Feedback PDF

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS
for
Electronic Circuits
by
Prof. Michael Tse
September 2004
Contents
Feedback
Basic feedback conguration
Advantages
The price to pay
Feedback Amplier Congurations
Series-shunt, shunt-series, series-series, shunt-shunt
Input and output impedances
Practical Circuits with loading effects
Compensation
Op-amp internal compensation
Oscillation
Oscillation criteria
Sustained oscillation
Wein bridge, phase shift, Colpitts, Hartley, etc.
C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

oscillators
Basic feedback conguration

The basic feedback amplier consists of a basic amplier and a feedback network.
si
input
so
output
basic amplier
Careful!!
sf
f
feedback network
A = basic amplier gain

f = feedback gain
oscillators
Characteristics
+
si
input
so
basic amplier
sf
output
The input is subtracted by a

feedback signal which is part of the
output, before it is amplied by the
basic amplier.
so = Ae = A(si - s f )
f
But, since sf = f so, we get
feedback network
so = A(si - fso )
Hence, the overall gain is
si
Ao
so
Ao =
so
A
=
si 1+ Af
If Af >> 1,
oscillators
Ao
1
f
4
Simple viewpoint
si
input
so
basic amplier
sf
output
f
feedback network
If A is large, then e must be very small in order to give a nite output.

So, the input si must be very close to the feedback signal sf .
That means sf si .
But, sf is simply a scaled-down copy of the output so.
Hence, f so = si or
so 1
f
si
oscillators
Obvious advantage
If the feedback network is constructed from passive elements having
stable characteristics, the overall gain becomes very steady and
unaffected by variation of the basic amplier gain.
Quantitatively, we wish to know how much the overall gain Ao
changes if there is a small change in A.
Let assume A becomes A + dA. From the formula of Ao, we have
dAo dA 1
=
Ao A 1+ Af
Obviously, if Af is large, then dAo/Ao will be reduced drastically.
1
Feedback reduces gain sensitivity! In fact, the gain is just Ao
.
f
oscillators
so
Another advantage
Suppose the basic amplier is
distortive. So, the output does
not give a sine wave for a sine
wave input.
output
But, with feedback, we see that

the gain is about 1/f anyway,
regardless of what A is (or as
long as Af is large enough).
This gives a very good property
of feedback amplier in terms
of eliminating distortion.
oscillators
input
so
1/f
si
Other advantages
Improve input and output resistances (to be discussed later).

Widening of bandwidth of amplier (to be discussed later).
Enhance noise rejection capability.
ni
si
ni
A
so
si
input
Signal-to-noise ratio:
so si
=
no ni
+
A
basic amplier
sf
so
output
f
feedback network
Signal-to-noise ratio improves!

oscillators
so
si
= A
no
ni
8
The price to pay

Of course, nothing is free!
Feedback comes with reduced gain, and hence you may need to add a preamplier to boost the gain.
Also, wherever you have a loop, there is hazard of oscillation, if you dont
want it.
Later, we will also see how we can use feedback to create oscillation
deliberately.

oscillators
Terminologies
Basic amplier gain = A
Feedback gain = f
Overall gain (closed-loop gain) =
Loop gain (roundtrip gain) = Af
A
1
1+ Af
f
Some books use T to denote Af.

oscillators
10
Feedback ampliers
What is an amplier?
si
so
Signals can be voltage or current.

General model for voltage amplier:
Ro
+
vin
Rin
Avin
+
vo
voltage amplier

oscillators
11
Models of ampliers
Ro
+
vin
Rin
iin
Avin
io
+
vo
Aiin
Rin
voltage amplier
iin
current amplier
io
Ro
Rin
Ro
Aiin
transresistance amplier
+
vo
+
vin
Aiin
Rin
Ro
transconductance amplier

oscillators
12
Feedback amplier congurations

Voltage amplier
si
input
so
output
basic amplier
sf
voltage
voltage
feedback network
To subtract voltage from

voltage, we should use series
connection
To copy voltage, we should use

parallel (shunt) connection
vi
vf +
vo
Hence, series-shunt feedback

oscillators
13
Series-shunt feedback (for voltage amplier)

