Dravia heritage

-By Arun Kumar Upadhyay, Cuttack,

09437034172
arunupadhyay30@yahoo.in,
www.scribd.com/Arunupadhyay
1.Introduction-Since the time of discourse of Bhgavata pura by ukadeva in
last time of king Parkita (3042 BC), we listen to Bhgavata-mhtmya as in
Padma-pura, uttara khaa, chapter 1 of Bhgavata mhtmya tells that
Bhakti (devotion) was born in Dravia dea and grew in Karaka. It survived at
some places of Mahrra, but decayed with oldness in Gurjara. Finally, at
Vndvana, it gained its youth. Her 2 sons were Jna (knowledge) and Vairgya
(renunciation) who were still old and defunct.




( , - )
We normally think that Vedas have origin in north-west India in Indus valley
now called Sarasvat civilization. Dravia region is taken as southern states of
Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. Among pacha Dravia,
Maharashtra also is included. But the Dravia dea mentioned here does not
include Karnataka and Maharashtra. It may mean Tamilnadu or some parts now
merged on Indian ocean.
In time of Rmnujchrya (10171137 AD), 2 sources of Vedas were knownDravia and sanskta mnya. Rmnuja was expert in both-called ubhayamnya. In Tamil itself, there were 2 streams called-Vaa-kalai (galai) = northern
and Tena-kalai = southern.
When Rmnujchrya had visited Puri for
foundation of the present Jaganntha mandira, he noted both streams here.
Followers of Vedic tradition were called Pingala (Pingala had written Chhandastra, Chhandas = veda). Followers of Tamil (or Telugu) tradition were called
Tingala. iva as source of all streams of knowledge is Bahungala (Blung).
However, commentaries of Rmnuja indicate that essentially, but have same
knowledge, some procedures are different.
There are many indications that older Vedic traditions were in south-(1) Older
branch of yajurveda is called Taittirya-samhit, and a region Taittirika is counted
in south India in Matsya-pura, chapter 114
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(2)Jupiter year cycle-Older system of Pitmaha (Brahm) exists in south India
where jovian year is same as solar year (365 days 6 hours). Later system of
Vivasvn (Srya-siddhnta, revised by Maya Asura in 9,233 BC) is followed in
north India where jovian year is actual time of Jupiter in 1 sign by mean motion
(361 days 4 hours).
(3) Older name of town is Ur or Uru still used in south-Bengaluru, Mangaluru
(Karaka), Nelluru, Elluru (Andhra). It is also used in west region of Varua
where Ur was the oldest town of Iraq.
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(4) In space, Supara was the conscious being which started creation from Rasa
spread uniformly. As doer and watcher, it became a pair. On earth, it is Indra or
his associate. It had entered ocean and tended the land (relhi) and land also
loved him like son. Thus, Reddi word is used for land owner only in ndhra which
has maximum cultivation in coastal India. Supara word has been used for naval
chief (Suvann-nyaka) in ndhra and Karnataka. The place of Pka (mixing,

digestion) is still called Pak-strait between Tamilnadu and Srilanka-

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(5) Brhm script of 63 or 64 letters survives as Kannada and Telugu scripts
which retain hrasva-drgha-pluta forms of vowels not used in northern script of
Deva-ngar. Tamil is its short forms, which merges first 4 letters of each groups
of consonants. Separate objects are Brahma (countable are Gaea = pratyaka
i.e. visible Brahma). Its merging by Suveda (sveda = water) is Su-brahmaya
(name of Krttikeya, originator of Tamil)-Gopatha Brhmaa, prva (1/1). This
was a shorthand for international use and war.
(6) Do-vast (gveda 1/1/6) for night-day are used only in south. Elder brother
inherits the property, so he is annda (eater of anna) or ann. Younger brother
does not get any thing, so he is stambin (like dead wood) of tambi. It is peculiar
that Anna means elder brother in all 4 southern languages. Tambi is used only in
Tamil.
2. Sangama literature-Traditional views compiled by Dr. N. Mahalingam and his
society are quoted. Timing is as per Puras. Traditional records match more
accurately with geological estimates of glacial floods. Only difficulty is that they
were written by persons who did not grasp the cosmology part and mixed it with
descriptions on earth surface. We create more confusion by ignoring 7 units of
length (yojana) and 7 yugas and assume all units to be the same. Another point
is that Dravia, Sanskrit and Prkta records of Jaina should match-but we make
them separate for showing superiority of own group. Tamil tradition is preserved
as created in ancient sangamas (= congregation). But it was not a one time
meeting-it is establishment continuing for thousands of years.
First Sangam was held in old Madura-now submerged in Indian ocean. It
included Agastya (President), Tiripurametrittha Virisadaikkadavul (iva),
Kunramerinda Muruguvel (Muruga or Subrahmaniam), and Murnjiyur
Mudinagarayar (diea). Total of 459 members attended this and 4499 authors
submitted their writings. 89 Pyan kings (7 among them were poets)
patronized the first sangama, which lasted 4400 years. Main works in this were
Akattium (Agastyam), Paripadal, Mudunarai and Kalarvivirai.
Second Sangama was in another submerged town-Kapatapuram (Alaivai). It
included Agastya (second), Irundayur Kurungolimosi, Vellurkappian and other 49
members. It got works of 3700 poets and patronised by 59 Pyan kings for
3700 years. Main works by this were Akatthiam (Agastyam), Tolkappiyam,
Mapuranam (Maha-purana), Isai-Nunukham, Bhuta-puranam, Kali, Kuruku,
Vendali and Vyamalai. Sangam had 8149 works in library-all swept away by the
sea. Only Tolkappiyam has survived from these 2 sangamas.
Third Sangama was again at Madura (present) attended by 49 members and 449
authors submitted their works. This was presided over by poet Nakkirar whose 2
epics are famous-praise of Murugan and story of Pyan king Nedum. Another
poet Rudran Kannanar wrote Perumpanattrupadai (story of Kanchi) and
Pattinappalai (description of Pum-Puhar port in time of Chola king Karikala). 49
Pyan kings patronised it for 1850 years. Most famous work is Kural of
Tiruvalluvar, called Veda. 5 epics were-Silappadikaram, Manimekhalai,
Jivakachintamani, Valayapati and Kundalakesi. Jvaka was a surgeon of Magadha
who had operated on Siddhrtha Buddha (1887-1807 BC). Agastya was an
ancient sage who had gone to southern ocean-not merely south of Vindhyas.
Agastya star is in southern sky called Canopus at 52 42 south latitude in Argonavis group-now broken into 3 constellations. Agastya had crossed Jaladhi
(ocean, or drunk it), and the distance of Canopus is jaladhi (1014) yojanas. For
space yojana is half degree of equator = 55.5 km. So jaladhi yojana = 690 light
years which is distance of this star. Originator of first Agastya tradition was elder

