]mb-ambn-cp-p. lnp-p-m-bn-cp kz-p-sf Ih-sN-bvsX-Sp-p-Ibpw Ahsc sskz-ca
- mbn
Pohn-m-\-\p-h-Zn-msX amc-Im-bp-[--fp-ambn ]nXp-S-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\mepw ChnsS Pohnm `b-ap-X
- n-\mepw Rm\pw A\pw Abpw A\p-P
- m cmpw Hcp tPy-jvT\pw Hcp
s]fpw IqSn Fs hon\nv GXmv 15 ssatemfw Zqsc-bp tIma-p-Nm-en Cn-y- mp-hns hon A`bw {]m]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
IqSmsX F\nv \-hw ]cn-N-b-ap--h\pw Fs kvt\l-Xn-\p-amb \mb-cp-In sNdntbm-a \S-tI-dn-tNmbn Fn-hsc apo- ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]mbn \mIm-fo-Im-hn F
ep hv Kf-tZw sNbvX-Xmbpw F\np ]d-bm Ign-bpw.
9 amkw Ignv ho-b-I-em]w GXmv Ah-km-\np F hnh-cw-Inn Rm\pw Fs
htbm-[n-Ic
- mb A-\
- a
- mcpw aS-n-sb-n-bt- m Rm Xma-kn-n-cp ]nem-tm-
- n F
hoSv apo- Xohp \in-n-p-Ibpw ap ]e km[-\-fpw \in-n-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbpw
Ip.
A-\mv ao\mn A, Ccp-shn Awiw tZiw
1921 \ne-q tImhn-e-I-p-hv amn-f-am Fs `m-hmb ]pn-pv Ap-X\mbsc sImp-Ibpw Fs ]e t`Z-y-fpw sNp-Ibpw Dm-bn. CXv At\-z-jn-p-hmt\m h
cbpw sNp-hmt\m CXp-h-scbpw Bscbpw In-. F\nv Ctm 80 hb-m-bn.
hn. Docn takv{Xn, He-]-q Ft-v, Im-h-be
el-f-bpsS hnh-c-a-dnv Hcp Znhkw cm{Xn Fs honse kv{XoIfpw Rm\-Sw IpnIfpw Ap-ssa Zqsc-bp Ftf-n F e-p Am-hs hon-tep Xma-kw-am-n.
Ipd-p-Zn-hkw Ign-t- m R-fpsS hoSv el-f
- m amn-fa
- m In-p-If
-
X
- mbn A
]d-p. hopw R amdn-m-ak
- n-m \n_-n-Xc
- mbn. c-bn-s \ne-bn-em-bt- m
B hon-ep--hcpw R-fpsS IqsS B ka-b-p-m-bn-cp ap ]e e--fn\npw A`bw-tX-Snb \qdn-tesd Bfp-Ifpw Ahn-sS-\np aqp-ssae AI-se-bp (]-Sn-m-dv) s\S-b\
- mSv
hSs Nmen F R-fpsS Hcp A _p-hns hon-tev amdn-m-a-kn-p. Ap
apXn-h ]m-f
- m-cpsS IqsS el-f
e
- t- v s]mbvsm-n-cp-X
- mbn Hmp-p. AXn\n-Sbvv aqp InW-n \ndsb lnp-sf shn--n-b-Xmbn Adn-p. the- Fsmcm F-s\tbm ssIbn-ep sI-gnv Hcp hn-bn ]nSn-p. (a-\p-jy- sc shn-ho-gvnb InWn\np c-s-n-p-)v . Ib-dp-tm A-Po-h\
- p-h
- Fsbpw Ib-n-sm-pt]m Fp
Zb-\o-b-ambn \ne-hn-fn-Xv Abm Cpw Hmp-p. K`n-Wn-I-fmb kv{XoIfpw sIme-sN-s-n-p-v.
Ipd-p-Zn-hkw Ign-t- m Fs As A\p-P Ipm-a Fsm-cm tImgn-tmSv
hb-\mSv tdmUn 22-mw ssaen Ip-jmv \S-n-sm-n-cn-sh el-f
- m Hcp cm{Xn-bn
hp jmn\npw hnfn-n-dn tdmU-cn-In sImp-t]mbn shn-m-es
- Sp-n.
aXn-en-e Ipn-b-, XqX, ae-pdw Pn, 19-10-1973

34

amn-f-e-l-f-bn B\-a-m-p-\npw Ap-t]sc shn-sm-p. AXn Fs Am-h

aXn-en- cmhp-n-\m-bcpw s]Spw. Av GI-tZiw 50 hb-m-bn-m-Wpw. Zmcp-Wa
- mw-hn[w acn
Ap-t]-cp-sSbpw arX-i-co-c- Rm (C-tm 70 hbv) Ip.
C. tNmbn-p-n, FS-S-
- n, t]mv sN\-e
-
- m-Sn, tXn-mew
Fs A FS-S-
- n Ipn-pn 1921se amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- n amn-fa
- m shn-sm-es
- Sp-p-Ibpw hon-ep-m-bn-cp ]e km[-\
- fpw If-hp-sN-bvXp-sIm-p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hmI-y-smSn cmhp-n-\m-b, Dum-ncn, ae-pdw Pn
el-f
- m-ev Fs-q-SmsX hon A them-\m-b, A \mcm-bWn A, s]
evan A, evan A-bpsS `mhv hp-\m-b Fn-h am{X-am-Wp-m-bn-cp--Xv. Cu
\mp-Imcpw A\-y-\m-p-Im-cp-amb el-f-m tNp lnp--fmb Irjn-m-cp-sSbpw apw hoSv
sIm-sNbvXv s\v, ]Ww, ]-, ap km[-\- Fnh Xn-sm-p-t]m-bn. Cs\
aqp-hw X-fpsS hoSv B{I-an-s
- -p.
Cu Ah-k-c-n el-f--e-h-\mb sambvXoIpn lmPn Icp-h-n-v Xma-k-amn.
]e-tcmSpw AhnsS sNp-hm Bsf Ab-p. B Iq-n Fs s]-fpsS `mhv hp-\mb, tImm-c ]t\mv tIi-h\m-b, Ipam-c \mb, tNemv i-c\m-b, IpIp-cocn
tKm]m-e \mb apX-em-b-h Hcp-anp sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-tcmSv Cmw-aXw kzo-I-cnm \n_-n-p-Ibpw AXn\v Ah hg-m-X
- n-\m shm \nnb kwL-n-tep
Xn-sm-p-t]mbn ]pg-hv shn-sm-p-Ib
- p-am-Wp-m-bX
- .v Cu hnhcw B Iq-n\nv
F-s\tbm c-s IpIp-cocn tKm]m-e\m-b aS-n-hp ]d--tm-gmWv R-dnbm km[n-X
- v.
AXn-\p-tijw sambvXoIpn lmPn-bpsS Bm hp _mn-bp-h
- sc aXw-am-p-hm
\n_-n-p. Am--]w ap--hp-mb A\p-`hw \np-ap-m-Ip-sap ]dp
KX-y
- c
- a
- nsp I-tm R Fm-hcpw Cmw-aXw kzo-Ic
- n-p. R-fpsS Xe sam-bSn-p-Ibpw \nkvIm-c-I- ]Tn-n-m Hcp apo-ans\ GmSp sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B
Iq-n kpv Ign--W-sapw R-tfmSp ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu kw`-h
- p-tijw FS-h ]mfw h hnhcw Adnv R Fm-hn[ kz-pfpw Dt]-nv A-cm-{Xnv hon\nv ]pd-sv FS-h Fn. k_v Ckvs]-IvS
Ipn-- Rv Blm-chpw hkv{Xhpw \In c-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cp-amk-tmfw As\ AhnsS Ign-p-Iq-n. elf Ah-km-\n-X
- n-\p-ti-ja
- mWv R \mn-tep
Xncn-p-h
- X
- .v Cu Ah-kc
-
- n Rp Pohn-
- X
- n\p bmsXmpw Dm-bn-cp-n-. Fmw
el-f
- m sImp-t]m-Ip-Ibpw \in-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p.
sI.-Sn. hnim-emn A, I-aw-K-ew, ae-pdw Pn
15-10-1973
1921se amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- n Zpcn-Xa
- \
- p-`h
- n lnp-f
- psS Hcp Ishj hnfn-p-Iqn Fpw
AXnhv `mhn-]c
- n-]mSnImbn Hcp kanXn cq]o-Ic
- n-n-cn-pp Fpw 1973 HIvtSm-_ 13\v
at\m-c-a-bn I ZpcnXa\p-`-hn R-sf-tm-se-bp--h ktm-jn-p-p. Fs hon
]gb Gd-\mSv Xmeqv I-aw-Kew Awi-nse tXmn-bn el-f-m kwL-Snv Xma-k-amp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. R elf XpS-nb DS-s\-Xs Fmw Hgnv Hcp sIm-n-e[nIw Imew As sImnt-n-ep Xncp-hn-ez- m-ae
- b
- n-em-bn-cpp A`-bmn-If
- mbn Xmakn-n-cp-X
- v. \mn aS-n-h
- t- m Fmw \in \ne-bn-emWv I-Xv.
sI. tKmhn-\m-b, Ing-t-Sv hoSv, t]mv tNdq,

35

ae-pdw 15-10-1973
Fs A-bp-sS apnsbbpw Am-h-s\bpw el-f-m shn-sm-p. ap-n-bpsS
B{in-X-bmbn C\n A-bm-Wp--Xv. Am-hs a cp-t]cpw Pohn-n-cn-p-p.
sI.-Sn. am[-h\m-b, sIb Hm^v sI.-Sn. i-c\m-b
evao-hn-em-kv, t]mv \ote-i-z-cw, hgn sImSp-h-n, tImgn-tmSv 24-10-1973
Fs tPy-jvT-k-tlm-Z-c \ote-i-zcw Awiw-tZ-iv Xobcv sXmSn-I-bn tKm]m-e\mbsc ASp Awi-amb ]pq-cnse \mKm-fn-Imhv F e-p-hv el-f-m shn-sm-es-Sp-n. AXn-\p-tijw IpSpw-_-n hr-bmb amXmhpw ssa\am-cmb Hcp tPy-jvT\pw
Rm\pw am{Xta Dm-bn-cp-p-q. AtX sIm-n amXmhv acn-p. AXn-\p-tijw ap amK-fn-msX Rm ]e \mSp-I-fnepw Npn-n-cn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. tPy-jvT \mns ]e-cpsSbpw klm-b-tmsS Ign-p. Ctm tPy-jvT IpSpw-_-k-taXw \ote-i-zcw Awins Xma-kn-p-p. 57 hb-mb Rm Ctm Ipd-p-Im-e-ambn tPy-jvTs kwc-W-n-em-Wv. F\np kz--ambn Hcp Xpp `qantbm ap km-Z-y-tfm C. AXn\p]pdsa
Rm tcmKn-bp-am-Wv. amn-f-e-l-f-bn sIm-s--h-cpsS AXns {]tbm-P\w F\n-pw-IqsS
A\p-`h
- s
- -Sp-n-c
- p-hm hW-a
- mbn At]-n-p-p.
Nn-sXm-Sn-bn Ie-ymWn A, t]mv ]pXp--d-v, ae-p-dw, 19-10-1973
1921se amn-f-e-lf Dmb Imev F\nv 25 hbv {]mb-ap-m-bn-cp-p. Xm\q-cn-\-Spv
\{ hnt-Pn sXmSn-bn ]d-n Ipp-p-n-A
- b
- p-Sbpw Ftf-Sv cma\m-bc
- p-sSbpw
aI-fmb Fs `mhv tImgn-tmSv Pn-bnse Ccp-h
- q Awi-n Infn-b
- t- d cma\mb-cm-Wv. ae-_m Iem-]-Im-ev F\nv cp Ipn-I-fp-m-bn-cp-p. Fp-h-b-mb Hcp
BIppw aqp-h-b-mb s]Ip-pw. R-fpsS {]tZ-iv B{I-aWw \S--tm
R Xm\q Xohn Bn-kn-tev HmSn. Xe-bn-m F{Xtbm arX-i-co-c-sf Nhn-n-saXn-p-sIm-mWv R HmSn-b-Xv. HmSp ka-bv ssIbn Inn-b-h-sc-sbmw el-f-m
shn-ho-gvn. Iq-n Fs A-s\bpw Fp-h-bv {]mb-amb Fs Ipn-s\bpw,
kv{XoIsf Ah _e-ambn ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t#m-]b
- n. As\ Hcp hn[-n R sdbntht-j-\n-se-n. Ahn-sS-\npw R Xoh-n-amw Xriq-cn-tep t]mbn. Xriq A-en-\-Sp-p Hcp hon Rm\pw Fs `mhpw Xma-kn-p. GI-tZiw \mep-am-k-tmfw
B hon Xma-kn-p. AhnsS Fnb Rv Acnbpw appw Fmw kuP-\y- a
- mbn Inn-bncp-p. Ahn-sS-\nv R tImgn-tm-t-mWv t]mb-Xv. tImgn-tmSv It-cn-bn Ipd-p-Znhkw Xma-kn-p. ]noSv elf Aev]w sIm-dn-b-tm R Xma-kn-n-cp e-tp
Xs t]mp. hp-t\m-n-bt- m I ImgvN Zb-\o-ba
- m-bn-cp-p. hoSv Xohp \in-n-n-cp-p.
hon-ep-m-bn-cp ]m{X-fpw ap kmam-\
- f
- p-samw Ah sImp-t]m-bn-cp-p.
s]mn-S- h
- v Ipn-s-v, sIb H^v ]n.-sI. I-cv, ]Sn-mpw apdn ]n.-H., ae-pdw 1610-1973
Iqn-e-mSn ]m-b-n ]Sn-m-p-apdn F {]tZ-iv el-f-n-c-bmb [mcmfw IpSpw_-f
- n Hcp IpSpw-_a
- m-bn-cpp Ft-Xv. Fs `m-hns\ Igp-n shp-hm apXnXpw
shSn-h
- p-sIm-m tXmp Nqn-bXpw shSn-h
- Xpw Dw-sXn am-fp-ImWv sIm-Xv. honep km[-\- sIm-sN-bvXXpw Fmw I-h-fmWv Rm.
amp- thep-p-n, ]pXp-]-dv ]n.-H. ae-p-dw, 18-10-1973
1921se amn-fe
- l
- f \S Imev F\nv 22 hbv {]mb-ap-m-bn-cp-p. Av Hcp Znhkw
Rm hb-en \ne-ap-gpXv Dbvv I-bp-ambn hon-tep t]mIp-tm Hcp-Iqw Bfp-I