Ro
+
vi
ve
Ri
Ave
vo
fvo
Overall gain (closed-loop gain) :
Ao =
vo
A
=
v i 1+ Af

oscillators
14

To nd the input resistance, we consider the ratio of vi and ii, with output opened.
ii
RIN =
vi
vi
=
ii v e /Ri
v e + fv o
= Ri
ve
= Ri (1+ Af )
Ro
vi
ve
Ri
Ave
vo
RIN
+
fvo
The input resistance has been enlarged by (1+Af). This is a desirable

feature for voltage amplier as a large input resistance minimizes loading
effect to the previous stage.
oscillators
15

To nd the output resistance, we consider shorting the input source and calculate
the ratio of vo and io.
Ro
+
vi
ve
Ri
Ave
io
+
vo
First, we have ve = fvo.

Also,
io =
v o - Av e v o + Afv o
=
Ro
Ro
Hence,
ROUT
+
ROUT =
fvo
vo
Ro
=
io 1+ Af
The output resistance has been reduced by (1+Af). This is a desirable

feature for voltage amplier as a small output resistance emulates a better
voltage source for the load.
oscillators
16

Summary of features
Equivalent model
Ro
1+ Af
A
1
Closed-loop gain =
f
1+ Af
+
Input resistance = Ri ( 1 + Af )
vi
Output resistance =
Ri ( 1 + Af )
Av i
1+ Af
vo
Ro
1+ Af
NOTE: We did not consider loading effect of the
feedback network, i.e., we assume that the feedback
network is an ideal amplier which feeds a scaled-down
copy of the output to the input.
feedback network

oscillators
17
Feedback amplier congurations

Transresistance amplier
si
input
so
output
basic amplier
sf
current
voltage
feedback network
To subtract current from

current, we should use shunt
(connection) connection
ii
To copy voltage, we should use

parallel (shunt) connection
vo
Hence, shunt-shunt feedback

oscillators
18
Shunt-shunt feedback (for transresistance amplier)

ii
ie
Ro
+
Ri
Aie
vo
fvo
Ao =
vo
A
=
ii 1+ Af

oscillators
19

To nd the input resistance, we consider the ratio of vi and ii, with output opened.
ii
ie
Ro
vi
RIN =
v i Riie
=
ii
ii
Ri
vo
Aie
RIN
ie
ie + fv o
Ri
=
1+ Af
= Ri
fvo
The input resistance has been reduced by (1+Af). This is a desirable

feature for transresistance amplier as a small input resistance ensures
better current sensing from the previous stage.
oscillators
20

To nd the output resistance, we consider opening the input source (putting ii = 0)
and calculate the ratio of vo and io.
ii = 0
ie
Ro
+
Ri
io
vo
Aie
First, we have ie = fvo.

Also,
io =
v o - Aie v o + Afv o
=
Ro
Ro
Hence,
ROUT
ROUT =
fvo
vo
Ro
=
io 1+ Af
The output resistance has been reduced by (1+Af). This is a desirable

feature for transresistance amplier as a large small resistance emulates a
better voltage source for the load.
oscillators
21

Summary of features
Equivalent model
A
1
Closed-loop gain =
f
1+ Af
Ri
Input resistance =
1+ Af
Output resistance =
Ro
1+ Af
ii
Ri
1+ Af
Aii
1+ Af
vo
Ro
1+ Af
Similar, we can develop the feedback congurations for

transconductance amplier and current amplier.
Transconductance amplier: series-series feedback
Current amplier: shunt-series feedback
oscillators
22
Series-series feedback (for transconductance amplier)

io
+
vo
ve
Ro
Ave
Ri
io
+

Input resistance:
Output resistance:
f io
io
A
=
v i 1+ Af
RIN = Ri (1+ Af )
Desirable!
ROUT = Ro (1+ Af )
Desirable!
Ao =

oscillators
23
Shunt-series feedback (for current amplier)

ii
ie
io
Ro
Aie
Ri
io
f io
Ao =
Input resistance:
RIN =
Output resistance:
ROUT
io
A
=
ii 1+ Af
Ri
1+ Af
Ro
=
1+ Af

oscillators
Desirable!
Desirable!
24
Practical feedback circuits (with loading effects)