brother of Vasiha who was 8th Vedavysa in (11,740-11,020 BC). He had

written first comprehensive grammar of Tamil and hence he must be after
Krttikeya whose time is fixed in 15800 BC. Then Pole start had shifted from
Abhijit (Vega) and year (rains) started with entry of sun in Dhanih star
(Mahbhrata, vana parva 23/8-10)
Thus first Sangama was from 11000 BC to 6600 BC. In 6777 BC, Dionysus had
attached India (Megasthenes) killing king Bhu of Srya-vama with help of
Haihaya and Tlajangha kings (Viu pura 4/3/26, Brahma pura
2/3/63/119-120125-127). Around this time this tradition appears to be over.
Second sangama might be after a break from 6200 BC (start of Kollam era on
death of Paraurma in 6197 BC) to 2500 BC. Around 2700 BC, Sarasvat river
had dried up and Hastinpura was submerged in time of Nichaku-6th Pava
king in Kali era from 3102 BC. Jaina Yudhiira aka started in 2634 BC-which
might be period of restoration of order by Prvantha-8th king of K in Kali
era. That was also the end of Vedic school of aunaka at Naimraya. Third
sangama may be from 2606 to 756 BC-when draka aka started (Jyotiadarpaa of Yallaya). That was decline in central power of Magadha and 33
ndhra kings ruled in 833-327 BC. Pya king in Mahbhrata war was
Malayadhvaja who was killed on day 16 of the war who has been stated as
superior to Bhma, Droa, Kara etc and he felt insulted by being called equal to
Arjuna and Ka. He was a great warrior expert in all branches specially of
elephants.
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3. Veda sangamas-Vedic literature also has started in similar way. It is
aparueya in the sense that it is collection of wisdom of many sages over the
years in same way as Tamil veda was created, or Grantha-saheb by Guru Arjuna
Devaji in 1600 AD which is also called Shabda (veda). In addition Vedas link
internal, physical and cosmic worlds. Knowledge had reached a peak before the
deluge in 31, 000 BC.
(1) Sdhya yuga-That was era of Devas who moved in vimnas. The Devas of
that era were called Yma and 4 groups as per profession were Sdhya,
Mahrjika, bhsvara, Tuita like present division of Brhmaa etc. Sdhyas
had developed science of production (yaja) and various forms and stages of
that were inter-linked. That era ended with excess heat from sun causing dry
weather first and then deluge.

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(2) Brahm yuga-Revival of civilization was done by Brahm who appeared as
Svyambuva Manu. The persons who extended his tradition were called his sons
(santna)-verse 55 above.
(//)-

(3) Indra yuga-After a long gap, Asuras became more powerful and were
supreme for 10 yugas (3600 years) from time of Kayapa (17500 BC). Then,
under patronage of 14 main Indras (specially Vaikuha Indra, many verses of
gveda were created. There were 2 groups-supporting Indra and Varua-who was
supporter of Indra. Indra group centered on radiant energy as source of universe
(centre to field). Varua group considered Ap (water like expanse of matter) as
source of creation (whole to part-analysis). Some verses are quoted from
Indravijaya of Madhusudan Ojha (Jodhpur University)
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(4) Bharadvja yuga-Charaka samhit indicates a meeting of several sages in
sub-Himalayan region. These include several sages of widely differing eras
including Agastya also. Charaka is a group of 12 branches of old Ka yajurveda
(Charaa-vyha of aunaka). is have been named after the subjects explained
by them-Kpya about kapha, Vta-vydhi about vta and Marchi about pitta
(sun centre in body creates, maricha cures it)
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Finally, Bharadvja contacted Indra, i.e extended his tradition. His story is given
in Taittirya brhmaa (3/10/11) that he devoted 3 lives to revive Vedas , , , - !
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Muaka upaniad (1/1/2-3) also tells about revival or extension of Vedas by
Bharadvja and his descendent. This appears to be after the glacial floods of
10,000 BC. As 19th Vysa, Bharadvja was in (6,340-5,980 BC).
(5) aunaka mahl-Just after Mahbhrata war aunaka started a session
at Naimraya attended by 88,000 scholars. That continued up to
Adhismaka, 4 generations after Parkita. In next generation of king
Nichaku, Hastinapur was drowned. This session was meant to last 1000 years as
stated at start of Bhgavata pura ,
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aunaka has always been called Mahla (Chancellor). He carried forward work
of ngirasa Bharadvja.

(//-)
In this the present division of vedic branches (kh) was done mostly according
to regions-codified in Charaa-vyha of aunaka. Current form of Vedas was
decided by Ka-Devaipyana, the 28th Vysa. He wrote Brahma-stras at
Badar-vila, where ankarchrya also wrote commentary later on. So he is
also called Bdaryaa.
(6) Vikramditya at Vil-Last conference was organized by Paramra king
Vikramditya of Ujjain (82 BC-19 AD) whose Vikrama era from 57 BC is still the
basis of all festivals in India. This was only for puras under guidance of Vetla
Bhaa, one of his 9 gems. The places where this was arranged were called
Vil, like mahl of aunaka. There are 3 places known as Vil, one is
Ujjayin itself, capital of Vikramditya (Meghadta 1/32 of Klidsa), Vail in
Bihar (famous as place of Bhagwan Mahavir), and Badar-vila, where diankara had written Brahma-stra-bhya in 494 BC. There could be a fourth in
south India also.
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Comparison with Dravia sangamas- Dravia traditions appears to be
Varua tradition named in gveda-both were ocean oriented (Drava = Vri =
liquid)-both had Ur (town). Dravia traditions are copied in all regions adjacent to
Indian ocean-(1) Malaylam-Malaysia, (2) Mumbai-Mombasa, (3) Kany-kumr =
Virgin Mary, (4) Ille in Tamil or ill in Arabic = no, (5) Many terms of shipping are
from Tamil. (6) Anam (Yenam) of Andhra and Vietnam.
Another feature was that north India was frequently attacked from west Asia and
educational institutes were destroyed. During glacial floods, continuity of
learning was maintained by Tamil-sangamas. Probably, that is meant by saying
that Bhakti was born in Dravia and grew in Karnataka.
(7) Pura chronology-This is explained in detail in my articles-Shaka and
Samvatsara, Panchanga (Hindi), Jaina and Vedic Heritage or books Snkhyasiddhnta (Hindi)-all on website www.scribd.com/Arunupadhyay.
Historic manvantara is of 26, 000 years of 71 yugas from Svyambuva Manu to
end of dvpara (3102 BC) when the puras were written. This is rotation period
of earths axis around pole (nka) of earth orbit. Rotation circle of north-pole in
sky has been called iumra-chakra in Viu pura (2/9) etc.
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Thus, 1 manvantara of 26, 000 years = 71 yuga,
1 yuga = 364.8 years = 360 years in round numbers
Matsya pura (273/76-77) explains it more clearly. From Svyambhuva to
Vaivasvata Manu, 43 yugas = 43 x 360 = 16000 years passed. Remaining 28
yugas have passed since Vaivasvata Manu. That will be 28 x 360 = 10080 years.
But, in yuga calculation, Satya +Tret + Dvpara =4800 +3600 + 2400 = 10800
years had passed till end of Dvpara or start of kali on 17-2-3102 BC. So,
Vaivasvata Manu was in 13902 BC.
-

