Foundation Panel Discussion

Difficulties and solution

for bored pile and driven pile

()


AE 49

()
()

Discussion outline

( ..
2557)

Pile load test

(Optional)

Driven pile

Photo credit Seafco

Jacked-in pile

Photo credit PACO

Full center auger with pile toe grouting

Photo credit PACO

Bored Pile

Photo credit Seafco

Allowable deviation of pile at cut-off level

Allowable deviation (m)= 0.075 + Lcut-off / 100 , unit in m

(EIT, 2003) Lcut-off is the length from ground surface to pile cut-off level (m)

- Pile deviate

- Soil heave

Signal Cable

The Inclinometers
Probe

Inclinometer

Guide Wheel
(Optional)

Inclinometer
Casing

Name of Project
Inclinometer Tube No.I-1

B-Axis
0

10

10

Depth in meters

Depth in meters

A-Axis
0

12

14

12

14

16

16

18

18

20/11/2006

20

20/11/2006

20

29/11/2006

29/11/2006

13/12/2006

13/12/2006

22

22

24

24

26

26
-10

10

30

50

70

90

Cumulative Displacement (mm) from 11/11/06

110

-30

-20

-10

10

20

Cumulative Displacement (mm) from 11/11/06

30


(Long Term Settlement Monitoring)

:
(Precise Level) 0.01 .

: Invar

Invar Staff

Building settlement mark

Date
Date

23/09/2015

Alarm Level

26/08/2015

G S32

29/07/2015

G S16

G S31

01/07/2015

G S13

G S15

03/06/2015

G S12

G S14

06/05/2015

G S11

08/04/2015

11/03/2015

11/02/2015

14/01/2015

17/12/2014

19/11/2014

-50

22/10/2014

-40
10

24/09/2014

10

27/08/2014

Alert Level

30/07/2014

(Upward)

Building Settlement Mark BS65 to BS66 and BS71 to BS75()

02/07/2014

-30

Movement (mm)

(Upward)

04/06/2014

-80

(Downward)

Alert Level

23/09/2015

Alarm Level

26/08/2015

BS75

29/07/2015

BS74

01/07/2015

BS71

BS73

03/06/2015

-30

BS66

BS72

06/05/2015

-70
BS65

08/04/2015

11/03/2015

11/02/2015

14/01/2015

17/12/2014

19/11/2014

22/10/2014

24/09/2014

-60

27/08/2014

30/07/2014

02/07/2014

Movement (mm)
-20

04/06/2014

(Downward)

20

Ground Settlement Mark GS11 to GS16 and GS31 to GS32

Alert Level

-10

Alarm Level

-10

-20

-40

 (Tiltmeter System)
Tilt Sensor

Readout Unit

Tilt Plate
Tilt Plate


2. (Tiltmeter System)

5
2-4

6
1-3

Date
Date

0.004

Inclination Measurement T3 Direction 1 - 3

22/09/2015

25/08/2015

28/07/2015

30/06/2015

02/06/2015

05/05/2015

07/04/2015

10/03/2015

-0.004
10/02/2015

Alert limit 1:300

13/01/2015

-0.003
-0.002

16/12/2014

-0.001

18/11/2014

0.000
0.002

21/10/2014

Alarm limit 1:500

23/09/2014

Alert limit 1:300

26/08/2014

T3

29/07/2014

0.003

(Direction 1)

[2]

01/07/2014

0.001

Inclination (Rad)

Inclination Measurement T3 Direction 2 - 4

03/06/2014

Alarm limit 1:500

(Direction 3)

(Direction 2)
0.004

22/09/2015

25/08/2015

28/07/2015

30/06/2015

02/06/2015

05/05/2015

07/04/2015

10/03/2015

10/02/2015

13/01/2015

16/12/2014

18/11/2014

21/10/2014

23/09/2014

26/08/2014

-0.002

29/07/2014

Inclination (Rad)

0.002

01/07/2014

03/06/2014

(Direction 4)

T3
[1]
[4]

[3]

T3

0.003

Alert limit 1:300

Alarm limit 1:500

0.001

0.000

-0.001

Alarm limit 1:500

-0.003

Alert limit 1:300

-0.004

Effects of sheet pile movement on piles

Sheet Pile

Deviation of pile when wooden pile is used as

retaining wall

21

22

23

24

Sonic integrity test (Seismic test)

Example of Seismic Test Result

Sonic integrity testing to identify cracks in pile

Sonic integrity test results on defected
pile before and after re-medial work
Med. V ery S tiff
C lay C lay

S oft C lay

Dens e S and

Dens e S and

6.2c m/s

Damage induced by external force in

post-installation stage

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
4000m/s
f:8
exp : 20

P ile 681
8 A pr 96

v2-88c
sr

4.1c m/s
0
P ile 681A
29 May 96

12 18 24 30

36 42 48 54 60

4000m/s
exp : 20

f:8

v2-88c
sr

Cross hole sonic logging test

Transducer
(Emitter)

