Ethics Ethics is the branch of study dealing with what is the proper course of action for man.

A proper foundation of ethics requires a standard of value to which all goals and actions can be
compared to. This standard is our own lives, and the happiness which makes them livable. This is
our ultimate standard of value, the goal in which an ethical man must always aim. It is arrived at
by an examination of man's nature, and recognizing his peculiar needs. A system of ethics must
further consist of not only emergency situations, but the day to day choices we make constantly.
It must include our relations to others, and recognize their importance not only to our physical
survival, but to our well-being and happiness. It must recognize that our lives are an end in
themselves, and that sacrifice is not only not necessary, but destructive.

MetaphysicsMetaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. It is the
foundation of a worldview. Reality is absolute. It has a specific nature independent of our
thoughts or feelings. The world around us is real. It has a specific nature and it must be
consistent to that nature. A proper metaphysical worldview must aim to understand reality
correctly.
The physical world exists, and every entity has a specific nature. It acts according to that nature.
When different entities interact, they do so according to the nature of both. Every action has a
cause and an effect. Causality is the means by which change occurs, but the change occurs via a
specific nature.

EpistemologyEpistemology is the study of our method of acquiring knowledge. Epistemology is

the explanation of how we think. It is required in order to be able to determine the
true from the false, by determining a proper method of evaluation. It is needed in
order to use and obtain knowledge of the world around us. Without epistemology,
we could not think. More specifically, we would have no reason to believe our
thinking was productive or correct, as opposed to random images flashing before
our mind. Our senses are valid, and the only way to gain information about the
world. Reason is our method of gaining knowledge, and acquiring understanding.
Logic is our method of maintaining consistency within our set of knowledge.
Objectivity is our means of associating knowledge with reality to determine its
validity. Concepts are abstracts of specific details of reality, or of other abstractions.
A proper epistemology is a rational epistemology.

Philosophy of educationAs an academic field, philosophy of education is "the philosophical study of

education and its problems...its central subject matter is education, and its methods
are those of philosophy".[1] "The philosophy of education may be either the
philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of
education. That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned
with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being
educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the

concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline." ] As such, it is both part of the field
of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics,
epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive,
and/or analytic) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and
curriculum, as well as the process of learning, to name a few.[3] For example, it might
study what
constitutes upbringing and education, the values and norms revealed through
upbringing and educational practices, the limits and legitimization of education as
an academic discipline, and the relation between educational theory and practice.

Philosophy of mindis a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental
functions, mental properties, consciousness, and their relationship to the physical
body, particularly the brain. The mindbody problem, i.e. the relationship of the
mind to the body, is commonly seen as one key issue in philosophy of mind,
although there are other issues concerning the nature of the mind that do not
involve its relation to the physical body, such as how consciousness is possible and
the nature of particular mental states.

Philosophy of scienceis a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.
The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific
theories, and the ultimate purpose of science. This discipline overlaps with metaphysics,
ontology, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and
truth.
There is no consensus among philosophers about many of the central problems concerned with
the philosophy of science, including whether science can reveal the truth about unobservable
things and whether scientific reasoning can be justified at all. In addition to these general
questions about science as a whole, philosophers of science consider problems that apply to
particular sciences such as biology or physics. Some philosophers of science also use
contemporary results in science to reach conclusions about philosophy itself.
While the relevant history of philosophy dates back at least to the time of Aristotle,
philosophy of science emerged as a distinct discipline only in the middle of the 20th
century in the wake of the logical positivism movement, which aimed to formulate
criteria for ensuring all philosophical statements' meaningfulness and objectively
assessing them. Thomas Kuhn's book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
brought the word "paradigm" into the mainstream, meaning the set of practices
that define a scientific discipline in a particular period. In this book, Kuhn challenged
the established view of "Scientific progress as a gradual, cumulative acquisition of
knowledge based on rationally chosen experimental frameworks.

based on rationally chosen experimental frameworks.

Philosophy of religionis a branch of philosophy concerned with questions regarding religion, including the nature and
existence of God, the examination of religious experience, analysis of religious vocabulary and
texts, and the relationship of religion and science.[1] It is an ancient discipline, being found in the
earliest known manuscripts concerning philosophy, and relates to many other branches of
philosophy and general thought, including metaphysics, logic, and history.[2]
The philosophy of religion differs from religious philosophy in that it seeks to discuss questions
regarding the nature of religion as a whole, rather than examining the problems brought forth by
a particular belief system. It is designed such that it can be carried out dispassionately by those
who identify as believers or non-believers

philosophy of historyrefers to the theoretical aspect of history, in two senses. It is customary to distinguish critical
philosophy of history from speculative philosophy of history. Critical philosophy of history is
the "theory" aspect of the discipline of academic history, and deals with questions such as the
nature of historical evidence, the degree to which objectivity is possible, etc. Speculative
philosophy of history is an area of philosophy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of
human history.[1] Furthermore, it speculates as to a possible teleological end to its development
that is, it asks if there is a design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the processes of
human history. Part of Marxism, for example, is speculative philosophy of history. Another
example is "historiosophy", the term coined by Gershom Scholem to describe his understanding
of history and metaphysics.[2] Though there is some overlap between the two aspects, they can
usually be distinguished; modern professional historians tend to be skeptical about speculative
philosophy of history.
Sometimes critical philosophy of history is included under historiography. Philosophy of history
should not be confused with the history of philosophy, which is the study of the development of
philosophical ideas in their historical context

Logicis the use and study of valid reasoning.[2][3] The study of logic features most prominently in the
subjects of philosophy, mathematics, and computer science.
Logic was studied in several ancient civilizations, including India,[4] China,[5] Persia and Greece.
In the West, logic was established as a formal discipline by Aristotle, who gave it a fundamental
place in philosophy. The study of logic was part of the classical trivium, which also included
grammar and rhetoric. Logic was further extended by Al-Farabi who categorized it into two

separate groups (idea and proof). Later, Avicenna revived the study of logic and developed
relationship between temporalis and the implication. In the East, logic was developed by Hindus,
Buddhists and Jains.
Logic is often divided into three parts: inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive
reasoning.