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Co So Ky Thuat Dien - Dien Tu
Co So Ky Thuat Dien - Dien Tu
C S
K THUT IN IN T
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
C S
K THUT IN IN T
Bin son :
Ths. NG C THIN
LI NI U
Ti liu hng dn hc tp mn hc ny c bin son da theo bi ging mn hc "C s
K thut in - in t" dnh cho h i hc chuyn ngnh Cng ngh Thng tin, ca Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng. Vi mc ch trnh by cc ni dung ch yu ca mn hc cho
h o to t xa, ti liu ny c bin son v sp xp li bao gm cc phn sau:
Phn th nht (Chng 1): Cung cp cho ngi c cc vn c bn ca mch in, cc
nh lut v cc phng php phn tch mch in.
Phn th hai (Chng 2): Bao gm cc ni dung v cc linh kin bn dn v linh kin
quang in t.
Phn th ba (Chng 3, 4, 5, 6): Gm cc ni dung v k thut mch in t bao gm:
-
Cc mch lc tn s.
Cc mch to tn hiu hnh sin, xung vung, xung tam gic, rng ca.
Vic phn tch mch in trong min thi gian trong nhiu trng hp cng gp nhng kh
khn v tnh ton chng hn nh cc phng trnh vi phn v tch phn. Nh c cch biu din
trong min tn s m xut pht ca n l cp bin i Fourier, ta thay th c cc phng
trnh ny lm cho cc tnh ton n gin i rt nhiu.
Thc cht y l ngi ta thc hin mt php ton t trong min tn s. Trong phn
ny chng ta s xt mt cch tng qut hn l vic p dng php ton t trong min tn s
phc p phn tch mch in.
Trong s cc phng php ton t th phng php thng dng l da trn cp bin i
Laplace bi v n thch hp cho vic bin i cc phng trnh vi tch phn thng gp trong
phn tch mch.
Phn tip theo l mng bn cc, l m hnh ca cc phn t v cc phn mch in thng gp
trong thc t. Cc nh lut tng qut dng cho mch tuyn tnh u c th p dng cho bn cc tuyn
tnh, nhng l thuyt mng bn cc ch yu i su vo phn tch mch in theo h thng, lc y c
th khng cn quan tm ti mch c th na m coi chng nh mt hp en v vn ngi ta cn
n l mi quan h dng v p hai ca ca mch.
Phn c bn ca mng bn cc l cc h phng trnh c tnh, bao gm: h phng trnh tr
khng Z , h phng trnh dn np Y , h phng trnh truyn t A , h phng trnh truyn t
ngc B , h phng trnh hn hp H , h phng trnh hn hp ngc G .
Khi ghp ni cc mng bn cc thnh mt mng bn cc chung, ty theo cch mc ta c th
tm c h phng trnh c tnh ca mng bn cc chung .
NI DUNG
1.1. TNG QUAN
S to ra, thu nhn v x l tn hiu l nhng qu trnh phc tp xy ra trong cc thit b &
h thng khc nhau. Vic phn tch v l thuyt s c tin hnh thng qua cc loi m hnh gi
l mch in.
Tn hiu lin tc (hay cn gi l tn hiu tng t - analog signal), hnh 1-1a. Lin tc
c v thi gian v bin .
sa(t)
a)
b)
d)
sd(n)
sq(t)
c)
Hnh 1-1.
Trn hnh 1-2 l s phn loi x l tn hiu lin tc.
Tn hiu lin tc
Mch tng t
Tn hiu ri rc
Ly mu
Mch ri rc
ADC
Mch s
Khi phc
DAC
Tn hiu s
Hnh 1-2.
Eng
Ing
Ngun in p
Ngun dng in
Hnh 1-3.
U ab =
Eng
Ri + Rt
Rt
I ab =
I ng
Ri + Rt
Ri
Ri
i(t)
a
Eng
Rt
b
Ing
Hnh 1-4.
Ri
Rt
Hnh 1-5.
Phn
t
u(t)
Hnh 1 -6.
WT = 2 p (t )dt
t1
i(t)
R
u(t)
Hnh 1 -7.
i (t ) =
hay
1
u (t ) = G.u (t )
R
1
gi l in dn, c n v 1/, hay S (Simen).
R
V mt thi gian, dng in v in p trn phn t thun tr l trng pha nn nng lng
nhn c trn phn t thun tr l lun lun dng, v vy R c trng cho s tiu tn nng
lng.
b. Cc thng s qun tnh
Cc thng s qun tnh trong mch gm hai loi: in dung v in cm.
Thng s in dung (C) c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t
khi dng in chy trn n t l vi tc bin thin ca in p,
n c n v l fara (F) v c xc nh theo cng thc:
i (t ) = C
u (t ) =
hay
i(t)
u(t)
du (t )
dt
Hnh 1-8.
q (t )
1
i ( t ) dt =
C
C
t
WE = p (t )dt = C.
du
1
.u (t ).dt = Cu 2
dt
2
Xt v mt nng lng, thng s C c trng cho s tch lu nng lng in trng, thng
s ny khng gy t bin in p trn phn t v thuc loi thng s qun tnh. Xt v mt thi
gian in p trn phn t thun dung chm pha so vi dng in mt gc /2.
Thng s in cm (L) c trng cho tnh cht ca phn
t khi in p trn n t l vi tc bin thin ca dng in,
c n v l henry (H) v c xc nh theo cng thc:
di (t )
u (t ) = L
dt
hay
1
i ( t ) = u ( t ) dt
L
0
i (t)
L
u(t)
Hnh 1-9.
WH = L
di
1
i ( t ) dt = Li 2
dt
2
UL
Ir
Ur
UC
Hnh 1-10.
u21 = M 21
di1
dt
u12 = M12
di2
dt
u1 = L11
di1
di
M12 2
dt
dt
u2 = M 21
i1
i2
*
u1
L11
L22
u2
Hnh 1-11.
di1
di
+ L22 2
dt
dt
Thng s in tr
Thng s in cm
Thng s in dung
Ni tip
r = rk
L = Lk
1
1
=
C k Ck
1
1
=
r k rk
1
1
=
L k Lk
C = Ck
Song song
e(t)
Em
e(t) =Emcos(t + u)
Ngha l nu t: E = Em exp j (t + u )
s vit c:
Hnh 1-12.
e ( t ) = Re E
U = Z .I
hay I =
x(t)
y(t)=p{x(t)}
Hnh 1-13.
1
U
Z
Z = R + jX = Z exp( j arg Z )
Y = G + jB = Y exp( j arg Y )
trong R l in tr, X l in khng, G l in dn v B l in np.
Z=
U U m exp[ j (t + u )] U m
=
=
exp[ j (u i )]
I m exp[ j (t + i )]
Im
I
Y=
I exp j (t + i ) I m
I
exp j (i u )
= m
=
U U m exp j (t + u ) U m
nh vy t ta c th rt ra:
Z = R2 + X 2 =
v:
Um
Im
I
Y = G 2 + B2 = m ;
Um
Z = arg Z = arctg
Y = arg Y = arctg
X
= u i
R
B
= i u = Z
G
U r = Z r .I = R.I
vy
Zr = R
Zc =
trong :
1
= jX C
jC
XC =
1
;
C
v YC = jC = jBC
BC = C
Z L = j L = jX L v YL =
trong
X L = L ; BL =
j L
= jBL
1
L
10
Z2
E8
IV
Z4
Z1
Graph c nh du mi tn trong cc
nhnh gi l Graph c hng.
Z6
Z5
I
E1
Z3
D
Z7
III
II
E5
O
Hnh 1 -14.
Nn = 5
Nhnh: l phn mch nm gia hai nt.
Nu k hiu s nhnh l Nnh th trn hnh 1-14 c
tm nhnh: Nnh = 8
Nb = Nnh - Nc
hay
YMN = YNM
11
E7
ak ik = 0
k
trong :
12
bk uk = 0
k
trong :
Z2 B
Z1
Z4
Z3
E1
Z6
C
Z5
D
Z7
E5
O
i1 + i2 + i8 = 0
hay:
E8
Z8
Hnh 1-15.
U A E1 U A U B U A U D + E8
+
+
=0
Z1
Z2
Z8
(Y1 + Y2 + Y3 ) .U A Y2 .U B 0.U C Y8 .U D =
E1. E8
Z1 Z8
Y2
Y8
0
Y1 + Y2 + Y8
U A I ng1 I ng 8
Y
Y
Y
Y
0
U
2
2
3
4
x B =
UC
I ng 5
Y4
Y6
Y4 + Y5 + Y6
0
+
+
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
0
U
I
8
6
6
7
8 D
ng 6
Tng qut:
Y N .U N = I ng
13
U N = Y N1.I ngN
Khi tm c cc in p nt ta c th d dng tm c dng in trong cc nhnh.
Th d 1-1: Hy vit h phng trnh in p
nt cho mch in hnh 1-16.
E2
R2
Gii:
XL1
K hiu cc nt l A, B, C, O v chn nt O
lm gc. Nh vy ta s c h ba phng trnh, ba n
s UA, UB, UC:
XL2
R1
Xc
E1
1
E E
1
1
1
1
+
U B UC = 1 + 2
+
U A
jX L1
R2
R1 R2
R1 R2 jX L1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
UA +
UC = 0
U B
jX L 2
jX L1 jX L 2 jX c
jX L1
1 U A 1 U B + 1 + 1 + 1 U C = I ng 3 E2
R2
jX L 2
R2
jX L 2 R2 R3
R3
Ing3
O
Hnh 1-16.
Qua th d trn ta thy trong s mch vic biu din ngun dng rt thun tin p
dng phng php in p nt, do trc khi vit phng trnh bn c th chuyn i cc
ngun p v ngun dng.
