WORLD CLIMATES

IV sem - CLIMATOLOGY---- ar.mithila

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WORLD CLIMATES

IV sem - CLIMATOLOGY---- ar.mithila

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GROUP A TROPICAL CLIMATE

Tropical climates are characterized by constant high temperature (at sea
level and low elevations) all twelve months of the year have average
temperatures of 18 C (64 F) or higher. They are subdivided as follows:
Tropical rainforest climate
Tropical monsoon climate
Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate

Tropical rainforest climate :

All twelve months have average precipitation of at least
60 mm (2.4 in).
These climates usually occur within 510 latitude of the
equator.
In some eastern-coast areas, they may extend to as much
as 25 away from the equator.
This climate is dominated by the Doldrums Low Pressure
System all year round, and therefore has no natural seasons.
Examples:
Jakarta, Indonesia
Belem, Brazil
Hilo, Hawaii, United States
Singapore
Some of the places that have this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet
throughout the year (e.g., the northwest Pacific coast of South and Central America, from
Ecuador to Costa Rica
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GROUP A TROPICAL CLIMATE

Tropical rainforest climate
Tropical monsoon climate
Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate
Tropical monsoon climate :
This type of climate, most common in southern Asia and West
Africa, results from the monsoon winds which change direction
according to the seasons.
This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at
or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator)
with rainfall less than 60 mm, but more than (100 [total
annual precipitation {mm}/25]).
Examples:
Conakry, Guinea
Chittagong, Bangladesh
Miami, Florida, United States
Cairns, Australia[5]
There is also another scenario under which some places fit into this category; this is referred
to as the trade-wind littoral climate because easterly winds bring enough precipitation during
the "winter" months to prevent the climate from becoming a tropical wet-and-dry climate.
Nassau, Bahamas is included among these locations.
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GROUP A TROPICAL CLIMATE

Tropical rainforest climate
Tropical monsoon climate
Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate
Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate :These climates have a
pronounced dry season, with the driest month having
precipitation less than 60 mm and also less than (100
[total annual precipitation {mm}/25]).
Examples:
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia[7]
Most places that have this climate are found at the
outer margins of the tropical zone, but occasionally an
inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia,
Colombia) also qualifies.
In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates,
the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and
shorter days because of rainshadow effects during the
'high-sun' part of the year.
Examples: Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
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GROUP B DRY CLIMATE( SEMI-ARID & ARID)

Dry Climates are characterized by little rain and a huge
daily temperature range. Two subgroups,
1. S - semiarid or steppe, and
2. W - arid or desert, are used with the B climates.
A region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a
severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or
even preventing the growth and development of plant and
animal life. As a result, environments subject to arid climates
tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic.
A semi-arid climate or steppe
climate describes climatic regions that receive precipitation
below potential evapotranspiration, but not extremely.
A more precise definition is given by the Kppen climate
classificationthat treats steppe climates (BSk and BSh) as
intermediates between desert climates (BW) and humid
climates in ecological characteristics and agricultural
potential.
Semi-arid climates tend to support short or scrubby
vegetation, with semi-arid areas usually being dominated by
either grasses or shrubs
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IV sem - CLIMATOLOGY---- ar.mithila

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GROUP B DRY CLIMATE- ( SEMI-ARID)

Hot semi-arid climates
(type "BSh") tend to be
located in
the tropics and subtropics.
These climates tend to have
hot, sometimes extremely
hot, summers and mild to
warm winters.
Snow rarely (if ever) falls in these regions. Hot semi-arid
climates are most commonly found around the fringes of
subtropical deserts.
Cold semi-arid climates (type
"Bsk") tend to be located
in temperate zones. They are
typically found in continental
interiors some distance from
large bodies of water.
Cold semi-arid climates usually feature hot and dry (often exceptionally hot) summers, though
their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot semi-arid climates.
Unlike hot semi-arid climates, areas with cold semi-arid climates tend to have cold winters. These
areas usually see some snowfall during the winter, though snowfall is much lower than locations at
similar latitudes with more humid climates.
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GROUP C WARM TEMPERATE CLIMATE

The climate is characterized by warm to hot, dry
summers and mild to cool, wet winters.
These climates have an average temperature above
10 C (50 F) in their warmest months, and a coldest
month average between 3 C (26.6 F) and 18 C
(64 F).
Group C is further divided into :
1. Mediterranean
2. Humid Subtropical ( warm Summer)
3. Marine ( cold summer)
1. Mediterranean climates : These climates usually occur
on the western sides of continents between the
latitudes of 30 and 45.
These climates are in the polar front region in winter,
and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable,
rainy weather.
Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the
subtropical high pressure systems, except in the
immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder
due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents
that may bring fog but prevent rain.
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Examples:Athens,Greece
Cape Town, South Africa
Jerusalem, Israel
Split, Croatia
Lisbon, Portugal
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GROUP C WARM TEMPERATE CLIMATE