In practice, the input source has resistance and the feedback network has
resistance.
Example: shunt-shunt feedback
ie
ii
Ro
Ri
Aie
vo
fvo
What are the effects on the gain, input and output resistances?

oscillators
25
Systematic analysis using 2-port networks

The best way to analyze feedback circuits with loading effects is to use two-port
models.
For shunt-shunt feedback, input and output sides are both parallel connected.
Thus, the loading can be combined by summing the conductances. Also, voltage
is common at both sides. So, y-parameter is best.
The rst step is to put everything in y-parameter:
+
ii
yi
y11
vi
vo
y22
y21vi
y11f
oscillators
y22f
y21fvo
26
Systematic analysis of shunt-shunt feedback using

y-parameter
+
ii
yi
y11
vi
vo
y22
y21vi
y11f
y22f
y12fvo
In order to use the standard results, we have to convert

this model to the standard form (slide 19).

oscillators
27

y-parameter
y11f
y22f
+
ii
yi
y11
vi
vo
y22
y21vi
y12fvo
One step closer

oscillators
28

y-parameter
y11f
y22f
+
ii
vi
yi
y11
vo
y22
y21vi
y12fvo
One more step closer

oscillators
29

y-parameter
y11+y11f+yi
ii
y22f +y22
vo
vi
y21vi
y12fvo
Yet another step closer

oscillators
30

y-parameter
in conductance (S)
in resistance ()
y11+y11f+yi 1/(y22f +y22)

+
ii
vi
-y 21v i
y 22f + y 22
vo
Use Thevenin
y12fvo
Yet another step closer

oscillators
31

y-parameter
in conductance (S)
y11+y11f+yi 1/(y22f +y22)
ie
ii
in resistance ()
+
vi
vo
( y 22f
-y 21ie
+ y 22 )( y11 + y11f + y i )
y12fvo
Finally, we get the same standard form.

oscillators
32

y-parameter
We can simply apply the standard results:
Basic amplier gain
A=
Feedback gain
f = y21f
Overall (closed-loop) gain
Ao =
Input resistance
Output resistance
RIN =
ROUT =
( y 22f
-y 21
-y 21
=
+ y 22 )( y11 + y11f + y i ) y oT y iT
A
1
1
=
1+ Af
f y12f
(y11 + y11f
1
+ y i )(1+ Af )
1
(y 22f + y 22 )(1+ Af )

oscillators
33
Appropriate 2-port networks for analyzing

feedback circuits
For shunt-shunt feedback, use y-parameter.
For shunt-series feedback, use g-parameter.
For series-series feedback, use z-parameter.
For series-shunt feedback, use h-parameter.
WHY?
The procedure is essentially the same as in the previous shunt-shunt case.

oscillators
34
General procedure of analysis

1.
Identify the type of feedback.
2.
Use appropriate 2-port representation.
3.
Lump all loading effects in the basic amplier, giving a modied

basic amplier.
4.
Apply Thevenin or Norton to cast the model back to the standard

form (without loading).
5.
Apply standard formulae to nd A, f, RIN and ROUT.

oscillators
35
Example
Rf
a
+
is
Type of feedback:
Appropriate 2-port type:
+
vo
RL
shunt-shunt
y-parameter
So, the rst step is to represent the circuit in y-parameter networks.