1.6.2. Phng php dng in vng
Ni dung ca phng php ny c din t thng
qua mch in hnh 1-17 vi s chn chiu v nh k hiu
cho cc vng nh hnh v. H phng trnh dng in vng
cho mch c thnh lp t nh lut Kirchhoff 2:
Z2
Z1
E1
( Z1 + Z 2 + Z3 ) .IV 1
Z3 .IV 2
+0.IV 3
Z3.IV 1 + ( Z3 + Z 4 + Z5 ) .IV 2
+ Z1.IV 4
Z5 .IV 3
0.IV 4
E8
Z8
Iv4
Iv1
Z3
Z4
Z6
Z5
Iv2
E5
= E1
Hnh 1-17.
= E5
Z1.IV 1 +0.IV 2
+ Z 7 .IV 3
+ ( Z1 + Z 7 + Z8 ) .IV 4
= E1 + E8
I v1
V1
V2
V3
V4
Z1 + Z 2 + Z3
Z3
Z1
I v2
Z3
Z3 + Z 4 + Z5
Z5
0
I v3
0
Z5
Z5 + Z 6 + Z7
Z7
14
Iv 4
Z1
I v1 E1
I E
0
5
x v2 =
Z7
E5
I v3
Z1 + Z 7 + Z8 I v 4 E1 + E8
Z7
Iv3
I V = Z V1.EV
Sau khi tnh c cc dng in vng d dng tnh c cc dng in trn cc nhnh.
Th d 1-2: Cho mch in hnh 1-18.
XL1
Iv1
R1
*
*
XL2
Iv2
R2
R1 = 1; R2 = 1; XL1 = 1;
Hnh 1-18.
XL2 = 2; XM = 1; E = 1V.
Gii:
a. Cc phng trnh dng in vng khi khng tnh n h cm:
(R1 + jXL1 + R2).Iv1 - R2Iv2 = E
-R2Iv1
+(jXL2 +R2).Iv2 = 0
+ (jXL2 + R2).Iv2 = 0
trong thnh phn -jXM.Iv2 l in p h cm do dng in Iv2 chy trong XL2 gy ra trn
XL1, cn thnh phn -jXMIv1 l in p h cm do dng in Iv1 chy trong XL1 gy ra trn XL2.
Thay s ta c:
( 2 + j ) .I v1 (1 + j ) .I v 2 = 1
(1 + j ) .I v1 + (1 + 2 j ) .I v 2 = 0
2 j
1 j
A
A; I v2 =
3
3
i X L1 = I v1 =
2 j
A
3
i X L2 = I v 2 =
15
1 j
A
3
i R 2 = I v1 I v 2 =
1
A
3
Ri
E
A
AB
B
A
Z
Hnh 1-19.
Z3
Z1
Ing Ri
Gii:
E1
Z5
Z4
Z2
E5
Hnh 1-20.
E5
E1
Z2
Z4
Z1 + Z 2
Z 4 + Z5
- Xc nh ZtAB nhn t cp im AB, ngn mch
ngun s E1 & E5:
U hmAB = U A U B =
ZtdAB =
Z Z
Z1Z 2
+ 4 5
Z1 + Z 2 Z 4 + Z5
A
E = Uhm AB
Hnh 1-21.
i3 =
Ri = Zt AB
U hmAB
ZtdAB + Z3
16
Z3
Z3
Z1
Z5
Z2
E1
Z4
E5
Hnh 1-22.
i3 = i3E1 + i3E5
- tnh dng i3E1 trc ht ta phi loi b ngun E5, khi :
Z 45 =
Z 4 Z5
Z 4 + Z5
Z 2345 =
v nh vy:
Z345 = Z3 + Z 45
Z 2 Z345
Z 2 + Z345
i3E1 =
E1
Z2
Ztd1 Z 2 + Z345
- tnh dng i3E5 ta phi loi b ngun E1, vi cch tnh tng t ta s tnh c:
Z12 =
Z1Z 2
Z1 + Z 2
Z1234 =
v ta c:
i3E 5 =
Z123 = Z3 + Z12
Z 4 Z123
Z 4 + Z123
Ztd 5 = Z5 + Z1234
E5
Z4
Ztd 5 Z 4 + Z123
i3 = i3E1 i3E 5
Ngoi cc phng php phn tch mch trn cn c cc phng php khc nh: Phn tch
mch in bng phng php tn s, phng php dng php ton tCc phng php ny c
th gii cc bi ton phc tp hn. Bn c xem thm cc ti liu tham kho.
17
1.7. MNG BN CC
Mng bn cc (cn gi l mch hai ca) l m hnh ca cc phn t v cc phn mch in
thng gp trong thc t (nh m hnh bin p, tranzito...). Cc nh lut tng qut dng cho
mch tuyn tnh u c th p dng cho bn cc tuyn tnh, nhng l thuyt mng bn cc ch
yu i su vo phn tch mch in theo h thng, lc y c th khng cn quan tm ti mch c
th na m coi chng nh mt hp en v vn ngi ta cn n l mi quan h dng v p
hai ca ca mch.
L thuyt mng bn cc cho php nghin cu cc
mch in phc tp nh l s ghp ni ca cc bn cc
n gin theo nhiu cch khc nhau, n l mt trong
nhng phng php hu hiu dng phn tch v tng
hp mch.
I2
I1
U1
Mng bn
cc
U2
Hnh 1-23.
z12
(gi l ma trn tr khng h mch).
z22
U1 = z11I1 + z12 I 2
U 2 = z21I1 + z22 I 2
18
z11 =
U1
I1
z22 =
;
I 2 =0
U2
I2
U
; z12 = 1
;
I
2 I1 =0
I1 =0
U2
I1
z21 =
I 2 =0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
z12 = z21
I1
U1
=
Y
I
U
2
2
y
Y = 11
y21
trong
y12
y22
I1 = y11U1 + y12U 2
Di dng h phng trnh:
I 2 = y21U1 + y22U 2
Cc h s (thng s dn np) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
y11 =
I1
U1 U
I
; y22 = 2
;
U
2
U1 =0
2 =0
y12 =
I1
U2 U
1 =0
y21 =
I2
U1 U
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
y12 = y21
trong
( ma trn truyn t)
U1 = a11U 2 + a12 I 2
I1 = a21U 2 + a22 I 2
a11 =
U1
U2
;
I 2 =0
a22 =
I1
I2 U
a12 =
;
2 =0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
a = -1
U1
I2 U
;
2 =0
a21 =
I1
U2
I 2 =0
2 =0
U 2
U1
I = BI
2
1
Di dng ma trn:
trong :
b
b
B = 11 12
b21 b22
U 2 = b11U1 + b12 I1
I 2 = b21U1 + b22 I1
b11 =
U2
U1
;
I1 =0
b22 =
I2
I1 U
1 =0
b12 =
U2
I1 U
1 =0
b21 =
I2
U1
h21 =
I2
I1 U
I1 =0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
b= -1
trong
( ma trn hn hp)
U1 = h11I1 + h12U 2
I 2 = h21I1 + h22U 2
h11 =
U1
I1 U
;
2 =0
h22 =
I2
U2
;
I1 =0
h12 =
U1
U2
;
I1 =0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
h12 = - h21
g
G = 11
g 21
g12
g 22
( ma trn hn hp ngc)
I1 = g11U1 + g12 I 2
U 2 = g 21U1 + g 22 I 2
20
2 =0
g11 =
I1
U1
;
I 2 =0
g 22 =
U2
I2 U
1 =0
g12 =
I1
I2 U
1 =0
g 21 =
U2
U1
I 2 =0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
g12 = - g21
1.7.2. Cc phng php ghp ni mng bn cc
a. Ghp ni ni tip - ni tip (N-N):
I1
Hai mng bn cc I v II c gi l mc ni
tip-ni tip vi nhau nh hnh 1-24.
I1
I2
U1
U1
U2
I2
I1
Z = Z ' + Z ''
U2
U2
II
U1
I2
Hnh 1-24.
Z = Zk
k =1
I2
I1
Y = Y ' + Y ''
I1
U1
U1
I1
U1
U2
I2
II
I2
U2
U2
Hnh 1-25.
Y = Yk
k =1
21
H =H +H
I1
I2
I1
U1
''
U1
U2
I2
I1
U1
I2
U2
U2
II
Hnh 1-26.
H = Hk
k =1
I1
I1
U1
U1
I1
I2
U2
I2
U1
II
I2
U2
U2
Hnh 1-27.
G = G ' + G ''
Trong : G ' v G '' ln lt l ma trn c tnh hn hp ngc ca mng bn cc I v II.
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc S-N vi nhau:
n
G = Gk
k =1
I1
U1
U1
I2
I1
U2
U1
II
I2
I2
U2
U2
Hnh 1-28.
22
A = Ak . An
k =1
TM TT NI DUNG
Cc thng s tc ng l cc thng s to ngun: c 2 loi ngun chnh l ngun in p v
ngun dng in. Nn nm c k hiu ca 2 loi ngun ny v c im ca tng ngun. Cc
thng s th ng c trng cho cc phn t tiu th nng lng, c hai loi thng s th ng l
thng s khng qun tnh v thng s khng c qun tnh.
Cch biu din phc cc tn hiu iu ha, y l mt cch biu din tn hiu rt thun li cho
vic tnh ton v phn tch mch in. Khi tnh ton mch in th cc thng s tc ng cng nh
th ng cng c biu din theo dng phc, v khi tnh ton vi s phc th khng phi gii cc
phng trnh vi phn v tch phn kh phc tp min thi gian.
Hai phng php phn tch mch in: in p nt v dng in vng. Hai phng php ny
da vo 2 nh lut Kirchhoff 1 v 2. Nm vng cch vit h phng trnh cho in p nt v dng
in vng t c c h cc phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh, sau khi gii h phng trnh ny
ta c th d dng tnh c cc in p v dng in trong tt c cc nhnh ca mch in.
Ngoi hai phng php trn cn c thm cc phng php phn tch mch khc nh:
phng php ngun tng ng da vo nh l Thevenine-Norton.
Phng php dng bin i Laplace c th gii cc bi ton phc tp trong min thi gian
(cc phng trnh vi phn, tch phn), cc qu trnh qu trong mch in.
