Derivation of the energy equation

Starting from the Reynolds transport theorem:

= d V + v d
A
t system t CV
CS
(1)
Let

N=E , the total energy of the system. Then

E
=e , the energy per unit
m

mass, where

e=u+ gz +

v2
2
(2)

where

datum, and

is the unit mass internal energy,

is the velocity. Since

is the elevation from a specified

is an intensive property, its value does

not change unless the state of the system changes.

Substitution to Equation 1 gives
2

v
v
= u+ gz +
d V + u+ gz+
v d
A
t system t CV
2
2
CS
(3)
The term in the left hand side can also be rewritten, as indicated by the first law of
thermodynamics as

E
+W

=Q
t system
(4)
where

is the net heat input to the system, and

is the net work done to

the system. Several references defined the total done to the system as

W total=W pressure +W shaft +W viscous +W other

(5)

W other

includes work due to electromagnetic, molecular etc. forces, and is said to

be negligible in effect.

W viscous

includes work done by the shaft as it shears

pressure
W

through the fluid, and is also considered negligible in effect.

is given by

P
pressure = P v d
W
A= v d
A

CS
CS
(6)

W shaft

represents the net work done by the shaft on the system, and usually

consists of work done by turbines, and work done by pumps. That is,

W shaft =W pump W turbine

(7)
where the negative sign indicates extraction of energy. Combining the previous
equations, with appropriate differentiations with respect to time beforehand, with
Equation 3, one obtains
2

P v d
pump W
turbine= u+ gz+ v d V + u+ gz + v v d
Q
A +W
A
t CV
2
2
CS
CS
(8)
or
2

v
P
v
+W

Q
u+ gz+
d V + +u+ gz +
v d
A

pump W turbine =
t CV
2
2
CS
(9)
Noting that

v d A
CS

m
, the equation above can be

is the mass flow rate

rewritten as (evaluating the integral about the control surface),

2
2
2
+W
pumpW
turbine= u+ gz+ v d V + m
P +u+ gz + v m
P +u+ gz + v
Q
t CV
2

out

(10)

The factor

accounts for the non-uniformity of the velocity distribution across

the section and is called the kinetic energy correction factor. Of course, if the
flow is uniform,

=1 . Otherwise,
1
V
=
A A V

( ) dA
(11)

Assume that the flow is steady (as in the case of this experiment). Then the first
term of the RHS vanishes, yielding
2
2
+W
pumpW
turbine= m
P + u+ gz+ v m
P +u +gz + v
Q

out

(12)
For a single-inlet, single-outlet system, there will be one term for each summation in
the previous equation. Noting that

is constant, the equation becomes

2

P P I
v v
+W
pumpW
turbine=m
Q
O
+ uOu I + g z Og z I + O I

(13)
Dividing both sides by

m
g

and rearranging,

pump P O
turbine uOu I Q

PI
v 2I W
v 2O W
+ zI +
+
= + zO+
+
+
g
2 g mg

g
2g
mg

m
g
(14)
Now,

pump
W
mg

turbine
W
mg

is called the pump head and is denoted by

is called the turbine head, denoted by

transfer, friction, etc. are significant, the term

h P . Similarly,

hT . Finally, if effects of heat

u Ou I Q
m
g

is nonzero and is

termed as the head loss, given by

hL

. Therefore, the energy equation is now

given by

PI
v2
P
v2
+ z I + I +h P= O + z O+ O +hT + h L

2g

2g
(15)
If one makes the following assumptions: (1) the flow is uniform, (2) the effects of
heat transfer, friction, etc. are negligible, (3) there are no pumps and turbines, (4)
the flow is steady and (5) the flow is incompressible, the Bernoulli equation is
obtained.

PI
v 2I PO
v 2O
+ z I + = + zO+

2g
2g
(16)