III MECH I SEM DMM I

DESIGN OF SHAFTS

M.S.Goutham Asst.Prof. Mech. Engg.

Shaft is a rotating machine element used to transfer power from one point to the other. The resultant torque, as a result of supply of power to the shaft, helps in transmitting power. The transfer of power from one shaft to the other is done with the help of gears, pulleys etc. mounted with the help of !eys " splines#. Shafts can $e solid % hollow. &an $e round % square% some other cross sections. The material used for normal shafts is &ar$on Steel. 'or shafts of high strength, (ic!el or# (ic!el &hromium alloy can $e used. Shafts are manufactured $y )ot *olling and the machining or# &old *olling and the drawing.

AXLE:

+s a stationary shaft, su$,ected to -ending Moment. Acts ,ust as a support. E./ &ar a.le.

Spindle: A short shaft which transmits power to a cutting tool. E./ 0athe, 1rilling Machines etc. A shaft is subjected to: 2. Shear stress $ecause of T3*S+3(A0 03A1 4. Bending stress $ecause of weight of the elements such as Gears, Pulleys etc, in addition to the self weight of the shaft. TYPES OF S AFTS: A. Transmission shafts/ Are the shafts which transmit power from one shaft to the other with the help of Pulleys, 1ri5es and Gears etc. -. Machine shafts/ 6hich form an integral part of a machine. E./ pump shaft. !ES"#$ OF S AFTS: Shafts are designed $ased on A. Strength -. *igidity % Stiffness. !ES"#$ OF S AFTS BASE! O$ ST%E$#T "S A#A"$ !O$E O$ Shafts su$,ected to T6+ST+(G 03A1S % T3*78E Shafts su$,ected to -E(1+(G 3(09. Shafts su$,ected to T3*78E A(1 -E(1+(G Shafts su$,ected to A:+A0 03A1S +( A11+T+3( T3 T3*78E A(1 -E(1+(G

I.

!ES"#$ OF S AFTS S&B'E(TE! TO T)"ST"$# *O*E$T + TO%,&E O$LY:

6e ha5e the general Torsion equation as T + ' - + r . E/n. 2.2; Page < = 11)6here T > Torsional moment % Twisting Moment % Torque = (=mm ? > Polar Moment +nertia of cross sectional area a$out the a.is of rotation = mm > Torsional Shear stress of the shaft M( % mm@ r > *adius of the outer most fa$ric from the a.is of the rotation > d%4, where d > dia. of the shaft. Also ? > Ad % <4 T > Ad . <4 d%4 > AdB . 2C

+f d > 3uter diameter of a hollo0 shaft d > +nside dia. of the hollo0 shaft Then r > d % 4 " ?> <4 Then T > A . Dd = dE . 4 = A . Dd = dE > A . . d 2 d A . Dd = dE

<4 d 2C d 2C )here 1 d d d d

> A . . dB D 2 !E 2C

'or the solid " hollow shafts to ha5e the same strength, their Twisting Moments or# Torques must $e equal +e. A dB > A 2C 2C T> P . CF 4An d D 2 !E > dB > dB D2 !E

6e also !now that Torque T is gi5en $y

6here P > Power generated % transmitted in !6 " +n case of Belt !ri2es Torque T > T = T# *

n > *e5olutions per Minute r. p. m#

6here T " T are tensions of the $elt on the tight " slac! side of the $elt " * > *adius of the pulley. II. !ES"#$ OF S AFTS S&B'E(TE! TO O$LY BE$!"$# *O*E$T M > + 6here M > -ending Moment (mm mm G > -ending Stress M( % mm@ the shaft Also + of a solid shaft > r > radius of the shaft > d%4, where d > dia. of G r + > Second moment of area % Moment of +nertia =

6e ha5e the General $ending equation

Ad HH. from ta$le. 2.< Page no. I = 11)CJ

Then

M Ad % CJ

>

G d%4

or#

M>

G AdB <4 d > +nside diameter

HHH.. Eqn. 2#

For a hollo0 shaft d > 3uter diameter M> G A DdB = dBE <4 M> G A dB 2= <4 d d from eqn. 2#

M>

G A dB D2= !BE <4

where

1 - d d

III.

Shafts subjected to both t0isting 3 Bending *o4ents5

The shaft must $e designed on the $asis of two moments simultaneously. Materials are su$,ected to elastic failure when su$,ected to multiple forces. Shafts under multiple forces are analyKed $y two types of theories. 65 *a7i4u4 shear stress theor8 9 #uests theor8 9 &sed for ductile 4aterials :5 *a7i4u4 nor4al stress theor8 9 %an1ine;s theor8 9 &sed for brittle 4aterials *a7i4u4 shear stress theor8:

6e ha5e, for a solid shaft, the ma.. shear stress

<ma.# is gi5en $y
11)- page (o. 4 eqn. 2.24#

ma.. >
4

L G #@ M J
$

#@ HHH eqn. ++

G > -ending stress M( % mm@ shaft. -ut we ha5e

> Shear stress M( % mm@

1 > 1iameter of the

G > G$ > <4 M

AdB

" > 2C T AdB 2 4 > 2 4 > 2 4 2C AdB 2C AdB 4

Su$stituting these 5alues in eqn ++# ma.. >

<4M AdB

MJ

2CT AdB

4m#@ M J T#@

L M@ M T@

ma..

> 2C AdB

L M@ M T@
>

HHHHHHHHHHH :#

ma..

AdB 2C

L M@ M T@ HHHHHHHHH..

=#

The 5alue

L M@ M T@ is called >E/ui2alent t0isting 4o4ent? 9 Te5

Te is defined as the Twisting Moment, which when acting alone, will produce the same shear stress N#as the actual Twisting Moment

+f Ma.. Shear stress is equal to allowa$le shear stress then ma.. > > Te

L M@ M T@

>

A dB > Te HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.. J# 2C

*a7i4u4 nor4al stress theor8 9 %an1ine;s theor8

6e ha5e, for a solid shaft, the ma.. -ending stress Nma.# is gi5en $y G$ ma.#. > 2 4 Su$stituting

G$ M

2 4

LG #@MJ
$

# @

HHH HHHHHHHHHH +O#

G$ > G >

<4M AdB

"

> 2CT AdB

in the a$o5e equation

G$ ma.. >

2 4

<4M M 2 AdB 4

<4M AdB

@ MJ

2CT AdB

> 2C M M 2 AdB 4

2C AdB

4M#@ M J T@

> 2C M M 2 . AdB > 2C AdB > DM M 4

2C . 4 AdB

L M@ M T@
$

L M @ M T@E > G
> 2 DM M 4

ma. AdB#

G$ ma..# A dB
<4

L M@ M T@E

The term 2 DM M
4

L M @ M T@E is called e/ui2alent bending 4o4ent @*eA

*e is defined as the $ending moment, which when acts alone, will produce the same $ending stress as the normal $ending moment. +f G$ma.. > G, then, G$ AdB > 2 <4 4 DM M

L M@ M T@E > Me HHHHHHHH..

O#

FO% A OLLO) S AFT: Then

+f d > 3uter diameter " d > +nside diameter

L M@ M T@
B

> A dB D2 = !E > Te HHHHHHHHH. O+# 2C

G$

A d D2 = !E <4

> 2 4

DM M

L M@ M T@E > Me HHHHHHHH.

O++#, where ! > d % d