v. adamia, n. arabuli, z.

ciramua

kompiuteruli qselebi
(I nawili)

`teqnikuri universiteti@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

v. adamia, n. arabuli, z. ciramua

kompiuteruli qselebi
(I nawili)

damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos
mier. 29.04.2009, oqmi #4

Tbilisi
2009

 ,
-
,

. .

sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-646-6 (yvela nawili)
ISBN 978-9941-14-647-3 (pirveli nawili)
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

, , ,

..

1.

. -

. ,
.

, , ,
, .

60-

.. Mainframe
,
.
1969 -
-

.
ARPANET
.
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,

SNA

(ISO)
.. X.25

.
,
,

.

.
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.
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,
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.

. 60-

PDH (

-
), 140 /-
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,

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, ,

),

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,

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. : Ethernet,
Arenet, Token Ring, Token Bus , FDDI.

.

.

, Erthernet ,

(.:Novell Net Ware).

.
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, Erthernet
, :
Erthernet 10/ ;
7

100/ Fast Erthernet Gigabit

Erthernet

Erthernet

1000/

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,
,

80-
.
(PC).

. ,
,
,
.

- ,
,

, TCP/IP

TCP/IP

. -
70

100

. , TCP/IP
,

TCP/IP

. ,
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. TCP/IP
TCP IP

IP,

, TCP,
,
.
TCP/IP

.
9

, :
FTP;

Telnet;

SMTP;

WWW .
, TCP/IP ,
,
,

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TCP/IP
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(,
)
.

10


. .
. ,
, 2-3
.
-
.

,

.

,
:
1.

(),

;
2.

;
3.

11

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2.

.

,

.

.

(LAN) (WAN).
.
.
12

 3.

.
.

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Ethernet.
- .

4.

13

 -

.

, (

),

, ,
.

5.

. . PC, laptop, , IP .
( )
.
14

,
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
TCP/IP

,
.
, ,

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.

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,
.

( ) .

.
.
.

15

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16

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17

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,
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18


Ethernet- ,

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.

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.

,
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(End Device).

, .

. -
.

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.

19

(work stations, laptops, file servers, web

servers);

VoIP ;

.
.

.
,
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8.

20

.
,
- web .

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(, ,
);
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21

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22

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23

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0

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24

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.

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25

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. laptop, PC, switch ,

.
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26

.
,
. . , web .

, .

.

.

:
, ,

27

, .
,
.

, :

. : Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE), American National Standards Institute (ANSI),
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), Electronic Industries Alliance
(EIA) International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Comit Consultatif
International Tlphonique et Tlgraphique (CCITT).

28

 ,
.
,
,
.

.

..

: (bus), (star) (ring).

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(Hub)

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29

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30

 12.

(Hub)

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31

 13.

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(
).

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(star-bus).
.

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32

:
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. ,

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.
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.
.

.
33

(), (Shared) .
,

.

.

:

. .

Local Area Networks (LAN).

34

,
.

14. Local Area Networks (LAN)

Wide Area Networks (WAN).
,

.
,
.
.
(
/).

35

15. Wide Area Networks (WAN)

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN).

.
.
.

,
36

1. .

,
,
, ,
( ) ,
.
2. .


, .
, ,
,
.

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37

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38

,
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(MAN).

. . Frame Relay
,
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39

OSI
,

, ,
,
, ,
,
.

.

().
,

-
.

. .

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,
.

40

 16. OSI

80- ISO
OSI

(Open

System

Interconnection)

,
.

.

. ,

.

.

,
.

41

OSI ,
. OSI : , , ,
, , .
.
,
.
.17-.
.

17. OSI

OSI ,

.
OSI , ,
,
42

.

. ,

, .

18. OSI

,
. OSI


.

OSI .

.
, ,

43

OSI

,

. TCP/IP-
RFC-
(Request for Comments).
OSI

(IP)

(MAC
LLC)

(),

44

OSI

19. OSI

7:

,
,

web

: Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail

Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
.
6:

. MIME
45

, ,
.
: EBCDIC- ASCII ,
XML- ..
5:
()
. ,

, . OSI
" ", TCP

.
4:

/ .

