1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Cadastral surveying in Malaysia is a procedure that produces a map or plan for
a land parcel or a group of land parcel. The boundary mark and boundary line are
need to be show without any hesitating. Every line should have the value of bearing
and distance consequent to the accuracy of surveying follow to the circular and land
law.
Now a day, all survey work in Malaysia use e - Kadaster system to make sure
that the title survey more systematic and more efficient. According to the Circular
PUK 2009, the implementations of this e - Kadaster directly and indirectly influence
the conduct and procedures in carrying out the field work measures and processing in
the office. In this context, the cadastral survey that has been based on computing will
become more efficient.
GPS technology efficiently provides users precise positions. Nowadays, by
using modern GPS techniques such as Rapid-Static, Stop & Go and Real Time
Kinematics (RTK), many points can be observed in a relatively short period of time
with good accuracy as those obtainable by conventional EDM/Total Station
surveying. These can increase productivity, reduce cost and manpower, and at the
same time is capable to challenge the cadastre task. Furthermore, for multipurpose
cadastre surveys, GPS positioning is a desirable and adequate method for establishing
and strengthening the national and regional geodetic networks.
For this task, we were required to do a standard traverse to compare the
reading between solar observations and global positioning system (GPS). The
standard traverse is a series of high accuracy traverse. The linear accuracy in 1:25000
and the angular is 1.5 per station. The purpose of standard traverse is to density
secondary control point and as a control network for cadastral survey. It is for any
precise job such as control network for cadastral survey, mapping and geodetic
control network.
The standard traverse is done by observing horizontal distance, horizontal
angle, solar observation and GPS observation. The standard traverse observes by
angle method which is define the interior and exterior angle and the total should be
360. The solar observation is needed for the azimuth control at the starting bearing
and the correction for the traverse.

We had been given a task for standard traverse at around UiTM Perlis. We starting
and closing the standard traverse with CRM point.

1.1 Executive Summary

1.1.1

Name of Project
Standard Traverse

1.1.2

Objective

To compare the reading between solar observation and GPS

(Global Positioning System) by using CRM as control point.

To carry out Standard Traverse Survey in accordance with Survey

Department practice.

To expose student using instrument in horizontal angle

measurement concept and understanding the method whereby
never used before this.

1.1.3

Scope of work
In this practical, we plant the CRM point by using a steel pipe with
cement. So, the pipe will not easily disturbance. Solar and GPS
observation were used as a method to achieve the objective.
AutoCAD 2007 was used as software to draw a certified plan and
show standard traverse network.

1.2 Site Location

The location for this practical was around UiTM Perlis. Refer Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2: Location of plan

2.0 THEORY OF WORK

There are the characteristics of the theory of cadastral surveying need to follow to get
the best result and work.

2.1 Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance is very important to get the general view and to know the
real topographical surface of the survey site.

To get the overall picture of the area to be survey can be done smoothly.

To identify any obstacles.

To locate traversing stations.

2.2 Station Marking

The traversing stations must be marked several days prior before

observation.

The traversing stations place in firm, stable and on level ground.

The traversing stations using pipe driven in concrete because stations

must be permanent and harder to disturbed.

2.3 Horizontal Angle Measurement

Standard traverse
Standard traverse consist a series of traverses high accuracy. The linear
accuracy in 1:25000 and the angular is 1.5 per station. The purpose of
standard traverse is to density secondary control point and as a control
network for cadastral survey. Beside that it used for mapping and
geodetic control network.

Control traverse
Control traverse is a series of control station to forming a network. The
linear accuracy in 1:15000 and the angular is 3.0 per station. It uses for
engineering work, monitoring, setting out, constructions and etc.
Since this traverses is needed and important to get the high accuracy, so
all the work must be properly done to avoid the errors. (human error,
gross error and an instrument error).

2.4 Azimuth control

The azimuth controls get by doing solar observation.

The angular check by solar observation at intervals not exceeding 25

stations.

