Fig. 1. The overall system after modification.

Fig. 2. Subsystem SG_grid_connect_controller.

Controller Design
With the SM disconnected from the utility, the SM is working as a swing bus supplying a 1MW load bus.
Since the governor and exciter are specifically tuned in stabilizing the synchronous machine, their gain
settings are remained unchanged here. In order to make the SM follow the frequency and voltage magnitude
of the utility, two PI-controllers are appended as the generation of frequency and voltage references of the
governor and exciter, respectively. First sense the three phase voltage on the utility side. The
phase-locked-loop controller is then employed to extract the frequency and d-axis voltage magnitude as the
commands for frequency and voltage controllers. The same processes are applied to the three phase voltage
on the SM side, which generate the feedbacks for frequency and voltage controllers.
Although the above PI-controllers can eliminate steady-state deviation in frequency and voltage, they
wont be able to eliminate any possible phase difference between the voltages on the utility side and SM side.
Two P-based controllers are therefore introduced. By transforming the voltage on SM side according to the
coordinates generated from the utility side, well be able to evaluate the phase difference. Assume the
phase-a voltage on SM side (denoted as Va) is leading the phase-a voltage on utility side (denoted as VA) by
90 degrees. Then as shown in Fig. 3, the portion appears on the d-axis will be 0, and the portion appears on
the q-axis will be 1 p.u. The two P-controllers are then arranged as follows: (i) d-axis: Vd from utility side as
command and Vd from SM side as feedback with negative P-gain; (ii) q-axis: 0 as command and Vq from
SM side as feedback with positive P-gain. These two control forces are then added to the sensed frequency
from the utility side, which force the SM to accelerate or decelerate accordingly.
Absolute values of the two indices for phase difference are also added together to determine whether to
process the utility connection or not. Worth to mention, since multiple zero crossing may occur, due to the
acc- and decelerating process of the SM, an additional decision making mechanism is included. It consists of
a 5-second delay after the first zero crossing on phase difference, and a reconfirmation after 5-second, which
ensures both the phase and frequency differences are within the desired range.
Time simulation results are shown in Figs. 4 to 9. The rising and falling of the additional green square
wave indicate the first zero crossing and the end of decision making delay, respectively. The utility
connection is then suspected to occur around t=7.6s. As one may observe, transient on the current and power
outputs of the SM due to the utility connection can be hardly caught. And the ASM is also almost unaffected
by the utility connection instant. One may also observe the interesting aligning between the voltages from
the utility side and SM side before around the first zero crossing, which is shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 3. Coordinates for dq transformation.

Vabc (V)

200
0
-200

10

10

400
Iabc (A)

200
0
-200
-400

PQabc (VA)

15

x 10

10
P
Q

5
0
-5

10

edq (p.u.)

1.5
1

ed

0.5

eq

0
-0.5
-1

5
time (s)

Fig. 4. Vabc 0~10s.

10

Vabc (V)

200
0
-200
7.5

7.55

7.6

7.65

7.7

7.75

7.8

7.55

7.6

7.65

7.7

7.75

7.8

400
Iabc (A)

200
0
-200
-400
7.5
5

x 10
PQabc (VA)

10
P
Q

0
7.5

7.55

7.6

7.65

7.7

7.75

edq (p.u.)

0.1

7.8

ed

0.05

eq

0
-0.05
-0.1
7.5

7.55

7.6

7.65
time (s)

7.7

7.75

Fig. 5. Vabc enlarged around the utility connection instance.

7.8

200

150

VABC Vabc (V)

100

50

-50

-100

-150

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.55
time (s)

2.6

Fig. 6. VABC and Vabc around the first zero crossing.

2.65

2.7

20

x 10

Pmec (W)

15
10
5
0
0

10

10

10

5
time (s)

10

Vf (p.u.)

6
4
2
0

Vt (p.u.)

1.05

0.95

w (p.u.)

1.05

0.95

Fig. 7. States of the SM.

600
400

IASM (A)

200
0
-200
-400
-600
0

10

10

1810
1800

wASM (rpm)

1790
1780
1770
1760
1750
1740
1730

Fig. 8. Currents and speed of the ASM 0~10s.

600
400

IASM (A)

200
0
-200
-400
-600
7.5

7.55

7.6

7.65

7.7

7.75

7.8

7.55

7.6

7.65

7.7

7.75

7.8

1788.81
1788.8

wASM (rpm)

1788.79
1788.78
1788.77
1788.76
1788.75
7.5

Fig. 9. Currents and speed of the ASM enlarged around the utility connection imstance.