. ,

.
(TCP) Transmission Control Protocol. ,

46

 TCP, (UDP) User Datagram Protocol,

(SCTP) Stream Control Transmission Protocol .
3:


(QoS) .
,
/ .
,

( ( IP- ).
, .

(IP).
2:



. (MAC )
,
. :
Ethernet, HDLC, ADCCP. (: IEEE 802
-IEEE 802 ,
47

 FDDI-, : MAC IEEE

802.2 LLC ,
. ,
"2.5 ",
).
1:

. ,
, , ..

. ,
;

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( , -)
.

48

TP/IP
,
.
TP/IP

TP/IP

TP/IP OSI .

,
. .

IP . IP
IPv4.
, (MA)
IP ,
. IP .
, ,
.
TP/IP ,

.

.

49

 20. TP/IP

TCP/IP

; .
TCP/IP ,
OSI

. TCP/IP 1981

. :
File

Transfer

Protocol

(FTP)

FTP

TCP ;
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) TFTP
, ,
UDP ;

50

 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) SMTP

;
Telnet Telnet

.

,
.
-

.
TCP UDP.
TCP UDP :
;
.

TCP :
;

51

21.

IP.
TCP/IP-

:M
IP

;
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

52

 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) IP

MAC ;
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) IP

MAC
.

22.

IP :
;

;
.

. ,
.

53

 23.

IP

OSI TCP/IP

TCP/IP

OSI
. OSI TCP/IP

.
TCP/IP

. OSI 1 2
,

54

 ,
.

24. OSI TCP/IP

OSI
3 4 . OSI 3
,
,
,

. (IP) TCP/IP

55

OSI 4 .

, ()

(acknowledgement), (error recovery)

(sequencing). TCP/IP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
.
TCP/IP

: ,

,
,

, ,
56

() .

.
.
.

. .

,
.
.

.

. .

.

25.
57

 : (Thinnet)
(Thicknet).
0.5 -.

.

185 -.
1-.
,
.
500
. ,
.

.

26. STP UTP

.
: (STP),

58

 ()
(UTP), .

RG-45.

27. RG-45

.
.

28.

(10 ).

(5-60 ),

59


.

,

29.

-,
, . .
- :
.

,
.
2 .

125/62.5

125/50

125

, 50 62.5 .
60

 30.

,
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. 100
.
125/10 . 125
, 10 .

31.

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,
61

, 200000/- .

.

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62

.
, ,
.

32. ( )

63


.
.
,
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33. ( )

.
.

,
. , ,
, ,
.
64

.
:

framing ;

,
,
(Media Access Control and Error Detection).

34.

65

 OSI ,
, :

(Frame) -
(PDU- Packet Data Unit);

(Node) -
,

(Media/medium) -
;

:
*

. ,
.
, - ,
.
*

.
(Network Segment).

66

.

.

,
.
,

, ,
-,

.

35.

, .
,
(IP),
.
67


.

.
.
IPv4 IPv6-,
.

. IP-

.
.

.


.

- .
(Media Access Control Method).

68


. .
,

,


.

36.

69

 (End Device)
. .

.
Framing .
, ,

(),
. .

Ethernet

,
.

.

.
:

70

,
.
:

Data - ( );

Header

, .
);

Trailer - (
).

37.

(1- 0-).

71

 ,
,
?
Framing ,

.

38.

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;

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72

, .

39.

,
. Ethernet
,
.
73

 .
,
.

,
.
.

.
,
.
:
(LLC- Logical Link Control)
(MAC - Media Access Control).
LLC ,

.
, IP IPX.
MAC

74

 40.

.

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.

(),
.
,
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75

41.

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76


.

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.

()

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Token Ring.
,

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,

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77

,
,
.
, Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA) ,
. ,

.
,
.
, . Ethernet

.
,

. .
,

.
,
,
.

78

,
. ,
,
. CSMA
,
.
:
CSMA/Collision Detection ( ).
, .
,
,

42.

CSMA/Collision Avoidance ( ).
,

79

 ,
,
,
,
,
.
802.11 .

43.

.

.
point-to-point.
.

.
.
80


point-to-point

.
,

, . Ethernet

, ,

.


.
,
,
:

(. IP );

OSI
( IP, IPX ).
, ,
.
,
.
,
81

,
.