Bhaviya pura also tells that 16000 years had passed from Svyambhuva to
Vaivasvata Manu. Svyambhuva Manu has been called dama and his wife
Havyavat = who takes havi i.e. eats (Eve of Bible or Havv of Koran)
, /-

360 years has been called Divya samvatsara. In context of saptari years, divya
year means solar year of 365.25 days and mnua (human) year is 12 rotations
of moon in 324 days. Thus, 1 saptari vara = 3030 mnua vara = 2700 divya
vara.
Exactly-3030 mnua years = 2717 solar years. 17 (or 18) extra years have been
indicated as sansarpa kla (Chandrvadna Kla-Tantra, by Chandrakanta Bali,
page 76).
The line joining 2 eastern stars of saptari group joins some point on zodiac-that
star is called star of saptari. In each star, it remains for 100 years. Thus, the
cycle is completed in 7 years 6 months of Divya years (7.5 x 360 = 2700 years).
In Vyu pura also, (57/17) and (99/419) give 2 values of 3030 mnua vara
and 2700 divya vara.
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3 saptari vara is equal to a Dhruva-samvatsara which has been called
Kraucha-samvatsara in Vyu pura. This is equal to 9090 mnua vara =
8100 solar years or 8151 exactly. This is about 1/3 of manvantara of 26000
years.

( , ///)
Yuga is of 12000 divya years with Satya, Tret, Dvpara and Kali having 4, 3, 2, 1
parts. For historic purpose, it means solar year. In astronomy, it means 360 solar
years. So, yuga will be of 43, 20,000 years-this is grand cycle of planets up to
Saturn which is called chakra (wheel) of sun. In this period, these planets make
round number of revolutions. 71 yugas or about 30.68 crore years is Manvantara
which is axial rotation period of galaxy.
Yugas start with descending order given above- Satya, Tret, Dvpara, Kali. That
is Apa (ava)-sarpi. This is like day of human Brahm. His night is utsarpi-in

reverse sequence of yugas-both combine to make day-night or an abda of

Brahm,
At present it is third Brahmbda /-


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Brahma pura (1/2/6/5-9, 16, 51, 52, 61, 70, 76) also describes them as
old, Varha and Smpratam (present). 26,000 years is the period of precession of
earths axis, called ayana-chakra in Indian astronomy. From position of equinox
point or of solstices, we can verify the yuga mathematically. Civil yuga is the real
cycle of glacial periods which is a combination of rotation of major axis of earths
orbit in about 1,00,000 years and precession of equinoxes in 26,000 years in
reverse direction. When earth is at apogee (highest point of earths orbit) or is
farthest from sun, it gets least heat. Combined with that, if the north-pole is
inclined away from sun, glaciation sets in. When north-pole is towards sun at
apogee, then there will be glacial flood. Thus, glacial cycle will be joint effect of
the two cycles, as propounded by Milancovich of Czechoslovakia in 1923. That
comes to 21,600 year cycle1/26,000 + 1/1,00,000 = 1/21,600
However, the real cycle is of 24,000 years as the speed of precession varies and
there is nutation also. Rotation of major axis also has some long term
components of 4, 12,000 years and above. It can be seen that nodes of glacial
cycle have always occurred in tret - floods in avasarpi and ice age in utsarpi.
In taking 24,000 year cycle, we are merging 312000 year cycle part of major axis
rotation with precession1/26,000 + 1/3,12,000 = 1/24,000
The yuga cycle also tallies with civilization as stated in Mahbhrata, nti parva
(232/31-34)

Dvpara is time of changes and revival, but yaja (science of production)
reaches to top in tret only. By taking cycle of 24,000 years instead of 26,000,
there has to be correction in cycle of 24,000 years, called Bja-sanskra by
Brahmagupta in his Brhma-sphua-siddhnta (1902 edition), madhyamadhikra,
61. Bhskarchrya-2 has in his Siddhnta-iromai, bh-paridhi, 7-8 has stated
in his comments that he does not know the logic, it was since gama (pura
tradition).
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Combining, dhruva-saptari and glacial cycles, the yuga cycle from 61,902 BC
will be as below. Estimates of glacial floods and ice ages are from modern

geology. According to this chart, glacial ice age will come now. This yuga system
appears to have started from Vaivasvata Manu, so period of Brahm falls in initial
Tret yuga
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For calculation saptari year of 2700 and Dhruva year of 8100 years have been
taken. Last saptari era started in Kali year 25 as per Rjatarangi, i.e. in 3076
BC when they left Magh nakatra. By backward calculation, Dhruva was
grandson of Svyambuva Manu and his death should be 3 cycles before that in
8151x3 = 24453 years before that in 27529 BC. One cycle after that, Kraucha
dvpa (north America) appears to be more powerful in period of Asura
supremacy, so it was called Kraucha-vatsara then.
8. Yuga Cycle
Day Of Brahm
Part
BC year Start of Yuga
Glacial cycle
Notes/Saptari period
61,902
Satya Ice age 69,200 (in Tret of previous
utsarpi)
Avasarpi
57,102 Tret
Glacial flood 58,100 BC-Maij era,
time of some
53,502 Dvpara sktas calculated on basis of nutation
in vedaDark age
51,102 Kali kla-niraya by Dinanatha Shastri Chulet,
Indore, 1925.
Day 1
49,902 Kali
Utsarpi
48,702 Dvpara
46,302 Tret
Ice age 45,500
42,702 Satya
37,902 Satya
Avasarpi
33,102 Tret
Glacial flood 31,100
Day 2
29,502 Dvpara dya Tret-Brahm-Varha Kalpa
dya (initial) yuga
27,102, Kali
29,102
(Svyambhuva Manu) 25,902 Kali
27,376Dhruva-0
24,702 Dvpara
43 x360 = 16,000 years
Utsarpi
22,302 Tret
Ice age 20,000
19,276Dhruva-1
18,702 Satya
13,902 Satya
13,102-Vaivasvata Manu 11,176Dhruva-2
Avasarpi
9,102 Tret
Glacial flood 9,200 8476-End of IkvkuSaptari-1
5,502 Dvpara
28 x 360 = 10,000
5,776Saptari-2
Day 3 (current)
3,102 KaIi
3,102 Kali
3,076-LaukikaSaptari-3
(Vaivasvata Manu)
1,902 Kali
Mahvra 1905, Siddhrtha Buddha
1887
702 Dvpara
draka-755, kambhar aka-612
Ut sarpi
1,699 AD Tret
1700-Industrial revolution
5,299 AD Satya 2000-End of Tret junction-Information
technology