The true bearing from solar observation was compared between Global
Positioning System (GPS).

2.5 Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPS satellite navigation system which is provides the location and time
information.

Geodetic GPS network for Peninsular Malaysia was first observed in

early 1992 and completed 1993 providing a consistence set of coordinates
in WGS84.

The GPS surveying has been practiced for various applications which
particularly in providing control for large engineering projects.

2.6 Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM)

According to survey circular 2009, part of survey datum is two new CRM
with distance not less than 30 meter.

The observation can be in static method with condition that both points
must observe on same time.

The observation takes about 40 minutes except the master set observation
where the observation was about an hour.

2.7 Adjustment

Tolerance between internal and external angle angle is 5

Applied M correction

Final bearing for each line to be computed.

2.8 Angular and Linear Misclosure

Angular 1.5 per station

Linear misclosure 1:25000

3.0 EQUIPMENT
3.1 Standard Traverse equipment
Equipment

Usage

Total station

Total station is the most important

equipment in survey.

It is used in traversing and detail survey.

Can be obtain bearings and distances

almost accurate using this equipment.

To get the straight line of sight.

As reflector unit where it will give the

Prism

information about bearing and distance

during the observation

Tripod

To hold the total station prism.

To make sure the total station or prism

is correctly positioned on the point and
level.

Hammer

Used to knock the nail at the hard

surface

Nail

Used to mark the station at the hard

surface

Figure 3.1: List of Traverse equipment

5

3.2 Solar Observation equipment

Equipment

Usage

Total station

Total station is the most important

equipment in survey.

It is used in traversing and detail

survey.

Can be obtain bearings and distances

almost accurate using this equipment.

To get the straight line of sight.

As reflector unit where it will give the

Prism

information about bearing and distance

during the observation

Tripod

To hold the total station prism.

To make sure the total station or

prism is correctly positioned on the
point and level.

Sunglasses

Used with total station when during

solar observation and to prevent eyes
from directly contact with ultraviolet
radiation.

Figure 3.2: List of Solar observation equipment

3.3 Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment

Equipment

Usage

Receiver

Tribach

Receive data from satellite.

X,Yand Z data.

Used to attach base and rover.

Figure 3.2: List of GPS equipment

4.0 PROCEDURES OF WORK

4.1 Flow chart of work

Preparation
1. Reconnaissance
2. Station marking

Field Work
1. Differential Field Test (DFT)
2. Traversing
3. Solar Observation
4. GPS Observation

Data Processing
1. GPS processing
2. AutoCAD

4.2 Preparation

4.2.1

Reconnaissance
Before starting the survey, reconnaissance is important to
know and identified the topographical detail the place of the
area. Besides that, it needs to be done first to avoid any
obstacle during field work and to make sure field work done
smoothly.

4.2.2

Station marking
Station marking using pipe driven in concrete because
stations must be permanent and harder to disturbed. Station
making placed on level ground and must be mark several
days before observation

4.3 Field Work

4.3.1

Differential Field Test

The differential field test should be carried out at the start of
every new survey job to make sure that the instrument to be
used in a good condition. It is important to ascertain if the
EDM or total station is inacceptable working order.

Procedure of differential field test:

i.

Set up instrument total station at point A and prism

at point B.

ii.

Then measured the distance A to B.

iii.

68.825

Mark point C between line A and B.

38.846

29.978

Figure 4.3: Differential field test

iv.

Then move the instrument at point C and put the

prism at point A and B.

v.

Then measure the distance CA and CB.

vi.

Distance AB must be compared with total distance

CA + CB.

10

4.3.2

Procedure of traversing
i.

Start from know point line (CRM 1 to CRM 2).

CRM 1

CRM 2

ii.

Set up the instrument at station CRM 2 and set 00

000 00 0 in circle left and target to station CRM 1

iii.

Observe to station 1.

iv.

Take the horizontal angles reading of station 1.

v.