36

Fs Nppw hf-p. AXn Hcm Fs ImXn InS-n-cp kzW-ns I Ducn-sbSp-p. Atm-tgpw ap-h
- hmfp-sImv Fs shn. `mK-yh
- i
- m B shv F\nv Gn-.
AmsS Rm t]Snv \ne-hn-fnv HmSn. t\sc tIm- tImhn-e-I-t-mWv HmSn-b-Xv. GItZiw elf sI-S-p--Xp-hsc AhnsS Hfn-n-cp-p. B Ah-k-c-n-em-Wv, tImgn-s\ F
ev ]m-f-I-ymv h-Xv. Atm Rm aSn hon-te-p-Xs t]mp. hp-t\m-n-btm hon-\p-n-ep-s
- Xmw el-f
- m Ihn-cp-p. hoSp Ipn-\i
- n-n-n-cp-p. Fs cp
Imf-Isf Ah shn-sm-n-cp-p.
]n. IrjvW\m-b, Ipv Ipgn-bn hoSv, ]n.-H. atcn 311-1973
Rm ]pXnb ae-p-dw-Pn--bn s] Gd-\mSv Xmeqv atcn Awiw tZis Ip-pIpgn F hon \mb kap-Zm-b
- n P\n-p. Ap acp-a
-
- m-ba
- m-bn-cp-p. 1921 F\nv
11 hbv {]mbw Dv. Fs amXm-]n-Xm- F\nv Hm-h-bvp--Xn\p ap]pXs ac-Ws-p. Fs Abvv Rm\-msX thsd Bcpw XpW-bmbn Dm-bn-cp-n-. ]gb k{-Zm-b{- ]Imcw hon Dm-bn-cp \mev Am-h
- m-cp-sSbpw hen-b
- , sNdn-b
- a
- m-cp-sSbpw c-IrX-z-n-emWv hf-Xv. ]qhn-I-amb `qk-zv Hpw-Xs C. \mev Am-h-mv t]meokv
DtZ-ym-Khpw Hcp hoSpw am{X-amWv Dm-bn-cp-X
- v. hen-b
- m-h t]men-kn slUvtIm-_nfm-bn-cp-p. Aco-tm-Sm-bn-cpp. 1921 Av t]men-kns tae-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp ae-_m Un.-Fkv.-]n. lntmv at-cn-bn Iymv sNbvXn-cp-p. Aco-tm-tv Bf-bv Am-hs\ hcpn. ]nt-Zn-hkw cmhnse Un.-Fk
- v.]
- n.bpw Am-h\pw ap Nnecpw tNv Xncq-c
- m-Snv kam[m-\c
-
- b
- vm-sW-p-]d
- MvRv t]mbn. ]ns Am-hs
- \bpw thsd Hp-c
- mm-scbpw shnsm-X
- m-bpw, ap-h
- kmbvS-
- w HmSn-c
- s
- -X
- m-bp-amWv hm hXv. AXns ^eambn ]gb ISw \nanw hoSv hnp-t]m-Ip-Ibpw _mn Am-h-mv DtZ-ymKw \jvS-s-SpIbpw IpSpw_w A\m-Ya
- m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kn.-]n. _me-Ir-jvW\m-b, hmm-Sh
- o-Sv, Xrpfw
14-11-1973
FhnsS inh-t-{X-n el-f-m ISp hmXn Nhn-n-s]m-fn-v, AI-p-I-Sv ]qPmkm-am-\-fpw inhs ap]n {]Xn-jvTn Icn--p-sIm-p Imf-sbbpw KW-]-Xn-hn-{K-lw,
HmSp-I apX-em-bh Xp-s]m-fnv \mi-\j
- vS
- Dm-n-bn-p-v. ]qPm-km-am-\
- s
- fmw Ah
FSp-p-sIm-p-t]m-bn.
]-\m-` A[n-Im-cn, ]pq
amnf-am Fm hoSp-Ifpw Nn-tbm-Sp-IqSn sIm-sN-bvXp. B {Kma-nepw ]cn-k-c-n-epap ]{-tmfw t{X- ]q-ambn \in-n-p. hn{K-l- Xp-S-p.
Fs \mep _p--sfbpw aqp sNdp-a--sfbpw amn-f-am ]nSnp hn[n-p. B Awin 300- Ipd-bmsX Bfp-I sIm-s-n-p-v. cp InW-dp-I apgp-h-\mbpw Hcp InW
`mKn-Ia
- mbpw ih-s
- f-smp \nd-p.
Xo kv{XoI-tfmSp sNbvX AXn-{I-a
- hnh-cn-p-hm Akm-[y- a
- m-Wv. `m-thm-sSmw
Hcp kv{Xosb ]nSn-p. `m-hns\ sImp-Ibpw `mc-ysb am\-`w-K-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
aWn-b ]mtemfn IrjvW\m-b, Xr-\n
F\nv 76 hbv {]mb-am-Wv. 56 hb-p Hcp km[p-kv{Xosb hnhmlw Ign-p-hm amnf-am Fs \n_-n-p. Xncnv lnp-aXw kzo-Ic
- n-m Fm-n-s\bpw sImp-If
- b
- p-sa-h
-
`oj-Wn-s-Sp-n.

37

At{Xth-tWm?
iIp\w \m-bmepw ]pecpw hsc Im-dp-tm?

amnf-el
- f
-
- m-cpsS A{I-aW
-
- n\nv s]mm-\nsb cn-m tIf-Pn sNbvX kml-knI-{iaw kphn-Zn-X-am-W-tm. As\ el-f-bpsS bYm-cq]w t\cnp I-dn Atlw
el-fsb sh-]q-im-\p {ias A[n-t-]n-p-sImp acn-p--Xn\p sXmp-ap]v tIkcn-bn Fgp-Xnb teJ-\a
- mWv ChnsS D-cn-p-X
- v.
1921 \S amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- psS kph-Pq-_nen sImm-Sp-hm-\p Xocp-am\w ]cn-lm-kyw
am{X-a Ahn-th-I-hp-am-bn-tmbn amn-f-am-cpsS hnIm-c-sf {hW-s-Sp-t Fp-hv amnf-e-l-fbvv ae-_m Iem]w Fp t]cp-sIm-Spp Fnepw Ap \S kw`-h--sfmw
Hp ]cn-tim-[n-p--Xm-bm AXn-\p-ap]p \S kw`-h--sfmw Hp ]cn-tim-[n-p--Xmbm AXn-\p-ap]p \S A]-Xn-e[
- nIw amn-fe
- l
- f
- I
- f
- n\np hy-Xy- m-ks
- -X
- m-bn-cp-n
HSp-hn-es Cu el-fbpw Fp ImWmw 1921se el-fbvp Ipsd-qSn hym-]vXn-bp-v. AXv
Gd-\m-Sv, hp-h-\m-Sv, s]mm\n Xmeq-p-I-fpsS Nne `mK-, tImgn-tmSv Xmeq-ns Ing{]-tZ-i
- Fn-hn-S
- f
- n-emWv {][m-\a
- mbn \S-X
- v. A]-Xp-sIm-w-ap]v \S el-fbnse kw`-h- kzw A\p-`-h-n\npw Hm-W-sa-n Ahnv 65-70 hb-snepw Dm-bn-cn--Ww. Jnem-^v {]m\w Fm-sW-p-X-sbpw AXns I\-I-Pq-_nen
Cp-sIm-m-Sp A[n-Iw-t]pw Adn-bmtam Fp-Xs
- bpw kwi-ba
- m-Wv.
Hmw-tem-Ia
- l
- m-bp-
- n i-\mb PN-{I-hnsb ]cm-Pb
- s
- -Sp-p-X
- n\v Cy-bpsS ]cn-]qW-kl
- mbw {_n\v Bh-iy- a
- m-bn-cp-p. Fm bpw Bcw-`nv A[nIw Ign-bp-Xn-\p-ap]v Xpn P-\n-bpsS IqsS tNp. Xpn kpm Cmw-a-X-sbpw apl-Zo-bc
- psS ]pW-y
- e
-
- sf cn-m IS-s ^eo-^b
- m-bn-cp-X
- p-sImpw {_ns\ klmbn-p-hm kpm-t\mSv bpw-sN-p-Xv aX-n\v FXn-cmb Hcp {]hr-n-bm-hpw. As\
C-yap-o- Hcp [-k
- S-
- ns-p.
{_nnjv N{I-hn-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmb Cy sshk-tdmbn Hcp hnfw-_cw {]kn--s-Spn. AXn hy-a
- m-n-bn-cp-p, Xpn-bpsS bpw aX-kw-_
- a
- mb Hcp bp-as
- pw apo-fpsS ]pW-y--e-tv bmsXmcp B]pw t\cn-Sp--X-s-pw, 1918 {_nojv {][m-\a{n tembnUv tPmPv sshk-tdm-bn-bpsS hmKvZm-\
- Bhn-d
- n-p. bp-n hnP-bn-Ifmb {_n\pw Iqp-Imcpw hnP-b-e-l-cn-bn hmKvZm-\- Fmw ad-p. {_n as hnfbp sak-sm-m-anb ssIh-is
- -Sp-n. apo-f
- psS ]pW-y
- e
-
- f
- p Ad-_n-Zz- o-]n kndnb
{^mkn\pw A\-tm-fnb C-enpw sImSp-p. s{Ibnpw kvaWhpw bp-n ]n-m-Xncp {Kokn\pw cm-bncw sIm-p-ap]v PqX-m-cpsS A[o-\
- n-em-bn-cp ]me-kvXo
PqX-mpw sImSp-p-hm Xocp-am-\n-p. Xpnsb bqtdm-n XpSp-t]m-Im A\p-hZ- np
Fnepw Ahv henb ssk\yw ]mSn-sp hn[n-p. apow-tem-I-tmSp sNbvX hmKvZm-\ Fmw Imn ]d-n-p. CXv apow-tem-Is Acn-iw-sIm-n-p.
Xpnsb ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-m X klm-bnp F A]-cm-[-t_m[w C-y aposf {_n-s\-Xnsc Fp Xym-K-n\pw k--cm-m ]c-ym-]vX-am-bn-cp-p. 1920 sabv 28-mw
XobXn t_mws_-bnhpw Pq BZ-y-n Ae-l-_m-Znhpw IqSnb Jnem-^v tbmK-fn A\-h[n lnp-{]-am-Wn-Ifpw lmP-cm-bn-cp-p. alm-m-Kmn B tbmK-smw
t\Xr-Xzw sImSp-p. Pq HSp-hn C-yb
- psS Fm kwm-\
- f
- n\n-p-ambn sXmq-tdmfw
apow-{]-am-Wn-I Hn Hcp Jnem-^v ktiw sshk-tdm-bn-b
-
- p. sshk-tdmbn thn-hm cmPn-hpw C-yap-o-f
- psS D{K-amb {]tm-`hpw {]Xn-tj-[hpw {_nojv ]me-san-

38

s\bpw a{n-am-scbpw Adn-bn-p. kam-[m-\a

- p-m-n-c
- W
- s
- apw AXn Bh-iy- s
- -n-cp-p.
Fmw ]cm-P-b-s-Sp--Xm-bm Khsap-ambn hnp-ho-gvN-bn-m \n-l-I-c-W-n
Gs-Sp-sa-m-bn-cpp kt-i
- ns XmXv]c
- y- w.
tIc-f
- n
BKkvXv 1\v Cy apgp-h Jnem-^v ZpxJ-Zn-\a
- mbn BN-cn-s
- -p. KmnPn ju-en-tbm-Sp-IqSn Cy apgp-h Npn 18-\v Ah tImgn-tmSpw kin-p. tImgn-tmSv IS-p-dp-hv Ah cp-t]cpw {]kw-Kn-p. tImgn-tmSv ]uc-m 25000 cq]-bpsS Hcp ]W-ngn
Jnem-^v ^n-tep km-\n-p. Fnepw Hcp ho-se-nepw {]mIvSokv \np-I-bp-mbn-.
ASp tIm{K-ns Hcp {]tX-yI tbmKw I--bnhp tNp. \n-l-I-c-W{]-m\w AwKo-Ic
- n-p. tIc-f
- n Am-ev Jnem-^v {]m-\
- n kPo-ha
- mbncpp.
I tIm{K-n-\p-tijw {io. cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn, tUmIvS Fkv.-F-kv. cmP, appkm-ln_v XpS-nb t\Xm- tImgn-tmSv IS-p-dv Hcp h]n tbmKw tNp.
hotPmen hnn-n-s-nepw Jnem-^
- n-\p-thn {]Nm-ct- he sNm cmPmPn ho-e
- msc
t{]cn-n-p. Gd-\m-nepw s]mm-\n-bnepw hf-sc-b[
- nIw tbmK-f
- n {io. bp. tKm]m-et- a-t\m,
sI. am[-h\m-b XpS-nb ho-e-m ]s-Sp-p. 1920 Unkw-_-dn tN \mK-q
tIm{K-n-\p-ti-ja
- mWv ho Sn.-B. IrjvWk
- z- man A, bp. tKm]m-et- a-t\m XpS-n-bh tImSXn _ln-jvIc
- n-X
- v.
Im^-dn-sf XIm kzw Inpw?
ae-_m-dnse \n-l-I-c-W-{]-m\w A{I-a-n-tep IS-msX kqn-pI A{X Ffp-am-bn-cp-n. ae-_m-dn AXn-\p-ap]v A]-Xn-tesd amn-fe
- l
- f
- I
- Dm-bn-p-v. Cu elf-Isfmw Xs Gd-\mSv Xmeq-n-emWv Dm-bn-p--Xv. Cu el-f-Iv Imc-W- ]e-Xmbn-cp-p-sh-nepw lnp-sf sIme-s-Sp-n-b-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS hoSp sIm-sN-bvX-Xn\pw Hcp
{]_-ea
- mb ImcWw Im^n-d
- sf sImm, Ah-cpsS t{X- Xn DS-m, Ahsc aXwam-n-bm, kzw Inp-sap amn-fa
- m-cpsS Dd hni-zm-ka
- m-bn-cp-p.
Fd-\mSv amn-f-am A[-zm-\-io-e-cmWv Fmepw Pohn-m aXn-bmb hcp-am-\-an-. henb
Pn-am A[n-Ihpw lnp-f
- m-Wv. Hcp Imp-In ]dv Nmn hmn A[-zm-\nv sXnsXI hv ^e-tm-S-Sp-p-tm AXv Pn tamp-sIm-Sp-pp Fn-cn--s. B IpSnbms \ncmi Fm-b-cnpw, ]ns Fn\p Pohn--Ww? ap Nne-scbpw Iqp-]n-Snv PnlmZv
hnfn-bp-ambn Ah Pnsb B{I-an-p-p. Ahn-sS-bp--hsc sImp-p. lmen-fIn hgn-bn
ImWp lnp-sf Zo\n tNc-p-p. As-n sImp-p. HSp-hn h t{X--fn
Ib-dn-q-Sp-p.
s]meokpw ]m-fhpw hcpw. Ahsc shSn-h
- p-sIm-pw. s\mb-p-Im-e
- f
- n-emWv A[n-Ihpw
el-f-I Dm-Im-dv. kz-n-te-m-W-h t]mhp-I. Ahn-sS-bp ]c-am-\-hpw Chn-Ss
IjvS-mSpw ]nWnbpw Hm acWw Hc-\p-{K-l-am-Wv. Cu A-hn-i-zm-k- Cp \nehn \npp F-Xn\p sXfn-hs cma-knw-l-sbpw At-l-ns A\p-P-sbpw aXw-amdnb A\p-Ps `mc-y-bmb AP-\-n-s-bpw. Ah-cpsS A-bp-sSbpw apw sIme-]m-X-Iw!
A-bmb aX-hn-iz- m-k
- ns ^e-am-bn-cpp ae-_mI-em-]
- n\p ap]p \S A[nIw amnf-e-l-I-fpw.
Jnem-^v {]m\w ASn--am-\mWv ae-_m-dnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I Xocp-am-\n--Xv.
Pbp-
- ns ^e-ambn {_ns ]mfw an-hmdpw HSp-n-bn-cn-p-p. AXp-sImv A{Iaw-sIm-p-Xs {_ns\ ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-m-sapw Jnem-^v t\Xm- ]ecpw hni-z-kn-p.
\n-lI
- c
- W
- {- ]-m\w Alnw-km-I
- a
- m-bn-s XpSp-t]m-IW
- s
- a \n_w sImm-