Yuga parts-They are of 1 divya year or 360 years called parivarta yuga in Vyu
pura, chapter 98 in listing 28 Vysas. Parivarta means circle of 3600.
Parivartana means change-that ends 1 yuga.
Time of second Brahm Kayapa is taken as 17500 BC as there was Asura
supremacy for 10 yugas = 3600 years till Vaivasvata Manu in 13900 BC. He has
been given 4 parivarta of 1440 years. 4 parivarta yuga for Vaivasvata Yama also
have been taken as there was glacial floods after his period.
( )-









Start of Tret was in 22,302 and in 9,102 BC. These had 10 +10 = 20 parivarta
or parts. Even after second Tret ended in 5,502 BC, this counting continued till
age of Rma (birth on 11-2-4433 BC as per horoscope in Vlmki Rmyaa) as
era of advancement continued. Vyu pura, chapters (70, 86, 98) mentions
these partsAsura king Bali-3rd Tret This count should start from 22,302 BC, but this
yuga-system itself started after Vaivasvata Manu, hence it should more properly
be counted 3600 years before 13,902 BC, i.e. from 17,502 BC. Second Tret will
be completed in 16,802 BC and the third will continue till 16,442 BC. In this
period of Bali, Vmana had achieved supremacy of 3 lokas for Indra. But Asuras
thought that they could have defeated Devas in war and continued attacks.
Finally, Krttikeya defeated them convincingly. In his period, pole star had shifted
from Abhijit to Dhanih and in consultation with Brahm, he started year with
entry of sun in Dhanih (Mahbhrata udyoga parva, 230/8-10). That should be
in 15,800 BC. Bali period is 1 saptari = 2700 years after completion of Dhruva
cycle in 19,276 BC, i.e. after 16,576 BC when Asura empire based in Kraucha
Dvpa (north America) was most powerful.. Year started with south ward motion
of sun, or var (rains), so year itself was called vara.
Datttreya -10thTret,-It appears to be in 9102 BC when second Tret started
after end of glacial floods.
Mndht -15th Tret-started in 9102-4 x 360 =7,662 BC and continued till
7,302 BC. 18 generation after him was Bhu, who had been defeated by Yavanas
with help of Haihaya, Tlajangha, aka, Prada, Kmboja, and Pahlavas
(Brahma pura, 2/3/63/119-120). Megasthenes, Arian, Solin and other Greek
authors have given the date of this first Yavana attack by Dionysus (Bacchus) as
6451 years 3 months before Alexander, i.e. in 6,777 BC.
Paraurma-19th Tret - It started in 5502 + 2 x 360 = 7222 BC. After his
death, Kalamba (Kollam) samvat started in 6,177 BC which still continues in
Kerala. As incarnation of Viu, he has been called Hercules (as sun or Viu, he
holds the earth). He was 15 generations after Dionysus as per Greek writers. He
destroyed kings (kingdoms) 21 times, which has been called republic era for 120
years by the Greeks. This should start 120 years before the death of Paraurma
in 6297 BC, when he must have been about 30-35 years. Thus, he lived up to at
least 155 years of age, so he is famous as long lived.
Rma-24th Tret- This actually started 3 parivartas after end of Tret, i.e. 5502-3
x 360 = 4422 BC, i.e. when was 11 years of age. Thus his life was mostly in 24th
Tret.

9. Vysa
list-(1) Svyambhuva Manu (Brahm)-(29,102-17,500 BC)Svrochia, Tmasa, Raivata also were in this period.
(2) Kayapa (Brahma-Svari Manu)-(17,500-16,050 BC)-Chkua, and other
Svari Manus. In this period Pthu (17,050 BC) was most important king who did
extensive mining all over the world-so earth was called Pthv. This led to cooperation between Deva and Asuras for samudra-manthana which was worldwide joint exploration of minerals. Vena was father of Pthu and possibly a jaina
Trthankara as he has been blamed as Jaina in many Puras.
(3) an Kvya or ukrchrya (16,050-15,330 BC)-Son of Bhgu. Atharvaveda was by Bhgu-Angir. He was Guru (Preceptor) of Asura, Daitya, Dnava.
Treatises on Rjanti (politics+economics), Dhanurveda, yurveda, Puras were
written. Krttikeya starts new calendar in 15,800 BC with year from entry of sun
in Dhanih star.
(4) Bhaspati -(15,330-14,610 BC)-Complete form of Vedas. He explained
grammar for each word separately which is still used in China- where there is
separate sign for each word.
(5) Vivasvna (Savit)- (14,610-13,900 BC)-New calendar and yuga-system as
per Srya-siddhnta. Year started from vina month with entry of sun in mea
sign and crossing of equator in north motion of sun. Avasarpi yuga started with
Satya yuga. Then Tret, Dvpara came and ended after (4800 +3600 +2400 =
10,800 years) in 3102 BC.
(6) Vaivasvata-Yama (13,900-12,460 BC)-He was Ahur-Mazda (Asura-Mahdeva)
of Zend-Avesta. There was deluge in his period. He had explained the secrets of
death to Nachiket (Kahopaniad), so he is called rddha-Deva also. He is
called younger brother of Vaivasvata-Manu, but in action only. There is large
difference between their periods. His place was called Yama-loka, place of dead
with capital at Sanyaman Pur. These are now called Yaman, Amman, Sana,
Dead sea etc.
(7) Indra-atakratu (12,460-11,740 BC)-ata =100, Kratu = yaja = science of
producing desired objects in cycles. There were many Indras in 3600 years
supremacy of Devas, but 14 among them were important who ruled for 100
years each-and were called atakratu . Most of the sktas of Vedas were written
at time of 7th Indra-Vaikunha. Indra was Lokapla (ruler) of east direction (from
center of India). With assistance of Marut (Lokapla of north-west) who was
expert in science of sound-he made Deva-ngar script with 49 letters for 49
maruts in space of galaxy.
(8)Vasiha (11,740-11,020 BC)-He was son of Mitra (Sun-Iran)) and Varua
(Ahur-Mazda in Arab) both-may be link between two regions. 8th maala of kveda is by him.
(9) Apntaratam or Srasvata (11,020-10,300 BC)-Son of Sarasvat-Alambu
in gotra (family) of Dadhya-Atharvaa. He lived on banks of Gautam (Godvar)
where Brhm script is still current as Telugu and Kannaa.
(10)Tridhm or Mrkaeya (10,300-9,580 BC)-Datttreya taught Yoga-tantra
and Mrkaeya taught pura.
(11) abha-deva ji (9,580-8,860 BC)-After deluge he brought back supremacy
of Bhrata -first jaina-Trthankara of the current avasarpi. In his period, MayaAsura of Mexico revised Srya-siddhnta of Vivasvn
(12) Atri (8,860-8,500 BC)-Bhauma-Atri (of India, Bhmi or Bhloka among 3
lokas of Indra) was chrya (propounder) of yurveda. He also made shorter
method of solar eclipse. Snkhya-Atri went to north-west direction where his
Roman script has 25 (or 26 with extra-x) letters is still used, for 25 elements of
Snkhya.