Phn cui l mt s vn v mng bn cc, cn nm c cc phng trnh c tnh, v
cc cch ghp ni mng 4 cc.
CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1. Hai phng php phn tch mch: dng in vng v in p nt da trn cc nh lut no?
Cu 2: K hiu ngun in p c lp l:
a)
b)
c)
23
d)
a)
b)
c)
d)
1
= jX C
a) Z c =
jC
c) ZC = j
b) ZC = jC = jX C
1
= jX C
C
d) ZC = jC
Cu 5: Dn np ca phn t thun cm l:
a) YL = j
c) YL =
1
= jBL
L
b) YL = j L = jBL
d) YL = j L = jBL
j L
= jBL
b) ZC = j 200
c) ZC = j 5.103
d) ZC = j 5.103
b) YL = j 2.102
c) YL = j 2.102
d) YL = j 50
X=5
R=4
a)
b)
X=5
R=4
R=4
c)
X=5
d)
24
a)
G=2
B=7
B=2
G=7
G=2
d)
c)
R=2
b) Z = 2 j 2
c) Z = 2 + j 2
d) Z = 2 j12
b) Y = 5 + j 6
c) Y = 5 j 6
d) Z = 5 j12
B=9
B=3
G=5
Hnh 1-30.
Z1
i(t)
Vi: Z1 = 1, 025 j ;
Hnh 1-29.
Z 2 = 1, 25 j; Z3 = j
u(t)
Z3
Z2
Z5
Z4
Z 4 = 2 j; Z 5 = 2 + j
a) V s tng ng chi tit theo cc linh kin.
Hnh 1-31.
i(t)
Y2 = 5 j; Y3 = 2 + 4 j
u(t)
Y1
Y3
Y2
Y4 = 1 5 j; Y5 = 1 + j
a) V s tng ng chi tit theo
cc linh kin.
25
Hnh 1-32.
Y5
Y4
XL1
Cu 14: Hy tnh cc dng in nhnh
ca mach in hnh 1-33.
R1
XL2
R2
XC
Ing2
E1
Hnh 1-33.
E6 = j V
Z1 = 1
Z2 = -j
Z3 = j
Z4 = 1
Z5 = j
Z6 = 1
Z6
Z4
E6
Z5
Z1
C
Z3
Z2
E1
0
Hnh 1-34.
R3
R1
R5
R4
R2
Ing
R6
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = R6 = 2
Ing = 4A
Eng = 6V.
Hnh 1-35.
Cu 17: Cho mch in hnh 1-36, hy tnh dng i0 bng phng php ngun tng ng.
Cu 18: Cho mch in hnh 1-37, hy tnh dng in chy qua R4 bng cch p dng nguyn l
xp chng.
R2
R1
E1
R0
A
E2
X1
X0
XM
I0
X2
Ing
R3
R1
R2
Hnh 1-36.
26
R4
R5
R6
E6
NI DUNG
2.1. CHT BN DN THUN V CHT BN DN TP CHT
2.1.1. Cu trc vng nng lng ca cht rn tinh th
Trong phn ny cn nm vng v cu trc nng lng in hnh ca vt rn tinh th.
Ty theo tnh trng cc mc nng lng trong mt vng c b in t chim ch hay khng,
ngi ta phn bit 3 loi vng nng lng khc nhau: Vng ha tr, trong tt c cc mc nng
lng b chim ch; Vng dn, trong cc mc nng lng u cn b trng hay ch b
chim ch mt phn. Vng cm, trong khng tn ti cc mc nng lng no in t c th
chim ch, hay xc sut tm ht ti y bng 0.
Ty theo v tr tng i gia ba vng k trn v rng vng cm m cc cht rn cu
trc tinh th c chia thnh 3 loi l cht cch in, cht bn dn v cht dn in.
27
E
Vng dn
Vng dn
EC
Vng
dn
EC
EG > 2eV
Vng cm
EV
EV
EV
EG < 2eV
EC
Vng
ho tr
Vng ho tr
Vng ho tr
a)
b)
c)
Vng dn
Si+
Si
1,12eV
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
pi
b)
a)
Hnh 2-2
Vng
h tr
Kt qu l:
-
28
2.1.3. Cht bn dn tp
Ngi ta tin hnh pha thm cc nguyn t thuc nhm V bng Mendeleep vo mng tinh
th cht bn dn nguyn cht (nh cng ngh c bit) s thu c bn dn loi n. V nu pha
nguyn t thuc nhm III vo bn dn thun ta s thu c bn dn loi p.
C 2 loi ht dn trong cht bn dn l in t v l trng. Vi bn dn n th nn >> pn. Vi
bn dn p th pp >> np.
Mt tip xc Bn dn N
Ion nhn
Ion cho
b) Mt in tch
d 2V
= ; e = 2,73
e
dX 2
E=
dV
= dX
dX
e
V0
V=0
E0 = 0
e) Hng ro th nng i vi in
t
E0
29
Vngoi
E0
Engoi
Vngoi
E0
Engoi
Hnh 2-5 Tip xc P-N khi
phn cc ngc.
2.3. IT BN DN
2.3.1. Cu to ca it v k hiu trong s mch.
a) Cu to
b) K hiu
30
I = I 0 (e
U AK
VT
1)
I th.max
0,1I th.m
U.t
Trong : = 2 i vi dng in nh v = 1 i vi
dng in ln.
VT = 0,026V = 26mV.
0 UD
I0
UAK
I ngc (A)
Hnh 2-7: c tuyn VnAmpe ca it bn dn.
+ UAK < UD: dng in qua it cn qu nh v tng chm, thng thng UD 0,2V i vi
it gecmani v UD 0,6V i vi it silic.
+ Khi UAK > UD: dng qua it tng nhanh hn v tng gn nh tuyn tnh vi in p.
Ith.max l dng in thun cc i cho php. it khng c lm vic vi dng in cao hn tr s
ny ca dng in.
Phn ngc ca c tuyn V-A. (Khi U AK < 0 )
Khi UAKln hn vi ln VT th dng in ngc bng gi tr I0 v gi nguyn gi tr ny.
Khi |UAK| tng ln n tr s U.t. th dng in tng vt, y l hin tng nh thng tip xc PN. C hai hin tng nh thng: nh thng v nhit v nh thng v in.
2.3.3. Cc tham s tnh ca it
a) in tr mt chiu hay cn gi l in tr tnh: R0
y l in tr ca it khi lm vic ch ngun mt chiu hoc ti ch tnh (ti
im lm vic tnh trn c tuyn).
I thun (mA)
U
R0 =
[ ]
I
in tr mt chiu R0 chnh l nghch o gc nghing ca
c tuyn V-A ti im lm vic tnh M (gc 1. Thng thng
R0thun << R0ngc.
b) in tr ng Ri
31
UAK
Hnh 2-8: Xc nh
in tr mt chiu v
in tr ng ca it.
Ri =
dV
dI
Ri =
Ngi ta tnh c:
[]
VT
I
k=
I th R 0nguoc
=
I0 R 0thuan
gi tr UAK = 1V
32
I
UA
U.
Imin
a)
Imax
K
+UAK
a)
Hnh 2-11 a) K hiu ca it bin dung.
b)
33
Imax
Imin
UAK
TE TC
E
P N
P
B
a) Tranzito P-N-P
TE TC
E
NP
N
B
b) Tranzito N-P-N
B
EE
EC
+ H s chuyn di :
*
* =
* = 0,98 0,995
i =
ICp
IE
ICp I Ep
I Ep I E
= *. (i 0,90 0,995).
TE
E
IC
B
IB
EE
35
EC
IC
C
R
+
EC
IC
C
E
b)
a)
Da vo din tch mt tip xc P-N c: tranzito tip im, tranzito tip mt.
36
FET c tr khng vo rt cao, khong 1010 1013; loi MOS khong 1013 1015
C n nh v nhit cao.
Tn s lm vic cao.
37
D
G
D
G
S
Knh N
S
Knh P
G
S
D
G
Knh N
Knh P
a) MOSFET knh c sn
G
S
Knh N
Knh P
b) MOSFET knh cm ng
2.6. THYRISTOR
Thyristor l linh kin bn dn thng dng iu khin ng v ngt mch. N c th l
linh kin 2 cc, 3 cc hoc 4 cc, c th dn in mt chiu hoc c hai chiu. Trong h
Thyristor quan trng nht l b chnh lu silic c iu khin (SCR), Triac, ic.
2.6.1. Chnh lu Silic c iu khin (SCR)
SCR l chuyn mch c iu khin. Khi chu mt in p ngc, n s ngt vi iu kin l
in p ny phi vt qua mt gi tr xc nh no . Cn khi phn cc thun n cng ngt,
nhng nu c mt xung dng tc ng vo cc iu khin gi l cc ca (G), th n s dn. N s
lun dn chng no dng qua n ln hn gi tr ca dng duy tr.
A
K
G
G
a) SCR "quy c"
b) SCR kiu b
Hnh 2-10 K hiu ca SCR.
38
39
Vi mch lng cc: cc tranzito c tch hp l cc tranzito lng cc. Cng sut tiu
tn nhit t vi W n vi trm mW, mc tch hp thp khong 100 phn t.
Vi mch loi SSI (Small Scale Integration): s phn t c tch hp < 10.
Vi mch loi LSI (Large Scale Integration): s phn t tch hp t 100 1000.
Vi mch loi VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): s phn t tch hp > 1000
40
Khi
iu ch
Si ng
Khi gii
iu ch
Mch
in t
Khi O/E
Mch
in t
Tn hiu thu
Mch
in t
Khi
E/O
Tn hiu thu
Trong h thng in th ti tin l cc sng in t cao tn, trong h thng quang l nh sng
cng l sng in t song c tn s rt cao ( 1014 1015 Hz) do vy ti tin quang rt thun li cho
ti cc tn hiu bng rng.