44.

:
Start Frame Field - .
;

Source

And

Destination

Address

Fields

Priority/Quality Of Service Field -

;

Type Field - ,
;
82

Logical Connection Control Field -

Physical

Link

Control

Field

Flow

Control

Field

Congestion Control Field -

. .

45.

,
(MAC ).
,

.


.

83

 ,
. ,
, ()
.

, ,

,

, ,

.

46. Point-to-point

Point-to-point ,

. - ,
,
. (),

84

 , . .
:
FCS

(Frame

Check

Sequence)

.


,

.
,
.

47.

Ethernet
Ethernet ,
IEEE 802.2 802.3 . Ehernet -
,
. Ethernet

85

 10, 100, 1000 10,000 /

. Ethernet -

. Ethernet
,
Ethernet -.

Ethernet

. Ethernet II Ethernet ,
TCP/IP .

48. Ethernet

- 48
(MAC ).

- 48 (MAC
).

- .

- .

86

Point-to-Point
PPP
.

,
, . ,

.
.
,
, .
.

.
.
, Multilink (
).

49. PPP

- ,
.

87

- ,
PPP- . PPP
.

00000011,

- ,

- .

802.11 802 .
.
,
.

.

CSMA/CA ,

.
.

88

 , ,
.
,
.
,
, .

-
: , , .

- 1,

.

- 1,

- 1,
.

- 1, ..
WEP (
).

Order field . 1,
.
.

Destination

Address

(DA)

89

Source Address (SA) - .

Receiver Address (RA) -

(Wireless Device) MAC .

Transmitter Address (TA) -

(Wireless Device) MAC .

Fragment Number Field -

.
.

Frame

Body

Field

, IP .

FCS Field - .

,
.
, -, ,
.
,

. OSI

90

.
:

,
.

91

, ,
.

. TCP/IP
.
,
.

,
.
-

.
,
, ,

92

 ,
.
,
: ,
, ,
.

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.
,
,
.
,
,
;

.
.

,

() .

93

 50.

()
,
.

-,
,

VoIP .

94

51.

()
,
.

.
()
,
.

95

52.

,
,
.
(. ),
,
, ,
.

96

- conversation .
,

.
. ,

(Conversation)

PDU.
.

.
,
:

97

.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram
Protocol

(UDP).

,
.

53.
98


IANA

(Internet

Assigned

Numbers

Authority)

,
.
.
:

54.

( 0 - 1023) -
. , ,
HTTP ( ), POP3/SMTP ( )
Telnet ().
.

,
.

99

 55.

(1024-49151) -

,
( MySQL-
3306).

.
(49152-65535) -
(Ephemeral Ports) .

.

100

TCP UDP

, UDP

DNS

TCP

UDP.

. ,

TCP-

53.

56.

. ,

101

.
UDP- ,

.

57.

102

 TCP UDP .
TCP

. , ,

TCP ,

. ,
.
,
,

TCP

, ,

UDP
UDP ,

.
,

TCP . UDP

5. UDP
103

UDP :

Domain Name System (DNS)

Video Streaming

Voice over IP (VoIP)

UDP ,

,

, .
,

TCP
TCP

.
TCP
:

104

59. TCP

, TCP
.
TCP
TCP ,

TCP .

105

 ,
.

,
. TCP
,
.
TCP .
,
: ,
1024- 65535-.
(1-1023 ),
80, HTTP

http

TCP
TCP

).

106

,
,
, .

, ,

(Window size), ,

60.

, ,
,
,
. 1- , ,

,
50%
, ,
107

.
,
.
, A B-
.

61. A
B-

.
3 . A 3
,

108

B-

(acknowledgement =Seq+1),
3 .

TCP
TCP

, ,

, .

TCP

(window

size)

(acknowledgement)
, ,
.
,

( , )
. 16
, .

109

Ethernet
Ethernet
.
.
Ethernet- .

30-
Ethernet .
Ethernet 1980
, Intel-,
Xerox-

Digital

Equipment

Corporation-

(DIX).

Ethernet

. Ethernet
XX 80- .
1985 ,
(IEEE)
, 802.
Ethernet- 802.3. ,

(ISO) OSI . ,
IEEE802.3
OSI
.
Ethernet (802.3).