Take the vertical angles reading of station 1.

vi.

Take the distances reading of station CRM 2 to

Station 1.

vii.

at station CRM 2 and set 1800 000 00 0 in circle right

and target to station CRM 1 and observe to station 1

viii.

at station CRM 2 and set 900 000 00 0 in circle left

and target to station 1

ix.

Observe to station CRM 1.

x.

Take the horizontal angles reading of station CRM

1.

xi.

Take the vertical angles reading of station CRM 1.

xii.

Take the distances reading of station CRM 1 and

CRM 2.

xiii.

At station CRM 2 and Set 2700 000 00

in circle

right and target to station 1 and observe station

CRM 1
xiv.

Repeat the same step for station 3, 4, 5,6,7,8 and 9.

11

4.3.3

Procedure of solar observation

i.

Put the total station on CRM 2 and prism on CRM 1.

ii.

Then focus on prism and set RO value.

iii.

Make sure that the total station is in face left

iv.

Total station was set to RO then click ok. The

bearing was recorded automatically then target to
the sun.

v.

Using face left, the sun position was observed on the

crosshair in the total station then click ok.

vi.

Make sure that the sun is position as in diagram

below:

1st Sun position using face left 2nd Sun position using face
left

vii.

Change to face right then click ok.

viii.

Make sure that the sun is position as in diagram

below:

1st Sun position using face right

2nd Sun position using

face right

ix.

Close to RO back. Then click save.

x.

Repeat the same step for another set.

12

4.3.4

Procedure of GPS observation

i.

Set up a base receiver of Topcon GT at pillar 1.

ii.

Set up a survey configuration and coordinate system

in base receiver. The projection that was used is
WGS 84.

iii.

After finish set up the basic information, start

collects the data with press button FN to start the
recording and write down the time and date of
observation for reference when do the processing.

iv.

Next, move to the rover receiver at the station 1.

v.

At the rover, press the button FN to start the

recording and write down the time and date of
observation for reference when do the processing.

vi.

After both of the instrument start collects the data,

wait until minimum 40 minutes to 1 hour for
recording the data.

vii.

After 40 minutes, stop the recording at rover receiver

by press button FN again.

viii.

After that, move the rover to the next station.

ix.

Repeat step v until viii for station 2, 8 and 9.

13

4.4 Data Processing

4.4.1

GPS processing

The process of GPS data will be done by using Topcon

Tools 8 software. The steps are shown as below:
i.

Create a new job in Topcon Tools 8.

ii.

Do the setting at job configuration such as

projection, datum and others.

iii.

Browse the raw data which had been download

from GPS instrument such as Topcon GT.

iv.

After that, insert the coordinate easting and

northing of base station.

v.

Do the processing at occupation view. Disable

the broken line which cannot be used in
processing.

vi.

Next, choose GPS + Postprocessing and the

report will be shown. Refer figure 4.4.1(A) and
4.4.1(B).

vii.

The report will show in detail about the

coordinate of each point, elevation, projection
and others.

14

Figure 4.4.1(A)

Figure 4.4.1(B)

15

4.4.2

AutoCAD

i.

Key in data from booking traversing into

AutoCAD to produce a standard traverse plan.