oscillators
36
Example
a
is
+
vo
RL
Rf

oscillators
37
Example
Converting to y-parameter
is
Note: this
goes to the
ve input
of A.
vi
+
Ri
Ro
avi
+
vo
RL
Rf
y11f
y22f
-1
Rf
y 22f =
y12fvo
y11f =

oscillators
1
Rf
y12f =
1
Rf
38
Example
Converting to y-parameter
is
vi
+
Ri
Ro
+
vo
avi
y11f
RL
y22f
y12fvo
y11f =
1
Rf
y12f =
-1
Rf
y 22f =
1
Rf

oscillators
REMEMBER:
y11f and y22f are conductance!
39
Example
Casting it to standard form
is
vi
+
Ri || R f
Ro
Rf||RL
avi
+
vo
y12fvo
y11f =
1
Rf
y12f =
-1
Rf
y 22f =
1
Rf

oscillators
40
Example
Casting it to standard form
is
vi
+
Ri || R f
Ro || R f || RL
a(R f || RL )
vi
Ro + R f || RL
+
vo
-v o
Rf

oscillators
41
Example
Finally, we get the standard form
ie
is
vi
+
Ri || R f
Ro || R f || RL
Aie
+
vo
Using Thvenin theorem,

Aie = av i
-v o
Rf
R f || RL
(R
|| RL ) + Ro
R || R )( R || R )
(
A = -a
(R || R ) + R
i
A = -a

oscillators
Ri R 2f RL
1
(Ri + R f ) ( R f RL + Ro R f + Ro RL )
42
Example
Apply standard results:
Ri R 2f RL
1
(Ri + R f ) ( R f RL + Ro R f + Ro RL )
Basic amplier gain (transresistance)
A = -a
Feedback gain:
f =
-1
Rf
Overall (closed-loop) gain
Ao =
A
1
= -R f
1+ Af
f
Input resistance
Output resistance
RIN =
ROUT =
if Af >> 1
Ri || R f
1+ Af
Ro || R f || RL
1+ Af

oscillators
43
Frequency response
Gain and bandwidth
si
input
Suppose the basic amplier

has a pole at p1, i.e.,
so
A(jw)
basic amplier
sf
A( jw ) =
output
ALF
jw
1+
p1
20log10|A| (dB)
f
feedback network
ALF
slope = 20dB/dec
p1

oscillators
44
Frequency response
Gain and bandwidth
The overall (closed-loop) gain is
A( jw )
1+ A( jw ) f
ALF
=
jw
1+
+ fALF
p
Ao ( jw ) =
ALF
1
=
w
j
1+ fALF 1+
p1 (1+ fALF )
Hence, we see that the overall gain has a

pole at
pc = p1(1 + fALF)
and the low-frequency gain is lowered
to
ALF
Ao,LF =
1+ fALF
20log10|A| (dB)
basic amplier
ALF
feedback amplier
Ao,LF
p1

oscillators
pc
45
Stability of feedback amplier

Denition: A feedback system is said to be stable if it does not
oscillate by itself at any frequency under a given circuit condition.
Note that this is a very restrictive denition of stability, but is
appropriate for our purpose.
Therefore, the issue of stability can be investigated in terms of the
possibility of sustained oscillation.
feedback circuit
sustained oscillation at certain frequency

oscillators
46
Why and how does it oscillate?

The feedback system oscillates because of the simple fact that it has a
closed loop in which signals can combine constructively.
Let us break the loop at an arbitrary point along the loop.
si
input
so
output
Signal at B, as it goes around the loop, will be multiplied by f and A, and

also 1.
SB = A f SB
oscillators
47
Why and how does it oscillate?

Clearly, if SB and SB are same in magnitude and have a 360o phase
difference, then the closed loop will oscillate by itself.
Oscillation criteria:
1.
Af = 1
2.
Af = 180o
This is known as the Barkhausen criteria.
The idea is
If the signal, after making a round trip through A and f, has a gain of 1
and a phase shift of exactly 360o, then it oscillates. But, in the negative
feedback system, there is already a 180o phase shift. Therefore, the
phase shift caused by A and f together will only need to be 180o to
cause oscillation.
oscillators
48
The loop gain T