* u im ca h thng truyn dn quang
-
Si quang ch to t thu tinh thch anh khng b nh hng ca nc, axit, kim nn
khng s b n mn. ng thi, si l cht in mi nn cch in hon ton, tn hiu
truyn trong si quang khng b nh hng ca nhiu bn ngoi ti v cng khng
gy nhiu ra mi trng xung quanh.
Gi thnh rt r.
2.8.3. Si dn quang
a) Nguyn l truyn dn nh sng trong si dn quang.
Nguyn l c bn truyn dn nh sng da vo hin tng phn x ton phn ca tia sng
ti mt phn cch hai mi trng khi n i t mi trng c chit sut ln hn sang mi trng
c chit sut nh hn.
Vy truyn c nh sng trong si quang th nh sng phi i ti mt phn cch gia hai
mi trng c chit sut n1 > n2. Ch trong iu kin ny mi c phn x ton phn ca nh sng.
b) Cu to si dn quang.
41
dk
Li c chit sut n1
P
10
log10 in [ dB / Km ]
L
Pout
42
TM TT NI DUNG
Chng ny trnh by v cht bn dn thun v cc cht bn dn tp cht. S hnh thnh lp
tip xc P-N v trn c s lp tip xc P-N ngi ta ch to cc linh kin bn dn.
Cn nm vng mt s vn sau:
+ it bn dn:
-
Cu to ca cc loi it.
Cc thng s c bn ca it.
43
Cc ch lm vic ca tranzito.
Cc linh kin thu quang: it thu quang loi PIN, v it quang thc APD.
CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1. rng vng cm EG ca cht cch in l:
a)
EG < 2eV .
b)
EG = 2eV
c)
EG > 2eV .
d)
EG > 2eV .
b)
EG = 1eV
c)
EG > 2eV .
d)
EG > 2eV .
VP VN < 0 .
44
VP VN = 0
c)
VP VN > 0
d)
Cu 5: Lp tip xc P-N phn cc ngc khi in p t ln tip xc P-N c chiu sao cho:
a)
VP VN < 0 .
b)
VP VN = 0
c)
VP VN > 0
d)
N-P-N.
b)
P-N-P
c)
N-N-P
d)
P-P-N
N-P-N.
b)
P-N-P
c)
N-N-P
d)
P-P-N
b)
c)
d)
b)
c)
d)
b)
45
d)
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
46
d)
NI DUNG
3.1. NH NGHA, CC CH TIU V THAM S C BN CA MCH KHUCH I
3.1.1. nh ngha mch khuch i
Thc cht khuch i l mt qu trnh bin i nng lng c iu khin, nng lng
mt chiu ca ngun cung cp, khng cha thng tin, c bin i thnh nng lng xoay chiu
theo tn hiu iu khin u vo, cha ng thng tin, lm cho tn hiu ra ln ln nhiu ln v khng
mo. Phn t iu khin l tranzito. S tng qut ca mch khuch i nh hnh 3-1.
iv
uv
Rn
En ~
uv
ir
Mch
khuych
i
ur
Rt
ur
t
Ngun cung
cp (EC)
Hnh 3-1 S tng qut ca mch khuch i.
47
t B
I0
iC C
PK
Uv
Im
ur
RC
ur
iC
ur
Rt ur
Um
E
0
a)
b)
K =
i lng tng ng u vo
Zv =
Uv
;
Iv
48
Zr =
Ur
Ir
U0
t
K0
Kt
K0
Kc
f=
2.
uvo (mV)
(Hz)
a)
b)
Mt =
K0
;
Kt
MC =
K0
KC
d) Mo phi tuyn.
Mo phi tuyn l do tnh cht phi tuyn ca cc phn t bn dn nh tranzito gy ra. Khi uv
ch c thnh phn tn s th ur ni chung c cc thnh phn tn hiu vi tn s l bi ca tc
l n. (vi n = 1, 2...) vi cc bin cc i tng ng l U max . H s mo phi tuyn do tng
khuch i gy ra c nh gi l:
2
2
U 2.max
+ U 3.max
+ ... + U n2.max
U1.max
Pr
P0
49
Ku
2
K uht
Kuht
f
0
f
fht
Hi tip m cng lm gim mo phi tuyn ca tn hiu ra v gim nhiu (tp m) trong b
khuch i.
Nhng quy lut chung nh hng ca hi tip m n ch tiu b khuch i l:
Mi loi hi tip m u lm gim tn hiu trn u vo b khuch i v do lm gim
h s khuch i Kht, lm tng n nh ca h s khuch i ca b khuch i.
Ngoi ra hi tip m ni tip lm tng in tr vo.
Hi tip in p ni tip lm n nh in p ra, gim in tr ra Rrht. Cn hi tip dng
in ni tip lm n nh dng in ra It, tng in tr ra Rrht.
Hi tip m song song lm tng dng in vo, lm gim in tr vo Rvht, cng nh in
tr ra Rrht.
Cn ni thm l hi tip dng thng khng dng trong b khuch i nhng n c th
xut hin ngoi mun do ghp v in bn trong hay bn ngoi gi l hi tip k sinh, c th
xut hin qua ngun cung cp chung, qua in cm hoc in dung k sinh gia mch ra v mch
vo ca b khuch i.
50
R1
t
Rn
en ~
iV
CP1
uV
CP2
t
T
R2
RE
Rt
ur
CE
51
I
UCE0=EC-IC0.RC-IE0RE=EC-IC0RC- C 0 .RE
V h s gn ng 1, nn c th vit
UCE0 = EC - IC0 (RC+RE)
Da vo c tuyn vo IB= f (UBE) ta chn dng cc gc tnh cn thit IB0, chnh l xc nh
c to im P l giao im ca ng IB = IB0 vi ng ti mt chiu trn c tuyn ra
hnh 3-7b.
xc nh thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p ra v dng ra cc C ca tranzito phi dng
ng ti xoay chiu ca tng. Ch rng in tr xoay chiu trong mch cc E ca tranzito bng
khng (v c t CE mc song song vi in tr RE) cn ti Rt c mc vo mch cc C, v in
tr xoay chiu ca t C2 rt nh.
Nu coi in tr xoay chiu ca ngun cung cp EC bng khng, th in tr xoay chiu ca
tng gm hai in tr RC v Rt mc song song, ngha l Rt~ =Rt // RC. T thy r in tr ti
mt chiu ca tng Rt= = RC + RE ln hn in tr ti xoay chiu Rt~. Khi c tn hiu vo, in p
v dng in l tng ca thnh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu, ng ti xoay chiu i qua im
tnh P.
IC
d
b
Irm
IB
IB4
IB3
IC0
ic
e
UC0
Un
a)
IBrm
IB2
IB1
IB=0
IB0
iB
UBE0
UCE
UBE
b)
UC0
Hnh 3-7 Xc nh ch tnh ca tng EC.
a) Trn c tuyn ra. b) Trn c c tuyn vo.
52
IB
IV
I C
rC
IB
Rn
en
rB
uV
IE
R1 //R2
rE
it
RC
Rt
ut
E
Hnh 3-8 S tng ng xoay chiu tng khuch i EC.
RV = R1 // R2 // rV ;
+ in tr vo ca tng:
rV= rB + (1+).rE.
Ki = .
RC // Rt
Rt
Ku = .
RC // Rt
Rn + RV
P
+ H s khuch i cng sut K P = r = Ku .Ki ; rt ln khong t (0,2 5).103 ln
PV
+ in tr ra ca tng. Rr = RC // rC ( E ) ; V rC(E) >> RC nn Rr = RC.
Tng EC c h s khuch i in p v dng in ln nn thng c s dng nhiu.
3.3.2. Tng khuch i Colect chung (CC)
in tr RE trong s ng vai tr nh RC trong mch EC, ngha l to nn mt in p
bin i u ra trn n. T C c nhim v a tn hiu ra ti Rt. in tr R1, R2 l b phn p
cp in mt chiu cho cc B, xc nh ch tnh ca tng. tng in tr vo thng ngi
ta khng mc in tr R2. Tnh ton ch mt chiu tng t nh tnh ton tng EC. kho st
cc tham s ca tng theo dng xoay chiu, cn chuyn sang s tng ng xoay chiu.
53
IB
CP1
IV
R2
RE
Rt
rE
uV
uv
en
ur
rb
Rn
CP2
Rn
en
+EC
R1
IE r
C
IC
R1 // R2 E
RE
Rt
ur
b)
a)
Cc tham s:
+ in tr vo ca tng:
RV R1 // R2 //(1 + ).( RE // Rt )
RV = R1 // R2 // (1 + ) . ( RE // Rt ) // rE ( E )
in tr vo ln l mt trong nhng u im quan trng ca tng C chung, dng lm tng
phi hp vi ngun tn hiu c in tr trong ln.
+ H s khuch i dng in:
Ki = (1 + ).
RV RE // Rt
.
rV
Rt
+ H s khuch i in p:
Ku = (1 + ).
RE // Rt
Rn + RV
r + Rn // R1 // R2
+ in tr ra ca tng: Rr = RE //(rE + B
) = RE // rE
1+
in tr ra ca tng nh c (150). N c dng phi hp mch ra ca tng khuch
i vi ti c in tr nh, khi tng C chung dng lm tng ra ca b khuch i c vai tr nh
mt tng khuch i cng sut n ch A khng c bin p ra.
3.3.3. Tng khuch i cc B chung (BC)
Cc phn t R1, R2, RE dng xc nh ch tnh IE. Cc phn t cn li cng c chc
nng ging s mch EC.
54
RV = R E // rE + (1 ) rB
Ki = .
RC // Rt
Rt
IE
+EC
RC
IV
Rn
en
R1
CP1
IV
IE
C
rE
Rn
uV RE
IB
CB
R2
uV
Rt
RE
ur
rC IC
rB
I1
IB
B
a)
RC
Rt ur
b)
+ H s khuch i in p:
Ku = .
RC // Rt
Rn + RV
+ in tr ra ca tng: Rr = RC // rC ( E ) RC .
