3.

Motion in a straight line

Uniform motion: Object moving with a constant velocity.


Stationary object: Object at rest.


Distance time graph

Average velocity,
2 1
2 1
x x x
v
t t t
Slope of the x t graph

Average velocity = Slope of
1 2
PP



Average speed
Total path length
Total time interval
[No direction is considered]

Instantaneous velocity
0
lim
t
x x
v
t t
d
d

= Slope of the tangent at point P

Velocity time graph


Average acceleration,
2 1
2 1
v v v
a
t t t


Instantaneous acceleration
0
lim
t
v v
a
t t
d
d

= Slope of the tangent at point P


Velocity-time graph showing constant acceleration, increasing acceleration and
decreasing acceleration.






Area under v-t curve is equal to the displacement of the body.


Equations of motions (Kinematic equations)
[When acceleration is uniform]
0
2 2
0
2
0
2 2
0 0
2
1
2
2

[when starting point is the origin of reference frame]
v v at
v v ax
x v t at
v v a x x

Always remember to use the signs (either +ve or ve) for displacement, velocity or
acceleration in opposite directions.

Points to remember
Galileos law of odd no. The ratios of the distance covered by a body falling from
the rest increase by odd numbers from one second to the next.
That means, distances covered by each will increase by factors of 1, 3, 5, 7,





Relative motion
( ) (0)
( ) (0)
x t x v t
x t x v t
A A A
B B B
(Position of A)
(Position of B)

Velocity of object B relative to object A:
v v v
BA B A

Velocity of object A relative to object B:
v v v
AB A B