An important parameter to test stability is the loop gain, usually
denoted by T.
T = Af
|T| (dB)
crossover frequency
(where the gain is 1)
wo
0dB
w
w
fT
If fT = 180o, OSCILLATES!
oscillators
49
Phase margin
Phase margin is an important parameter to evaluate how stable the
system is.
Phase margin fPM = 180o fT
|T| (dB)
crossover frequency
wo
0dB
w
w
fT
180o
phase margin fPM (the larger the better)

oscillators
50
Compensation
Compensation is to make the amplier more stable, i.e., to increase fPM.
REMEMBER: We should always look at T, not A or Ao.
|T| (dB)
crossover frequency
wo
0dB
p1
p2
w
w
fT
180o
phase margin fPM (how to increase it?)

oscillators
51
Method 1: Lag compensation

Add a pole at a low frequency point. The aim is to make the crossover point
appear at a much lower frequency. The drawback is the reduced bandwidth.
Compensation
function Gc is
1
Gc ( jw ) =
jw
1+
pa
crossover frequency
after compensation
|T| (dB)
crossover frequency
before compensation
0dB
pa
p1
p2
w
w
before compensation
after compensation
180o
phase margin fPM

after compensation
oscillators
phase margin fPM

before compensation
52
Method 2: Lead compensation

Add a zero near the rst pole. The aim is to reduce the phase shift and hence
increase the phase margin and keep a wide bandwidth. But the drawback is the
more difcult design.
Compensation
function Gc is
jw
1+
za
Gc ( jw ) =
jw
1+
pa
|T| (dB)
crossover frequency
before compensation
za
0dB
p1
p2
crossover frequency
after compensation
w
w
before compensation
after compensation
180o
phase margin fPM

before compensation

oscillators
phase margin fPM after

compensation
53
Op-amp stability problem

The op-amp has a high DC gain, and hence at crossover it is likely that the
phase shift is signicant. The worst-case scenario is when the feedback gain is
1 (maximum for passive feedback). We call this unity feedback condition, and
use this to test the stability of an op-amp.
Under unity-gain feedback condition, the loop gain T = Af = A, because f = 1.
|A| (dB)
op-amp frequency response
p1
p2
90o
phase margin too small
180o
oscillators
54

Usually, op-amps are internally compensated. The technique is by lag
compensation, i.e., adding a pole at low frequency such that the phase margin
can reach at least 45o.
Suppose we add a low-frequency dominant pole at pa. If we can put pa such
that p1 (original dominant pole) is at crossover, then the phase margin is about
45o.
|A| (dB)
before compensation
after compensation
pa
p1
p2
90o
phase margin too small
180o
phase margin 45o
oscillators
55

Typically, pa is about a few Hz, say 5 Hz. Then, we have to create a pole at
such a low frequency.
First, consider the input differential stage of an op-amp. One way to add the
pole is to put a capacitor between the two collectors of the differential stage.
RL
Equivalent model:
RL
next stage
to next stage
ro//RL
2C
RIN
The dominant pole is

1
pa =
= 2p (5)
2(ro || RL || RIN )C
We can nd C from this equation.
oscillators
56

If we use the previous method of inserting a C between collectors of the
differential stage, the size of C required is very large, as can be found from
pa =
1
2(ro || RL || RIN )C
Using this method, C can be as large as hundreds

of pF, which is too large to be implemented on
chip. NOT practical!
= 2p (5)
to active load
Better solution: Use

Miller effect.
C
RL
RL
Miller effect can expand

capacitor size by a factor
of the gain magnitude.
So, we may put the
capacitor across the input
and output of the main
gain stage in order to use
Miller effect. In this way,
C can be much smaller,
say a few pF.
output stage
main gain stage

CE stage

oscillators
57
Example: Op-amp 741 internal compensation

+Vcc
Data:
Q1 differential Q2
input stage
Q13B
Q13A
Q14
Q3
Q4
output
+Vcc
Q20
Q16
VEE
Q5
Q6
DC gain = 70 dB
Poles:
30 kHz
500 kHz
10 MHz
Q23
Q17
main gain stage