Cn ch rng c tuyn tnh ca tranzito mc BC c tuyn tnh ln nn tranzito c th
dng vi in p cc C ln hn s EC. Chnh v vy tng khuch i BC c dng khi cn c
in p u ra ln.
RV = R1 // R2 rB + (1 + ) . ( rE + RE // Rt 2 )
hoc tnh gn ng:
RV (1 + ).(rE + RE // Rt 2 )
H s khuch i in p u ra 1 xc nh tng t nh s EC, cn u ra 2 xc
nh tng t nh s CC.
55
Ku1 .
( RC // Rt1 )
;
Rn + RV
Ku 2 (1 + ).
( RE // Rt 2 )
Rn + RV
uV
R1
RC
CP1
CP2
R2
RE
ur2
CP
uV
b)
Rn
en
+EC
Rt2
Rt1
c)
ur1
ur2
U
ur2
a)
d)
ur
ur1
UC
CP
ur2
Rn
en
uV
R2
RE
CB
56
Ur1=UV2
1
UV
Ur2 UV(N-1)
2
UrN
N-1
Rt
Ku =
U t U ra1 U r 2 U rN
.
...
=
= Ku1.Ku 2 ...KuN
En
En UV 2 UVN
R2
R1
CP1
Rn
en
uV
R2
R3
T1
C2
+EC
R5
T2
CP2
R4
CE1
R7
R6
R9
CP3
R8
CE2
R11
T3
ur
R10 R12
CE3
57
u im ca mch ny l in p
ngun cung cp cho cc C ca tranzito ln
v in p mt chiu cun dy b, do
cho php ngun c in p thp. Ngoi ra
tng ghp bin p d dng thc hin phi
hp tr khng v thay i cc tnh in p
tn hiu trn cc cun dy. Tuy nhin n
c nhc im l c tuyn tn s khng
bng phng trong di tn. Kt cu mch
nng n, cng knh, h hng sa cha
thay th phc tp.
+EC
R1
W1
R3
R'1
CP
CP
Rn
RC
T2
T1
R2
en
RE
CE
R4
+EC
R3
R5
R1
T2
T1
uV
R2
ur
R6
R4
IC
IC2
T1
IC1
T2
IB1
IE1 = IB2
IE2
Hnh 3-17 Mch Darlington.
58
.R
ca T2: Ku 2 2 C nn h s khuch i
rV 2
+EC
R1
chung:
K = Ku1.Ku 2 =
R4
R2
CP
2 .RC
CB
rV 2
R3
ura2
T1
CP
T2
ura1
uV
R3
R1
C2
L
R4
CP
uV
R2
+EC
RE
1
CP2
ura
ft
a)
ftb
fC
b)
Hnh 3-19 a) Tng khuch i di rng
b) c tuyn bin tn s.
59
1
=
L1C2
1
= f 0V .
L2C3
+E
C3
L2
L3
ur
C1
uv
L1
C2
C4
Kp =
Pr
PV
Pr
P0
Hiu sut cng ln th cng sut tn hao trn cc C ca tranzito cng nh.
Tng khuch i cng sut c th lm vic cc ch A, AB, B v C tu thuc vo ch
cng tc ca tranzito.
Ch A l ch tng khuch i c 2 na chu k (+) v (-) ca tn hiu vo. ch
ny gc ct =1800, dng tnh lun ln hn bin dng in ra nn mo nh nhng hiu sut
rt thp, ch dng khi yu cu cng sut ra nh.
Ch AB tng khuch i hn na chu k (+) ca tn hiu vo, gc ct 900< <1800. Lc
ny dng tnh b hn ch A nn hiu sut cao hn. im lm vic ca ch AB gn khu vc
tt ca tranzito.
60
IC
UBE
UBE
IC
PCmax
Khu vc
bo ho
A
AB
B
0
a)
IC
Khu vc tt
IB = 0
UCE
b)
IC
(A)
IC
IC
(AB)
(B)
(C)
IC0
IC0
0
t 0
t 0
t 0
c)
61
+EC
RB
RC
IC
CB
uV
IC
EC
RC
I
C
IB0
IB=0
Ur =UCE
0
UC0
UCE
UCE
U
C
t
Hnh 3-22 Tng khuch i cng sut ch A mc E chung
a) S ; b) Minh ho dng tn hiu trn h c tuyn ra.
Pr =
IC .U C
2
P0 = IC 0 .EC
U C .I C
Pr
=
P0 2.IC 0 .EC
E
T hnh v ta thy khi U C = U C 0 = C
2
v I C = I C 0 th c max =25%.
1
PC = P0 Pr = I C 0 .EC .U C .IC .
2
Theo cng thc ny ta thy cng sut PC ph thuc vo tn hiu ra. Khi khng c tn hiu
PC = P0 nn ch nhit ca tranzito phi tnh theo cng sut P0.
3.8.3. Tng khuch i cng sut y ko ch B v AB c bin p.
S tng khuch i cng sut y ko gm hai tranzito T1, T2. Ti c mc vi tng
khuch i qua bin p ra BA2. Mch cc C ca mi tranzito mc vi na cun s cp bin p. T
s bin p l n2=W21/Wt=W22/Wt.
Hai tranzito T1 v T2 thay phin nhau hot ng hai na chu k ca tn hiu vo.T1 hot
ng na chu k dng, T2 hot ng na chu k m, in p trn cun dy W12 c o
so vi tn hiu vo.
62
R1
T1
ic
uv
Wv
W11
R2
- +
W12
iC
I
Rt
Wt
EC
EC
UCE
UC
T2
Hnh 3-23 Tng y ko ghp bin p.
u c
Hnh 3-24 th tnh tng cng sut.
U C .IC
2
Pr =
Pt = Pr .ba 2
I sin .dt =
C
0
P0 =
C =
2.EC .IC
Pr .U C
=
P0 4.EC
U
= ba 2 . . C
EC
=0,6 0,17.
PCmax khi U C = 0, 64.EC
PC max =
2 .n2
.
2
EC 2
Rt
63
2.I C
IB
IB
T1
ib1
T1
UB0
UBE
ib1
IB0
IB0
ib2
UB0
ib2
T2
T2
Hnh 3-25 nh hng mo phi tuyn
ca c tuyn vo tranzito n mo
dng tn hiu trong ch B
-EC
R3
CP2
R1
T2
CP2
uv2
-EC
R3
T2
uv2
Rt
C
CP1
CP1
u v1
R2
uv1
T1
R4
T1
Rt
R4
R2
a)
b)
R1
CP
T2
D1
D2
uV
Rt
_
EC1
-EC
R1
D1
CP
T2
C
D2
T1
uV
R2
+ EC2
T1
R2
Rt
+EC
64
TM TT NI DUNG
Ni dung chnh ca chng trnh by v cc mch khuch i dng tranzito v ch yu l
tranzito lng cc.
Cn nm cc vn sau:
Nguyn tc xy dng mch khuch i dng cc phn t iu khin l cc tranzito.
Vn hi tip trong cc mch khuch i, nh hng ca tng loi hi tip n cc thng
s ca mch khuch i. C nhiu kiu phn chia hi tip nhng nu xt v pha ca tn hiu hi
tip v th c 2 loi l hi tip dng v hi tip m. Trong cc mch khuch i ch yu dng hi
tip m v n lm tng kh nng n nh im lm vic tnh, tng di tn lm vic mc d n lm
gim h s khuch i.
Cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT c 3 kiu mch l EC, BC, v CC. Nguyn l
hat ng ca tng mch v cc h s khuch i in p, khuch i dng in, tr khng vo ra
ca tng mch. Mch EC c s dng nhiu v c Ku , Ki ln, tuy nhin mch EC l mch
khuch i o pha.
Ngoi cc mch khuch i dng BJT th cng c cc mch dng tranzito trng (FET): V
c bn cc mch khuch i dng FET cng ging cc mch dng BJT. Ch c im khc l cc
mch dng FET c h s khuch i nh hn, nhng b li chng li c mt s tnh cht rt tt.
Ngoi cc mch khuch i thng thng cn c cc mch khuch i khc nh mch
Darlington, Kaskode
Tng cui cng trong cc thit b in t thng l cc mch khuch i cng sut. c
im chnh ca mch khuch i cng sut l ch yu khuch i dng in ln ln cung cp
65
CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: Trong cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh, tranzito hot ng ch no:
a) Thng bo ha
b) Ngt
c) Tch cc
d) c phng n a v b.
P
a) = r
Pv
P
b) = r
P0
P
c) = v
P0
Cu 7: Hi tip dng lm
66
P
d) = 0
Pr
Uv
Ur
b) KU =
Ur
Uv
c) KU =
Ur
Iv
I
d) KU = r
Uv
Uv
;
Iv
b) Z r =
Ur
Iv
c) Z r =
Ur
Ir
d) Z r =
Uv
Ir
b) = 1800
c) = 3600
K0
Kt
b) M t =
K0
Kc
c) M t =
67
Kc
Kt
d) M t =
Kt
K0
+EC = 10V
RC
RB
UB
RE
Hnh 3-29.
+EC = 5V
Vi:
U EB = 0, 6V ; = 80;U EC 0 = 2,5V ;
EC = 5V ;U B = 2V
RE = 3k
RB
UB
Hnh 3-30.
+EC
Cu 17:
Cho mch nh hnh 3-31. Vi cc s liu:
EC = 5V ; RC = 1k ;U BE 0 = 0, 7V ; = 100 ;
RC
R1
C
UV
RE
R2
Hnh 3-31.
+EC
RB
Vi 1 = 2 = 65; EC = 10V .
Hy xc nh RB v UCE1 UCE2 = 6V
RE
Hnh 3-32.
R1 = 20k ; R2 = 4k
R1
R3
R2
R4
C1
R3 = 4k ; R4 = 1k
= 99;U BE = +0, 6V
uv
68
+EC
C2
Rt
C3
EC
R1
cc
C1
R6 = 100 .
