Transmission 

&
Distribution of Electrical
Power
• A power system has three main stages
as given below
GENERATION

TRANSMISSION

DISTRIBUTION
• The place where power is generated is
known as power plant or power house.
• The power can be generated from many ways:­
I. Thermal power plant
II. Hydro power plant
III. Nuclear power plant
IV. Diesel power plant
V. Solar power plant
VI. Wind power plant
VII. Bio­gas power plant
       etc.
• Transmission of electricity
• It is a part of power system where the
electrical power transmitted from one power
station to another power station.
• It can be done by two ways:
1. By overhead transmission line
2. By underground transmission line
• Distribution system
• Distribution of power supply is the part of
power system where supply is distributed
among the consumers.
• It is also of two types:
1. By Overhead  lines
2. By underground lines
Single line diagram of power system
• Power system can be divided into three
major parts
• Generation :­ the bulk amount of power is
generated at the generating station. The large
generating stations are situated in remote
areas. Generally the power is generating at
11 KV at power station.
• This generating voltage is stepped up to the
132KV or more by the step up transformer
and then this voltage is transmitted by
overhead transmission lines.
• Transmission:­
• It is done in two stages:
1. Primary transmission: The electric power from
generating station is transmitted by overhead lines
to the receiving station. Here the supply is step
down upto 66KV or 33 KV.
2. Secondary Transmission: In secondary transmission
the power is received at receiving station (33 or 66
KV) and then transmitted to the substation. Here
power is further step down
upto 11 KV.
• Distribution :­
• After Transmission power is distributed among the
various consumers. It is done in two stages.
1. Primary Distribution: The power at substation (11KV)
is directly supplied to the large consumers like
industries of factories through the three phase lines.
2. Secondary Distribution: The supply from substation
is transferred to distribution transformer. Here the
supply is again the stepped down upto 400V and
distributed among the small or domestic consumers.
These distribution transformers are generally
located near localities.
Selection of voltage for H.T. & L.T. lines

• A.C. Power can be transmitted using H.T. & L.

T. Lines but we need to maintain the cost of
transmission.
• Transmission on high voltage is economical
but it increases the cost of switchgear and
other apparatus more.
• So the voltage is selected for the different
transmission lines based on their distance so
that the transmission of voltage is most
economical.
• The transmission voltage for which the cost
of transmission is minimum is known as
economic transmission voltage.

Capital cost
of A
transmission Your Text
Here
O B
Transmission
voltageFig (1)
• A graph in Fig(1) is drawn for the total cost of
transmission with respect to the lowest point
on the curve gives the optimum transmission
voltage.
• Point A is the lowest point and the
corresponding voltage OB is the optimum
transmission voltage.
• Selection Criteria for voltage level
Distance (Km) Voltage(KV)

0­20 11

20­60 33

60­120 66

120­240 132

240­480 220

480­800 400
• By empirical formula we can also find the
most economical voltage:­

• V= 5.5 √ (0.62 L + P/100)  KV

• Where V= line voltage in KV
•  P= Max. Power/phase in KW to be delivered
• L= Distance of transmission line.
Advantage of high voltage transmission
1. Conductor material volume is reduced:
      If the voltage is transmitted through the three phase lines.
Then load current ,
       I= P/√3 V cosø
And resistance of each conductor
      R= ρ . l/a
So total power loss
 W=3x I 2R =3 x P2ρ l/ 3 V2 cos 2 ø .a =P 2ρ l/ V 2 cos 2 ø a
So area of cross section of conductor
  a= P2ρ l/W V 2 cos 2 ø
Now the volume of conductor =3 a l= 3 P2ρ l 2/W V 2 cos 2 ø....(i)
Therefore Volume of conductor α 1/ v cosø
Hence for high voltage transmission less volume of conductor
required.
2. Efficiency of transmission lines is increased:

• So when resistance of line is constant ,

transmission line efficiency increases when
the line voltage increases.
• J=I/a (electric field intensity)
3.Percentage line drop reduced:
• Line drop = I R
                 =Ix ρ l/a
                 = Ix ρl x J/I
    line drop = ρlJ

% Line drop= ρlJ / V x100
As J,ρ, I are constant ,therefore percentage line
drop decreases when transmission voltage
increases.
 Assignment No.1
• Write the comparison between A.C. And D.C.
Transmission system.