CE stage
VEE

oscillators
58

Unity-gain feedback (worst case stability problem): T = A
p1 = 30 kHz
Bad stability
because of the
substantial phase
shift!
oscillators
59

Compensation trick (based on lag compensation approach):
Introduce a low-frequency pole at pa such that p1 is at crossover.
This ensures the phase angle at crossover = 135. Hence, PM = 45.
|A| (dB)

after compensation
pa
p1
90o
180o
phase margin 45o
oscillators
60

Graphical construction method
p1 = 30 kHz
pa
Bad stability
because of the
substantial phase
shift!
oscillators
61

Exact calculation of pa :
slope = 20 dB/dec
70 dB
0 - 70
-70
=
log p1 - log pa 4.477 - log pa
Hence, pa = 9.5 Hz
pa
p1 = 30 kHz

oscillators
62
After compensation, the

phase margin is 45.

oscillators
63

Question: How to create the 9.5 Hz pole with a reasonably small C ?
Solution: Take advantage of Miller effect to boost capacitance.
+Vcc
Q1 differential Q2
input stage
Q13B
Q13A
Cc
Q3
Q4
Q14
output
+Vcc
Q20
Q16
VEE
Q5
Q6
Q23
Q17
main gain stage

CE stage
VEE

oscillators
64

+Vcc
Q1 differential Q2
input stage
+
Q3
Q13B
Q4
Given:
Ro17 = 5 M
Ro13 = 720 k
Ri23 = 100 k
Q13A
Cc
Q14
output
+Vcc
Q20
Q16
VEE
Q5
Q6
Q23
Q17
main gain stage

CE stage
VEE
Gm = 6 mA/V

oscillators
Gain of CE stage:
ACE = Gm[Ro17||Ro13||Ri23]
Miller-effect capacitor
CM = Cc (ACE + 1)
= 518.74 Cc
65

+Vcc
Q1 differential Q2
input stage
+
Q3
Q13B
Q4
Cc
Equivalent ckt:
Ro4||Ro6
+Vcc
Q16
VEE
Q5
Q13A
Given:
Ri16 = 2.9 M
Ro4 = 10 M
Ro6 = 20 M
Q6
Ri16
CM
Q17
main gain stage
CE stage
VEE
pa = 1 / 2 CM [Ro4||Ro6|| Ri16]
and CM = 518.74 Cc
Hence, Cc = 15 pF

oscillators
66
Oscillation
In designing feedback ampliers, we want to make sure that oscillation does
not occur, that is, we want stable operation.
However, oscillation is needed to make an oscillator. As shown before, the
criteria for oscillation in a feedback amplier are
1.
2.
Loop gain magnitude | T | = 1

Roundtrip phase shift fT = 180o
Thus, the same feedback structure can be used to make an oscillator. In other
words, we construct a feedback amplier, but try to make it satisfy the above
two criteria.
In practice, T is a function of frequency, and the above criteria are
satised for one particular frequency. This frequency is the oscillation
frequency.

oscillators
67
Oscillator principle
As T = Af, we can deliberately create phase shift in A or f.
si
input
so
A(jw)
basic amplier
f(jw)
output
NOTE: Since this model is a

negative feedback, we need the total
phase shift of A(jw) and f(jw) to be
180o at the frequency of oscillation.
If a positive feedback is used, we
need the total phase shift to be 360o.
|A(jw) f(jw)| (dB)
feedback network
wo
w
w
180o
oscillators
68
Sustained oscillation
There are two problems! How does oscillation start? And how can oscillation
be maintained?
First, there is noise everywhere! So, signals of all frequencies exist and go
around the loop. Most of them get reduced and do not show up as oscillation.
But the one at the oscillation frequency starts to oscillation as it satises the
Barkhausen criteria.
If | T | is slightly bigger than 1, oscillation amplitude will grow and go to
innity. But if | T | is slightly less than 1, oscillation subsides. The question is
how to maintain oscillation with a constant magnitude.
We need a control that changes | T | continuously. Typically, this is done by a
nonlinear amplitude stabilizing circuit, for example, an amplier whose gain
drops when its output increases, and rises when its output decreases.