39

bn-cpp 1921 s^{_p-h-cn-bn P\m_v bmIq_v lpssk\pw apw ae-_m-dn {]Nm-c-th-ebvp

h-Xv. Ahsc {]Nm-ct- h-ebvv A\p-hZ- n-n-. At-ls
- bpw bp. tKm]m-et- a-t\m, sI. am[h\m-b, sambvXotImb Fo t\Xm-s
- fbpw _-\
- c
- m-n. ap tIm{Kkv {]hI-cbpw 144-mw hIp-p-{]-Imcw XS-n-cp-p. 144-mw hIpp ewLnv Av XS-hp-in A\p-`-hn-h-cn Cu teJ-I\pw s]Spw. As {]kn Jnem-^v {]h-I-cn Hcm-fmb Ben
ap-ymcpw inj-y
- mcpw A{I-ac
- m-ln-Xy-
- n hni-zk
- n-n-cp-n-.
tIc-f
- nse lnp apow _w
tIc-f-n-ep-m-bn-cp BZ-y-Im-se lnp-apow _w ChnsS hy--am-t-n-bn-cnp-p. tIc-f-nse lnp-cm-Pm--m lnp-shpw apow Fpw `mhn-m-sX-bmWv apowk-ap-Zm-bt- mSp s]cp-am-dn-bX
- .v kmaq-Xn-cn-cm-Pmhpw Nnd-b
v cm-Pmhpw ap cmPm-
- mcpw Ahv
Fm-hn[ t{]mm-l-\-fpw \evIn-bn-cp-p. Ipm-en-a-c-bvm kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS I-S-\mb-I-\m-bn-cp-p. hp-h-\mSp cmPm-hns `WvUmcw kqn-p-Im-cnepw amn-f-am Dm-bn-cp-p.
ChnsS lnp-f
- psS aX-]c
- n-h-\
- n\pw `qan-sIm-bvpw t{]c-W\
- e
- vIn-bXv sslZ-cp-sSbpw
Snp-hn-sbpw A{I-aW
- a
- m-bn-cpp Fp-]d
- b
- p-X
- n sXn-.
Ah-cpsS hmgvNb
- psS BsI-pI kZm sI.-Fw. ]Wn-c
- psS `mj-bn `c-WX
- {- -ns
I-i-am- apgp-h Snp {]tbm-Knv Xs ssk\n-I-i-n-bpsS \njvTp-cX apgp-h
ae_mdnse P\-sf A\p-`h
- n-p-t\m-n. \ncm-ibpw tcmj-hpw-sImv Atlw \mSmsI sImnhv \in-n-p. lnp-sf _ew-{]tbmKnp apo-an-tep tNp. cmP-ya
- msI ssk\n-I`
- c
- W
- nIo-gn-se-t- ]mse s]cp-am-dn. lnp-fpw apo-fpw Xn-ep aX-kv][bpw lnp-sf
Cmw-aX
-
- n tNm-\p t{]c-Wbpw Snp-hns ]S-tbm-
- ns A\-c
- ^
- e
- a
- m-Wv.
bmq_v lpssk-s\bpw Iqp-Im-scbpw 1921 BKv 15-mw Xob-Xn-bmWv Pbn-en\np hnXv. Av Iqcpw 16-mw XobXn Xe-t-cnbpw 17-mw XobXn tImgn-tmSpw e`n kzn-I-c-W-
Ahn-S--fn ]p In-n-m Xc-n-ep--h-bm-bn-cp-p. tImgn-tmSv am\m-n-d-ssa-Xm\w
Npn-tmb B tLmj-bm{X If-IvS an. tXma-n-sbpw Un.-F-kv.-]n. an. lnvtIm-n-sbpw
Ip-Xp-d
- n-p. 17, 18 Xob-Xn-If
- n-emWv amnf BIvSv {]Imcw Fw.-]n. \mcm-bW
- t- a-t\m, sN{tcn X, In-e-tcn apl-Zv apk-en-bm XpS-nb Fp-t]sc Ad-p-sN-m If-IvS
tXmakv Iev]\ ]pd-s-Sp-hn--Xv. Xs hmd v {]Imcw ]pn-Isf Ad-p-sN-m an. tXmakv
Xs ]m-f-hp-ambn ]pd-s-p. AsXmcp Akm-[m-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp-p. 20\v Imev Ah
Xncq-c
- m-Sn-bn Fn. Ignt ]n hf-p. Cu h-am\w Xm\q XpS-nb {]tZ-i
- f
- nsemw ]c-Xv apo-v F{Xbpw {][m-\-s a{w-]n ]m-f-m shSn-hp \in-np
F-bn-cp-p.
Xm\q-cn\npw hen-sbmcp kwLw amn-f-am ]pd-s-p. ]e Ab{]-tZ-i--fn\npw
amn-f-am Xncq-c-m-Sn-bn Fn-tp. D-bvmWv Xm\q-cn\npw Bfp-I Xncq-c-m-Snbn Fn-b-Xv. ]m-f-hp-ambn Gp-apn Khsap-`mKw cp {_no-jp-tZ-ym-K--mcpw cp
tIm-_namcpw FXn`mKw Ipsd amn-f-amcpw acn-p. \mev]-tXm-fw-t]msc ]m-f-m XShp-Im-cm-n. 21\v Imev tImgn-tm-tp aSnb an. tXmakpw Iqp-Imcpw hfsc ti-
klnpw hgn-\osf FXn amn-f-amsc shSn-h-p-sImpw BWv cm{Xn Fp-a-Wnv ^tdmn Fn-t-Xv. Ahn-sS-\nv Xoh-n-hgn cm{Xn 12 aWnv tImgn-tmSv Fn.
A{I-an-If
- psS Agn-mw
Pbnhn-ap-\
- mbn 17\v tImgn-tmSv Fnb {io. am[-h\m-bsc at-cnv sImp-t]mIm {io. Fw. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m\pw am[-h\m-b-cpsS A\p-P {io. sI. tIi-h\m-bcpw
tImgn-tmSv Imn-cn-p-p-m-bn-cp-p. am[-h\m-b Ah-tcm-sSmw at-cn-p-t]m-bn. amnf-am {_n Xsf hn-p; F-s\-sb-nepw ]I-cw-ho-Ww F a\-n-Xn-m-cm-bn-cp-p.

40

Fs-nepw A{I-a
- s]mn-p-ds
- -Sm CS-bp-.v AXp XS-bp-X
- n\v am[-h\m-bc
- psS kmn[yw klm-bn-t-p-sa hni-zm-kw-sIm-mWv DSs\ am[-h\m-bsc at-cnp sImp-t]m-bXv. am[-h\m-b-sc- Jn-em-^v t\Xm--m ImWp-I-bp-m-bn. am[-h\m-bcpw \mcm-b-W-tat\m\pw Imn-e-tcn apl-Zv apk-en-bmcpw A{I-aw-sIm-p-m-Ip B]v el-f-msc [cnn-m {ian-p. AsXmpw ^e-s-n-. Xs Ahn-th-I
- ns ]cn-Wn-X^
- ew Fm-bn-cn-psap If-IvS tXmakv a\-n-em-n-bn-cp-n-. ]c--\-m-Sn-bn Ipsd-b-[n-Iw amn-f-am IqptN-v sdbnth-t-j sIm-sN-bvXp. sdbn-ep-I \on, t^m sSen{Kmw In-I apdnp. kvs]j s]meokv Ckvs]-IvS-sdbpw At-l-ns HmUen-sbbpw sImp. am[h\m-bcpw apl-Zv apk-en-bmcpw ]c--\-m-Snp t]mbn. Ah ]d-bp-Xv {in-m Bcpan-. If-IvS B hgnp aS-p-p-sv el-f-m Adn-n-cp-p. Xncq-c-m-Sn-bn \S
kw`-h
- s
- f-n ]e sIp-IY
- I
- fpw Ahn-Ss
- **** Bap-km-sl-_n-s\bpw amn-fa
- m Xpw-Xp-ambn shn-sm hnhcw ]ecpw hn-p-hm XpS-n-bn-cp-p. ]qtm-q-cn\npw Hcp
kwLw Bfp-I \ne-q-cn-tep t]mbn. tImhn-eIw Imm ]n-cp-]X
- p-t]sc Imh \nnbn-cp-p. Ah-sc-sbmw shn-sm-mWv Ah aS-n-b-Xv. asmcp kwLw atcn JP-\mhv
Ipn-sm-fnv ]W-sa-Sp-p. ]e kwL-fpw ]e Znnepw sIm \S-n. ]e-scbpw aX-]c
- nh\w sNbvXp, hntcm-[a
- p-h
- sc sImp.
{io. am[-h\m-b amXr-`q-an-bn-se-gp-Xnb teJ-\--fn\nv Hcp `mKw ChnsS D-cn-psIm--s. Xv bmsXmcp tZmjhpw sNm--hcpw \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fp-amb \mp-Im-cpsS hoSpI ]cs sIm-sNbvXv Ahsc IjvS-s-Sp-n-b-XmWv Cu el-f-bn Ghpw AZv`p-X-I-cambn ]epw tXmn-bn-p-X
- v. el-fb
- psS cm-as L-n el-f
- m sNbvX B{I-as-n Btem-Nn-p-tm AXn A]-Xp-iX
- a
- m\w A{I-a
- t]mepw Cu BZ-yL
- -
- n
Ah {]hn-n-n-. cm-as L-n Ah sNbvX A{I-a- ]eXn\pw Nne Imc-y Dm-bn-cp-p. A-s\-bp bmsXmcp Imc-W
- fpw BZ-yL
- - s A{I-a
- n. lnp-tfmSp km-n-Ia
- mbpw aX-]c
- a
- mbpw kv][ Ahp-m-bn-cp-n-cn-mw. ]t AXp am{XamtWm Cu sIm-Ip Imc-W-sap Rm in-p-p. aX-{`m--m-cmb Nne lnp-fpsS a\-n-Xn-t]mse Jnem-^v {]m-\-ns Ah-km-\-^ew Cmw km{am-P-y-m-]-\am-sWpw ]e amn-fa
- mcpw [cn-n-cpp FmWv Ah-cpsS {]hr-n-sImpw Nne-cpsS hmpsImv A\p-am-\n-t-X
- v. AXv Ghpw B]-XvIc
- a
- mb a\-n-Xn-bmWv Fp ]d-bm-Xn-cn-m
\nhr-n-bn. amn-fa
- m-cn hnh-ca
- p-h
- v Cu at\m-`mhw Cm-Xn-cp-t-mw. ]t km[m-cW-m A-s\-Xs
- -bmWv hni-zk
- n-n-cp-Xv FmWv A\p-am-\n-t-n-bn-cn-p-X
- .v Ch-cpsS
kzv A]-lc
- n-p-tXm sIm-sN-p-tXm ssZhw aptJ-\b
- p Hcp ]mX-Ia
-
- m-bn-cp-p.
Cmw-aXw am{Xw aXn
Jnem-^v {]m-\
- ns hnP-bI
- c
- a
- mb ]c-yh
- k
- m\w Cy Hcp Cmwcmjv{S-ambn amdpI-sb--Xm-sWv ae-_m-dnse hnh-c-an-m amn-f-am [cnp Fp--Xn\p sXfn-hp-I-fmWv
]noSp \S kw`-h
- .
]qtm-q amn-f-amv Hcp _pn-tXm-n. ChnsS C\n cp aX- th. lnp-sf
aX-]-cn-h\w sNbvXv Hcp Cmw cmjv{Sw \nanmw F-h Xocp-am-\n-p. elf XpS-n-bti-ja
- p BZ-ys shn-bmgvN BKkvXv 26-\mWv Cu Xocp-am\saSp-X
- v. at-cn, ae-pdw
{]tZ-i--fn-ep Fm lnp--sfbpw apkm-cm-m-\p Xocp-am-\-n am[-h\m-bcpw
IpSpw-_hpw s]n-cpp Fv Atlw Xs ]d-bp-p.
cp-aqp Znh-ks sIm-Ip-tijw cm{Xn ]mdm-hn\v am[-h\m-bcpw apw BfpIsf \nn-bn-cp-p. Ah-cn amn-f-amcpw Dm-bn-cp-p. Ah At\-z-jn-p-t\m-n-b-tm
am[-h\m-bs
- cbpw IpSpw-_s
- bpw aX-]c
- n-h\w sNm t]mIpp F hnhcw Ahcpw
tIn-cpp Fpw aX-]-cn-h-\-n\v A\-y-Zn-n\nv Bfp-I hcp--]w Ah \n-

41

lm-bc
- m-bn-cnpw Fpw AhnsS XS-w-sN-p-Xv Hcp aX-hn-tZ-zj
- {- ]-hr-n-bm-Ip-sapw Ah
am[-h\m-bt- cmSp ]d-n-cp-p-ht- {X.
]qtm-q-cn Xs 75 t] ]qtm-qm Xs aXw-amn AXn GXmv 30 t] AhnSs \mbIp-Spw-_-amb s]mp-Wn-mSv hop-Im-cm-bn-cpp Fv am[-h\m-b-cpsS teJ-\n ]d-bp-p. kmv Akn- v Io-jW
- d
- mbn DtZym-K
- n\n-pw s]j]n ]ncn
]pem-tm-
- n tIma tat\m-s\bpw IpSpw-_s
- bpw aX-]c
- n-h-\w-sN-m henb Hcp
kwLw amn-f-e-l-f-m t]mbn. tImata-t\m\v Av 76 hbv {]mbw-Im-Wpw. amn-f-amsc
At-l
- n\v hni-zm-ka
- m-bn-cp-p. amn-fa
- mv At-ls henb _lp-am-\a
- m-bn-cp-p. BKkvXv
24-\m-bn-cpp hen-sbmcp kwLw amn-fam At-l
- ns hoSp hf-X
- v. Atlw aXw-am-dm
Iqm-n-bn-. Hm-mcpw kwL-n-ep-m-bn-cp-p. ap ]pcp-j-m-cpsS Fmw apSn If-p.
kv{XoIv DSp-p-I sImSp-p. ]ntv Fmw im-am-bn-cp-p. 26-mw XobXn Ah hopw
tImata-t\ms\ kao-]nv Atlw apSn-I-f-bm A\p-h-Zn-n-, Ah sImSp sXmnbpw
[cn-n-. As\ Ccn-p-tm-gmWv \Imcw ASn-tI--Xv. ]m-f-m ]qtm-q-cn Fn-b-hnhcw Adn-bn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p-ht{X AXv. amn-f-am Fmw HmSn. tIma tat\m c-s-SpIbpw sNbvXp.
Hcp tLmc-bpw
ae-pdw Unhn-j-\n Hm^o-k Hmns klm-b-n\v AbeUvIm-c-\mb sI]v
sa tdmbn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-
- n 125 ]m-f
- mcpw s]meo-kp-Im-cp-ap 22 _knepw temdn-If
- nep-ambn ae-p-dt- p ]pd-s-X
- m-bn-cpp tk\. ]qtm-q XSn-p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp amn-fa
- m AhtcmSv bp-n-s\m-cp-n. ]qtm-q \nc-p-h-m-Wv. ]qtm-q IS-p-thWw ae-p-d-tp
t]mhm. aqhm-bn-c
- n]cw amn-fa
- m AhnsS Hp-tNp. Ign-bp-{X Bbp-[
- el-fm tiJ-cn-n-cp-p. ]m-f-msc \ntjw \in-n-p-hm ]nb Hcp e-amWv el-f-m
Xnc-s-Sp-X
- v. ]qtm-q-cn tdmUn\nv GXmv 30 hmc hnv hS-p-\nv ]Sn-m-tdm-smgp-Ip Hcp tXmSp-v. Cu bp-ns Bh-i-y-n\v el-f-m Cu tXmSv InS-mbn D]-tbmKnp. tXmn\np shSn-h-bvp ]m-f-msc el-f-mv ImWm ]n-. ]m-f-m
tdmUn\npw tXmSpw ]nnv aptmp \on-bm ]Sn-m-dp-`m-K-p Ipn\npw
tXmn\npw hS-p tXmn\npw As\ Fm `mK-p-\npw ]m-f
- msc FXnp
\in-n-p-hm-\m-bn-cpp m. Hpw in-m-sX-bmWv ]m-f
- m el-f
- m-cpsS \Spv Fnb-Xv. el-f
- m shSn XpS-n-bt- m ]m-f
- m Am-fn-p. ]m-f
- m X-fpsS sajntXmp-I-fn\npw Hcp shSn-hjw Xs Bcw`n-p. X-fpsS shSn ^en-p-n-spw el-fm Np \new-]-Xn-pp Fpw I-tm Inbpw hmfpw hSn-bp-ambn ]m-f-m-cpsS
t\sc IpXn-p. \me-p-a-Wn-q \n bp-n ^eamb \m\q-dn-e-[nIw amn-f-am acn-p.
Hcp ]mf DtZ-ym-K
- \
- mb sem-mdpw cp ]m-f
- mcpw acn-p. acn amn-fa
- msc ASp-]
- d
- n Zln-n--tijw Iym-]v satdmbnbpw ]m-f-mcpw s]meokpw ae-p-d-tp aSn.
Ae-ap-ke
- n-bm-cpsS Iog-S
-
]qtm-q bp-tm-Sp-IqSn el-f--e-h-m ]e e-tpw \on. sImbvpw
sIme-b
v p-amWv Ah Hcp-n-bX
- .v Ip-l
- Z- m-Pnbpw kwLhpw lnp-pw apo-pw
k-X\pw kmX-zn-I\
- p-amb s]j]n ]ncn s]meokv Ckvs]-ISv Jm _l-Zq tNpn-bpsS e-amb B\-b
- t- -mWv t]mb-Xv. At-ls shSn-h
- p-sImv Xe-bd
- pv Hcp
Ip-n-t Ipn tLmj-bm-{X-bm-bn-mWv Ah at-cn-p-t]m-bX
- v. BKv 28-mw XobXn
Hcp {_nojv ]m-f
- ns Xe-h\
- mb sP.U-yp.-dmUv o^pw ae-pdw XpnSn Hmn\pw Xncq-cm-Sn-bn t]mbn Ben-ap-ke
- n-bmv t\mokv sImSp-n-cp-p. Hcp XpWn-jvWw hoin-smv

