Flow visualization principle - Tracer & image acquisition - Wake vortex shedding (optional) Methods based on Bernoulli equations

- Flow rate equation for venturi and orifice (with discharge coefficient) - Local velocity equation for Pitot tube (with inclined manometer) Weigh tank method for mass flow rate Frictional loss in pipelines (optional) - Hydraulic head loss coefficient of pipe, valves and bends - Moody chart Jet Flow Theory - Jet similarity - Jet entrainment (optional) Laser Doppler Velocimetry (optional)

= fluid density =fluid viscosity D=diameter of the pipe U=characteristic velocity (e.g centerline velocity)

Re<<1 viscous regime Re>> inertia dominated regime, Navier stocks equations

Bernoullis equation for flows where viscous effects are negligible.

(P1, V1,1) and (P2, V2,2) are related by Bernoullis equation.

If Z-variation is small (or horizontal flow)

Obstruction methods:

Venture tube

Mass conservation:

So

From

Then ( So )

Flow rate:

Flow nozzle ( )

Orifice

Discharge coefficient C is a measure of losses in the meter.

For the above meters a) Venturi: 0.95<C<0.98 ( )

b) Nozzle: C<0.9 c) Orifice: C<0.8

Turbine meter The rotation of the turbine is related to the velocity of the fluid.

Loss due to wall friction

The shear gives rise to pressure drop, P2<P1 Pilot tube: used to measuring fluid velocity

<< l

From Bernoulli equation

Air Jet

1) Vmax (velocity) for B-B > Umax for A-A 2) The velocity curve A-A is more diffused than B-B

Flow past cylinder in the water tunnel For Re> Re crit -Vortex Shedding -Measure Velocity array AA using LDV -Plot Streamlines -Calculate vortex shedding frequency -Calculated Reynolds number based on cylinder diameter. -Calculate strouhal number (St)

Shrouhal number varies slightly with Re but it is approximately 0.2 over a wide range of Res LDV+measure velocity- book section 11.5