T1
D1
C2
D2
T2
uv
ur
R2
Hnh 3-34.
69
Rt
NI DUNG
4.1. CC TNH CHT CHUNG CA IC THUT TON
B khuch i thut ton c k hiu nh hnh 4-1. Trong Ut , It l in p, dng in
vo ca thun. U , I l in p, dng in vo ca o, Ur , Ir l in p ra v dng in ra. U0 l
in p vo gia hai ca. B khuch i thut ton khuch i hiu in p U0 = Ut- U vi h s
khuch i K0 > 0.
Do in p ra:
Ur =K0.U0= K0(Ut-U)
Nu U = 0 th Ur = K0.Ut lc ny in p ra
cng pha vi in p vo. V vy ca T gi l ca
thun ca b khuych i thut ton v k hiu du
+.
Tng t khi Ut = 0 th Ur = K0.U, lc ny
in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo nn ca gi
l ca o ca b khuch i thut ton v k hiu
du -. Ngoi ra b khuch i c hai ca u vi
ngun nui i xng EC v cc ca chnh lch 0
Ut
+EC
It
U0
U
Ir
-EC
Ura
v b tn.
Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng c nhng tnh cht sau:
+ Tr khng vo
ZV =
+ Tr khng ra
Zra = 0
+ H s khuch i K0 =
Thc t b khuch i thut ton c K0 = 104 106 vng tn s thp.
Ln vng tn s cao h s khuch i gim xung. Nguyn nhn do s ph thuc tham s
ca tranzito v in dung k sinh trong s . c tuyn truyn t, c tuyn bin v c
tuyn pha nh hnh 4-2 v 4-3.
70
K0
Ura
+EC
f
u vo thun
UV
a) c tuyn bin
0
45o
90o
180o
360o
u vo o
-EC
b) c tuyn pha
G=
K0
KCM
IV I ht
T c:
Rht
Iht
IV
UV
R1
U0
Io
_
+
Ur
UV U 0 U 0 U ra
=
R1
Rht
71
U ra
0 do :
K
UV
U
= ra
R1
Rht
Do h s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i o Ku c hi tip m song song c
xc nh bng phn t th ng trong s :
Ku =
R
Ur
= ht
Uv
R1
U
Nu R1 = 0 th t phng trnh Iv=Iht ta c IV = ra hay U ra = IV .Rht tc l in p ra
Rht
t l vi dng in vo. Mch tr thnh b bin i dng thnh p.
V U0= 0 nn Rv= R1, khi K th Rra= 0.
4.2.2. Mch khuch i thun
Rht
R1
UV = U r .
R1
R1 + Rht
Ur
UV
Kt =
R
U r R1 + Rht
=
= 1 + ht
UV
R1
R1
_
UV
Ur= UV
72
R1.Rht
R1 + Rht
RC =
UV
Ur
RC
st p gn bng nhau.
Thc t It I nn dng tnh I0= It - I cn gy
ra mt hiu in p u vo, gi l in p lch 0
U0. Khi in p ra sai s l:
U r 0 = (1 +
Rht
).U 0
R1
R1
R3
R1
_
Vo
Ra
_
Ra
+
R3
R4
R2
R1
Rht
R2
R
Lng tri in p u ra c xc nh: U r 0 = U 0 .(1 + ht ) I 0 .Rht
R1
trong : U0 l lng tri in p lch 0 u vo.
I0 l lng tri dng lch 0 u vo.
Bin i cng thc ny ta c:
U r 0 =
Rht
R
.(1 + 1 ).[ U 0 I 0 .( R1 // Rht )]
R1
Rht
73
U ra = (U1 + U 2 + ... + U n ) = U i
i =1
U1
I1
R1
Rht
U2
..... R2
Iht
_
Un
In
Ur
Rn
+
R
R
U ra = ht .U1 + ht .U 2 + ... + ht .U n
R2
Rn
R1
n
U U
U
U ra = Rht . 1 + 2 + ... + n = i .U i
Rn
R1 R2
i =1
R
vi i = ht
Ri
74
UV + = UV =
R1
.U ra .
R1 + Rht
U1 UV U 2 UV
U UV
+
+ ... + n
=0
R
R
R
U1 + U 2 + ... + U n = nU
. V
Hay
U1 + U 2 + ... + U n = n.
R1
.U ra
R1 + Rht
U ra =
R1 + Rht
R + Rht n
.(U1 + ... + U n ) = 1
. U i
n.R1
n.R1 i =1
U ra = U1 + U 2 + ... + U n = U i
Rht
i =1
R1
U1
I1
I2
_
U0
U2
Un
In
Ura
+
UV+
4.5. MCH TR
Khi cn tr hai in p ngi ta c th thc hin theo s hnh 4-11. Khi in p u
ra c tnh theo
U ra = K1.U1 + K 2U 2
C th tm K1, K2 theo phng php cho in p vo tng ca bng khng.
Cho U2 = 0 th mch lm vic nh mt b khuch i o. Ta c:
U ra = a .U1. vy K1 = a
Khi U1 = 0 mch tr thnh mch khuch i thun c phn p vo. Khi :
75
Ub =
U2
.R .
Rb b
Rb +
U1
H s phn p:
Ra
b
1 + b
Khi U ra = (1 + a ).
b
.U 2
1 + b
Ra
Ua
Ub
Rb /b
U2
Ura
Rb
H s khuch i
K 2 = (1 + a ).
b
1 + b
U ra = (1 + a ).
b
.U 2 a .U1
1 + b
K2= ; K1 = -
Un
U2
Ra/2
U1
Ra/1
Rb/'1
U'1
Rb/'2
U'2
Ua
_
A
+
Rb/'n
U'n
Ra
Ub
Ur
Rb
U i U a U a U ra
=
R
Ra
/
a
i
i =1
Rt ra:
i =1
i =1
i .U i U a .( i + 1) + U ra = 0
76
i =1
i =1
i.U i U b .( i + 1) = 0
Nu Ua = Ub tho mn thm iu kin
i =1
i =1
U ra = i.U i iU i
i =1
IV
UV
I0 _
U0
UR
dUV
dt
U ra = R.C.
dUV
dt
IC
IV
UV
C
_
+
URa
U ra = k . UV dt
trong k l h s.
Mch tch phn s dng IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 4-14.
Ti nt A ta c Iv = IC hay: C.
dU ra UV
=
dt
R
t
nn
U ra
1
=
. UV dt + U ra 0
R.C
0
77
1
Thng khi t = 0, UV = 0 v Ura = 0 nn: U ra = . U v dt
U ra
U
= V
R.C
t
ngha l u ra b tch phn c in p tng hay gim tuyn tnh theo thi gian.
i vi tn hiu hnh sin mch tch phn tr thnh mch lc thng thp.
I D = I 0 .(e
U ak
m.UT
1)
U AK = mU
. T .ln
I D = I 0 .e
U ak
m.UT
ID
I0
ID =
U1
,
R
U ra = U AK
78
ID
R
U1
D
R
_
U0
U1
_
U0
URa
rt ra:
IC
. T .ln(
U ra = mU
UR
U1
)
I 0 .R
C th thay it bng tranzito (hnh 4-16) ni kiu it, khi loi tr c m v m rng
phm vi lm vic ca mch.
U
U ra = U BE = UT .ln 1
I 0 .R
Lc ny:
a)
I D = I 0 .e
Vi mch dng it ta c:
Nn
U ra = R.I 0 .e
U1
m.UT
U1
m.UT
U1
UT
79
Y
Hnh 4-18 S quy c ca
mch nhn tng t.
X, Y - cc tn hiu vo.
Z - tn hiu ra
k - h s t l cn gi l h s truyn t ca mch nhn.
ln
Tng
UY
exp
UZ
ln
Gi X= kX.UX
Y=kY.UY v Z=kZ.UZ.
trong kX, kY, kZ ln lt l h s t l ca cc in p vo UX, UY v in p ra UZ.
T mch trn ta c:
U Z = e(ln U X +ln U )
Z
=e
tc l:
kz
Suy ra:
Z=
(ln
X
Y
+ ln )
kx
ky
ln
=e
X .Y
k x .k y
kz
. X .Y .
k x .k y
80
Ur
+
Uv
+E
U0
+
= Uch
-
+Uramax
Ur
Uch
Uv
-Uramax
-E
a)
b)
Ur
+E
Uv
+
_
U0
+Uramax
Uch
Ur
- Uch
Uv
-Uramax
-E
c)
d)
Hnh 4-20 Mch so snh in p dng IC khuch i
thut ton (a, c) v hm truyn t tng ng (b, d).
81
|K| =
0 trong di chn
Hnh 4-19 biu din h s truyn t ca cc mch lc trn, trong C l tn s ct.
i vi mch lc thng di ta c thm khi nim di thng B v tn s gia 0 v cho c
mch lc chn di.
t tuyn truyn t mch lc thc c dng nh hnh 4-22 ca mch lc thng thp. y
c di thng, di chuyn tip v di chn.
C l tn s ti K0 gim i
2 ln tc gim 3dB.
K
1
K
b)
K
c)
d)
1
0
C1
C0
1
0
C1
C0
K0
2
C
0
Di thng
82
1
1
j..C
K=
=
1
1 + j..R.C
R+
j..C
K=
1 + j.
vi C =
U2
K =
U1
1+
1
l tn s ct.
R.C
Khi = C ti K gim i
2 ln (hoc -3dB)
Vi b lc th ng RC bc n ta c: K =
1+
2n
Ta thy khi bc cng cao, ngoi di thng > C nn K gim xung cng nhanh, tt nhin
mch s phc tp hn v tn hao nhiu.
b. Mch lc thng cao bc 1 v bc n
Mch lc th ng RC thng cao bc 1 nh hnh 4-24.
Hm truyn t ca mch:
K=
vi C =
R
1
R+
j..C
=
1+
1
j..C.R
u1
1
c:
R.C
ln ca hm truyn t:
u2
K=
1
1+ C
83
K=
i vi mch lc bc n ta c:
1+ C
2n
Kd ( p) =
trong : P =
j.
