CIVE 413

ENVIRONMENTAL RIVER MECHANIC

CAMP HALE PROJECT

NEIL ANDIKA HADIMOELJONO

830 343 900

A. Introduction
In this design case study, we will discuss a preliminary design for the Eagle River and Eagle Park at
Camp Hale. We will focus on the segment of the Eagle River between the confluence with Resolution
Creek and the downstream project boundary.

B. Channel Design
In this preliminary design, there will be several assumption, such as:
a. Our channel will be design as a trapezoidal riffle section
b. Uniform flow occurs in our section.
c. Our design will be based on the sediment transport for gravel and coarser material (not sand).

Several data and information are given for the analysis, such as:
Qbf = Qeff = 6.1 0.5 cms
Qs bedload inflowing = 45 15 g/s of gravel and coarser
material plus 10 mg/l of sand
Svalley

= 0.0073

D90

=200 mm

D84

= 90 mm

Dg

= 46 mm

Ds

= 1.5 mm

Fs

= 0.03

Figure 1 Location of Camp Hale Project

As initial step, we need to determine the top width of the channel, bank slope (H:V or z)and bank
roughness ( Mannings n). To determine the top width, we can use the downstream hydraulic
geometry. As mentioned before, we assumed that it will be a trapezoidal riffle channel with gravel or

coarser material. Then we expected to have a medium size material (diameter of the particles start
from 16 mm). We also expect to have a quite thick vegetation for this channel. With those reasons,
we decided to use a = 3.9 and b = 0.5:
= 3.50.5
Simons (1957) proposed a graph that can be used to determine the angle of repose of a specific
particle size. If we assume that the dg is 46 mm (1.8 inches) and round particle, then we got the angle
of repose is equal to 360 or equal to (H:V = 1.4:1). For a safety factor and easiness of construction
reason, we decide to use bank slope H:V = 1.5:1. We also decided to use the bank roughness or
mannings n = 0.035 for a coarse material at the bottom and weedy bank (Chow, 1959).
1. Cross-sectional Form
To determine the cross sectional data of the channel such as bankfull depth (h), bed slope (S 0)and
grain depth (h), we will use 3 equations which are Mannings equation, Wilcock and Kenworthy
sediment transport equation and Keulegans grain roughness equation. So we have 3 equations to
find 3 unknown variables.
Mannings equation:
1
1/2
= 2/3

= 2 ; = ( + ) ; = + 21 + 2 ; =

Where bottom width B, cross section area A and wetted perimeter P is a function of water depth h
and bed slope S0 (Remember that for uniform flow S0 = Sf). The Mannings n itself already defined as
the total channel roughness = 0.035.
Keulegans grain roughness equation:

= 2.5 ln (

11
)

= 0.8490
Where the mean velocity U = v = Q/A and A is a function of water depth h. So this Keulegans equation
is a function of water depth h, grain water depth h and bed slope S0.

Wilcock and Kenworthy sediment transport equation:

( 1)3

0.002
7.5

=
< 1.27

( 1)

= ( )1 + [( )0 ( )1 ] 14
Wilcock and Kenworthy sediment transport equation is used to calculate the gravel and coarser
material sediment transport. This equation is a function of grain water depth h and bed slope S0.
Initially we assume that the < 1.27. Based on the given information, fraction of sand Fs is 0.03 and
fraction of gravel Fg is 0.97, then the reference shear stress for gravel rg* = 0.027. If G = 2.65 and d s
of gravel is 46 mm, then we have to find a solution for qs is 45 g/s or qbg is 2.11 x 10-6 m2/s from the
following relationship.
=

We can solve all those 3 equations: Mannings equation, Wilcock and Kenworthy sediment transport
equation and Keulegans grain roughness equation simultaneously by using Excel for the unknow h, h
and S0. The result of our calculation are:
= 0.53 ; = 0.43 ; 0 = 0.0057
with = 1.23 (<1.27), so our earlier assumption is correct. T
One more parameters that need to be known is the bed Manning roughness n which we can find it by
using Limerinos equation:
=

0.1129 0.167

1.16 + 2.0 log

84

By plug the equation with R = 0.469 m and D84 = 90 mm = 0.09 m, we got the bed roughness n = 0.038.
The summary of the cross sectional data is provided in the following table.

w=

Cross-sectional Dimension
SI (m)
US (ft)
9.6
31.60

Bank angle ( 0) =
h=
h' =
S0 =
v=
*bf=
'*bf=
n total =
n bed =

34
0.53
0.43
0.0057
1.31
0.040

34
1.73
1.42
0.0057
4.29
0.040

0.033
0.035
0.038

0.033
0.035
0.038

2. Planform
First, we need to check the braiding criterion from van der Berg which is shown in the following
picture. We have qbg = 2.11 x 10-6 m2/s:
= = 2.11 106 8.05 = 1.7 105
= 3300 0.5 = 3300 0.0073 (1.7 105 )2
= 9.93 102 2

When we plot ds = 46 mm and = 0.099 W/m2 to the van der Berg graph, we now that our case is
definitely a meandering river, because the plot was way below the braiding criterion.