110

Ethernet OSI :
.

OSI

(),

.
. ( - Logical Link Control
(LLC) , ..

Media Access Control (MAC -

Ethernet

( - MAC)

., (LLC)
Ethernet () :
;
, ;
,
;
.
Ethernet-

,
.
Ethernet- () ,

. MAC
, .

111

Logical Link Control (LLC) -

,

62. Ethernet

Ethernet

LLC

MAC

. OSI
.

. Ethernet- IEEE 802.2
LLC 802.3 MAC
. LLC

,
(MAC) - . LLC

IPv4 112

 ,
. LLC-
.

LLC

. LLC

. ,

,
MAC .

63. LLC -

MAC - (Ethernet) .
:
- Data Encapsulation;

113

 - Media Access Control.

:
;
;
.


. , MAC
,
(PDU).

.
, .
.

. Ethernet ,
, (MAC Address),

.

. Ethernet
,
(CRC). ,

114

 .
,
CRC-
CRC-. CRC ,
.
MAC
.
,

.
Ethernet-
- (Multi-Access Bus).
()
(). ,

.
.
,
MAC . Ethernet

. Ethernet-
(CSMA/CD)

(Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection).

Ethernet . 70-, Ethernet-
, -

115

, Ethernet-

, . ,
3/ ,
10/ .
Ethernet :
;
;
;
.
Ethernet 1970
Alohanet.
, .

(Unacknowledged)

.

Ethernet . Ethernet ,

Ethernet-

116

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).

,

.

64. Ethernet

Ethernet-

(Backbone). Thicknet
(10BASE5) Thinnet (10BASE2).

117

 65. Ethernet

10BASE5

500 ,
(Repeater). 10BASE2
,
185 .

Ethernet-

,
. Ethernet-

.
118

Ethernet

,
CSMA, CSMA/CD.

,
. ,

. UTP

.
.
(Hub) .
, ,

.
,
,

.

.

Ethernet
10BASE-T ,
.
. , ,
119

,
. ,
CSMA/CD
.
.
,

,
.

Ethernet

()

, .
100BASE-TX Ethernet- .

. ,

( )
1/ Ethernet .

120

 66.

,
,
. , VoIP

, 100/ Ethernet.
Ethernet 1000 /.
-

UTP

.
100/
1/ , .
1/-

121

67. ,

-
. Ethernet

.
(Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN)).

122

 68. Ethernet

Ethernet
Ethernet

,

.
,

Ethernet

, Ethernet
. .
Ethernet : DIX Ethernet
Ethernet II
IEEE 802.3 ,
.
.
(Start Frame Delimiter (SFD))

123

 ,
802.3-.

69. 802.3 Ethernet

64 1518 .
,

.
(SFD) .
IEEE 802.3ac , 1998 ,
1522 .
,

.

.

124


(7 ) (1 )

.
.

.

()
MAC
MAC (6 )

,
.

.

() MAC
MAC (6 )
.

.

125

 70.

/
1997 IEEE 802.3

,
.
Ethernet II ,

1997 IEEE 802.3x ,

. Ethernet II
802.3 .
,
.
0x0600 1536
, ,
0x05DC 1500
. Ethernet II- 802.3 .
126

 Pad

Pad

(46

1500)

, 3
, IPv4 .
64 .
, Pad
.

71.

(cyclic redundancy
check (CRC)).
(Check Sequence (FCS)),
, ,

(CRC).

,
.

127


, .

Ethernet
.
.
,

.
,

(MAC)

,
Ethernet ,

OSI

. .
48 , 12
.

IEEE-

Ethernet

128

Ethernet

, IEEE- 3
,
(OUI).
IEEE :
1.

MAC

, 3
.
2.

MAC
3

, 3 .

72. MAC

ROM
. ,

129

,

MAC .

Ethernet

. ,

,
,

,
OSI- ,
.

73. MAC

130

Ethernet

. 16-
.

0005.9A3C.7800.

00-05-9A-3C-78-00,

00:05:9A:3C:78:00,

,
.

, OSI
.

.
.

, .

.
,
. ()

.
.

131

 74.

, IPv4 ,

.

, . ,
( )
,
,
.