Group C is further divided into :
1. Mediterranean
2. Humid Subtropical ( warm Summer)
3. Marine ( cold summer)
2. Humid subtropical climates :
These climates usually occur in the interiors of continents,
or on their east coasts, mainly in the high 20s and 30s
latitude (although they may occur as far north as 46N in
Europe).
Unlike the Mediterranean climates, the summers are humid
due to unstable tropical air masses, or onshore Trade
Winds.
In eastern Asia, winters can be dry (and colder than other
places at a corresponding latitude) because of the Siberian
high pressure system, and summers very wet due to the
Southwest Asian monsoonal influence.
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IV sem - CLIMATOLOGY---- ar.mithila

Atlanta,United States
Milan, Italy,
So Paulo,Brazil,
Lucknow,India
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GROUP C WARM TEMPERATE CLIMATE

Group C is further divided into :
1. Mediterranean
2. Humid Subtropical ( warm Summer)
3. Marine ( cold summer)
Maritime Temperate climates or Oceanic climates - is a type
of climate typically found along the west coasts at the
middle latitudes of some of the world's continents.
This climate generally features warm, but not
hot summers and cool, but not cold winters, with a narrow
annual temperature range.
It typically lacks a dry season, as precipitation is more
evenly dispersed through the year.
In most areas with an oceanic climate, for the majority of
the year precipitation comes in the form of rain. However
during the winter, despite its C classification, the majority
of areas with this climate see some snowfall annually.
It is the predominant climate type across much of Europe, coastal northwestern North
America, portions of southern South America and small areas of Africa,
southeast Australia, New Zealand, as well as isolated locations elsewhere.
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IV sem - CLIMATOLOGY---- ar.mithila

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GROUP D COLD TEMPERATE CLIMATE

These climates have an average temperature above 10 C
(50 F) in their warmest months, and a coldest month average
below 3 C (or 0 C in some versions, as noted previously).
These usually occur in the interiors of continents, or on their
east coasts, north of 40 North latitude. In the Southern
Hemisphere.

Group D is further divided into :

1. Continental ,warm summer
2. Continental , cool summer
3. Subarctic
1.Warm Summer Continental climates
climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s
latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the
warmest month of >22C.
In eastern Asia climates extend further south due to the
influence of the Siberian high pressure system, which also
causes winters here to be dry, and summers can be very
wet because of monsoon circulation.
Examples: Chicago, Illinois, United States
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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IV sem - CLIMATOLOGY---- ar.mithila

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GROUP D COLD TEMPERATE CLIMATE

Group D is further divided into :
1. Continental ,warm summer
2. Continental , cool summer
3. Subarctic
Continental , cool summer:
climates are immediately north of Hot Summer
Continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low
50s in latitude in North America and Asia, and also in
central and eastern Europe and Russia, between the
Maritime Temperate and Continental Subarctic
climates, where it extends up to high 50s and even
lowest 60 degrees latitude.
Examples:
Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada
Fargo, North Dakota, United States
Helsinki, Finland
Vladivostok, Russia

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IV sem - CLIMATOLOGY---- ar.mithila

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GROUP D COLD TEMPERATE CLIMATE

Group D is further divided into :
1. Continental ,warm summer
2. Continental , cool summer
3. Subarctic
Continental Subarctic climates with extremely severe
winters :
These climates occur only in eastern Siberia. The
names of some of the places that have this climate
most notably Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon have
become veritable synonyms for extreme, severe
winter cold.

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IV sem - CLIMATOLOGY---- ar.mithila

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GROUP D POLAR CLIMATE

GROUP E: Polar climates
These climates are characterized by average temperatures
below 10 C (50 F) in all twelve months of the year:
Tundra climate : Warmest month has an average temperature
between 0 C (32 F) and 10 C (50 F). These climates occur
on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian
landmasses, and on nearby islands.
Examples:
Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada
Provideniya, Russia
Nuuk, Greenland
Longyearbyen, Svalbard
Alpine climates
The Alpine climates are considered to be part of group E.
Alpine Climate
Examples: The Cascade Mountains,The Rocky
Mountains,The Andes,The Himalayas,The Tibetan
Plateau,The Eastern Highlands of Africa,The Snowy
Mountains of Australia,The West Coast Range of
Tasmania, The Alps
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