42

Atlw Iog-S
- m-]
- w a{w ]nbpw Xncq-c
- m-Snbpw Xohp \in-n-p-sa-v.
Ben-ap-ke
- n-bmcpw Ipsd amn-fa
- mcpw Iog-S
- n. Ah-sc-sbmw tImb-
- q Pbn-en ]mnp. Ben-ap-ke
- n-bm-cpsS inj-y
- m-cmb Ae-hn-p-nbpw Ip-eh
- nbpw Iog-S
- n-bn-. elf anhmdpw ian-X
- p-t]m-se-bm-bn. Khsa v Ipdv Hcp \bw ImWn-n-cpp Fn elf Ah-km\n-n-m-am-bn-cp-p, AX sNbvXXv. tImgn-tm-Sv, Gd-\m-Sv, hp-h-\m-Sv, s]mm-\n, hb-\mSv
Fo Xmeq-p-I-fn Khsa v ]m-f-\n-baw ]mkm-n. amn-f-am Ah-cpsS ew-hn-p-t]mIm ]mSn-. Bcpw Ahv A`bw \evIm ]mSn-. h-hcpw hm DSs\ s]meo-kn Adnbn--Ww. aPn-kvt{S-n-stbm s]meokv DtZ-ym-K--stbm ]mn-msX amn-f-amv Xoh-nbm{X ]mSn-. Cu Iev]-\-I anen-dn Iam--dpsS k-X-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Unkv{SnIvv aPnkvt{Sv ]mkm-n-bX
- v. In amn-fa
- m-sc-sbmw Ad-p-sNbvXv Ahsc inn-m sXfnshmpw Bh-i-y-an-. Adv sNbvX-h-sc-sbmw kvs]j-y aPnkvt{Sp-am innp. Iq,
tImb--q XpS-nb Pn-I-fn-tev Ab-bvp-I-bm-bn. Cu Ad-n-s\mw lnp-fpw Acp\n-p. aXw-am-s
- -h
- ]ecpw lnp-f
- m-bn. bp-n\p ]pd-s-h
- ]ns sNbvX sImbvpw
sImebvpw Ah-km-\-an-. Ah lnp--fpsS t\sc A\p-hn {Iqc-X-I hnh-cn-m-\mhn-.
Pq_n-en-m-cpsS sXmen-n
tIc-f-n tIm{Kkv {]h\w an-hmdpw Akm-[-y-am-bn. D{]-tZ-i--fn-tev
tIm{Kkn\p IS-m hs-m-bn. el-fb
- psS ^e-ambn kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- cw ao-`h
- n-p. Cykzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-n\p Xs hn BLm-X-am-bn-o amn-f-e-l-fsb kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-am-bnm-Wm apow-eo-Kn\p am{Xta km[n-p-Ib
- p-q.
enp Xe-Xm-gvt Cu kw`-h
- sf kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
- a
- mbn Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-m\pw AXns
kph-Pq-_nen sImm-Sm\pw Ipd-sm-pw-t]mc sXmen-- n. AXn-\h
- sc ss[c-ys
- -Sp-p-Xv
Cs \s-n-m t\Xr-Xz- a
- m-Wv.
Cu ]ucm-Wn-Ic
- m-Py- s apow-eofv cmbn shn-ap-dn-X
- ns ^e-amWv ]cn-lmcw ImWm
Ign-bm A`-bmn-{]-iv\w. CXv _wm-tZ-iv AXns aq-\-y-n F-bn-cn-p-Ibm-Wv. A\lsc `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-n Ccp-n-b-Xp-sImv tIcfw C\n Fsmw A\p-`-hnpsap Ip-Xs Adn-b-Ww. Cu Pq_n-en-kw-cw`w XpS-n-bn-S-p-Xs Ah-km-\n-n-pXv am\-yX
- b
- m-hpw. am\-yX
- t- bmSp aXn-p-]p-ep Fm-hpw.

43

amn-f-e-l-f-mv ]pw hfbpw

kn. \mcm-b-W-]n
tIc-f-nse Xe-ap-Xn tIm{Kkv t\Xm--fn-sem-cm-fmb teJ-I, X\n ho-b-Iem-]-amb amn-f-e-l-fsb kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-ambn hym-J-ym-\nv Iem-]-Im-cn-Iv s]j
\Im-\p tI{-km-cns Xocp-am-\s in-bpw FXnp-sImv amXr-`qan-bn-se-gp-Xnb teJ-\-am-Wn-Xv.

Cu ASp--Im-ev sI.-]n.-kn.-kn. P\-d sk{I-dn tIc-f-n hfp-h-cp ho-b-Nn-sbbpw hn`m-Kob {]h-W-X-I-sf-bpw-]n {]kn--s-Sp-n-bn-cp Hcp hnem-]-Km\w hmbn-p-Ibp-m-bn. sNIp-m thZ-ap--cn-p {]Xo-Xn-bm-Wv, B Km\w Xn P\n-n--sXv AXp
hmbn asmcp tIm{K-kp-Im-c FtmSp ]d-p. hy-n-]-c-amb bmsXmcp A\m-Z-chpw
{]I-Sn-n-p-I-b Cu D-c-Ww-sImv Rm\n-hnsS Dt-in-p--Xv. Rm XX-z--sf--n-bmWv
]cm-ain-p--Xv. tIc-f-n-env ap cmjv{So-b-I-n-I-sf-tm-se-Xs tIm{Kkpw tZio-baq-ey-
- hy-`n-Nc
- n-nv ho-bX
- bvp Iw-sIm-Sp-p-Ib
- t ae-_me-lf
- b
- psS cP-XP
- q-_nen
BtLm-jn-p-tm sNp--sXv Atlw tNmZn-p. alm-m-Km-n-bpsS \ma-t[bw
m\pw Am-\pw D-cn-p-Ibpw ho-b-X-bpsS Zpc--^-e-s-n tJZn-p-Ibpw
sNp cmjv{So-b-I-n-I `cn-p kwm-\w-X-s-bmWv ae-_m-dnse ho-b-e-l-f-bn
]s-Sp bmX-\
- mv `qanbpw {]Xn-am-ki
-
- f
- hpw ]mcn-tXm-jn-Ia
- mbn \I-Ws
- a-p Dc-hn Hp-h
- X
- v. alm-m-Kmn Cu hnhcw [cn-p-Ib
- m-sW-n At-l
- ns ivaim-\[
- q-fnI Ahn-sS-n-Sp ]nS-bvp-sap Xo-bm-Wv. alm-m-Kmn C-yb
- psS kzm-X{- -y
- n\pw
AJ-WvUX
- bvpw lnp-a
- p-ow-ssa-{Xn-pw-thn \S-nb Fm kwcw-`
- f
- p-sSbpw ]cn-]qamb ]cm-P-b-n\pw C-y-bpsS hn`-P-\-n\pw \mn-Ip-dn-Xv ae-_m-dnse amn-f-e-l-f-bm-Wv.
Xs kl-{]-h-I-cp-sSbpw C-y-bnse av D-X-m-cmb cmP-y-X-{--m-cp-sSbpw D]-tZi-fpw {]Xn-tj-[-fpw hnK-Wnv Jnem-^v {]iv\w alm-m-Kmn tIm{K-kns Imc-y]-cn-]m-Sn-bn Ds-Sp-p-tm AXv imi-z-X-amb lnp--ap-ow-ssa-{Xnp hgn-sX-fn-bn-p-samWv Atlw sXn--cn--Xv. BZ-y-L--n ju-en apl--Zen Fo ktlm-Z-c-msc
Atlw Ioi-bn hln-p-sImv cmP-ys
- am-pv lnp-ap-ow-ssa-{Xn-sb-n {]N-cWw \S-ptm Kmn-Pn-bpsS {]Xo-I
- Am-\
- m-bn-cn-n-sv temIw sXn-c
- n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Jnem-^v {]iv\w Iam]mjm ivaim-\
- n Ipgn-p-aqSn Xpn kpms\ cmP-y
- p\npw Bn-tbm-Sn-p-tm AXv C-y-bnse lnp--apow ssa{Xn-bpsS `c-X-hm-I-y-am-bn-cn-psav KmnPn apIqn [cn-n-cp-n-. Jnem-^v {]iv\w-t]mse Hcp ho-b-hn-j-bs
tIm{Kkv ]cn-]m-Sn-bn Ds-Sp-n-bXv sXm-bn-cp-p-shv Cp ]cs k-Xn--s-np Hcp Imc-y-am-Wv. Fnepw B {]iv\w Ah-km-\n--Xn-\p-ti-jhpw KmnPn sIn--Sp
lnp--apow sFI-y-ns ]pd-tm-Sn\v Aev]w in-bp-m-bn-cp--Xp-sImv lnp--apow
ssa{Xn DS-\Sn XI-cp-I-bp-m-bn-. Fm ae-_m-dnse amn-f-e-l-f-bmWv BZ-y-ambn B kJy-ns Nc-a-ImWvUw Bcw-`n--sX Imcyw Hcp Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-bm-Wv. C-y\m-j-W
tIm{K-kns Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tUm. ]m`n At-l-ns Ncn-{X-n Cs\ Fgp-Xp-p.
HIvtSm-_ a-y-n IqSp-X I-i-amb Hcp amjtem C-ym-K-hsa v ae-_mdn Gs-Sp-n. AXn-\p-tijw \n_-n-Xa
- mb aX-]c
- n-h-\w, lnp-`h
- \
-
- f
- psS Ih,
Ah-bpsS \io-Ic
- Ww Fo ]mX-I
- amn-fa
- m \S-n. amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- psS BK-n-\p-ti-jap KXntm XpSp A{I-a-]-c-amb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-tm Cu {K-n {]k-n-

44

bn-.
C-y-bpsS cmjv{So-b-N-cn-{X-n kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-tmSv bmsXmcp _-hp-an-m Hcp
kw`h-ambn tIm{Kkv Ncn-XI
- m-c Cu kw`-hs hnK-Wn-p-Ib
- mWv sNbvXX
- v. C-yb
- psS
kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
-
- n ]s-Spv Ah-iX
- I
- A\p-`h
- n-p-h
- v Pohn-Xm-hi
- y-
- \evIp-Isb-p--XmWv Cu s]j]--Xn-bpsS e-y-sa-t{X t_m[-ap--h a\-n-em-n-bn-p-Xv. Hcp ho-b-e-l-f-bn ]s-Spv tIm{K-n-sbpw Kmn-Pn-bp-sSbpw BZi-e--ypw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ipw {]m-\m-]-c-amb {]Xo--Ipw hncp--ambn {]hn A{Ian-ImWv c-km-n-If
- psS ]Zhn \evInb tIc-f
- nse tIm{Kkv Khsa v s]j
A\p-hZ- n-n-p-Xv. Jnem-^v {]iv\w AXn\p aps]m-cn-epw Adn-bs
- -n-n-m-h
- w Bgn ho-b-amb \c-l-X-y-p Ihm-S- Xpd-p-sIm-Sp--Xmbn AXp-em-\--N-{I-hn
Xs GIm-In-bmb Xom-SI
- F {K-n Fgp-Xp-p. AXv icn-bm-bn-cn-s
- , sXm-bncn-s
- . Fm, Jnem-^v {]iv\w hgn-sX-fn-bn lnp-apow ssa{Xn-bpsS Nc-a
- n-\p-tijw
AXns ih-s-n-bn BZyw ASn-p-Ib
-
- nb BWn ae-_m-dnse amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- m-bn-cp-p.
AXn-\p-tijw ho-b-amb Ie-l-fpw kwL--\-fpw C-y-sbm-pp ]Sp-]n-Sn-p.
Ae-l_
- m-Zv, P_]q knv, Zln Fo e-f
- n AXn-\p-tijw \S ho-bk
- w-L-\- tImlm-nse Iq-sm-e-bn Ah-km-\n-p-tm KmnPn Xs sRn-tm-Im-Xn-cpn-. Rm Bpw hni-z-kn-\-m-\l-X-bn-m Hcp s]mfn Im-bn-on-cn-p-p
Fv KmnPn Fgp-Xn. Atlw AXn-\p-tijw 21 Znh-ks \ncm-lm-c-{h-Xw-sImv C-ysb
ZpxJ-km-Kc
-
- n-em-gvn. tImlmn kw`-h
- s
- f-p-dnv Xm-dm-nb At\-zj
- W
- d
- n-tmn-s\-
- nbp A`n-{]m-b`- n-X
- b
- mWv Ah-km-\a
- mbn Kmn-Pn-sbbpw ju-e
- n-sbbpw ]c-k]
v cw AIn-bX
- v.
B \nebvv C-y-bpsS ssiYn-e-y-n\pw hn`-P-\-n\pw hgnsXfn kw`-h--fnse Iphm-fn-ImWv cmjv{So-b-k-a-c-nse ]m-fn-I-sf \ne-bn tIc-fm-K-hsa v s]j
\evIm t]mIp--sX-p bmYmYyw F{X henb Hcp hntcm-[m-`m-k-am-Wv? apow-eo-Kns
]np-Wb
- n-s-n Cu Khsa v XIp-t]m-Ip-sapw sXc-s-Sp-n ap-Wn-bpsS hnPb-km-[-y-X-I Ipd-p-t]m-Ip-sapw F\n--dn-bmw. Fm Nnc-m-bn-bmb BZi-fpw
e-y-fpw A[n-Im-c-ns _en-]o-T-n Ipcp-Xn-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw tZio-bX hcn-p-sIn
ho-bh
- m-Z
- ns Ime-Sn-If
- n hp-Nh
- n-n-p-Ibpw sNp ImgvN thZ-\m-P\
- I
- a
- m-Wv. {ioaXn
Cn-cm-Kmn Cu hnhcw Adn-n-cn-ptam Fv F\nv Adn-p-Iq-S. Adn-n-n-s-n B
al-Xnsb CXv Adn-bn-t-Xv Bh-i-y-am-Wv.
ae-_m-dnse amn-fe
- l
- f tIm{K-n-sbpw alm-m-Km-n-Pn-bp-sSbpw A{I-ac
- m-ln-Xy- a
- msbpw ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-nb Hcp kw`-h-am-b-Xp-sIm-t C{Xbpw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. I-dbpw
]mtmpw A{I-a- Dm-bn-p-v. s]meo-kp-Im h[n--s-n-p-v. Fnepw Av Xncp-hnXmw-Iq-dn \S cmjv{So-b-k-a-c-n-t\mSv AXn\p _-ap-m-bn-sp ]d-bm km[-y-a-.
s]meokn-sbpw ]m-f
- n-sbpw {Iqc-amb a-\
- kln-t-n-h P\- A{I-aw-sIm-Xps Xncn-Sn \evIn. Fnepw Cu kw`-h
- v ho-be
- l
- f
- b
- psS kz-`m-ha
- p-m-bn-cp-Xmbn Btcm-]W
-
- Dm-bn-n-. Fm, ae-_m-dn \S-Xv \-amb Hcp ho-be
- l
- f
- b
- mbn-cp-p-shp Ncn{Xw tcJ-s-Sp-p-p. Fnepw AXn\v cmjv{So-bk
- z- `
- mhw \evIn C-yb
- psS
kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
- s ]ptcm-Ka
- n-n Hcp kw`-hs
- a \ne-bn AXn ]s-Sp \mb-I
- mv
{]Xn-^ew \evIm-\p {iaw F{X \njn--am-Wv? amn-f-e-lf kzm-X-{-y-k-a-cs ]ptcm-K-ann-p-Ib
- , ]nstbm almmKmn-Pn-bpsS ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf Hcp ]p-hjw ]pd-tImp Xnam-p-Ib
- mWv sNbvXX
- v. amn-fe
- l
- f
- b
- psS cP-XP
- q-_nen BtLm-jn-mt]m-Ip-X
- mbn ]{X-fn hmbn-p. Xe-t-cn-bn ho-b-I-em]w s]mn-p-d-s Cu hj-n amn-f-e-l-f-bpsS
Pq_n-env {]tX-yI aln-ab
- p-sp k-Xn-W
- w. Hp tNmZn-s Xe-t-cn-bnse el-fbvpw
cmjv{So-bk
- z- `
- mhw \evIn AXn ]s-Sp [oc-\m-bI
-
- mv s]j \evIm-\p Hcp ]-