132

(Unicast)
Ethernet ,
Unicast, Multicast Broadcast .

75. Unicast IP MAC

Unicast ,

.

133

. IP 192.168.1.5()

92.168.1.200.

Unicast

IP
,

Ethernet .
IP

- (Broadcast)
Broadcast-

IP , 1-
. ,
,
.
-,

(ARP).

134

 76. - (Broadcast)

, Broadcast IP
,
Broadcast MAC ,
. FFFF-FF-FF-FF-FF.

(Multicast)

.
Multicast ,
224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255-. ,
,
,
Unicast .

135

 77. (Multicast)

Multicast
, ,
.
-
,
, .
Unicast Broadcast Multicast IP
Multicast MAC .
Multicast MAC
01-00-5E IP 23

0.

136

 CSMA/CD

.
,

78.

Ethernet-
. ,

Ethernet (CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection),
.
, Ethernet-
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.
137


.
,
.

(Carrier Sense)
CSMA/CD
,
.

.
,

- (Multi-access)
,
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(
),
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,

138

(Collision Detection)

.


.
,
,

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,
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.

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,
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.

139

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.

.

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,
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2. ;
3. ;

.
.

,
.

,

140

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,
.

79.

,
,
.
,

. .

141

, .

.
, CSMA/CD

. ,

.

Ethernet-
(Latency)

.
,
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.

,

142

,
, .

.
.

80. Ethernet-

(Timing and Synchronization)

64
,
.
Ethernet 10/ .
,

,
8 .
Ethernet 100/
.

143

,
.
(Bit Time)
,

, .

. 10/. Ethernet-
100 , 100/ Ethernet- 10
, 1/. Ethernet 1 . 20.3
UTP 1
,

100

5 10BASE-T .
CSMA/CD Ethernet-, ,
,

100/ 100
, 1 Ethernet,
,

100 UTP ,
10

Ethernet-

144

 81. Ethernet-

,
,
.

- Ethernet-,

. Ethernet-
1/.
, .

145

, .

2500 .

82. Ethernet-

10 100 / Ethernet- 512/

64 . 1 Ethernet-
4096 / 512 .
:

146

512
Ethernet ,

64

. 64

.
,

,

, 512
,
.

, CSMA/CD

,
.

.
, ,
,

1 Ethernet-

,
147

,
.
- 1 Ethernet-

.
.
(Interframe Spacing)
Ethernet
. ,
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. .
(FCS)
.

10/

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96/,

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96/, . (
Ethernet / ).

148

 83.

, ,
(, )
.

64

Ethernet-

,
.
(Jam Signal)
Ethernet
,
, CSMA/CD
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149

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32

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1,0,1,0...
.

64

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(FCS) .

84.
150

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(96 /),

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.
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,
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Ethernet-

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.

85.
151

 Ethernet ,
. Ethernet IEEE 802.3 .
4 -
:

10 / -10Base-T Ethernet;

100 / - Ethernet;

1000 / Ethernet;

10 / 10 Ethernet.

86. Ethernet-

10 / Ethernet :
10BASE5 Thicknet - .
152

10BASE2 Thinnet - .
10BASE-T Cat3/Cat5 -
.
Ethernet

10BASE5

10BASE2-

,
802.3 .
10 / Ethernet - 10BASE-T
10BASE-T

10BASE-T-

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Cat5 . 10/ Ethernet
Ethernet-
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100

RG-45

10BASE-T

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153

 87. RG-45

10BASE-T-

.

.
, -.
Fast Ethernet-100 /
20 90- 802.3
100/

. Ethernet

154

 - .
:
100BASE-TX - Cat5 ;
100BASE-FX - .

Fast Ethernet -, ,

.
100BASE-TX
UTP
.

10BASE-T-,

-5 UTP .
100BASE-TX Ethernet- 4B/5B .

10BASE-TX

, 10BASE-T-

100BASE-TX

,
100BASE-TX .

155

 88. 10BASE-TX Ethernet

100BASE-FX

100BASE-TX,

,
100BASE-TX-

100BASE-FX

. 100BASE-FX
SC .
Gigabit Ethernet -1000/

Ethernet

, UTP
. Ethernet ,

100 / 10/ Ethernet-.