Kd 0
1 + C1. p + C2 . p + C3 . p3 + ... + Cn . p n
2
= j
Ci l cc h s thc, dng.
Bc ca b lc chnh l s m ln nht ca p. thc hin b lc thun li ta phn tch
mu s ca biu thc trn thnh tch cc tha s:
K d ( p) =
Kd 0
(1 + ai . p + bi . p 2 )
84
Kd 0
1 + a1 p
C
R
uV
uV
ur
a)
ur
b)
K=
Vi mch a):
Ur
1
1
=
=
UV 1 + j..R.C 1 + p.C .R.C
(v
j.
= p)
y Kd0 = 1; a1 = C.RC
Bit a1, C; chn R ta c C =
Mch b) ta c:
Kd =
a1
C .R
1
1 + p.C .R.C
y Kd0= -1 v a1 = C.RC.
Khi bit a1, C v chn R ta cng c:
C=
a1
C .R
C
uv
ur
uV
a)
ur
b)
Mch a) c:
K=
1+
1
p.C .R.C
85
=
1+
1
1
.
p C .R.C
y:
1
C .R.C
1
p.C .R.C
1+
y:
1
a1.C.C
K =
Mch b:
R=
Kd0 = -1
1
.
a1CC
Mch lc tch cc thng thp bc hai c cc dng hi tip m mt vng, hi tip m nhiu
vng, hi tip dng mt vng nh hnh 4-27.
+ Xt mch hnh 4-27a ta c hm truyn t (dng phng trnh in th nt):
Kd =
Ur
1
=
UV 1 + 2. p.C .R.C1 + p 2 .C2 .R 2 .C1.C2
a1 = 2.C .R.C1 ; b1 = C2 .R 2 .C1.C2 .
K do = 1 ;
R=
a1
;
2.C .C1
C2 =
4.b1.C1
a12
C1
3
R
uv
1 R
C2
R2
R
C2
R1 1
uv
R
2
C2
ur
C1
_
+
a)
ur
b)
C2
R2
R1
uV
1
C1
c)
86
_
+
ur
(K-1)R3
R3
+ Vi mch 4-27b:
Kd =
R2 / R1
R .R
1 + p.C .C1 ( R2 + R3 + 2 3 ) + p 2 .C 2 .C1.C2 .R2 .R3
R1
K do =
T y xc nh:
R2
R1
R .R
a1 = C .C1. R2 + R3 + 2 3
R1
R2 =
R1 =
2.C .C1.C2
R2
K do
v R3 =
b1
C 2 .C1.C2 .R2
R2 c gi tr thc:
C2 4.b1.(1 + K do )
C1
a12
+ Vi mch 4-27c c hm truyn t:
Kd =
Kd =
1
1 + p..C1.( R1 + R2 ) + p 2 ..C1.C2 .R1.R2
R1,2
C1 4.b1
.
C2 a12
87
Kd =
K
1 R (C + C2 ) + R1.C2 .(1 K ) 1
1
1+ . 2 1
+ 2. 2 2
C .R1.R2 .C1.C2
p
p C .C1 .R1.R2 .C2
Cho K= 1 v C1 = C2 = C ta c:
Kd =
1+
R2
1
1
1
2
1
+ 2. 2 2
.
p C .R1.C p C .C .R1.R2
uv C1
y K0 = 1
a1 =
(K-1)R3
R1
2
2
nn R1 =
C .R1.C
C .a1.C
R3
a1
b1 =
nn R2 =
2 2
2.C .C.b1
C .C .R1.R2
1
ur
+
_
C2
R2
C1
88
uV
R3
C2
ur
TM TT NI DUNG
Chng ny trnh by cc vn c bn nht ca b khuch i thut ton. Cc thng s
ca mt b khuch i thut ton l tng. Cc mch in s dng IC khuch i thut ton:
-
Mch khuch i o.
Mch tr.
Cc mch lc tn s
n gin cho vic tnh ton cc mch in s dng IC khuch i thut ton, ngi ta
thng tnh vi trng hp IC l l tng. Coi tr khng vo Z v = , nn in p chnh lch
gia hai ca U 0 = 0 hay U N = U P .
CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng c tnh cht:
a) ZV = ; Z r = 0; K 0 =
b) ZV = 0 ; Z r = 0 ; K 0 =
c) ZV = ; Z r = ; K 0 =
d) ZV = 0 ; Z r = ; K 0 =
Cu 2: H s khuch i ca mch khuch i o dng Op-Amp l:
a ) Ku =
Rht
R1
b) K u =
c) Ku = 1 +
Rht
R1
d ) Ku =
R1
Rht
Rht
R1
a ) Ku =
Rht
R1
b) K u =
c) Ku = 1 +
Rht
R1
d ) Ku =
R1
Rht
Rht
R1
89
+
_
+
a)
b)
+
_
d)
c)
+
_
a)
b)
+
_
d)
c)
b)
+
-
_
_
+
d)
90
+
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
d)
c)
a)
b)
d)
c)
91
uv
= Uch = 3V
ur
V dng in p vo v in p ra khi in p
vo l:
Hnh 4-31.
Bit IC l l tng, in p ra cc i l:
uv
U r max = 9V ; U ch = 2V
= Uch = 3V
ur
V dng in p vo v in p ra khi in p
vo l:
Hnh 4-32.
Rht
R1
E = 15V
Ur
a) Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch
b) Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch Z v
Hnh 4-33.
Rht
R1
E = 15V
a) Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch
b) Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch Z v
Uv
_
+
Hnh 4-34.
92
Ur
R1
R2
R3
_
R4
+
R7
U3
R6
R5
_
+
Ur
R8
Hnh 4-35.
R1 = 10k ; R2 = 50k
R2
E = 15V
a) Vit biu thc U r theo U v
U1
b) Xc nh U r khi
U2
R1
_
Ur
+
R1
+ U1 = 4V ;U 2 = 2V ;
R2
Hnh 4-36.
+ U1 = 1V ;U 2 = 5V ;
+ U1 = 6V ;U 2 = 1V .
R = 50k ; R1 = 10k
Rht
R1
_
U1
U2
U3
+
R
R
R
Hnh 4-37.
93
Ur
U1
U2
R2 = 50k ; R3 = 25k
U3
E = 15V
R1
R2
Rht
R3
Ur
Hnh 4-38.
U1 = 3V ;U 2 = 10V ;U 3 = 7V
U1 = 8V ;U 2 = 4V ;U 3 = 5V
R1
U1
E = 15V
U2
a) Tm U r theo U v
_
R2
b) Xc nh U r khi
U1 = (1 + 10sin100t ) V
Hnh 4-39.
U 2 = 1V ; C = 1 F
R1 = R2 = 100k
94
Ur
NI DUNG
5.1. KHI NIM
Mch to dao ng l mch khi c ngun cung
cp n t lm vic cho ra tn hiu dao ng. S
tng qut mt mch to dao ng nh hnh 5-1.
Mch to dao ng c th phn lm hai loi.
Mch to ra tn hiu sin gi l mch to dao ng sin
(hay dao ng iu ho). Mch to ra tn hiu xung
nh xung vung, xung tam gic... gi l mch to
xung.
Mch to
dao ng
Ura
95
a'
Ura
UV
Uht
K . = 1
Hay K. = 1 v = k + = 2.n
R1
*
L2
L1
*
C1
C4
R2
C2
ur
C3
1
2. . L1.C1
uht
X1
X3
u ht
X1
X3
ur
X2
X2
96
ur
mch dao ng c cn
ng c:
X1 + X2 + X3 = 0
+EC
+EC
R1
L2
C2
C5
L
ur
R2
R3
C3
R3
C3
C4
R2
R1
L1
C2
ur
R4
C4
a)
C1
b)
1
2. . C. ( L1 + L2 )
C + C2
1
1
=
. 1
2. L.C1.C2
CC
2 L 1 2
C1 + C2
97
RC
R3
C2
R2
ur
R
R2
ub
R3
ur R
R1
C1
ub1
Hnh 5-6.
1
1
; dd =
29
6 RC
d =
R4
R3
1
R.C
K = 3; =
+
C2
1
3
C1
R2
ur
R1
98
fq =
1
2 . Lq .C q
v f p =
C p + Cq
1
2
= fq. 1+
Lq .C q .C p
Cq
Cp
j.Xq
A
Lq
Cq
Cp
rq
B
a)
fq
fP
B
b)
C1
C2
1 K 2
99
uC
+
_
uR
uC
0,95E
a. Qu trnh np in
Gi s khi t < 0 t C khng cha in UC = 0.
Ti t = 0 kho K ng vo 1, t C np in t ngun E
qua in tr R.
uR
mch v u R = E uC = Ee
tq
0,05E
in
E/R
u
E t /
Dng np in = R = e
R R
3
Hnh 5-12 th uC, uR, in trong
qu trnh t np in.
Gn ng ta c thi gian np in ca t gi gn
ng l: tq = t2 t1 3 .
b. Qu trnh phng in
uC = E.et /
E
R
u R = u C = E .e t / ; i p = .e t /
uC
E
0,05E
1 K 2
uR
E
uC
uR
+
_
-
C
-E
iR
-E/R
t
tq 3
100
R2
R3
C2
C1
T1
ur1
R4
+E
T2
ur2
uB1
uB1
Hai tranzito hot ng ch ng v ngt, hai tranzito thay nhau thng (bo ho), v
ngt to cho mch c hai trng thi cn bng khng n nh: T1 ngt, T2 thng (bo ho) v T1
thng (bo ho), T2 ngt v t chuyn i trng thi cho nhau, u ra nhn c dy xung vung.
iu kin lm vic ca mch
xung ra vung, t C np in nhanh hn khi t phng phi c: R1,4<<R3,2 v tranzito khi
thng ch bo ho cn R3 1.R1 v R22.R4, trong 1, 2 l h s khuch i dng ca
tranzito T1, T2. Khi cn tn s xung ra ln, tranzito thng lm vic ch khuch i, khng p
dng iu kin ny. Bin xung ra trong trng hp b hn E.
