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Scope
This test is intended as a method to determine the velocity of propagation of
elastic waves in laboratory rock testing.
Three different variations of the method are given. These are:
1. The high frequency ultrasonic pulse technique.
2. The low frequency ultrasonic pulse technique.
3. The resonant method.
Apparatus
The same rock or even the same sample can be used for all three method. The
electronic components should be impedance matched and have shielded leads to
ensure efficient energy transfer. To prevent damage to the system allowable voltage
inputs should not be exceeded.
PROCEDURE
The amplitude of the shear wave relative to the compression wave may be
increased and its arrivial time determined more accurately by means of
thickness shear-transcuder elements.
Calculation
First and second Methods
Velocities are calculated from travel times measured and the distance, d,
between transmitter and receiver by using the equations:
Vp=d.tp
Vs=d.ts
Vp= velocity of the longitudinal wave
Vs= = velocity of the shear wave
tp , ts = times which the P-and S- wave, took the travel the distance d.
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
Test specimen should be prepared with clean water.
Surface of the specimen should be free from any irregularities
Water content should be controlled.
Specimen diameter shall not be less than 54mm (NX)
Thickness should be approx. Equal to radius.
Specimen shell be wrapped around its periphery with one layer of the
masking tape.
Loading rate 200 N/s recommended
Number of specimens per sample tested should be determined from practical
considerations, normally 10 are recommended.
Calculation
The tensile strength of the specimen t shall be calculated by the following formula:
t =0.636*P/(D*t) MPa
Where;
P= load at failure (N)
D = diameter of the test specimen (mm)
t = the thickness of test specimen measured at the center (mm)
Reporting results
APPARATUS
A triaxial cell
A Loading device for applying axial load
Equipment for generating and measuring the confinin pressure
Preparation of sample
a)Test specimens shall be right circular cylinders having a height to diameter
ratio of 2.5-3.0 and a diameter preferably of not less than core size
approximately 54 mm.
b)The ends of specimen shall be flat to 0.02mm and shall not depart from
perpendicularity to the axis of specimen by more than 0.001 radian or
0.05mm in 50mm.
c)The sides of specimen shall be smooth and free of abrupt irregularities and
straight to within 0.3mm over the full length of specimen.
d)The use of mapping materials or end surface treatments other than
machining is not permitted.
e)The average diameter shall be used for calculating the cross-sectional
area.The height of the specimen shall be determined to nearest 1.0mm.
f)Samples shall be stored for no longer than 30 days in such a way as to
preserve the natural water content,as far as possible,and tested in that
condition.
h)The maximum load on the specimen shall be recorded in
Newtons.
)The number of specimen tested sould be determined from
practical considerations but at least five are preffered.
Procedure
1. Axial load & the confining pressure must be incresed simultaneously & in
such a way that axial stress & confining pressure be apprximately equal,
until the predetrmined test level for the confining pressure is reaced.
Calculation
arcsin
cb
m -1
m 1
1 - sin
2cos
This tests measures peak and residual direct shear strength as a function of
stress normal to the sheared plane.
The results of it useful for example:
limiting equilibrium analyses of slope stability problems
stability analyses of dam foundations.
A shear strength determination should preferably comprise at least five tests
on the same test horizon with each specimen tested at a different but
constant normal stress.
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