45

Xn-IqSn Khsa v Bkq-{XWw sNm-Xv Fp-sIm-m-Wv? ho-b-e-l-Iv ]mcn-tXmjnIw \evIp-Ibpw AXns Pq_nen BtLm-jn-p-Ibpw sNp Khsa v am\-hk
- a
- p-Zmbw
BZ-cn-p-Ib
- pw Bcm-[n-p-Ibpw sNp knm-
- sf hnK-Wn-p-Ib
- mWv sNp-X
- v.
km-n-Ia
- mb Ah-iX
- I
- A\p-`h
- n-p P\-hn-`m-K
- v `qanbpw s]j\pw \evIp-Xn\v Cu teJ-I FXn-c-. Fm Hcp Khsa v BZ-cn-p-Ibpw A\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw
sNt Nne auen-IX
- X
- z-
- Dv. tIm{Kkv In-Xs B kwL-S\
- b
- psS An-hmcw
XIp-Ibpw C-y-bpsS sFI-yhpw AJ-WvU-Xbpw Akm--y-am-n-op-Ibpw kzm-X-{y-k-a-cs ]pd-tImp Xp-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp kw`-h-ns ]m-fn-Iv AXn-tev {]Xn^ew \evIn ho-b-e-l-f-Iv am\-y-Xbpw AwKo-Im-chpw kthm-]cn t{]c-Wbpw {]tNm-Z\bpw \evIn A\p-{K-ln-p-Ib
- mWv Cu kw`m-h\
- a
- qew sNbvsX-Xv `mhn-Nc
- n-{X-Im-c tcJ-sSp-n-tb-mw.
ew A`-bmn-I
Hcp sIm-n-\Iw kzm-X{- yw ssIh-cpw, AXn-te-p BZ-ys Imhbv]v 1921 BKv
21se ae-_me-lf
- b
- m-bn-cp-p. aqm-gvN
- mew Bbp-[
- ko-Ic
- n-t- ijw B Pn-bnse
amn-fa
- m Iem-]a
- m-cw-`n-p. {_nojv `cWw Ah-km-\n-p-shpw X kz-X{- -cm-sW-p-ap
{]N-cW
-
- n Ah hni-zk
- n-p; Ah Jnem-^v cmPyw m]n-p; Hcp cmPm-hns\ Inco-S[
- mcWw sNn-p; kpe-`-ambn sImbpw sImebpw \S-n; aXw-am-m Iqm-m lnp-sf
apgp-h \mSp-hn-tm-Sn-p; DSp-Xp-Wnp adp-Xp-Wn-bn-msX Fmw A]-lc
- n-s
- -, Hcp e-tmfw
t] A`-bmn-If
- m-s
- -p.
(B-\n-_-k v, "^yq- s]mfn-nIvkv C Cy' F {K-n\n-v)
icn-bmb kmap-Zm-bnI elf
.... CtXm-Sp-IqSn lnp-s-Xn-cmb ]e A{I-a-fpw \S-m amn-f-am Xp\n-bp-Ibpw
icn-bmb Hcp kmap-Zm-bn-I-e-l-f-bpsS apgp-h kz-`m-h-fpw AXn-\p-m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
(C.-Fw.-F-kv. \q-Xn-cn-m-Sv, "tI-cfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an')
]cm-{Iaw kv{XoI-fnepw
Ggp-amkw K`-ap Hcp kv{XobpsS hb s]mn-n-f-Xn-\m acn inip ]pd-tp
sXdn-p-h \ne-bn InS-p-Xp Ip. asmcp kv{XobpsS amd-p-\npw Bdp-amkw {]mbamb Hcp Ipns\ Xn--dnv cp-Xp--ambn shn-\p-dp-n.
taem-q-cn Hcp Ipeo-\-bmb \mbkv{Xo-sb, Ah-cpsS `m-hn-sbpw ktlm-Z-c-m-cpsSbpw ssIIm ]nnsI-n ASp-p-\nn-smv \-bm-n. Ah t]Snp Ip-I
AS--tm hmap-\-sImv Ipn Ip-Xp-d-nv Ah-cpsS apnhp \S am\-`w-Ks
ImWp-hm \n_-n-Xc
- m-n...
(tZ-h[
- m Io-j dntmn\n-v)

46

amn-f-e-l-ftbm kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-tam?
]n. ]c-ta-i-z-c

amnf-e-l-f-sbtm ae-_mIem-]-satm AYhm shdpw Gd-\mSv Iem-]-satm GXp t]cphn-fn-mepw icn, Hcp Ncn-{X-bm-YmYyw A\n-tj-[-y-am-b-h-ti-jn-p-p. AXv CXm-Wv 1921
\S elf C-y kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-am-bn-cp-n. Jnem-^v ka-c-ns `mK-am-bn-mWv AXv
Bcw-`n-s
- X-pw, B ka-bv AXv {_no-jp-Ims-Xn-cm-bn-cp-p-shpw k-Xn-mw. ]t,
{_no-jp-Ims-Xn-cmbn Bcw-`n {]tm-`a
- m-bn-cpp F Imc-Ww-sIm-p-am-{Xw, AXv Cy kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-ambn ]cn-K-Wn--s-Smtam, Nnn-t--Xp-v. Hcp kacw C-y kzm-X-{y-ka
- c
- a
- m-IW
- s
- a-n, AXns ASn-m-\]
- c
- a
- mb t{]c-W, C-yk-zm-X{- -ya
- m-bn-cn-W
- w. tZiob-k-zm-X-{-y-am-bn-cn--Ww, C-y-bpsS kzm-X-{-y-n-\p-thn \S-p kacw Bbn-cn--Ww.
{_no-jp-Ims-Xn-cm-IpI FXv ka-c-ns \ntj-[m--I-`mhw am{X-am-Wv. C-y-pthnbmbn-cn-Ww F-XmWv ImX-emb hiw. Jnem-^v {]m-\w, Cu am\-Z-WvUw-h-pt\m-p-tm C-y-p-th-n-bm-bn-cp-n-. C-y-{]-iv\--fpsS t]cn-em-bn-cp-n-. AXn-\m
cmjv{So-bk
- u-Ic
- y- h
- m-Z
- m, cmjv{So-bI
-
- h
- S-
- m Fp-]d
-
mepw icn Jnem-^v {]m\w
C-yk-zm-X{- -bk
- a
- cw Bbn-cp-n-.
cmw-tem-Ia
- l
- m-bp-
- n {_no-jp-Ims-Xn-cmbn \n Xpn-bnse Jmen-^ns\ A[nIm-c-n\np ]pdw-X-p-Ibpw Xpn ]e-Xmbn hn`-Pn-p-Ibpw sNbvX {_nojv kmcns\Xncmbn temI-sapw Ae-b-Sn-p-b apow-tm-`-ns C-y-bnse Ae-bm-bn-cpp
Jnem-^v {]tm-`w. ]m Cm-an-k-ns in-{]-I-S-\-am-bn-cpp AXv.
"Let Hindus not be frightened by Pan Islamism. Is is not, it need not be, anti-India or anti
Hindu. Musalman must wish wall to every Musalman state he must therefore co-operate with
his Muslim brother in the ateempt to save the Turkish empire from Extinction. (Mahatma
Gandhi- Young India Turkish question June 29, 1921)
]m Cm-an-ks lnp- `b-s-SmsX Ccn--Ww. AXv lnp-hn-cp--tam, C-y-hn-cptam Bbn-sm-W
- s
- a-n-. apkam-m Fm apow-cm-Py-
- f
- p-sSbpw \ Cn-p-h
- c
- mbn-cn-W
- w. AXn-\m Xpn-km-{am-Py- s Dq-e\
- min\npw cn-p-hm-\p apkamm-cpsS {ia-hp-ambn \mw kl-I-cn--Ww.
(a-lm-m-Km-n, bwKv C-y, Sn {]iv\w, 29-6-1921).
]WvUnv Ph-lem s\{lp-hns UnkvIh
- dn H^v Cy F ]pkvXI
-
- n Cu `mKw
t\mp-I:
World war, and the fate of Turkish Khilafat and the Muslim holy places produced a powerful
impression on the Muslims of India and make them intensely anti-British.... A Muslim
organisation grew up in close co-operation of the Congree- The Khilafat committee. (Jawaharlal
Nehru, Discover of India, Page 318).
HmwtemI-al
- m-bp-hpw AXp-hgn Xpn-bnse Jmen-t^-n\pw apow-]p-Wy-
- e
-
- pw
kw`-hn hn[n-ssh-]c
- o-Xy-
- f
- pw, C-yb
- nse apo-f
- n D-Sa
- mb hnIm-cm-th-ia
- p-m-p-Ibpw, AXv Ahsc At-bw {_nojv hncp--cm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm{K-kns i-amb
]np-Wt- bmsS Hcp apow-kw-LS- \ DS-se-Sp-p Zn Jnem-t^v Inn (s\-ld
v p, C-ysb Is, t]Pv 318) Dq-e\
- m-i
- n\np Xpn-km-{am-Py- s kwc-n-p-hm-\p Hcp ]cn-{i-ans `mK-am-bn-cpp Jnem-^v {]m-\s
- av CXn\np kv]jvSa
- m-Wt- m. A-cs
- amcp
{]m-\w, {_nn-jp-Ims-Xn-cmbn F Imc-Ww-sIm-p-am{Xw Fs\ C-yk-zm-X-{-y-ac-am-Ipw?

47

Jnem-^-ns\ KmnPn Bbp-[-am-pp

Hcp Imcyw hmkvX-h-am-Wv. C-ytZ-io-b-X-bn\npw kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-{]-m-\-fn\npw Zqc-Zqcw AI-p-\n apow-k-ap-Zm-b-s, kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-hp-ambn _-s-Sp-phm alm-m-Kmn ]cn-{i-an-p. AXn-\t- lw Jnem-^
- p-{]-iv\s Bbp-[a
- m-n. AXp-hsc
C-yap-o- {_no-jp-Im-cpsS `mK-p-\n-evp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. 1909 apo-eoKp m]n-X
- pXs {_no-jp-Im-cpsS \nt-i-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cpp. As\ tIm{Kkv hncp-hpw {_no-j-\pIq-e-hp-amb \ne-bn \on-sm-n-cp apow-P-\-Xsb {_no-jp-Im-cn\n--In kzm-X-{-yk-a-c-n ]s-Sp-n-m alm-Pn {ian-p. Jnem-^v {]iv\w, apow-a-\-ns\ Cf-n-adn Hcp {]iv\-am-sW--tlw Ip. AX-tlw Atbw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m {ian-p. `mcX-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _-hp-an-m, X\n aX-]c
- a
- mb Hcp {]iv\s alm-Pn Hcm-bp-[a
- mn
D]-tbm-Kn-p. C-yap-kam-msc kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
-
- n ]m-fn-If
- m-n-am-m.
Fm apkam-m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn Jnem-^v {]m-\w, Hcp C-yk-zm-X-{-y-k-a-c{]-m-\a
- mbn Ah IW-m-n-bn-cp-n-sp kv]jvSa
- m-Wv. Xpn-bnse Jmen-^ns Iogn,
Xpn-km-{am-Pyw ]p\x-m-]n--W-sa--Xn Ihnv C-y-bpsS kzm-X-{yw Ahv Hcp
{]iv\ta Bbn-cp-n-. {_no-jp-Imp-]I
- cw A^vKm-\n-mt\m at-sX-nepw cmP-ytam Cysb B{I-an-p-Io-gS- n `cWv \S-p-X
- n-\v, Jnem-^v {]m-\
- m-cmb apkam-m FXncm-bn-cp-n-sp am{X-a
- , Ah A^vKm-\n-m-\nse Aam-\p cmPm-hn-s\, Cy B{I-an-phm Wn-p-IqSn sNbvXp. Cu at\m-`m-h-ns ASn-m-\-n \S Hcp {]tm-`-sbmWv C-yk-zm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
- a
- mbn {]J-ym-]n-W
- s
- av Xncq-c
- m-Sn-aW
- vUew tIm{Kkv Inn-m Bh-iy- s
- -Sp-X
- v.
1920 Pq 9se bMv C-y-bn alm-Pn Fgp-Xp-Xp t\mp-I.
The Khilafat meeting at Allahabad has unanimously re-affirmed the principle of noncooperation and appointed an executive committee to lay down and enforce a detailed
programme. It was a wise setup on the part of the Khilafat committee to invite Hindus
representing all shades of though to give them the benefit of their advice. Whilst other Hindu
speakers approved of the principle of non cooperation in theory, they saw many practical
difficulties and they feared also complications arising from Mohamadans welcoming an Afghan
invasion of India. The Mohamadan speakers gave the fullest and frankest assurance that they
would fight to a man any invader who wanted to conquer India, but they were equally frank
in asserting that any invasion from without, undertaken with a view to uphold the prestige of
Islam and to vindicate justice would have their full sympathy, if not their actual support.
Ae-l-_m-Znse Jnem-^v kt-f\w \n-l-I-c-W-X-X-zs GI-I-WvT-ambn Dd-n-p-]-dbp-Ibpw hni-Z-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-I Xm-dm-m Hcp In-nsb \n-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm
hn`m-K
- n-epw-s] lnp-f
- p-sSbpw D]-tZ-i
- s
- f-qSn {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Sp-m-\mbn Ahsc Wn
Jnem-^v In-n-bpsS Xocp-am\w hnth-I-]qW-amb Hcp AS-hm-bn-cp-p. \n-l-I-c-Ws
lnp- XX-z-n AwKo-I-cn-p-sh-nepw ]e {]mtbm-Kn-I-hn-j-a-X-Ifpw Ah Ip. Cysb A^vKm-\n-m B{I-an-p--Xns\ apkam-m kzm-KXw sNp--Xn\npw ]e
koW-{]-iv\
- fpw Dm-tb-p-sav Ah `b-s-p. C-ysb Iog-S
- p-hm-\m-bn-hc
- p B{Ia-W-Im-cn-Isf X Hcp-an-s-Xnp-sav apow {]mkw-Kn-I Xpd-p-Xs Dd-p-sIm-Sp-p.
Fm Cmans Ans\ Dbn-n-Sn-m\pw \oXn km-Zn-m-\pw-thn ]pd-sa-\
- npw
\S-p GXv B{I-aW
- s
- bpw Ah klm-bn-pw. Ah-cpsS ]qW-amb klm-\p-`qXn AXn\p-m-bn-cn-p-sav A{Xbpw Xs hy-a
- mbn ]d-bp-hm\pw Ah aSn-n-.
(a-lm-m-Km-n, bwKv C-y, 96-1920)
hnNn-{X-amb hntcm-[m-`mkw
{_nojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ip-]-Icw Xm-\v A^vKm-\n-m-\nse cmPm-hns\ C-