(13) Dharma
or Nara-Nryaa (8,500-8,140 BC) - He taught Vedas in
Badarikrama. Guru tradition of ankarchrya starts with this Nryaa. This
is period of Kva-Medhtithi i and king Duyanta and his son Bharata.
(14) Suchkaa or Suchku (8,140-7,780 BC)-Period of Kings Marutta, Avikita,
Karandhama and is Gautama, Vmadeva.
(15) Tryrua (7,780-7,420 BC)-Period of king Mndht in line of Ikvku, and
king Angra of Gndhra.
(16) Dhanajaya (7,420-7,060 BC) i Bharadvja was inDa-rja war in about
7,200 BC.
(17) Ktajaya (7,060-6,700 BC)
Attack by Gaysura or Asita-Dhanv on India
in 6,777
(18) tajaya (6,700-6,340 BC)
BC - Dionysus, or Bacchus) as per
Megasthenes.
(19) Bharadvja (6,340-5,980 BC)-Purohita (advisor) of emperor Chyamna (of
Persia) and Divodsa (of K)-both.
(20) Gautama (5,980-5,620 BC)-He resided on banks of Gautam (Godvar)wrote stras of Nyya-darana. Period of Jamadagni, Harichandra. Paraurma,
Krttavrya Arjuna.
(21)Vchaspati or Niryantara (5,620-5,260 BC)-Yavanas were expelled by king
Sagara, supremacy on oceans. His grandson Bhagratha brought down Gang
(some glaciers of Himlaya merged with it.
(22) Sukalya or Somaua (5,260-4,900 BC)-is Pulastya and Virav.
Institute of Paraurma ends with tret.
(23) Tavindu (4,900-4,540 BC)-He was emperor. His daughter married to
Pulastya, father of Rvaa, Kubera.
(24)Vlmki (4,540-4,180 BC)-Period of Rma, son of Daaratha (4433-4262 BC).
Also of Rvaa, Hanumn.
(25) akti-Vsiha (4,180-3,820 BC)-Method of Veda-pha (recitation).
(26) Jtkarya (3,820-3,460 BC)-Student of Parara, but period is before him.
Kada wrote Vaieika-stras.
(27) Parara (3,460-3,100 BC)-Teacher of Viu-pura. Divided Purasamhit in 100 crore verses into 18 puras of 4 lakh verses. 2 streams of
astronomy-of ryabhaa (Svyambhuva or Pitmaha) and Parara (Sryasiddhnta or Maitreya mentioned in Viu-pura).
(28)Veda-Vysa (from 3,100 BC till today)-Son of Satyavat (later on married to
king antanu) and Parara-Ka-Dvaipyana. Wrote Bhgavata pura,
Brahma-stra, commentary on Yoga-stra of Patajali. Divided Vedas into many
branches to preserve the knowledge. There was no further Vysa , so it is still
called 28th kali.
10. Kings of Kali-(1) 22 kings of Brhadratha dynasty in Magadha-1006 years3138-2132 BC
(2) 5 Pradyota kings-138 years-2132-1994 BC.
(3) 10 iunga kings-360 years-1994-1634 BC
(4) Mahpadma-nanda and 8 sons-100 years-1634-1534 BC.
(6) 12 Maurya kings-316 years-1534-1218 BC.
(7) 10 unga kings- 300 years-1218-918 BC
(8) 4 Kva kings-85 years-918-833 BC
(9) 33 ndhra kings-506 years-833-327 BC
(10) 11 Gupta kings-327-82 BC
(11) Vikramditya of Ujjain-82 BC-19 AD
(12) His grandson livhana -78 AD-138 AD
(13) 20 kings till Pthvrja Chauhna-1192 BC.
r Rma-birth 11-2-4433 BC, Prabhava year in both systems, Sunday, death 2234365 BC.