oscillators
69
The Wien bridge oscillator

Model:
R2
R1
Zp
C
Zs
Zp
Zs
R2
R1
-Z p
Basic amplier gain
A = 1+
Feedback gain
f =
Zs + Z p
where Z p =
R
1+ jwCR
and Z s =
1+ jwCR
jwC

oscillators
70

Oscillation frequency
Note that we dene the standard feedback structure with negative feedback. So,
the loop gain is
R
-1+ 2
R1
T( jw ) =
1
3 + jwCR
wCR
Applying the oscillation criteria, we can nd the oscillation frequency and the
resistor values as follows:
R
T( jw ) = 1 1+ 2 = 3 R2 = 2R1
R1
1
1
fT = 180 o w oCR =
wo =
CR
w oCR
We can choose R2/R1 to be slightly larger than 2, say 2.03, to start oscillation.
oscillators
71

Frequency response viewpoint
Suppose the amplier has a xed gain of A. The feedback network, however,
has a bandpass frequency response.
WHY OSCILLATE?
Clearly, the roundtrip gain will be 1

for f = fo if the basic amplier has a
gain of 3.
|f|
The world is noisy. Signals of all

frequencies exist everywhere!
1/3
freq
ff
fo
+ 90
freq
90
But signals at all frequencies except fo

will be reduced after a round trip.
Only signals at fo will have a
roundtrip gain of 1.
Hence, the oscillation frequency is fo.
From the lter structure, we can nd
that fo is equal to 1/2CR.

oscillators
72
+15V
Amplitude control
3k
If we choose R2/R1 = 2.03, then amplitude may

grow. We have to stabilize the amplitude. The
following is an amplitude limiter circuit.
D2
20.3k
10k
Diode D1 (D2) conducts when vo reaches its
positive (negative) peak.
1k
vo
Just when D1 conducts, we have vA = vB.

10k
1k
A 20.3k
16n 10k
vo
1k
16n 10k
3k
B
D1
3k
15V
15V
-15 +
3
1
(v o + 15) = v o
4
3
v o = 9 V.
Similar procedure applies for the negative peak.

So, the amplitude is 9 V.

oscillators
73
The phase shift oscillator

This circuit matches exactly our negative
feedback model. The basic amplier gain is R2/R1,
and the feedback network is frequency dependent.
For the feedback network, we want to nd
the frequency at which the phase shift is
exactly 180o. At this frequency, if the
roundtrip gain is 1, oscillation occurs. Note
that the negative feedback already gives 180o
phase shift.
R2
R1
|f|
C
1
29
freq
R'
R1 || R'= R
ff
fo
180o
freq

oscillators
74
The phase shift oscillator
From the lter characteristic of the feedback network,

we know that the phase shift is 180o at fo, where its gain
is 1/29.
So, oscillation starts at fo if A 29. This means we need

to have R2 29R1.
|f|
1
29
We can prove that
freq
1
fo =
2p 6CR
ff
fo
180o
freq
Note that the leftmost resistor in the feedback lter is R (not R). But R//R1 is
exactly R. This will adjust the loading effect of the basic amplier and make the
overall lter circuit easier to analyze since it is then simply composed of three
identical RC sections.
oscillators
75
Resonant circuit oscillators

A general class of oscillators can be constructed by a pure reactive -feedback network.
For a voltage amplier implementation, this structure
can be modelled as a series-shunt feedback circuit:
A
jX1
+
vi
jX2
Ri
Ro
Avi
jX3
pure reactive -feedback network
jX3
vi
+
jX1

oscillators
jX2
76
Resonant circuit oscillators

Analysis:
The loop gain is T( jw ) =
-A( jX1 )( jX 2 )
j ( X1 + X 2 + X 3 ) Ro + jX 2 ( jX1 + jX 3 )
AX1 X 2
j ( X1 + X 2 + X 3 ) Ro - X 2 ( X1 + X 3 )
For oscillation to start, we need T = 1.