48

yN-{I-hn-bmbn Ah-tcm-[n-m Xm-dm-bh

- , tIhew Xpn-bnse Jmeo-^n- \p-thn \Snb kacw C-yk-zm-X-{-y-k-a-c-ambn {]Jym]n-W-sap ]d-bp--Xn-e-[nIw hntcm-[m-`mk-sa-m-Wv?
am{X-a
- ,- CtX Jnem-^v {]m-\
- ns `mK-am-bn, knv, AXnn-kw-m\w Fo
{]tZ-i
- f
- n\n-v, ]Xn-\m-bn-c
- W
-
- n\v apkam-m, A^vKm-\n-m-\n-tev Xo-bm{X
]pd-s-p. {_no-jp-Ims-Xn-cmb at\m-`m-hw, Ahsc sIms-n-Xv Cy hnv apow-cm-P-yamb A^vKm-\n-m-\n-tep IpSn-tb-dn-mm-\m-Wv! C-y kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
-
- m-cpsS at\m-`mhw tZim-`n-am-\w t\m-tW.
]m-`n-ko-Xm-cm-a tIm{Kkv Ncn-{X-n Fgp-Xp-p.
In the meantime, the muslims embarked upon a plan of Hijarat (fight) to Afghanistan, as
they felt they could not stay in India, under British, after the treaty with Tukey. The movement
started in sindh and spread to the North West frontier. In the month of August it was estimated
that 18000 people were as their way to Afghanistan. But very soon the Afghanistan authorities
forbade the admission of the Pilgrims and a set back was given to the idea, after considerable
loss of life and sufferings.
Xpn-bp-ambn {_no-jp-Im kn-bp-m-n-b-tijw {_no-jn--y-bn Xp Xmakn-m \nhr-n-bn-s hni-zm-k
- n-t apo- A^vKm-\n-m-\n-tep Xo-bm{X
sNp-hm Hcp ]Xn Xm-dm-n. B {]m\w knn Bcw-`nv hS-p-]-Sn-m-d
AXnn-{]-tZ-iv apgp-h ]Sp. BK-a
v m-ka
- m-bt- m-tgpw 18000-n-e[
- nIw t] A^vKm\nm-\n-tep IS-p-shp IW-m-s
- -Sp-p. Fm DSXs A^vKmkm B bm{X
\ntcm-[n-X
- n-\m {]m-\
- n\p Xncn-Sn kw`-hn-p. h]n B\m-ihpw bmX-\I
- fpw A\p`-hn-X
- n-\p-tijw AXv Ah-km-\n-p.
C{Xbpw ]d-Xv ]m Cm-an-IN
- n-m-KX
- n-bpsS k-Xn-bm-bn-cp Jnem-^v {]m-\sa-pw, C-yk-zm-X-{-y-n-\p A`n-em-j-a-m-bn-cpp AXns t{]c-Wm-in Fpw hy-am-m-\m-Wv. Jnem-^-n-eqsS apkam-msc C-yk-zm-X-{-y-k-a-c-n-tep sImp-hcm-\p alm-P
- n-bpsS tamlw tIhew hym-tam-la
- mbn Ah-ti-jn-p. {_no-jp-Ims-Xn-cmbn
Bcw-`n Jnem-^p {]m-\w, lnp-hn-tcm-[
- n-tep Xncn-bp-Ib
- pw, `mc-X
- n-ep-S\
- ofw lnphn-cp--I-em-]- s]mn-p-d-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-shp am{X-a Jnem-^p {]m-\-ns
A\n-tj-[-y-t\-Xmhpw KmnPn kzw ktlm-Z-c-s\p hnfn-p-t]m Bfp-amb auem\m ju-en Xs, Kmn-Pn-bpsS Iogn-ep tIm{K-kn\npw AXns kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-kw-cw`-f
- n\npw AI-p-\nm apkam-msc D]-tZ-in-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1030 amv 12se bMv C-y-bn alm-Pn Fgp-Xp-Xp t\mp-I:
Maulana Shaukal Ali is reported to have said that the independence movement is a
movement not for Swaraj but for Hinduraj and against Musalmans, that therefore the letter
should leave it alone. On reading the report, I wired to the Maulana enquiring whether he
was correctly reported. He has kindly replied confirming the report.
kzm-X{- -y{- ]-m\w kz-cm-Pn-\p-th-n-bp-X
-
- . lnp-kz- c
- m-Pn-\p-th-n-bp-X
- m-sWpw AXn\m apkam-m AXn\npw Hgn-p-\n-evW
- s
- apw auem-\m-ju-
- men {]kvXm-hn-Xmbn dntmp sN-s-Sp-p. AXp hmbn DSs\ hmkvXh
-
nXn Adn-bp-hm Rm At-ln\p In ASn-p. icn-bm-sWv adp-]Sn Atlw Zbm-]qhw Ab-p-X-p. (bMv Cy 12-31930).
Jnem-^v {]m-\
- f
- psS m]-It- \-Xm-f
- psS at\m-KXn CXm-bn-cp-p. B {]m-\ns `mK-am-bn-cpp ae-_m-dnse {]tm`w auem-\m-ju-
- m-en-sb-bm-Wv, alm-P
- n-sb-b, ae-_m-dnse _lp-`q-cn-]w apo-fpw ]np-S-sXpw ]np-S-cp--sXpw D-Xn\p
sXfn-hm-h-i-y-an-. Fnv amn-f-e-l-fbvv kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-ns ]Zhn \evI-W-sap ]d-bpXv AXsIm-s-n as-p-sIm-m-sWp Nnn-t-X
- t- ?

49

lnp-sf \in-n apow

B[n-]-X-y-ap-d-n-m \S-nb elf
]n.-kn.-Fw. cmPm

elf-_m-[n-X{- ]-tZ-i
- t\cnp kinpw Gd-\m-n\np tImgn-tmSv ic-Ww-tX-Snb A`bmn-Isf Ip kwkm-cnpw el-f-bpsS hnh-c- tiJ-cn Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X-\mb teJI AXns ho-bk
- z- `
- mhw hy-a
- m-p-p.
1921-- Gd-\m-Sns Fm `mKpw tImgn-tm-Sv, hp-h-\m-Sv, s]mm\n Xmeq-p-I-fn
Gd-\m-n-t\mSp sXmp-In-S-p `mK--fnepw amn-f-am XpS-nb tLmc-amb elf kpam 2
sImw \ne-\n--Xmbn F\nv A\p-`-h-ap-v. 21 Imc-\mb Rm Cao-Un-bv mkn ]Tnp-hm tImgn-tmSv Xfn-bn Xma-kn-p Ime-mWv Hcp Znhkw tNhm-bq, amm-h,v ^dqv
hgn-bmbn \qdp-I-W-n A`-bmn-I HmSn-h-cp hm tI-Xv. el-f-m-cmb amn-f-amcpsS D]-{Zhw \nan--amWv A`-bmn-I hn-cp--sXv Ww hm ]c-p. Rm\pw
Nne kvt\ln-X-mcpw A`-bmn-I hp-Iq-Snb amm-hnepw apw sNp t\cn Bfp-Isf
Iv ]e-tcmSpw kwKn-X-I tNmZn-p-a-\-n-em-n. Bbn-c-n Ipd-bm-sX, ]mp-h--h-cn
apgp-h\pw lnp-f
- m-bn-cp-p. amm-hn apm`mKw \q-Xn-cn-amcpw _mn-t] \mb apX-emb-hc
- pw. {_m-Wc
- n Pn-I F t]cn-\l-cm-bh
- Gdn-bm Am-dp-t] am{Xw, Ahcpw
henb Pn-If
- p-a
- m-bn-cp-p. _mn-bp-h
- IjvSnv Dmh-Ib
- p-h
- cpw AXp-an-m-h
- cpw
Bbn-cp-p. _mn lnp- GXmv Fm-hcpw hfsc ]mh-s-h
- c
- m-bn-cp-p.
HmSn-h
- h
- c
- psS ]cn-{`aw Ipd-
- m-bn-cp-p. R A\p-`h
- n-Xp apgp-h\pw ]d-m hopw
Ah B{I-an-s
- -Sptam F `bw-\n-anw Ah ]cp-n. {ItaW Ah anXpw Xpd-p-]d
- p. Nne-cpsS A-msc sImp; Nne-cpsS ktlm-Zc
-
- msc ]nSn-p-sIm-p-t]m-bn; Nnesc shn]-cp-t-ev]n-p. hf-sc-tsc \n_-nv Cmw-aX
-
- n tNp. ]e kv{XoI-sfbpw am]-Pv]nf-am am\-`w-Ks
- -Sp-n. Ipsd-tsc `mc-ya
- m-cm-n; GXm\pw IpSpw_w apgp-h\pw sIm-s-t- m
Ipn-It]mepw c-s-n-. Nne kv{XoI-fpsS B`-c-W- ssI-em-m ImXpw aqpw
Acn-b-s-p. Nne-cpsS hoSp-I Ipn-p-dp ]m{Xhpw s\pw Fmw sImp-t]m-bn. apXsempw Inm hoSp-Isf A\m-h-i-y-ambn Npp-I-n-p. A-e- In-p-hm\pw _nw_ XIp-hm\pw Aip-s
- -Sp-m\pw am{Xw Xp\n amn-fa
- mcpw Cm-Xn-cp-n-. IpSn-bmm-cmb amn-f-amp Ign-bp klmbw sNbvXn-cp Nne Pn-I amn-f-am-cpsS hmp-tIv
Ahsc Imh-en\v \nn. Fm Cu Imhm el-f
- m-tcmSp tNp. Hcp Znnse elf-m KqV-ambn Imhm-cp-ambn Hp-tNv AIs nXn-I a\-n-emn s]sv
B `h\w B{I-an-p. Imhm el-f-m-tcmSp tNp. FmWv Ah Cs\ amn-f-amcpsS B{I-a-W-n-\n-c-bm-b-sXp tNmZn--tm Ahv D-c-an-m-bn-cp-p. km[p--fmb
Ahv Jnem-^
- ns t]cn-emWv BZyw el-fb
- m-cw-`n-s
- Xp ]d Ah Fmw HSp-hn
AJnem^mbn Fp t_m-y-sp Fv Aev]w Xam-i-bn-em-sW-nepw k-S-tmsS ]dp.
Fn-\mWv CXns\ ae-_m el-f-bm-n-b-sXp a\-n-em-hp-n-. ae-_mhn-`m-Kns Gd-\m-nepw AXn-t\mSp tN hp-h\
- mSp s]mm\n tImgn-tmSp Xmeq-p-Ifnse Nne {]tZ-i--fnepw am{X-ap-mb Cu elf Fs\ ae-_m el-f-bm-hpw? el-f-Iq-Snb-h apgp-h\pw amn-fa
- m-bn-cns Fn-\mWv AXns\ ae-_m el-fb
- mn hnj-an-
- X
- v? lnp amn-f-amsc sImp-I, Ah-cpsS ]n-I \in-n-p-I, amn-f-`-h-\- sIm-bn-Sp-I,
amn-fa
- msc ]nSnv IpSp-ah
- b
- ]
v nv, `kvaw sXmSp-hn-,v ]m-cw Pnn-,v A-e
- f
- n-tep sImpt]mbn sXmgn-nv Xow Ign-n-p-I, apow kv{XoIsf _emkwKw sNp-I, apX-emb

50

bmsXm-cm-{I-ahpw sNm-Xn-cp-npw amn-fa

- m \S-nb el-fsb ae-_m el-fb
- m-n-bXv lnpfpw el-Iq-n-sbp m]n-m-\m-tWm? amnf el-f
- m hcpp Fp tI Ww t]Snv
aq{X-sam-gn-v, ssIbnse hSn IqSn Zqsc-sb-dnv Hfn-tm-Sp-Ib
- m-Wv. GXm-sm Znnepw lnp sNbvX-sX--Xn amn-f-amv A`n-am-\n-mw. {_nojv Khsa v C-y-bn-e-, Xpnbn Jnem-^-ns\ hnp F t]cn-emWv Cy-bn Jnem-^v elf Bcw-`n--Xv. ae_m-dnse Xs, sImn, s]mm\n \K-cw, Nmh-m-Sv, ]me-mSv apX-emb Znp-I-fn [mcmfw
apo--fp-m-bnpw Ah-sct Jnem-^-n tNcm--sXpw Nn-\o-b-am-Wv. Pn-t{Zmlw
_mn ]e {]tZ-i
- f
- nepw Dm-bnpw FmWv Ahn-S
- f
- n amn-fe
- l
- fbn-m-Xn-cp-X
- v? PnI apgp-h\pw lnp-fpw IpSn-bm-m apgp-h\pw apo-f
- p-am-sWp hcp-n-om {inp-Xpw \oN-_p-n-bm-Wv. F{Xtbm apow-P-n-I-fp-m-bn-cp-npw Ah {]mtbW el-fbn\nv Hgn-hm--s-p. F{Xtbm Aapow IpSn-bm-m-cp-m-bnpw kz-a-\m Ah amn-f-el-f-m-tcmSp tNn-. Nne amnf DtZ-ym-K--m kzpw Pn-X-zhpw D-h-sc Ip--\, t\sc adnv el-fsb Aam Npa-X-e-s Khsans DtZ-ym-K--hr--n s]ncpp F Imc-W
- m-emWv amn-fe
- l
- f
-
- m-cm sIm-s-X
- v.
amn-f-am Khsan\p hntcm-[-am-bn-mWv elf XpS-n-bXv FXp icn-X-s. ]t,
Cy {_no-jp-Im-cn\np kz-X{- -bmbn Fm-hpw Hcp-t]mse kzm-X{- yw e`n-W
- s
- a
kZp-t-it- m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cpp el-fs
- b-X
- n\p t\cnb kqN-\t- ]m-ep-an-. Khsans in
XIm Xv Gd-\m-nepw apw C-yn Fp hnNm-cn-nt C GI--{Xm-[n-]-Xn-Ifmbn Fpw hmgm-sap \nc-c
- I
- p-n-Ifpw Iq]-aW
- vUq-I
- f
- p-amb amn-fa
- m kz]v\w Ip.
GXm\pw amn-ft- bm-m- Hmw temI-al
- m-bp-
- n ]s-Sp-h
- c
- m-bn-cp-X
- n-\m amn-fe-lf
-
- n-eh
-
- m-cmb sN{-tcn X apX-em-bh
- p tkh\w \evIn. KqJ-]- m-fhpw sh-m-fhpw Hs hnNm-cn-npw elf HXp-m Ign-bm--Xp-Iv amn-f-am aXn-a-d-p-t]m-bn.
Cu imkv{Xo-b-bp-K-n ae-I-fnepw ImSp-I-fnepw Hfn-p-s]m-cpXn Pbn-m Ign-bn-s--h
In-. _-]- mfw h-tXmsS Ah-cpsS m\p-I XIp. Gsd k-Sa
- \
- p-`h
- n-npw ]Icw
homt\m k-Sw-]-d-bmt\m Ai--cmb lnp- HSp-hn Nne-sc-nepw HmSn-tmbn
Khsan\p kSw t_m[n-n-m\pw Khsa-b ]m-f
- n\p el-f
- m Hfn-n-cn-m-\n-Sbp KqV-e
-
- ]d-p-sIm-Sp-m\pw CS-bm-bn. CXmWv lnp-f
- psS Ipw. Cu Ip-n\m-Ws{X amn-fa
- m In lnp-sf apgp-h\pw sImm\pw sXmn-bn-So-m\pw kv{XoIsf
_emkwKw sNm\pw t{Xw \in-n-m\pw kzv Ihp-sIm-p-t]m-Im\pw CS-bm-bsXv amn-fe
- l
- f
- sb A\p-Iq-en-p-h
- ]d-bp-Xv Ghpw Zp_p-n-sb-bmWp Ipdn-p-X
- v.
A{Iaw \S-p--hs-Xn-cmbn Khsap ap]msI kSw t_m[n-n-m\pw A{Iaw
\nm hcp--hsc klm-bn-m\pw Bpw Al-X-bn-sp ]d-bp-Xp hnNn{Xw Xs.
]m-f-m GX-h-k-c-nepw GXp cmP-y-nepw el-f-msc Aam-s\-Sp-m-dp \S-]-SnI Gd-\m-nepw FSp-p F-msX amn-f-e-l-f-m-tcmSp am{X-ambn {]tX-yIw ]I-tbmsS
{IqcX ImWnp Fp ]d-p-Iq-S. Cu ]m-f-{]-h-\-m [mfmw amn-f-am-cmb \nc-]-cm[n-I acn-n-cn-mw. GXm\pw ]n-Ifpw XIn-cn-mw. Fm amn-f-e-l-f-m \S-nb
\njvTp-cX
- I
- f
- p-tS-Xn-s\-m Ihn {Iqc-amb ]m-f\
- S- ]
- Sn Dm-bn-p-sp ]d-bm km[-ya
- .
A`-bmn-Iy- m-p-I
A`-bmn-I {ItaW hnp. tImgn-tmSv am\m-nd ssaXm-\pw ap-ambn F{Xtbm
A`-bmn-I-ym-p-I m]n--s-p. amn-f-am \S-b cm-ko-b-sN-bvX-I ]{X-Z-zmcm
C-y-bn-se- temI-sapw ]c-p. {Iqc-X-I-fpsS km-yw-h-ln-p t^mtm-Ifpw sIms--h, am-n tN-s--h, apdn-th--h, Xn-sm-p-t]m-I-s--h Fn-h-cp-Ss IWp-Ifpw Iv B-c
- mw D-tc-y- b
- n\npw Bc-yk
- a
- m-Pw, lnp-tk-hm-kw-Lw, `mcX-tk-hm-kwLw apX-em-bh
- hv BXp-ct- k-h\w XpS-n. Ah \S-nb Iym-p-If
- n Rm
Cs Hcp {]apJ AU-zt- pw ]t htbm-hr-\
- p-amb Sn. \mcm-bW
- \-ym, C. cmata-