Wave
Direction

Transducer
(Receiver)

Tubes (Water
filled)

Sonic Tubes
Arrangement

Cross hole sonic logging test

Transducer

Sonic Logging Test

 (Pile joint)

 (Welding Joint)

Dowel bar

Plate

Pile Joint Response

At the location of mechanical
joints in a pile, the propagation
of the downward stress wave
will be delayed by the time
required for the upper section
to come into contact with the
lower section for transmission
of the wave. The end of the
upper
section
therefore
behaves initially as a free end
and is pushed down. The
reflection from a mechanical
joint is therefore tensile (up)

Pile joint detection from Dynamic Load test

Joint Detection

Blow #1

Blow #2

Blow #3

Blow #4

Drop height : 0.30 m.

Pile Set : 34.00 mm.

Drop height : 0.30 m.

Pile Set : 35.00 mm.

Drop height : 0.30 m.

Pile Set : 49.00 mm.

Drop height : 0.30 m.

Pile Set : 57.00 mm.

Blow #5

Drop height : 0.30 m.

Pile Set : 65.00 mm.

Blow #6

Drop height : 0.30 m.

Pile Set : 12.00 mm.

Blow #7

Drop height : 0.60 m.

Pile Set : 2.00 mm.

Blow #8

Drop height : 1.00 m.

Pile Set : 3.00 mm.


Pile load test

Static pile load test using four anchor piles

Suitable for
friction pile
Anchor pile can be
used as working
pile
Economical and
commonly used in
Bangkok

Static pile load test using counter weight

Suitable for end
bearing pile
Does not require
anchor pile
Expensive and
time consuming
for setup

106-2533
0.25 SWL (T) 25 mm

Cast in-situ
EIT 1019-46


Eurocode7 (1997)

10
CP4 (2003)
2 25

Ultimate load bearing capacity estimated from

different methods

Ng et al. (2001)

Schematic diagram showing load bearing capacity

of two ships

Empty boat

With load

(Compression Stress)

(Tension Stress)

Force

Velocity

t
t
F1

F2

At pile top :
X = 0,
F = F0

t=0

F = F1 +F2 = F0
F2 = 0 1 F1 = F0
v0 = v1 +v2
v2 = 0 , v1 = F1 /Z
v0 = v1 = F0/Z

x
Force
Velocity

Pile with fixed end

At pile end v = 0.
v1 +v2 = 0
v2 = - v1
F2 = -Z v2 = Z v1 = F1
F = F1 + F2 = 2F1
F = 2F0

Force
t

Velocity

Pile with free end

At pile top :

t
F1

F2

t=0

F = F1 +F2 = F0
F2 = 0 1 F1 = F0
v0 = v1 +v2
v2 = 0 , v1 = F1 /Z
v0 = v1 = Fo/Z

x
Force
Velocity

X = 0,
F = F0

At pile end F = 0
F = F1 + F2 = 0

F2 = -F1
F2
F1
v =- z = z
2

1
v = v1 +v2 = 2F
Z
v = 2F0/Z = 2v0

, ./..

0.85 fc - fpe

0.7 fc+ fpe

0.85 fc

0.7 .fc'

0.90 fy

0.90 fy

fpe = Effective Prestress

 Dynamic Load Test Initial Drive

Sttain Gage 1
Accelerometer 1

Sttain Gage 1
Accelerometer 1
Section A

Hammer

Detail 1

See Detail 1

Pile Driving
Machine

Static Calculation
No
Drivability
Impossible

Yes

 (Drivability)
Blows

Pile Set

: 800 1200 blows (I, SQ)

2000 blows (Spun)
: 45 - 60
: 80 120 /25 cm. (Practical Limit)
150 / 25 cm. (Max. Limit)

 (Vibration Monitoring)

3
( ,
./)

//
(
Plate
)

VM3
1

VM3 (Vibration Monitoring Result)
8

Peak Velocity Sum(mm/s)

6
Action limit 5 mm/s
5

3
Alarm limit 2.5 mm/s

0
08-Jun-14

06-Jul-14

03-Aug-14

31-Aug-14

28-S ep-14

26-Oct-14

23-Nov-14

21-Dec-14

18-Jan-15

15-Feb-15

Date

15-Mar-15

12-Apr-15

10-May-15

07-Jun-15

05-Jul-15

02-Aug-15

30-Aug-15

27-S ep-15

(SOBRR)
25

Test 1#
Test 2#
(?)

PVS (./)

20

Log. (Test
1#)
Log. (Test
2#)

15

10

,
0.50

0
0

20

40

60

()

80

100

120