Bhagavn Ka-birth 19-7-3228 BC, death-17-2-3102 BC

Bhagvan Mahvra 11-3-1905 BC, Chaitra ukla 11.
Siddhrtha Buddha, birth 31-3-1886 BC, death 27-3-1807-both on Vaikha
prim.
di ankara-birth 4-4-509 BC, death in 477 BC
Important calenders-(1) Svyambhuva Manu-29102 BC-year from Abhijit.
(2) Kayapa-17502 BC (3) Krttikeya-15800 BC (approximate)-year from
Dhanih continued in Vednga jyotia till Mahbhrata.
(4) Vaivasvata Manu-13902 BC-start of year from spring equinox-Chaitra month.
Glacial floods 10000-9500 BC. Yuga cycle started with satya yuga of 4800 years.
(5) abhadeva-9500 BC (appr.). Revision of Srya siddhnta in 9233 BC by
Maya Asura 900 west from Ujjain (alpa =131 years before end of Satya-yuga).
(6) Ikvku-1-11-8576 BC (Chaitra ukla pratipad)-Dr. Mahlingam.
(7) King Bhu killed by Dionysus in 6777 BC. Paraurma (Kalamba = Kollam)6177 BC
(8) Yudhihira aka 17-12-3139 BC, Bhma expired 5 days after that on start of
Uttaryaa on 22 December on Mgha ukla aam. Kali era started on 17-23102 BC, Wednesday, Ujjain midnight on death of r Ka. It was Vijaya
samvatsara by Srya siddhnta and Pramth by Pitmaha siddhnta followed in
south India. Jaybhyudaya aka after 6 month 11 days (188 days on 24-8-3102
BC when Jaya samvatsara started (north system) and Pavas went for
abhyudaya. On death of Yudhihira in kali year 25 (3076 BC), Laukika era
started in Kashmir-when Saptaris left Magh star.
(9) Jaina Yudhiira aka from 2634 BC (sanysa or death of Prvantha).
(10) Nanda aka-1634 BC.
(11) draka aka-756 BC.
(12) Chhamna or kambhar aka- 612 BC-destruction of Assyrian capital
Nineve by Chhamna of Medes (Madhyadea) east of Sindhu. (BibleWiki-Media,
Jewish Encyclopedia-Nineve, Bhat samhit 13/3, Cha pha 11/38)
(13) Vra nirva-527 BC from death of Klakchrya (599-527 BC), guru of
Kumrila Bhaa as per Jinavijaya mahkvya.
(14) rhara aka-456 BC-end of 300 year democracy starting with draka of
Mlav.
(15) Vikrama samvat by paramra king Vikramditya of Ujjain-57 BC. From
Chaitra at Paupatintha (Nepal) and from Krttika at Somantha (Gujrat).
(16) livhana aka-78 AD.
(17) Kalachuri or Chedi aka-248 AD
(18) Valabh (bhanga) aka-319 AD-end of later Guptas in Gujrat.
(19) Chlukya Vikrama-1075 AD from Krttika.
(20) Rja aka (Shivaji) 1673 AD.

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11. Kumrik Khaa-Universally, all puras tell the present India as
Kumrik-khaa, which is triangular in south and rectangular in north (tiryakyma). This is between Himlaya in north and ocean in south. It is called Bhrata
and its people are Bhrat. Extending Himlaya line east and west almost
touching oceans defines Bhrata-vara having 9 parts where Kumrik or
Bhrata -khaa is the main standard for conduct and others follow it. The 9
parts cover 900 longitude width in north hemisphere-other 3 parts are Bhadrva

in east, Ketumla in west and Kuru opposite or beyond north pole (sumeru).
These are like 4 petals of earth-lotus.
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4 names of Bhrata-(1) Seen from south ocean, it is triangular. A triangle with
vertex down (south) is called akti-trikoa (female triangle). As source of conduct
and knowledge, it is root or first female form called Kumr or Kumrik. (2) Seen
from north, it is bounded by Himlayas in shape of crescent moon. Huensang
(translated by Beal) has written that Bhrata is called Indu (moon) due to 3
reasons-it is in shape of moon in north end, it is cool like moon and it spreads
light of knowledge to world like moon spreads light. Greeks called Indu as Inde
which has become India. (3) As a natural division of Jamb-dvpa bound by
Himlaya, it was called Himavat vara. Both have north boundary in shape of
bow (dhanua). Only Kumrik-khaa has moon like boundary, all 9 regions
have 2 moons joined in bow shape. (4) Manu or rulers of this country always fed
the world (written by all Greek writers also), so they were called Bharata and the
country as Bhrata. Bhrata name became more famous after rule of
abhadevaji whose son was chakravart Bharata.
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This last quote from Skanda pura tells that some islands have submerged in
ocean (partly or totally), only this Kumrik-khaa survives completely.
12. World divisions-There are 7 lokas (worlds) in space which start with earth
planet called (1) Bh-loka. Earth is measuring rod and other higher (bigger) lokas
are measured in exponential scale. There are other units also explained in my
article units of length and time on website-scribd/Arunupadhyay. Earth has 3
spherical zones starting from centre. Ahar measures increase by 2 at each leveltheir count is ahargaa. Ahargaa 4 has 2 times size of earth. Radius of
Ahargaa n is 2 power (n-3) in units of earth radius.
(2) Chandra maala is sphere covering moon orbit of 9 ahargaa. This has been
called Jamb-dvpa of 50000 yojana radius in Bhgavata, skandha 5 etc. Bhvarha is up to 15 ahargaa-material of this region was condensed into earth. In
parts of Triup chhanda, (11 x 4 akara) Bhuvar loka is region of 22 ahargaa-up
to Uranus orbit is called Loka (bright) part of wheel shaped earth (planetary
system) of 50 crore yojana diameter. Solar wind (-daa-yajur veda 1/1)
extends up to this region-boundary of 18000 sun-diameters in Viu pura
(2/8/4).
(3) Svar loka is solar system up to 33 ahargaa. In other units, ratha (body) of
solar system has been stated as 157 lakh yojanas Viu pura (2/8/3).
(4) Mahar loka is of 43 ahargaa. This is sphere enclosing width of spiral arm of
galaxy around sun. The spiral arm itself is ea-nga and 1000 stars in mahar
loka are its 1000 heads. On one of the heads (solar system) earth is like a dot.
(5) Janah loka is galaxy of 49 ahargaa. In units of dhma yojana (half degree of
equator = 55.5 km), its circumference is stated parrdha (Kahopaniad 1/3/1,
gveda 1/164/12) = 0.5 x 1017 = 97000 light years.
(6) Tapah loka is visible universe from which light can theoretically reach us. Its
size is 67 ahargaa, or 264 of earth size (64 letters in Brhm script) or radius of
8.64 billion light years-called day-night of Brahm.
(7) Satya loka is infinite universe called 1000 heads of Purua. It is tri-satya i.e.
same in all places, directions and times.
Lokas on earth are divisions in the world map from equator to north pole which
contains Bhrata-vara. It covers 450 east and west from Ujjain. These are(1)Bhloka south of Vindhya or 210 latitude. Tirupati at 150 latitude is Bh-varha
region corresponding to 15 ahargaa zone in space.
(2) Bhuvar loka is between Vindyha and Himlaya, also called Madhyama-loka
(within Bhrata-Raghuvama 2/42 etc)
(3) Svar loka-is Himlaya. At 33 ahargaa, energy of sun is like dead egg
(Mrtaa). So there was a Mrtaa-mandira in Kashmir at 330 latitude. Main
region is Tibet which has been called svarga (Tri-viap). Here, viap (= tree)
means catchment area of rivers which collect water like roots of a tree. Viu
viap is catchment of Sindhu, iva-viap (ja of iva) is catchment of Gangsystem and Brahma-viap is catchment of Brahmaputra.
(4) Mahar loka is China as its people were called mahn (Han) by Brahm. As
centre of 7 lokas, it is middle kingdom.
(5) Janah loka is Mangolia. Janah loka is final place of souls (jannat of Koran) as
per Viu pura 2/7/12). Mukul in Arabic also means preta who is mukta (free)
from body.
(6) Tapas loka is Siberia (steppes = tapas).
(7) Satya loka is arctic circle. It is coolest like expanse of universe.
These lokas were created on pattern of space- , (//)