16

5.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

5.1 Result
5.1.1
Station

Booking form for standard traverse

Face Left

00 00 00

Face Right

180 00 00

Vertical Angle

89 19 36

Distance
(m)
195.704

Final Distance
(m)
195.704

3
3

202 24 12
90 00 00

22 24 17
270 00 00

(270 39 58)
90 24 57

(195.704)
70.416

70.416

1
2

247 35 40
00 00 00

67 35 42
180 00 00

(269 34 47)
88 57 57

(70.416)
246.364

246.343

4
4

217 48 46
90 00 00

37 48 59
270 00 00

(271 01 53)
90 39 25

(246.364)
195.701

195.702

2
3

232 11 12
00 00 00

52 11 10
180 00 00

(269 20 31)
85 32 19

(195.702)
133.121

133.121

5
5

178 34 31
90 00 00

358 34 39
270 00 00

(274 27 33)
91 00 42

(133.121)
246.365

246.365

3
4

271 25 22
00 00 00

91 25 20
180 00 00

(268 59 13)
88 42 51

(246.365)
114.835

114.836

6
6

171 24 09
90 00 00

351 23 59
270 00 00

(271 16 58)
94 27 56

(114.836)
133.120

133.120

4
5

278 35 54
00 00 00

98 36 01
180 00 00

(265 31 38)
89 26 00

(133.120)
58.415

58.415

7
7

209 41 37
90 00 00

29 41 45
270 00 00

(270 33 45)
91 16 30

(58.415)
114.838

114.838

5
6

240 18 25
00 00 00

60 18 21
180 00 00

(268 44 53)
90 45 22

(114.838)
158.344

158.344

8
8

197 21 45
90 00 00

17 21 41
270 00 00

(269 14 26)
90 31 44

(158.344)
58.421

58.421

6
7

252 38 12
00 00 00

72 38 14
180 00 00

(269 28 12)
91 32 59

(58.421)
59.974

59.974

158 56 10

338 56 04

(268 26 58)

(59.974)

17

90 00 00

270 00 00

89 14 26

158.339

291 03 48

111 03 50

(270 45 12)

(158.339)