156

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. , .
,


100 .
,
. Ethernet-
.
,

.
1000BASE-T Ethernet
5
- .
Ethernet 125/
,

500/

..

-
500/ 1000/. 1000BASE-T
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.
8-

(4D),

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157

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.
4
(),
.

89. 1000BASE-T Ethernet

.
.
()
.

(FEC)

158

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.

.
,
, 1000 BASE-T
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17- .

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1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-LX Ethernet-
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1000/.
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159

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.

90. 1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-LX

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IEEE 802.3ae 10/,
- .

802.3

(Ethernet

). 10 Ethernet

.
10 Ethernet-

Ethernet- ,

.
Ethernet :

160

,
Ethernet-,

Ethernet-, Fast

Ethernet-

10

Ethernet-. ,
.

0.1.

,
CSMA/CD

802.3 -

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40

91. Ethernet

161

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40, 100 160 . ,
,
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Hub-
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. Ethernet

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.
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162


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,

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92.

163


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.

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.

.

. Ethernet -
.

93.

164

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Token Ring- , Etherne-,
,
,

.

,

Ethernet-

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.
, .

94.

165

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.
Token Ring- - 4
16/.
.

95. Token Ring-

Token

Ring

Ethernet-

.
.
, MAC
166

,
.

Token Ring
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.
- .
Token Ring
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.
.

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.
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167

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,

Token Ring
Token Ring- 3 :

- ,
.

96. Token Ring

168

(Start

delimiter) -

.

.

(Access Control) - 4
: PPP,T,M, RRR. : PPP-
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1, ,
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1-.

169


3
:
(Start delimiter);
(Access Control);
;
;
;
;
(End delimiter);
.

Ethernet

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Ethernet
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170


Ethernet .

.
,
.
,
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Ethernet .
.
,
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Ethernet

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Ethernet ,

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171

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,

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172


, .


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:
1. ;
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Fast Ethernet
, 10 , -, 10

100/.
10/.

173

10

 ,
100/ .
,

.

(-)

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40%- 50%-

Ethernet 0- .
.

-
()

- .
Ethernet - .
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174

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100/,

100/

100/.

Ethernet-
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Ethernet
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175

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97.

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Forward .
,
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176

,
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(

MAC Table.

98. - MAC Table

.
,
.
, ,
.
.

.
.

177

.
.

.
.
, ,
,
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,
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.

178

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179

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.
A B-.

,
B- .

.
.

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.
B- A

B-. .
A- .
A

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A C-.

,
B- . B

.

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-

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.

181

 A- C

A-.
. D- .
D
.
C

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.
-

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,
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.
MAC .
.

182

 100.

,
.

.
,
.

183

,
.

,
. .

101.

,
184

, .

IP
, -

,
.
,
.
,

.
:

.

.
. IP
,
.

.

185

 .
,
MAC .

. OSI
.

102.

IP 32 . IP

, 4

IP 192.168.7.1,
172.16.2.2.

8 . , IP 192.168.1.8
11000000.10101000.00000001.00001000,
IP ,

.

186

.
,
.

IP

,
. 0 255-.

, ,

.
IP : ,
. A , B
, C
.
32 IP
,
. 5 .

187

 103. IP

E .
A .
A 16
. ,
3 .
A
,
.

104. A

188

A 0.
0
00000000 0.
01111111, 127. 0 127
.
1- 126, A
. 127.0.0.0
Loopback .
B
. B
,
.

105. B

B 10. 6

1.

10000000, 128.
10111111, 191. B
128- 191.

189

( 254
).

106. C

C 110-.
11000000, 192.
11011111, 223. B
192- 223.

107.

D
.

190

 1110, 11100000
11101111 224 239.
,
. .
.

108.

198.150.11.0 .
(198.150.11.1- 198.150.11.254) ,
198.150.11.0 .
,
198.150.12.0

191

(Broadcast

Address)

109.

198.150.11.255,
.
(198.150.11.1198.150.11.254) .
IP ,

0,

. , A
,

113.0.0.0

IP

192

B
. 0-. 16

,
.

110. IP

B IP 176.10.0.0.
.
176.10.16.1
176.10 16.1.

1-.

193

176.10.255.255.