Then we can calculate sinuosity of our channel with the following equation.
=

0.0073
=
= 1.27
0 0.0057

For calculating the average meander wavelength, we can use the following equation:
= (11.26 12.47)
So, we chose to use:
= 12 = 115.59
Average radius of curvature is computed by the following equation:
=

1.5
13 1

115.59 1.271.5
131.27 1

= 24.5

The deflection angle can be compute by the following equation:

1
1.27 1
= 125
= 125
= 57.60

1.27
The following formula can be used to calculate the meander amplitude:
=

1 1.27 1
=
= 0.213

1.27

= (6.06253 5.12792 + 2.509 + 0.0005) = 41.56

The summary of the planform data is provided in the following table.

P (-) =
l=

Rc =
( 0) =
A=

Planform
SI (m)
US (ft)
1.27
1.27
115.59
379.22
24.49
80.35
57.63
41.65

57.63
136.64

Cartesian coordinate of the Eagle River at Camp Hale:

Center Line of the River

40
30
20
10
0
0

50

100

150

200

250

-10
-20
-30

-40

3. Calculation for at the bend apex and bendway pool

We need to calculate the bend apex and bendway pool width which can be calculated with the
following equation with assumption that point bars are present and chute channels are rare and
confidence limit of 99%:
= (1.05 + 0.3 + 0.44 )
= 9.6(1.05 1 + 0.3 1 + 0.44 0 0.07) = . .
= (0.95 + 0.2 + 0.14 )
= (0.95 1 + 0.2 1 + 0.14 0 0.17) = . .
To estimate the specific location of the bendway pool relative to the apex section, we can use the
following equation which is proposed by Soar and Throne (2001). I also use the confidence limit of
99%. Be

= 0.36 = 0.36 0.11

The maximum scour depths at bends is estimated by the equation proposed also by Soar and Thorne
(2001):

1
4.67
= 1.5 + 4.5 ( ) =
=
= 0.48

9.6
= 0.48 (1.5 + 4.5 (

24.49 1
) ) = . = .
9.6

C. Stability of the Channel

What critical bank height with a tension crack is required to generate mass failure of the bank?
Assume a worst-case scenario where the bank is vertical with a tension crack that extends half the
bank height. Use the following soil characteristics based on backhoe pits dug into the wetland hydric
soils below the fill material:

effective cohesion of the bank material = 11.7 kPa;

effective friction angle of the bank material = 37; and

unit weight of the soil = 16.7 kN/m3.

By using an equation proposed by Terzaghi (19443), wwe can predict the worst scenario when the
tension crack depth equal half the height of the channel:
=

2 11.7
37
tan (45 + ) =
tan (45 + ) = .

2
16.7
2

How does this critical bank height compare to the maximum vertical bank height that might be
expected in the bendway pool section, i.e. does the bendway pool section meet this bank stability
constraint if the maximum scour depth occurs?
The worst scenario for this type of soil is if the tension crack depth is equal to 2.8 m. For our case, the
maximum depth in our bendway pool is 1.58 m. So it is much smaller than the limit of tension crack
depth. Therefore, we are sure that, even at the maximum depth in our channel which is in the
bendway pool, the condition is stable.
D. Discussion
1. If flow and sediment delivery have been reduced through a combination of climate change and
reservoir influences, how might you expect the design to differ from the historical system in terms
of slope, width, sinuosity, and meander wavelength?
To predict the stream response, we can use Lanes Balance concept for qualitative response. We
assume that reduction of the flow is bigger than reduction of the sediment discharge. Then we
expect that degradation will occur.
= + 0
Then the depth of the channel will increase and the channel will be wider than before (w +) due
to the bank erosion. The meander wavelength will also increase (l+). The sinuosity which inversely
proportional to the slope will decrease (P -).

2. Do you propose to utilize the historic pattern? How does the design planform relate to the
historical pattern? ? How could you modify the sine-generated wave planform to make it look
more natural?
To modify the sine generated wave planform to make it looks more natural, we can use the
asymmetry index z which is proposed by Carson and Lapointe (1983):

 = 100 (

) = 100(1
(1 cos )
+

This asymmetry index z can be applied as long as we assumed that the Rc and defined by sine
generated wave equal to Re and , respectively.

3. The watershed stakeholders are very interested in improving trout habitat in this segment. What
are your recommendations for enhancing fish habitat and how do these recommendations
potentially affect the design?
We can provide more pools and riffle section in our reach for the fish habitat. But that means we
need a bigger deflection angle and increase our sinuosity. Then, it will decrease our equilibrium
bed slope and reduce our sediment discharge.

4. Stream and wetland restoration activities at Camp Hale would undoubtedly require a multifaceted
regulatory review process under NEPA and the Clean Water Act (specifically, a 404 permit). What
is a 404 permit? Which federal agency issues 404 permits? What are the two major types of
404 permits and the key differences between the two? Which Nationwide 404 Permits relate
to stream restoration and monitoring?
404 permit is to regulate all kind activity to the environment in order to maintain a harmony
condition / relation between human and environment, both for the present and future
generation. The 404 permits is issued by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). There are 2 major
types of 404 permits which are Nationwide permit and general permits (or individual permits).
The basic differences between nationwide and general permits is the nationwide permits allows
the involved agency to do several kind of industrial activities like agriculture or silviculture without
obviate the local law, so kind of exempt from the public interest. But in the general permits, the
involved agency should fully processed through public interest.

5. Describe the major goals of NEPA. What are the three major possible outcomes in a NEPA
process?
The major goal of NEPA is to ensure that any information about environmental impact of any
Federal activity or funded by Federal is available to public official and citizen before the decision
is made. So, with this law, citizen and public official can watch any Federal activity to prevent any
bad decision making.