7 Engine Orders Engine orders are simply the amplitudes of the frequency components which are the multiples of the rotating frequency. Engine orders, which are determined by an order analysis are extensively used in the vibration and noise work to identify the source of excitation (order) and, hence, its frequency of an engine induced problem. For example, a four cylinder in-line engine will always has its second order component as the dominant excitation. 2E In four-cylinder four-stroke engines this notation is often used to denote an engine order where the frequency is two times the engine rotational speed. 3E Basic firing frequency of a six-cylinder four-stroke engine. 4E Two times engine firing frequency of a four-cylinder four-stroke engine. It is the basic firing frequency of an eight-cylinder four-stroke engine. Engine order meaning Reciprocating engine dynamic properties Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science 8 Engine Excitation Mechanisms (Single Cylinder Engine) 1/5 Inertia Force - The displacement of the piston with respect to crank angle can be derived from simple trigonometry. This can then be differentiated to yield velocity and acceleration of the piston. The expressions obtained tend to be very complicated and can be simplified into the expression containing only first order (once per revolution), second order (twice per revolution), and a negligible fourth order. where F i = Inertia force [N] M REC = Reciprocating mass (piston mass plus approximately 2/3 conrod mass) = Crank angle (zero at top dead centre) R = Crankshaft radius [m] L = Conrod length [m] N = Rotational speed [rpm] Note: if R/L<0.3 it is accurate enough to use just the first two terms. Inertia force is obtained by multiplying the piston acceleration by the reciprocating mass and acts only in the line of the cylinders. Reciprocating engine dynamic properties Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science Gas Forcing The rate of rise and peak cylinder pressure of the diesel (13MPa at approximately 20 after TDC) are approximately twice that of the gasoline with the angle the peak occurs at typically 5earlier. Diesel and gasoline combustion is random even at full load, worse at part load and particularly poor at idle. Therefore, it is normal to talk about the average peak cylinder pressure (P max mean ) and standard deviation of P max . This variability both cycle to cycle and cylinder to cylinder is one source of half order excitation. Il Motorecomesorgentedi vibrazioni erumore Fig. 1.3 Leffettodellecombustioni inunmotore alternativomonocilindrico Leffettodellecombustioni inunmotorealternativomonocilindrico F gas =P*A F tot =F gas +F rec F n =F tot *sin T e =F n *x Coppia media erogata Gaspressure Inertial effect Resulting pressure Equilibrium of Forces The gas force that acts on the piston also acts on the cylinder head. The force on the piston splits into two components, one acting down the rod and one acting sideways on the cylinder wall. The forces are reacted at the main bearing but a couple exists between the horizontal reaction at the bearing and the piston side force. This couple is equal to the crankshaft output torque, so the crankshaft torque is reacted by forces on the engine structure. The gas force components of the vertical force at the bearing is equal and opposite to the force acting on the cylinder head, but of course the inertia component is unbalanced. Engine Excitation Mechanisms (Single Cylinder Engine) 2/5 Reciprocating engine dynamic properties Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science 10 Torque resulting from piston motion alone for a single cylinder engine. Torsional Excitation of Crankshaft and Engine Structure - The total torque acting on the crankshaft of the single cylinder engine results from the effect of the gas and inertia forces on the crank slider mechanism.The torque resulting from piston motion is often called the INERTIA torque and is represented by the equation: where t i = Inertia torque [Nm] Engine Excitation Mechanisms (Single Cylinder Engine) 3/5