, IP ,

111.

131.108.0.0

131.108.1.0,

131.108.2.0

131.108.3.0 .
,

.

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194

 .
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: 995 32
330607, 995 , 32 , 33
, 0607 .

.

. IP

.

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.

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255.

195

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112.

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113.

196

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, IP
.

197

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.

: - .


. A 255.0.0.0, B 255.255.0.0, C
255.255.255.0.

114.

. ,
6 , 25 . ,

198


.
(Usable
Subnets) , 3
.
(Usable Hosts)

30.

,
,

(Broadcast Address).
,

:
=
.
2 - 2 = .
23-2=6.
=
(
).
2 - 2 = .
2 5 - 2 = 30.

199



, 3 .
8 , 32
.

115.

11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 .

200

255.255.255.224,

 116. .

,

0,

1,
(Broadcast). ,
192.168.10.32,

11111111.11111111.

11111111.00100000 ,

192.168.10.63

11111111.11111111. 11111111.00111111 .

201

 ........................................................................................... 3
................................... 3
......................................................................... 4
............................... 11
..................................... 14
............................................................................... 15
........................................................................ 19
......... 19
... 21
............................................................................. 22
........................................................ 27
.......................................................................... 27
................................................................ 28
.................................... 34
................................................................ 34
............................................................. 35
.. 37
OSI ................................................................................... 40
.................................................................................. 43
OSI ............................................................... 45
TP/IP ..................................................................... 49
................................................................. 50
................................................................. 51
.................................................................... 52
............................................................ 53
OSI TCP/IP ............................. 54

202

 ........................................................................... 56
............................................................... 63
.................................................................................... 65
................................................ 74
................................................. 77
..................................................... 78
.............................................. 81
.................................... 82
Ethernet ............. 85
Point-to-Point ............ 87

........................................................................... 88
..................................................................... 90
.................................... 91
........................................................... 91
......................... 92
............................................... 94
(Conversation) ........................... 97
........................................................................ 98
...................................................... 99
TCP UDP .............................. 101
UDP ................................................................... 103
TCP .................................................................... 104
TCP ....... 106
TCP .......................................... 109
203

Ethernet .................................................................. 110

.................................................................................... 110
Ethernet ................................................................ 119
Ethernet............................................................. 120
Ethernet ..................... 123
...... 125
() MAC
.......................................................................................... 125
() MAC .................. 125
/ .............................................................. 126
Pad ..................................................... 127
.................................................... 127
............................................................... 128
.................................. 128
................................................... 130
.................................. 131
.......................................................... 131
........................................................................ 132
(Unicast) ............................. 133
- (Broadcast) ......................................... 134
(Multicast) ............................. 135
CSMA/CD.......................... 137
(Carrier Sense) ............... 138
- (Multi-access) ............................................ 138
(Collision Detection)............................ 139
204

 .......... 139
............. 140
Ethernet- ....................................... 142
(Latency) ............................................................ 142
(Timing and Synchronization) .. 143
(Bit Time) ............................................................. 144
....................................................................... 145
(Interframe Spacing) ............. 148
(Jam Signal) ......................................... 149
(Backoff Timing) ................................ 151
10 / Ethernet :.................................................... 152
10 / Ethernet - 10BASE-T .............................................. 153
Fast Ethernet-100 / .............................................. 154
100BASE-TX ......................................................................... 155
100BASE-FX.......................................................................... 156
Gigabit Ethernet -1000/ .................................................. 156
1000BASE-T Ethernet............................................................ 157
1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-LX........................................ 159
Ethernet .......................................... 160
Hub- ............................................................... 162
................................................................... 162
................................................................................. 163
.............................................................................. 164
Token Ring ............................................................ 165
........................... 167
Token Ring ............................................. 168
.......... 170
................................................................................ 170

205

 ................................................................. 173
................................................................ 174
- ................................................. 174
...... 175
........................................................................ 178
................................................. 179
,

,
.
....................................................... 179
.............................................................................. 179
....................................................... 184
IP ................................................................... 185
................................................................. 194
................................................. 196
................................................ 200

206

ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca

warmoebas

01.05.2009.

xelmowerilia

dasabeWdad

25.06.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 13.

tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77