51

t\m, hn.-B. \mb-\m apX-emb Pt\m-]I

- m-cn-If
- p-sam-nv Cu A`-bmn-tI-{- kinn-cp-p. ]WvUnv Ejo-dmw, tZh-[m, tUm. apwtQ, kqc-y-\m-cm-b-W-dmhp XpS-n-b-h Cu
tI{-f
- n Znh-khpw hv Ign-bp-{X Bi-zmkw \evIn-bXv Hmp-p. lnp A`-bmn-IfpsS D-a\
- mw DSs\ Bc-yt- I-cfw F Hcp hmcn-Ibpw Sn. \mcm-bW
- \-y- m-cpsS ]{Xm-[n]-Xy-
- n Ipsd-mew \S-n-bn-cp-X
- n Rm\pw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-p. Nne {InkvXy- an-j\
- d
- n-am
HmSn-hv GXm\pw lnp-Ip-Spw-_
- sf {InkvXp-aX
-
- n tNn sXmgn \evInb kw`-h
- fp-v. ipn-Iw \Sn Akw-Jyw lnp-sf amn-f-q--n\npw hos-Sp-p. kmaqXn-cn-mSpw tIc-f{- _m-W
- cpw Cs\ lnp-sf hos-Sp-p-X
- n A\p-aXn \evIn-sb-nepw
XmmSv F C-t-cp Hcp C-nse AwK-ns\ am{Xw hopw lnp-hm-n-bn-. Atlw
]nem-p-f-n tImap-ta-t\ms t{X-n imn-bm-bn-cp-p. tat\m-s\bpw kmaq-Xn-cn-tImfPv s{]m^-k-dm-bn-cp inh-Zm-k-ta-t\m apX-em-b-h-scbpw Cm-an tNnb Iq-n
\q-Xn-cnbpw s]p. ]t \q-Xncn am{Xw hos-Sp--s-n-.
BZ-yw hobw
Xpn-bn Jnem-^v \in-n-X
- n\v {_no-jp-Im-tcmSv Xpn i{XpX ImWn-n-, CmwIm-cyw Xpn-bnepw CuPn-]vXnepw kuZn Atd-_y- b
- nepw Ctm-t\-jy- b
- nepw Hs Hm-bnpw
C-yb
- nse apo- am{Xw {_no-jp-Im-tcmSv kacw {]J-ym-]n-Xv \ym-ba
- m-tWm? C-y apo am{X-amWv bYm apo- Fp hmZn-m-tam? ]ns, Jnem-^v Imc-yw-Xs Hcp
kmap-Zm-bn-I-Im-c-y-a-t? AsX-s\ lnp, ]mkn, {InkvX-y Fo ap aX-m-scbpw _m[np kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-am-Ipw? XpS--nse kmap-Zm-bnI el-f, Ah-km\w ISp ho-b--apo- \S-nb GI-]-o-b-amb el-f-bm-bn-cpp 1921--te-Xv. Fm C-ybvp kzm-X{yw sImSp-m aSn-n-cp {_nojp Khsans\ ]e-{]-Im-c-nepw FXnm C-ymm ka-cw-sN-bvXnpw {]mtbW sambvXp-au-e-hn-sb-tm-ep Hcp-]nSn tZio-b-ap-o- Hgnp apo-s
- fmw kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
-
- n\nv Hgn-p-am-dn. Ign-bp-{X {_no-jp-Imsc klmbn-n-cp-Xv kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
-
- n\p kn Ipd-bvp-X
- mbn KmnPn apX-emb Nne tZio-bt- \Xm-
- m a\-n-em-n. X Imc-Wa
- n-m-sX-sb-nepw Jnem-^
- ns t]cn C-yb
- nse apo {_nojv Khsans\ FXnm tamln-p-Xp a\-n-emn Kmn-Pn, Ah-scbpw
Iqp-]n-Snv kacw XpS-n-bm C-yb
- psS tamN-\hpw thK-amhpw Fp hnNm-cnv Ahsc A\p{K-ln Hscm Imc-ya
- mWv Cu amn-fe
- l
- f
- sb kzm-X{- -yk
- a
- c
- a
- mn sh-]q-im Nnesc t{]cnn--Xv. Kmn-Pn-p-t]mepw A{I-am-k--cmb Cu amn-f-amsc hni-z-kn-Xv Hcp henb sXmsbp t_m-y-s--Xn\v B alm ]noSv el-fsb A[n-t-]nv ]e-X-hW {]kw-Kn-Xpw
Fgp-Xn-bXpw aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-W.v Kmn-Pn-n-jSv a
- ptm Fsmpw amn-fe
- l
- f
-
- m t\mm
_m-y--c F \ne-bn Ah X-fpsS ktlm-Z-c--fmbn Icp-X-s-tS-. lnp--fpsS
t\sc \nZ-b-amb B{I-aWw Agn-p-hn Snphpw apw sNbvX-Xp-t]mse Fm-hcpw apo-
Bh-Ww, kzp apgp-h apo-t ]mSp-q, Am-h
- sc Im^nI-fmbn IcpXn hI-hc
- p-W-sav el-f--e-h-m Xo-s-Sp-n. AXn-\m elf k-h-ym-]-I-am-bn, lnp-k-apZm-bw hmsX XIp. Cu sambvXp-au-ehn t]mepw Jnem-^v {]m\w HSp-hn Cs\
_o`--am-hp-sap Icp-Xn-bn-p-m-hn-. amn-f-am lnp-sf Cs\ \inn-m {ian--Xn\p-t]mepw Ipsd Ip-m {_nojv Khsap Xs-sbp ]dv auehn kam-[m-\n-m
t\mn-b-Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw amn-f-e-lf ae-_me-l-fbpw kzm-X-{-y-k-a-c-hp-am-hp-n-.
1928 a[-y-n lf--e--fmb IS-ep-n, aq, Xncq-c-m-Sn, \-{, shn-bq, apnbq, th-c, Duc-Iw, Iog-a-dn, ]qtm-q, hp-h-{w, Xr-\-n, apXp-h-q, Nmen-b-{w, ]dq, Aco-tm-v, am-Sv, Xncp-hm-en, Dum-n-cn, ]mn-m-Sv, sN{-m-q, Xpq, ]p-m-e,
hmWn-b
- e
- w, Imn-e
- m-Sn, Hq apX-emb 100-e
- [
- nIw Awi-f
- n DtZ-ym-Kk
- w-_
- a
- mbn kcnv el-fbvv ]m{Xo-`q-Xc
- mb Akw-Jyw IpSpw-_
- m-scbpw e-s
- fbpw t\cnp hnhcw
tiJ-cn-X
- n\npw B elf lnp-sf \in-nv apow-{]m-am-Wyw m]n-m-\p Ghpw
henb Hcp-t- m-Sp-Iq-Snb amnf el-fX
- s
- -bm-bn-cpp Fv F\nv Adn-bp-hm km[n-p.

52

53

Gd-\mSv Iem]w
Hmw-Xp-

amnf-e-l-f-sb-n Am-X-\m-am-hmb Hcp {Kmao-W hnc-Nn Cu Hmw-Xp- ]gb Xe-apd-bnse ]epw a\x-m-T-am-Wv. Hcp kplr-ns ssIbn\npw e`n {Zhn-p-Xp-S-nb Hcp
Xmfn-tbm-e{- K-
- n\npw Xnc-s-Sp GXm\pw `mK-f
- mWv ChnsS sImSp-n-p-X
- v.
Bbn-chpw ]p\-c
- w sXmq
dmsam-cmdpw tNsm-cp-htj
tIcf `qau-s] hn]-[
- n-IjvSw
Bsbmcp hm-If
- J
- n-ea
- p-cm
\mb-hc
- mcpw `qan-bn \mkvXn.
Zn-Wa
- e
- _
- m tZi-n]-c
a-ac
- m-bn-p-smcp tPm\I
cp-sa-gp-sm-clw aXn-tbm-SXn
`p-\S- n-h
- s
- cpw ]pw Iqen-e
- h
- gn
hn-ls
- N-n-SI
- q-n-s-cn-sbmcp
kwLw-tNpw I-tm-smSpw
shn-n-Sn-t-p-smcp In-I
Im-c- hmsfmSp Ipw ZWvUpw
]-eX
- c
- a
- m-bp-[t- a-n-smv
ap-I apk-e-ym X-mcpw
an-Sp-hm Nne I-mcpw
A Benbpw ah-dm hocm
s\msm-cp-an-h
- c
-
- s\ ]ecpw
]e-]e hoSp-I Npp-Ic
- npw
]e am\p-js
- c-sm-p-ap-Sn-pw.
hq Icp-hmIpp \ne-q
sImtmn ^tdm-c
- n-b
- qcpw
taem-qcp s]cn-a
\q ]mgq hmg-mSpw
atcn Xncq Xm\q apw
km-c
- n\p Ign-hn-m-Xmbv
Xob-m ]e kwLw-tNpw
hm-Xm-bn-m-p-he
- pw
Xm-m Nne sRn-hn-d
- h
-
scm-\
- h
- [n Iq-tmsS
Bim-cn-Ifpw aqim-cn-Ifpw
\miw-hc
- p-sa-tm-ht- cw
sIm-mcpw sXp-{`-an-h
-

53
54

cap-gpp IpSpw-_k
- t- aXw
hsm-cp-I
n-Ip-Sn-m-\h
- c
- psS
sImp-In-Sm-f
- p-samw IqSn
Gw-tXm-Sp-I ]pg-I IS-pw
amdn Ichpw tN-hs
- cmw
\mcm-bW
- s\ \n\-p-Ka
- n-m.
BSp-I amSp-Is
- f-n-hs
- b-nSn
IqSn h[n-p-]N
- np `pPnpw
s]sp IS-d
- I
- f
- n-ep-smcp
s]n-I ]m-bm-Zn-I ]eXpw
s]n-sb-Sp-p-sNm-Sn-X
- n-\p-n
s]sm-cp-]W
- hpw s\p-as
- Xms
sbSp-p-Ic
-
- a
- X
- m-n
aq-cn Nne am\p-js
- c-sb-h
aqm-bY
- b
- m-{X-bp-am-n.
A-Wc
- n Nne h-sc-t\mn
-I]
- p-cn-bX
- n bm{X-bp-amn
K`n-Wn-am-cp-sS-bp-Zt- c-sh-n
`-Is
- cbpw IqsS apSnpw
aX-t`-Z
- hcp-n-n-esc
NnX-a
- msX Na-p-he
-
- p.
Xe-ap-Sn-sbmw tOZn-h
- c
- psS
Xe-bn sXmn-[c
- n-n-p-Ss
- \.
hmcn-b
- p-nhmgpw lmPn-bm-mcpw Xs
Imcn-b
- m-cm-bp ZpjvSk
-
- b
-
- fpw
h apk-en-bmcpw ap]cmw X-mcpw
h-m-cmb ap _u-kw-L
- fpw
X-Ww hnhn-[amw ZpjvIw XpS-n-\m
Xoh-n-mew tdepw In-I \-\S
me-s
- fmw XItw Xnhp-sImv
\mSpw-ap-Sn-p-Ss\ hoSpw XIp-]mcw
ImSp-I tXmdpw hkn-o-Spp ZpjvSh
- w.
Ap-Xn-cq-c
- m-Sn-bn tPm\-I
apq-dn]-cs
- am-sm-cp-an-p.
A-am-sc-n-Sn-p-a
- m-cm-nbpw
Pn-Is
- f-n-Sn-
- m-\a
- m-Snbpw
iq{Z-Ip-tem-a
- b
- m-sbm-cp-\m-cnsb
F{Xbpw ZpjvScmw tPm\-IsIm-p-t]mbv

55
54

\mev]X
- p-\m-f
- p-]mcw ]cn-{K-ln
-Sn-ho-s-Sp-o-iz- c
- m-\p-{K-l
- m.
A-es
- amw Xp-XI
- pw
In-I sdbn-ep-Is
- fm-s-ap-dnpw
tImS-Xn-b
- n-sIm-fp-n-sb-cnpw
]oSnI Xp-XI
- p-s]m-Snpw
I-h IWvTw Ic-N-c-Wm-Zn-I
sImp-\n-d
- nXp Iq]-XS- mIw
NXn-b
- m-cn-h Nne am\p-jsc
NXn-bn kv\m\w sNn-n-\mbv
sImp-Ka
- n-h
- hnc-shm-Sp-IWvTw
In-
- p-Pe
-
- n adn-p.
AXn-I]
- S- N
- n-c
- m-bp-smcp tPm\-I
aXn-Ic
- p-Xn-am-\sk lnp-h-sf
Xz-cn-Xa
- n-la
-
- ntc sNp-tI-do-h
-
Zpcn-XI
- c
- a
- m-bp lnwk-sN-bvXo-Sn-\m
]e-]e Krlm-Zn-I sImn-hs
- -{Xbpw
Nnesc \nP-Nhpw ths]-Sp-n-W
- w.
eh-WP
- e
- a
-
- X
- n tNp-an-p-S
hnhn-[a
- h
- {]mW\pw ths]-Sp-p-n-Xp.
Fp-sN-bvhX
- p-]mcw Xp-hm-b
- mcpw apw
lp-Ip-Spw-_t- msS Fm-sam-gn-p-Xs
Ipn-I Nn-Ifpw sInb s]p--fpw
s]nbpw sIn-tdn K`n-Wn-amcpw ]mcw
hr-m-cm-bp-tmcpw \n`m-Ky- h
- i
- m-enh
sct-cp-sam-cp-anp \mSp-sam-gn-p....
hkv{X-tI-im-Zn-If
- p-sa-{Xbpw aen-\a
- mbv
\n{Zm-i\
- m-Zn-Ifpw IqSmsX hmWo-Sp-p.
Fn-t-c
- h
- c
- c
- a
- \
- X
-
- n
kX-zc
- a
- n-s\ ]e-]e kwLw
apw Nne-Nne km[p-P\
-
- fp
ta-a-W-nXp `q]-k-aot]
Cs\-bp-\
- n-cm-{i-bsc ]p\
c-h\
- n-]X
- n-c
- n-h
- nsS
******************* If-{Xs
amf-n-em-n-Ka
- n-n-Xp-t]m-cn-\mbn
Bb-Xd
- n-h
- X-psS tkmZ-c
sambvXn-b lmPn-Xm Ip-sIm-o-Sn-\m
]Xv\n-sb-m-Wmp ZpxJw apgp-
bXv\n-p-]m-cw-hi
- w-sIp {Ip-\
- mbv