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Seven dvpas are 7 continents of earth. But the circular Jamb dvpa and ring
shaped other dvpas are orbits of planets as seen from earth. Dvpas on earth
surface are(1)Jamb dvpa Asia containing India.
(2) aka dvpa Australia-south east of India (Mahbhrata 12/14/21-25,
Rmyaa), full of kua (pillar shape) trees-Eucalyptus of many varieties,
worship of Viu as Sun or fire (agni-koa)-south east direction. In direction of
Agni, it was also called Anga dvpa (Vyu, 40) Chakragiri (semi circular mountain
in east), gold mines.
(3) Kua dvpa Africa is full of kua specially in north deserts and south west.
Ezypt and Ethiopea were called Kua.
(4) lmali dvpa This is south Africa having many trees of variety. It includes
east island of Madagaskar (Malgassy) called Haria dvpa of puras.
(5) Kraucha dvpa-This has been called west of Meru and in north (Mahbhrata
12/14/21-25, 16/25). Bhat samhit and Rmyaa locate it in north. Thus it is
north America which has Rockies mountain in same shape of a flying bird
(kraucha).
(6) Plaka dvpa-This has also been called Gomeda dvpa in Varha and Matsya
puras. This is Europe which has trees of Plaka type in south and gomeda
(white froth and floating ice) in north.
(7) Pukara dvpa-This is south America, directly opposite to Pukara (Bukhara)
120 west of Ujjain at 340 north latitude. It has Andes mountain along north-south
dividing it into 2 regions-one is dry (west), the other is full of water. Its branch in
north-west is semi-circular called Mnasa and its son Mahvia. North east also is
bound by semi-circular mountain enclosing largest river valley of Amazon.
13. Map Divisions-It has always been stated that Bhrata, Bhadrva,
Ketumla and Uttara-kuru cover fourth part of globe (north hemisphere) i.w. 90 0
longitude width each like 4 petals of earth lotus. There should be similar division
in south hemsphere also. Bhrata map from equator to north pole has 7 lokas. It
is 450 on both sides of Ujjain at karka rekh or Lank at equator at 75043 east
from Greenwich. Remaining 7 sheets-3 in north and 4 in south are 7 Talas.
Muzaffar Ali has interpreted tala as Iklim of Arabic which means inclined plane
and is origin of word climate (Geography of Puranas, page 30). Seen from
Bhrata (or any place on globe) all others will appear down inclined at varying
degrees. As main part of Bhrata is called Kumrik-khaa, the opposite part in
south can also be called Kumrik-khaa (ocean, or south). Viu pura
(2/5/2) calls it Gabhastimat which has been counted as one of 9 parts of Bhratavara in same pura (2/3/6 and all others). Thus this was considered an
extension of Bhrata in south and still called Indian ocean. Similarly, it was
Kumrik-khaa (samudra) whose main island was Gabhastimn. The 7 Talas
are named differently in different purasViu-Atala, Vitala, Nitala, Gabhastimat, Mahtala, Sutala, Ptla.
Brahma-Tatvala, Sutala, Taltala, Atala, Tala, Rastala, Ptla.
Bhgavata-Atala, Vitala, Sutala, Taltala, Mahtala, Rastala, Ptla.
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Maps of these places were in different colours as indicated in Viu pura
(2/5/17-22). Important places of each have also been given like Prahlda ruled
Taltala, Bali went to Sutala, Maya in Atala etc.
Texts of astronomy have given cardinal points on earth separated from Lank or
Ujjain at intervals of 900 each. Yama-koi-pattana is 900 east (Yama Dvpa =
Antarctica, Yama is lord of south, yama = 2, Yama-koi dvpa is nearest twin
island Newzealand, its south western tip is 90 0 east), Romaka-pattana is 900 west
(Konacry = Korka or some place west of Rabat = place of sun)-both are ports
(pattana). 1800 east (or west) is Siddhapura where Brahm had constructed a
dvra to mark the end of east direction (Rmyaa, Kikindh ka 40/54, 64)that is place of greatest Pyramid in Mexico. This was not a pattana or a coastal
town.

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Puras give 4 cardinal towns of Indra-Vasvaukasr, Soma-Vibhvar (900 east),
Varua-Sukh (1800 east), and Yama-Sanyaman (900 west) separated by 900
longitude. These could be at junction of Talas or could be earlier division at time
of Svyambhuva Manu.
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7 talas are as per Brahma purna 91/2/20)(1) Tala = Ka-bhmi, house of Indra and Namuchi-also called Gabhastimn,
Kumrik Samudra. South globe from 300 43 (or 310) east to 1210 east.
Madhusdan Ojha has identified it as Maluku island between Borneo and Papuanew Guinea at about127.50 east. However, in Indian ocean, it could be
Madagaskar.
(2) Sutala = Pu-bhmi,-House of Mahjambha, vipras, daitya, ankha, Kadru
and Takaka etc. North Globe from 120034 east to 1490 17 west. (Su = north as
in Sumeru, from Japan = Pachajana)
(3) Taltala = Nla-bhmi-Prahlda (Til-At-tala Amarna in Ezypt), Nla river in
Africa, Traka Asura and Tripura (Tripoli) -South Globe from 590 west to 300 43
east.
(4) Atala = Pta-bhmi-Garua, Klanemi (Dnavas near Danube, Daityas near
Deutsch, Duch). Atala = Italy, Atalntaka (ocean at its end) = north Atlantic, old
Atlantis island. North Globe from 590 17 west to 300 43 east.
(5) Tala or Mahtala = arkar-bhmi-Virochana, Hirayka, Ml, Vidyut-jihva.
South Atlantic beyond Mali in west Africa. Hirayka was in Amazon delta as per
Zend-Avesta. Warrior women of Mali were also called Amazon. South AtlanticSouth Globe from 590 17 west to 1490 17 west.
(6) Rastala = il-bhmi-Vsuki, Daitya Kesar, Pulom, Suram-putra of 100
heads. This is opposite to Bhrata. South Globe from 120 034 east to 1490 17
west.
(7) Ptla is just opposite to Rastala in North Globe from 120 034 east to 1490
17 west.
Ananta-Its description in Bhgavata and Viu puras given above gives 3
meanings(1) It is the infinite source of universe from which fourth part is created universecalled Purua. Uncreated source is variously called as ucchhia Gaapati,
Jyeha Brahma, ea etc. All 4 parts of universe are indicated by long vowelPrua.
(2) Within galaxy, it is the spiral arm containing sun. Sun is located 30000 light
years (called yojana) from galactic centre in Mla nakatra (Bhgavata, 5/25/1).
Width of spiral arm around sun is about 1500 light years (2 40 x earth size). There
are 1000 stars in sphere of that diameter, called Maharloka in fom of Vyu
(motion within galaxy). These are 1000 heads of ea. Sun is one such head. In
solar system, earth is just a dot.
(3) On earth-While earth is mapped in 8 sheets indicated by 7 lokas and 7
Ptlas, the scales near pole region become very large, reaching infinite at pole
(plane projection). North pole is water zone, but land mass of Antarctica will be
infinite-so it is called Ananta. Its map has to be made separately.