Thus, the oscillation criteria become
X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0
AX1
=1
X1 + X 3
+
vi
Ri
In practice, we may have
Ro
Avi
jX3
(a) X1 and X2 are capacitors and X3 is inductor.

OR
vi
+
jX1
jX2
(b) X1 and X2 are inductors and X3 is capacitor.

oscillators
77
Colpitts oscillator
When X1 and X2 are capacitors and X3 is inductor, we have the Colpitts oscillator.
In this case, we have
jX1 =
1
1
and jX 2 =
jwC1
jwC2
jX 3 = jwL3
+
vi
From X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0
Ri
the oscillation frequency can be found:
wo =
Ro
Avi
1
C1C2
L3
C1 + C2
vi
+

oscillators
L3
C1
C2
78
A practical form of Colpitts oscillator

The basic amplier can be realized by a common-emitter amplier.
The loop gain is
T(s) = Gm ZT
where
1/sC1
sL + 1/sC1
ZT
1
1
1
= sC2 +
+
1
ZT
ro || Rc
sL +
sC1
Putting s = jw, and applying the Barkhausen criterion:
wo =
1
CC
L3 1 2
C1 + C2
C1 Gm Rc ro
Gm C2 (ro || Rc )
>1
>
C1
C2 Rc + ro
for oscillation to start.

oscillators
79
Hartley oscillator
When X1 and X2 are inductors and X3 is capacitor, we have the Hartley oscillator.
In this case, we have
jX1 = jwL1 and jX 2 = jwL2

1
jX 3 =
jwC3
+
vi
From X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0
Ri
the oscillation frequency can be found:
wo =
Ro
Avi
1
C3 ( L1 + L2 )
For both the Colpitts and Hartley oscillators, the

gain of the amplier has to be large enough to
ensure that the loop gain magnitude is larger than
1.
vi
+

oscillators
C3
L1
L2
80

Feedback PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Feedback PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Basic feedback conguration

A = basic amplier gain

The input is subtracted by a

But, since sf = f so, we get

If A is large, then e must be very small in order to give a nite output.

But, with feedback, we see that

Improve input and output resistances (to be discussed later).

Signal-to-noise ratio improves!

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

The price to pay

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Loop gain (roundtrip gain) = Af

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Signals can be voltage or current.

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Feedback amplier congurations

To subtract voltage from

To copy voltage, we should use

Hence, series-shunt feedback

Series-shunt feedback (for voltage amplier)

Overall gain (closed-loop gain) :

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Series-shunt feedback (for voltage amplier)

The input resistance has been enlarged by (1+Af). This is a desirable

Series-shunt feedback (for voltage amplier)

First, we have ve = fvo.

The output resistance has been reduced by (1+Af). This is a desirable

Series-shunt feedback (for voltage amplier)

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Feedback amplier congurations

To subtract current from

To copy voltage, we should use

Hence, shunt-shunt feedback

Shunt-shunt feedback (for transresistance amplier)

Overall gain (closed-loop gain) :

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Shunt-shunt feedback (for transresistance amplier)

The input resistance has been reduced by (1+Af). This is a desirable

Shunt-shunt feedback (for transresistance amplier)

First, we have ie = fvo.

The output resistance has been reduced by (1+Af). This is a desirable

Shunt-shunt feedback (for transresistance amplier)

Similar, we can develop the feedback congurations for

Series-series feedback (for transconductance amplier)

Overall gain (closed-loop gain) :

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Shunt-series feedback (for current amplier)

Overall gain (closed-loop gain) :

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Practical feedback circuits (with loading effects)

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Systematic analysis using 2-port networks

Systematic analysis of shunt-shunt feedback using

In order to use the standard results, we have to convert

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Systematic analysis of shunt-shunt feedback using

One step closer

C.K. Tse: Feedback ampliers and

Systematic analysis of shunt-shunt feedback using

One more step closer