56
55

tkmZ-cX-sbpw ]Xv\n-sb-s
- bpw
kmZcw Ime-q-b
- o-Sp-h
Fp i]-Yhpw sNbvXp-]e
- Z- nin
\m-bvn-c
p ImSpw-ae
- I
- fpw
kw{`-an-p \S-p-h
- o-cs\
sN-dt- -cn-bnhp ]nSn-n-Xp
Hp-\m-fn-s\ hw-Xn-cn-h
-
s]s-p-cp-b
- m \jvSa
- m-o-Sn-\m
kw-Jn-em-^p m]n-p-hm Xp\n
pnp `mchpw Xocp-am-dm-bXp
ImI Ipfn-p-In sImn-bm-bo-Sp-tam?
NmIm Xp\n-h
- c
-
- tbm sNmp-hn
Xncp-hf
- h
- n-ekpw {ioh-tf-\m-Sp-tZti
]cn-sNm-Sp-ac
- phpw `{Z-Imfo sXmgp-t
s]cn-bZ- p-cn-Xs
- amw thc-dp-ss \nXyw
Icp-Ws
- bm-Sp-Xp-W
- w-_ntI tZhn-am-tb!!
Hcp ew A`-bmn-I
""Hcp sIm-n-\Iw kz-cm-Pyw ssIh-cpw, AXn-te-p BZ-ys Imhbv]v 1921 BKv
1se ae-_m el-fb
- m-bn-cp-p. aqm-gvN
- mew Bbp-[
- k-am-n-bX
- n-\p-tijw B Pnbnse amn-fa
- m Iem-am-cw-`n-p. {_nojv `c-Wa
- h
- k
- m-\n-p-shpw Ah kz-X{- -cm-sW-p-ap
{]-Nm-c-W-n Ah hni-zk
- n-p. Ah Jnem-^v cmPyw m]n-p; Hcp cmPm-hns\ Inco-S[
- mcWw sNn-p; Iqm-m lnp-sf apgp-h \mn\n-tm-Sn-p. DSp-Xp-Wnp adp-Xp-Wn-bn-msX, Fmw A]-lc
- n-s
- -p. Hcp e-tmfw t] A`-bmnIfm-s-- -p. Bbn-c
- W
-
- n\p
amn-fa
- mcpw t]mcmSn acn-p.''
B\n-_-k v, ^yq- Hm^v s]mfn-nIvkv C CUy
ae-_m-dnse lnp-f
- psS ta amn-fa
- m \S-nb tNmc-ac
- h
- n-n-p A{I-a
- Ah-\ob-f
- m-bn-cp-p. Zn-W`
- m-cX
- s
- am-msI Fm A`n-{]m-b
- m-cp-amb lnp-n-Sb
- n `bm-\I
- amb `oXn ]Sp-]n-Sn-p. ae-_m-dn\p shfn-bn-ep hgn-]n-g Nne Jnem-^v t\Xm--m,
aX-n-\p-thn amn-f-am \S-nb [oc-k-a-c-n\v Ahsc A\p-tam-Zn-p-sImv {]ta-b-
]mm-n-bt- m lnp-f
- psS `bm-i
- I
- ]Xn-S- v hn-p.
tUm. Awt_-ZvI
Cm-an-I`- c
- W
- I
- q-Ss
- a-m-se-sp ae-_m \s ]Tn-n-p. Jnem-^v cmPv C\nbpw Bhnp-Im-Wm \mw B{K-ln-p-n-. ae-_m-dn\p shfn-bn-ep apo- Ah-tcm-St- -bw klm\p-`q-Xn-bp-h
- c
- m-bn-cp-pshv Ah-cpsS \ym-bo-Ic
- W
-
- f
- n\npw a\-n-em-mw. kz-aXw Ahsc
]Tn-n-X
- \
- p-kc
- nv {]hn-pI am{Xw Ah sNbvXp-p-shp KmnPn ]d-Xpw CXn\p
sXfn-hm-Wv. Bbn-cn-mw; ]t ]c--cm-K-X-amb aXm-\p-jvTm-\- Dt]-n-m Xm-dn-m-hsc shnbpw sImpw sIm-sNbvXpw am\-`w-K-s-Sp-nbpw Bn-tbm-Sn-p--hv Hcp
]cn-jvIr-Xc
- m-Py-
- n m\-an-.
tUm. B\n-_-k v

57
56

ae-_m-dnse amn-fe
- l
- f Ign-b
- p-Ss\ Rm AhnsS t]mbn-p-m-bn-cp-p. ]p-ew apl-Zo-bsc \mev]-Xp-ew lnp- `b-s-n-cp B ImgvN Rm Av AhnsS Fs IpI sImp Ip.
cho-{-\m-YS- m-tKm
hym]vXn, Bkq-{X-Ww, el-f-m \S-nb AX-ym-Nm-c- Fn-hsb IW-n-se-Sp-m,
amn-f-e-l-fbvv ae-_m-dns Ncn-{X-n am{X-a `mc-X-ns apgp-h Ncn-{X-sa-Sp-mepw
AXp-ey- a
- mb m\-am-Wp-X
- v.
aZn-cmin sabn, 18-11-1921

58
57

el-f-sb-n Ipam-c-\m-im

(am-n-f-e-l-fsb hnh-cn-p-sIm-p alm-I-hn-bpsS "Zp-c-h-'bnse hcn-I-fm-Wn-hnS D-cn-p-Xv. Cu hcn-I apo-sf Ah-tl-fn--em-sWpw AXn-\m Ah \ow sN-W-sapw
At-lt- m-Sm-hi
- y- s
- Hcp apow-kw-LS- \
- bvv al-Ihn sImSp adp-]Sn asm-cn-Sv tNnp-v)
tIcf Pn-bn tIZm-chpw ImSp
aqcpw ae-If
- p-am Znn
{Iqc-al
-
- Z- Nnp sslh
tmc-bm tNms-gp-ta-d\
- m-n.
Imfp ]- Xosh-n-If
- nh
tafn Zo]vXn ]c-p-Im-Wmbv
D{K-am-bvq-gp-an-cp-ns a-ys
- m
cn-ab
- amw Xpcp-p-t]mse
{Iqc-ap-Jhpw ISp-X
- S- n-bp-ambv
]mcw `b--c-ctm ssIbn
Imfpw hm-nbpw tXmpw hSn-bp-ap
mfp-Is
- fpw sRcp-n-m-Wmbv
XmSn-I \onbpw shn-e
- h
- n[w
t]Sn-b
- mdp sXdp-p-hpw
sXmn-bnpw Nne Ipm-ba
- n-p-a
ev]w Nne \ne-b
- n-bmpw.
IjvSw ImWm-bo-Xk
- w-Jy- w-t]-sc-mcpw
ZpjvSa
- l
-
- Z- c
- m-k
-
- m
Iqtm-cn-cp-p-tIm sIm-It aXn
Ipn-n-e \nn-Sn-n-Sp-p.
In-Iq-SoSpw IX-Ip-I sImtmn
shp-tlm Nne sh-gp-hm
Xmtm e`n-p-hm Imc-y
s
- \-n-e
t\mn-n-c
- n \S-n-Sp-p.
tXmsg-m-gn-p-X
- n-\n-Sb
- n a\-bvs
- e
bmm-cW
-
m-eh
- s
- c-t\m-n-
DXm]ns tIm]w kln-mp
Np-ho-tWm-sc-h
- n-o-Sp-p.
ipn-bn-m ae-bm-f`
- m-jb
- n
{Ipn k`-y
- sm-n-smn
Xmt\ Nne Ien-bm aZw-sh-p
am\-t]m Iqn-hn-fn-o-Sp-p.
tLmc-an-_
- vZ
- amsm-en-sm-tlm

59
58

Zqc-n-cp-p-ae
- d
- n-Sp-p.
"Atm Imc-y
s\ ZpjvSc
- n-Xm-]n-n
Ip-I sIn-p-\n-p-\nn
lm ]m]w! hmsfmp ]mfp-n-Xm-bn-Sn
ot]mse XZvKf
- \
- m-f
- s
- f-S,
Npp-ad
- I
- f
- n-ep ]cn-P\w
app NmSn-\n-o-Spw apt]
IjvSw \new-]X
- n-p-nXm ]mh-
shp-It- fpw shSn-IsImpw
tLmcw! ih- ]nS-S- npw Nppw
tNmc-s-tm-eN
- p-gn-p-]mpw
]mh-\amw ap-an-tm `c-Wn-\m
Imhnp-cp-Xn-fw IW-mbv
F-p-]c
- n-sbm-gn-t- Xm-nhm-bn
\np-t]mbv [qa-]n-WvU
- \osf
]mXn-cm-hmbn XWp-m hmbp-hn
`qX-t]m-se-bn-g
n-Sp-p!
Blm t-m-cm-Im-bn IS-tmtcm
kmlkw sNbvIb
- mbv kv{XoP-\
- n
an-t\np \ne-hnfn tIp-p,
at-X\ ]nS-bp-n-Xp-n!
Iqn ISt a{]m-hn]n-SI
- s
- f
mp-t]m-m-mt]m-ses iwt`m!
ZpjvSa
- p-kam-m tIdn-n-Sn-tbm
sIn-\I
-
- p _e-amsc
Atm ImIm- Npn-bn-tm-\I
-
-cn-g
- nXm ap-sn
{iotZ-hn, koXm-Nn-cpX XpS-nb
`qtZ-hk
- v{Xo-Ifpw Zmkn-amcpw
Btcm-a ta\n-am IjvSw-]n-Sb
- p-o
{IqcX ssII-fn-tem-tcmtcm t].
Hmtcm ImsIm-e
- n tImWn]n-Ss
- -gp
tamtcm s]mn-sm-Sn-It]m-se,
"A-
- s
- b-smw sNpp Iivae
-
\m P\--sf ImI-h-t!
A-am-cnt ktlm-Zc
- n-am-cn-t
bnqJo-iz- c
- N
- n-b
- n-t?'
]q-dI
- p-n-sm-fn-s-Sp [q
s]mpw ]W-fpw ]-fpw
aqp-X-Sn el-f--e-hs
ap]nsIm-
- p-S Iqp-Xpw
sIm-m-scms ]Ip-s-Sp-p-X
- pw,

59
60

sIm-sh-nw Zln-n-X
- pw.
Am-b
- m-sXmcp ssZhw-ae
- m-f
nm-Xm-o-Sp-hn-t\Xp sNbvXpw'
Ctmgpw s\p InX-bvp-n-tX-tbmm
entmgpw hop-XS- b
- p-n-tX.

60
61

amn-f-e-l-fbpw
alm-Ihn Ipam-c-\m-im\pw

bix-co-c-\mb Ipam-c-\m-im el-f-m-ev amn-f-am sNbvX lo\-Ir-X-y- Xs "Zp-c-h'bn hnh-cn-n-p--tm. Imh-y-I-Ybvv sImgp-p-Iq-mthn Aev]w AXn-i-tbmn
Ien-bn-p-v B hnh-c-W--fn Fpw-apw Nne ipm-m- Icp-Xm-dp-v. Fm
hmkvXhw AX-. el-f-m-ev Pohn-n-cp alm-Ihn efsb kw_-nv t\cnv Adn-np hmkvX-h-sf ASn-m-\-amn Fgp-Xn-bn-p--XmWv B hcn-I. CXp sXfn-bn-p
Bims Hcp Iv Xmsg tNp-p:
tXm-b
v ,
98 hrnIw 28
""-apow bph-P-\-kwLw Imc-y-Zin AhIv, Be-pg
am\-ysc "\n--fpsS 24-mw Xob-Xn-bnse Ipw {]Xn-tj-[-tbm-K-nse {]ta-b-ns*
]Ipw Inn.
"Zp-ch
-
- ' F Fs IrXn-bn \n-fpsS aX-sbpw kap-Zm-bs
- bpw s]mXpsh kv]inp-X
- mbn kt`-yX
- c
- a
- mb bmsXmcp hmpw {]tbm-Kn-n-p-X
- mbn Hmp-n-. ae-_m-dn elf
\S-nb A{I-an-If
- mb apl-Z- o-bs
- cbpw aX-{`m-ns\ ap\nn-bp Ah-cpsS ss]im-Nn-I{]-hr-n-I-sfbpw AXn Imh-y-tbm-K-y-am-b-hn-[-n hn-n-p-v. B k`--fn ckm\p-Kp-Wa
- mbpw el-fsb kw_-nv Rm Adn-n-p hmkvXh
-
- sf ASn-m-\a
- m-nbpw
sNbvXn-p ]Z-{]-tbm-K
- Ah-scbpw Ah-cpsS {]hr-n-Is
- fbpw am{Xw Ipdn-p-h
- b
- m-Wv.
Zqc--amb aX-stbm kap-Zm-b-stbm AXp-I hnh-n-p-n-. im-amb a\-n-Xntbm-Sp-IqSn ]pkvXIw Zb-hp-sNbvXv Hcn-IqSn hmbn-p-t\m-n-bm, hmkvXhw \npXs shfn-hm-Ip-X
- m-Wv.
B IrXn-bpsS Dt-i-yw-Xs kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jvI-c-W-am-Ip-p. Hcp Imh-y-n tZmj-sf
kqNn-n-p-Xv Ah-bn\nv ap-amn hy-n-Is
- fbpw kap-Zm-bs
- bpw ipn-Ic
- n-W
- s
- ap kZp-t-i-y-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Cu IrXn-bnepw A{]-Im-cta sNbvXn-p-q. lnp-a-X-nsebpw apl-Z- p-aX
-
- n-sebpw D-am-Zi-pw cp aX-n-sebpw D-am-\p-bm-bn-Ipw
AXn Bt-]ml-ambn Hpw Dm-bn-cn-n-s-mWv Fs ZrV-amb hni-zm-kw.
hnti-jnpw ]e kwK-Xn-bnepw F\np _lp-am-\a
- p apow-aX
- s
- bpw A\-h[n tbmKy-mcpw F\n-p-Xs ]e am\-yk
- vt\-ln-X
- m-cp-ap \n-fpsS kap-Zm-bs
- bpw hrYm Bt]nv AXr]vXn km-Zn-m-\p Dt-i-y-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu IrXn Fgp-Xm Rm ka-b-hybw sNbvXs
- Xp Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv IjvSa
- t- ?
AXp-sIm-v, hrYm sXn-c
- nv tm`-ap-m-m-Xn-cn-m {]Xn-tj-[t- bm-K
- m-tcmSv Rm
kvt\l-]qhw At]-n-p-X
- mbn Adn-bn-m XmXv]c
- y- s
- -Sp-p.
Fv,
F. Ipam-c\
- m-im
(F.-_n.-F-kv. hnX-cWw sNp {io. kn.-hn. Ipp-cm-as "B-ims kvac-W-I' F
{K-n\-s-Sp-X
- v)
* Be-pg apow-bp-h-P-\-kw-L-ns {]ta-bw: "F Ipam-c-\m-im AhI cNn-n-p

61
62

"Zp-c-h-' F ]Z-y-Ir-Xn-bn Cmw-a-X-sbpw kap-Zm-b-sbpw AIm-c-W-ambpw ASn-m\-cl

- n-Xa
- mbpw Ah-tl-fn-p-Ibpw A[n-t-]n-p-Ibpw sNp H-t\Iw {]tbm-K
- ImWp-Xn-\m, {^kvXpX IrXn-tbmSv apo-p shdp-ns\ Cu tbmKw tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
]c-kv]cw kulm-Z-n hn-p-hc
- p lnp-a
- p-ow-ka
- p-Zm-b
- sf `nn-n-m-Xn-cn-p-Xn\pw apo-p-m-bn-p Ah-sb Cm-Xm-p--Xn-\pw-thn {]kvXpX IrXn-bpsS
{]kn-o-Ic
- W
- s ]nh-en-W
- s
- av Cu tbmKw At-lt- mSv Bh-iy- s
- -Sp-p.'