158.339

6.0 Final bearing for standard traverse by Global Positioning System

GPS
Station

Face Left

00 00 00

Face Right

180 00 00

202 24 12
202 24 12

22 24 17
202 24 17

90 00 00

270 00 00

247 35 40
157 35 40

67 35 42
157 35 42

00 00 00

180 00 00

217 48 46
217 48 46

37 48 59
217 48 59

90 00 00

270 00 00

232 11 12
142 11 12

52 11 10
142 11 10

00 00 00

180 00 00

178 34 31
178 34 31

358 34 39
178 34 39

90 00 00

270 00 00

271 25 22
181 25 22

91 25 20
181 25 20

00 00 00

180 00 00

171 24 09
171 24 04

351 23 59
171 23 59

90 00 00

270 00 00

278 35 54
188 35 54

98 36 01
188 36 01

00 00 00

180 00 00

Bearing

104 52 16
M=35

202 24 17

104 51 41

157 35 41
+2.25

262 27 59
Datum

262 27 59

217 48 52.5
-1.75

142 41 07
M=-0110

142 39 57

217 48 51

142 39 57

142 11 11
-1.75

284 52 16
M=-35

142 11 09

284 51 41

178 34 35
+2

141 15 44
M=-0145

178 34 37

141 13 59

181 25 21
+2

322 41 07
M=-0110

181 25 23

322 39 57

171 24 04
-0.7

132 39 47
M=-219

171 24 03

132 37 28

188 35 57.5
-0.7

321 15 44
M=-0145

188 35 57

321 15 59

209 41 41
-2

162 21 26
M=-254

Mean Angle

202 24 14.5
+2.25

157 35 43

Final Bearing

104 51 41

6
18

284 51 41

141 13 59

322 39 57

132 37 28

321 15 59

162 18 32

209 41 37
209 41 37

29 41 45
209 41 45

90 00 00

270 00 00

240 18 25
150 18 25

60 18 21
60 18 21

00 00 00

180 00 00

197 21 45
197 21 45

17 21 41
197 21 41

90 00 00

270 00 00

252 38 12
162 38 12

72 38 14
162 38 14

00 00 00

180 00 00

158 56 10
158 56 10

338 56 04
158 56 04

90 00 00

270 00 00

291 03 48
201 03 48

111 03 50
201 03 50

19

209 41 39

162 18 32

150 18 23
-2

312 39 47
M=-219

150 18 21

312 37 28

197 21 43
+2

179 43 11
M=-329

197 21 45

179 39 42

162 38 13
+2

342 21 26
M=-254

162 38 15

342 18 32

158 56 07
+2

158 39 20
M=-404

158 56 09

158 35 16

201 03 49
+2

359 43 11
M=-329

201 03 51

359 39 42

312 37 28

179 39 42

342 18 32

158 35 16

359 39 42

7.0 Final bearing for standard traverse by Solar Observation

Station

Face Left

00 00 00

Face Right

180 00 00

202 24 12
202 24 12
90 00 00

22 24 17
202 24 17
270 00 00

247 35 40
157 35 40
00 00 00

67 35 42
157 35 42
180 00 00

217 48 46
217 48 46
90 00 00

37 48 59
217 48 59
270 00 00

232 11 12
142 11 12
00 00 00

52 11 10
142 11 10
180 00 00

178 34 31
178 34 31
90 00 00

358 34 39
178 34 39
270 00 00

271 25 22
181 25 22

91 25 20
181 25 20

00 00 00

180 00 00

171 24 09
171 24 04

351 23 59
171 23 59

90 00 00

270 00 00

278 35 54
188 35 54

98 36 01
188 36 01

00 00 00

180 00 00

209 41 37
209 41 37

29 41 45
209 41 45

90 00 00

270 00 00

5
6

240 18 25
150 18 25
00 00 00

60 18 21
60 18 21
180 00 00

197 21 45

17 21 41

Bearing

104 52 36
M= -3

202 24 17
157 35 41
+2.5

104 52 33
262 28 19
Datum

157 35 41
217 48 52.5
-1.5

142 41 27
M= -6

217 48 51
142 11 11
-1.5

142 41 21
284 52 36
M= -3

284 52 33

142 11 09
178 34 35
+2.0

284 52 33
141 16 04
M= -9

141 15 55

178 34 37
181 25 21
+2.0

141 15 55
322 41 27
M= -6

322 41 21

181 25 23

322 41 21

171 24 04
-1.0

132 40 07
M= -12

171 24 03

132 39 55

188 35 57.5
-1.0

321 16 04
M= -9

188 35 57

321 15 55

209 41 41
-2.0

162 21 46
M= -15

209 41 39

162 21 31

150 18 23
-2.0

312 40 07
M= -12

150 18 21
197 21 43
+2.0

312 39 55
179 43 31
M= -18

Mean Angle

202 24 14.5
+2.5

3
3
2
1
2
3
4
4
3
2
3
4
5
5
4
3

20

Final Bearing

104 52 33

262 28 19

142 41 21

132 39 55

321 15 55

162 21 31

312 39 55

179 43 13

197 21 45
90 00 00

197 21 41
270 00 00

252 38 12
162 38 12
00 00 00

72 38 14
162 38 14
180 00 00

158 56 10
158 56 10
90 00 00

338 56 04
158 56 04
270 00 00

291 03 48
201 03 48

111 03 50
201 03 50

7
6
7
8
9
9
8
7

7.1 Analysis

21

197 21 45
162 38 13
+2.0

179 43 13
342 21 46
M= -15

342 21 31

162 38 15
158 56 07
+2.0

342 21 31
158 39 40
M= -21

158 39 19

158 56 09
201 03 49
+2.0

158 39 19
359 43 31
M= - 18

359 43 13

201 03 51

359 43 13

8.0 CONCLUSION

From the analysis data above, we can conclude that, this practical task
teaches us how to do the standard traverse. The standard traverse is more
accurate than the control traverse. It is because the linear accuracy of
control traverse is about 1: 8000 and angular 3.0 per station while the
linear accuracy of standard is 1: 25000 and angular 1.5 per station. Other
than that, their applications are different.
We establish nine marks which are consist of four CRM point and five
stations for our traverse. All the four CRM point are marked by using
steel pipe and cement. Meanwhile the rest of stations are marked by using
pegs. The method to get the coordinate of the CRM point is obtained by
using static method. The solar observation is done for azimuth control.
The comparison of bearing between solar observation and GPS
observation for line CRM 1-2 is 20. The comparison of bearing between
observed bearing (solar observation) and solar observation for line station
8-9 is 21. The comparison of bearing between observed bearing (GPS
observation) and GPS observation for line station 8-9 is 44. Meanwhile
the comparison of distance between observed distance and GPS
observation for line CRM 1-2 and station 8-9 are -0.008 respectively. The
angular misclosure is 3 per stations and this standard traverse achieved
limit accuracy 1: 131287.