14. Kumrik Samudra-To differentiate rom Kumrik-khaa = Bhrata, this

has been written Kumrik-samudra in stead of Khaa as it is mostly ocean.
Quotation of Skanda pura at end of para 11 indicates that some of islands of
Bhrata-vara have submerged now. Two main islands are Lank and Simhalaalways counted separately. Present Srilanka is Simhala. Lank is mostly
submerged now-its remnants are from Laccadiv to Maldiv islands. It is evident by
many points(1) Always counted separately.
, ()- ---() -- - ()
(2) Lank is at longitude of Ujain at equator. Srilanka is 50 east of that line and 60
-80 norh of equator.
(3) Lank has been always stated 100 yojana south of coast with length of 100
yojana and wdth of 30 yojanas. Simhala (Srilanka) is 44 yojana long and 30.5
yojana wide (yojana = 12.8 km).
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(4) Lank was the original place of Mli and his descendent Mlyavn as in above
quotation. So it was also called Mli or Mleya dvpa (Maldiv).
(5) Time of Lank was world time, hence its lord was called Kubera (Ku = earth,
Bera or Vel = time). Trika mountain was almost at this point, its north face
was Subela where Rma army had made its camp. The subsidiary reference
points were also named Lank later on like Lancashire (Stonehenge at 78 0 or 13
daa west) or last Lank in Vras, where Mna-yantra (observatory) was
made by king Jaisingh in 1700 AD. Langkawi island off west coast of Malaysia at
99 43' E, 6 20 N, ie. Exactly 24 0 = 1 muhrtta east of Lank, Ban Phu langka
of Thailand is at same longitude. New town is slightly east. Langka La of
Arunachala 160 east from Lank.
(6) However, bridge was made from Rameshvaram to Mannar coast. There was a
famous Mantan port situated at east part of this district as indicated in old Tamil
texts. There is another coastal town north from that called Veravila (hole in vari
= water). A port of similar name is in Somanath of Gujrat. Though Simhala is
separate, it was politically part of Lank in time of Rvaa. Bridge length has
been called 100 yojana. It could have 2 meanings-(1) it had 100 spans or yojana
may be different for bridge measurement. (2) Total distance from Rameshvaram
to Lank via Simhal was 100 yojanas. There could be a natural land link from
Simhala to Lank. Lank at Maldiv was obviously well protected and with long

gap of ocean, so Rma chose eastern route with 22 kms (now) sea-gap. Natural
under-sea rocks could provide foundation for floating or suspension bridge.
Islands of Kumrik-samudra-Bhgavata pura (5/19/29-30) and DevBhgavata (8/11/30-32) name 8 islands surrounding Jamb-dvpa. These were on
all 4 sides in ocean occupied by king Sagara. Like him, Peter the Great of Russia
tried to extend empire to ocean in all 4 directions. Mndht before Sagara had
influence all over world, so that sun was always rising and setting at some
placeunder his empire. That saying was copied by British empire that sun never
sets in it.
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These have been identified by Madhusudan Ojha in Indravijaya as(1) vartana-Britain (Vartania in Arabic) including Ireland. He includes Iceland
also-that could be veta dvpa.
(2) Nramaaka = Norway (similarity of English version of name). There are 3
loka divisions in Europe also-Mediterranean coast is Bh, Bavarian plain is
Bhuvar and Scandinavia is Svar loka. In cold region plain area is svarga and high
land is narka. The real names are Svege (Sweden) and Norge (Norway).
(3) Mandara Haria-Novaya Zemlya (new land in Russian) in north sea. That is
most importantisland in that area having Renedeers. In Norwegian, it is
Gselandet (Goose Land). His is twin island, one can be Mandara, other Haria.
(4) Pachajana-It is obviously Japan or Nippon-a group of 5 islands-Honshu,
Sikokyu, Kyushu, Hokkaido and Sakhalin (captured by Russia). Conch of Viu is
called Pchajanya. Even now this is biggest source of conches.
(5) Chandra-ukla-Philppines. This was given to Gandharva king Chandra by
Pais (ukla = ulka = gift).
(6) Svaraprastha-Indonesian group. This is also indicated in Rmyaa
(4/40/30) quoted above-gate to mark end of east direction.
(7) Simhala-Present Srilanka.
(8) Lank-Laccadiv and Maldiv and continuous land between them in past.
Lands in southern ocean-These have been named in Rmyaa (4/41) as (1)
Pya capital of golden doors-Kaba, (2) Lank under Rvaa includes Simhala
also, (3) Pupitaka giri, (4) Sryavn parvata, (5) Vaidyuta parvata after 14
yojanas-These 3 can be Diego Garcia, Mauritius-Seycheles. (6) Kunjara parvata
having house of Agastya. That could have same south latitude as Agastya star
(Canopus) 52 42'. Bhogavat town of Sarpas. (7) Mahvabha parvata in Pit
loka (south polar circle-mountain of Antarctica).
,

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Biggest island in this is Madagaskar or Malgassy, which is derivative of

Mgavydha, a group ofstars called Canis major. This was Haria dvpa where
Apntaratam had done tapa as per Garga samhit (7/40/25) Brightest star
Sirius has south latitude of 16 0 38 46. The group extends from 15 to 30 deg.
South, almost same as that of Malgassy. Kunjara Parvata of Agastya can be
Kerguele group under France at about 490 south lat.