22

9.0 COMMENTS

WAN NUR ADILIN BT WAN RAMLAN 2012481308

In this practical, l has learnt many things in doing standard traverse. There are:
1. I learn how to establish station using the metal pipe in concrete.
2. I have learned how to conduct the various cadastral control survey
methods.
3. I also learn how to know the difference of the control traverse and standard
traverse.
4. I can know how to do the standard traverse and booking.
5. I also know the difference between internal and external must not more
than 05.
6. The correction for mean angle should not more than 2.5.
7. The bearing correction for each station is shall not more than 1.5 and
the linear misclose must get at least 1:25,000.

We start this practical by establishing the station by using steel pipe and
cement. The station must be established before any measurement was
made in order to get a higher accuracy. Next, we start our observation by
doing link traverse. After the finish a link traverse, we do a GPS
observation to get the coordinate for the traverse at station 1, 2,8 and 9.
GPS observation is done by using Topcon and static observation method
was made. After that, we do solar observation at station 2 and 8 to
determine the azimuth. The readings of solar observation were compared
with the GPS observation in order to get the best result.

23

WAN HAFISHAH BT WAN MOHAMED 2012437202

From this survey, there are many things I need to recall what have I learned before
this. Start from reconnaissance until produced standard traverse plan. We need to do
reconnaissance before start survey to avoid any obstacle during traversing such as
choose the best station to do solar observation. By doing this survey, we dont have
many problems in field work but that problems come when we start to calculate the
data. According to the standard traverse, we have to take the angle exceed or less 360
degree. In order to have a precise measurement, we have to make sure that every
aspect in doing this practical in good condition such as the instrument.

Furthermore, in this practical I know to differentiate between control traverse and

standard traverse which is standard traverse is a series of high accuracy traverse
compared with control traverse. The misclosure for standard traverse is 1: 25000
compared with misclosure other traverse only 1:8000 for first class.

Last but not least, a special thanks to our lecturer SrKhairulAzhar and En. Nadzari b
Yahaya for their helps and guided us to conduct this work, also a special thanks to my
group members because give a full commitment in complete this practical work either
in field work and preparing a report. We hope that we can make a more good work for
other practical work.

24

MOHD SHAFIQ AZFAR BIN MOHD NAZERI 2012877076

First a foremost, I would like to thanks to our lecture Sr. KhairulAzhar that
have been thought us about on how to conduct a standard traverse survey. Actually
we have learnt this subject before, so we do it again for this semester. As usually, we
have briefing by Sr. KhairulAzhar on how to conduct this job and what are the
specification needs. As usually, we do a reconnaissance survey on place that we want
to setup our point of Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM). Besides that, I have learnt on
how to use a GNSS that is global positioning system. We use a static method that is
base and rover technique. Then we collect our data to be calculated and process by
using Topcon tools software. We produce four point of coordinate Cadastral
Reference Mark (CRM) that is two points at first station and two point a last station.
We use an open close traverse method that is start with known point and end with
known point. We also do a solar observation on a first station and last station. The
objective of this survey is to compare the coordinate by using solar observation and
global positioning method. We do our traverse along 500 metre and according the rule
and regulation of PKUP 2009. I learn on how to calculate a standard traverse and
process the data until get the final plan. Furthermore, not forget to our team that give
fully commitment to done this practical even has many problem but we can solve and
handle it professionally. Thank you.

25