Cc tham s xung ra.
Bin xung ra: U r E
Tn s dao ng ca mch:
f =
1
1
=
T 0,7( R3 .C 2 + R2 .C1 )
Vi mch i xng ta c:
R1 = R4 = RC; R2 = R3 = RB; C1= C2 = C, cc tranzito T1, T2 cng loi, cng tham s th
f =
1
1
=
T 1, 4.RB .C
101
1
1
=
T 2, 2 R.C
U1(+)
uC
0
U1(-)
uP
Umax
uC
ur
t2
t3
U1(+)
t1
0
U1(-)
a)
-Umax
uP
R2
R1
t1
t2
t3
.Umax
t
ur
t1
Hnh 5-16
a) B a hi dng khuch i thut ton.
b) Gin thi gian ca b a hi.
t2
t3
Umax
t
-Umax
tX
Tra
b)
5.6.3. Mch a hi i
Mch a hi i c hai trng thi, trong c mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi
khng n nh. Khi c ngun mch trng thi n nh. C xung kch thch mch chuyn sang
trng thi khng n nh mt thi gian ri t tr v trng thi n nh ban u ch xung kch thch
tip. Nh vy c mt xung vo mch chuyn i trng thi hai ln cho mt xung vung ra. Mch
c th dng tranzito hay IC thut ton. Thc cht mch a hi i l mch bin i xung nhn
thnh xung vung, tn s xung vung u ra bng vi tn s ca xung nhn u vo.
R
D
uv
t1
_
+
Cg
R1
uV
ur
Tvo
uC
Ur max
uC = uN
uP
t1
-uP
R2
t2
tX
ur
a)
Urmax
t1
Hnh 5-17.
a) Mch a hi i
b) Dng in p
t2
-Ur max
b)
102
uv
U0
ur im lt trng thi
uv
Ura max
U1(+)
ur
R2
U1(-)
uP = u1
R1
a)
Tr
b)
uv
ur
uv
a)
b)
uv
D1
E1
c)
103
ur
+
_
+ +
_ _
D2
E2
ur
uq
u q
tqt
tqn
T
R1
uv
C1
uv
+EC
ur
Ur.max
ur
0 Ubh
EC
tqt
tqn
Hnh 5-21 l s nguyn l to xung rng ca dng mch RC n gin. Trong mch
tranzito hot ng ch kho. Bnh thng, khi khng c xung kch thch, tranzito thng bo
ho do c cung cp dng IB kh ln hn in tr R1, v Ur = Uq 0. Khi mch c kch thch
xung m, tranzito ngt, t C np in t ngun EC qua R. in p trn t tng dn theo cng thc:
U r = EC (1 e t / R.C )
Khi xung vo kt thc tranzito thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in nhanh qua tranzito
ti gi tr gn bng khng. Thi gian qut thun ca mch bng thi gian tn ti ca xung vo,
cn thi gian qut ngc l thi gian phng in ca t C.
Nhc im ca loi mch ny l tuyn tnh ca phn qut thun khng cao, do cui
dng np cho t gim dn. khc phc nhc im trn, c th s dng ngun dng n nh
np cho t.
104
uC =
1
idt
C
i = I 0 = const ; th in p
uC =
1
I
. I 0 dt = 0 .t
C
C
Mch hnh 5-22 tranzito T1 hot ng nh mt kho in t. Bnh thng khi cha c
xung vo do c cp dng IB1 ln nn T1 bo ho, do in p ra gn nh bng khng.
Tranzito T2 ng vai tr ngun dng. Nh c it n p DZ nn in p cc gc T2 lun n nh.
V vy dng qua T2, IE2 cng nh IC2 c gi tr n nh.
Trong khi T1 bo ho, dng IC2 ny bng dng IC1. Khi c xung m vo T1 ngt, t C np
in bi dng IC2 v in p trn t tng tuyn tnh theo thi gian:
uq = uC =
E U BE 2 UD
1 t
iC 2 dt = C
0
C
C.RE
Khi ht xung kch thch T1 li thng v bo ho, t C phng in nhanh qua T1 lm cho Ur
gim xung nhanh chng v in p gn bng khng.
R2
R1
RE
uV
+EC
ur
T2
Um
DZ
C1
uV
T1
ur
t
0
Ubh
tqt
tqn
105
I=
U R U C0 + U r U C
=
R
R
uV
D
R1
uV
T1
C0
+EC
T2
C
RE
ur
ur
0
Ubh
tqt
tq
Do uC ur nn:
U C 0 EC
=
R
R
ur uC =
E
1 t
idt = C .t
0
C
R.C
Sau khi xung vo kt thc, T1 thng v bo ho tr li, t C phng in qua T1. Khi t C
phng in gim xung xp x bng khng it D thng v t C0 li np b sung n gi tr
U C 0 = EC ban u.
Trong mch ny thi gian qut thun cng bng rng xung vo.
Cng c th dng mch tch phn c IC khuch i thut ton to xung rng ca.
106
M1
M2
u2
u1
u1
M3
u3
u3
t
Hnh 5-24 S khi b
to sng a chc nng.
TM TT NI DUNG
Chng ny trnh by cc mch to dao ng vi cc dng sng khc nhau. Trong cc
mch to dao ng hnh sin bao gm:
-
Trig Schmit.
107
Tn s dao ng ca cc mch to xung vung v xung rng ca c tnh theo thi gian
phng v np ca t in, tc l n ph thuc vo gi tr in dung ca t in v gi tr ca in
tr phng np.
CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: iu kin mch to dao ng s dng hi tip dng l:
a) K . = 1 v = k + = 2n
b) K . = 1 v = k + = ( 2n + 1)
c) K . < 1 v = k + = ( 2n + 1)
d) K . < 1 v = k + = 2n
Cu 2: iu kin mch to dao ng sin 3 im lm vic c l:
a)
X1 + X 2 X 3 = 0
b) X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0
c)
X1 X 2 + X 3 = 0
d) X1 + X 2 + X 3 > 0
Cu 3: Mch dao ng 3 im in cm c:
a)
X1 l in cm v X 2 , X 3 l t in.
b) X1 l t in v X 2 , X 3 l in cm.
c)
R3
X 2 l in cm v X1, X 3 l t in.
R1
d) X 2 l t in v X1 , X 3 l in cm.
Cu 4: Mch dao ng 3 im dung cm c:
a)
X1 l in cm v X 2 , X 3 l t in.
R3
b) X1 l t in v X 2 , X 3 l in cm.
c)
_
+
X 2 l in cm v X1, X 3 l t in.
d) X 2 l t in v X1 , X 3 l in cm.
Hnh 5-26
108
E = 15V
a) Gii thch mch in, v dng tn
hiu ra theo t.
R1
_
+
Hnh 5-27.
Rht
R1
_
+
R = 15k ; C = 0, 02 F
R1 = 10k ; E = 15V
Hnh 5-28.
c) Tm tr s ca Rht cn thit.
Rht
R1 = 22k ; C = 0, 01 F ; E = 15V
R1
a) Tm tr s cn thit ca Rht.
C
R
Hnh 5-29.
R
R1 = R2 = 15k ; R = 18k
C = 0, 068 F ; E = 15V
109
R2
R1
Rht
Hnh 5-30.
VR4
R1 = R2 = 20k ; R3 = 1,8k
R3
VR4 = 100k .
C = 0, 024 F ; E = 15V
R2
R1
b) Xc nh bin Urmax
c) Xc nh khong fd khi iu chnh VR4
Hnh 5-31.
uv
ur
uv ( t ) = 8sin (100 t ) V
Hnh 5-32.
uv
D1
E1
+ +
_ _
Hnh 5-33.
110
D2
E2
ur
NI DUNG
6.1. KHI NIM V IU CH
iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt thng s no
nh bin , tn s hay gc pha ca dao ng cao tn theo tin tc.
Thng qua iu ch, tin tc min tn s thp c chuyn ln vng tn s cao bc x
truyn i xa.
- Tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch.
- Dao ng cao tn c gi l ti tin hay ti tn.
- Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn iu ch.
i vi ti tin iu ho, ta phn bit ra hai loi iu ch l iu bin v iu ch gc, trong
iu ch gc bao gm c iu tn v iu pha.
111
6.2. IU BIN
6.2.1. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
iu bin l qu trnh lm cho bin ti tn hiu bin i theo tin tc. n gin, gi
thit tin tc uS v ti tin ut u l dao ng iu ho v tn s tin tc bin thin t
Smin Smax, ta c:
u S = U S .cos S t
u t = U t . cos t t
t >> S
Do tn hiu iu bin:
US
l h s iu ch (hay su iu ch).
Ut
mU t
mU t
cos(t + S )t +
cos(t S )t
2
2
Nh vy, ngoi thnh phn ti tin, tn hiu iu khin cn c hai bin tn. Bin tn trn c
tn s t (1 + Smin) n (1 + Smax) v bin tn di t (1-Smin) n (1 - Smax).
uS
uS
t
0 Smin Smax
a)
ub
ut
ut
ub
0
t-Smax
b)
t
m<1
ub
Hnh 6-1 Tn hiu iu bin
a) Ph ca tin tc;
b) Ph ca tn hiu iu bin;
c) th thi gian ca tin tc v tn hiu
iu bin khi m <1 v m >1
t
m>1
112
c)
1 2
P~ t ~ (t l) U t
2
P~ bt ~ (
m.U t 2
) /2
2
Cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ca tn hiu
iu ch.
P~ db = P~ t + 2 P~ bt = P~ t ( 1 +
m2
)
2
2 P~bt =
P~ t
2
k=
I (2 t 2 S ) + I (2 t 3 S ) + ...
I ( t S )
m0
113
fs
m0
hoc MdB = 20lgM.
m
nf1 + m f2
Linh kin
bn dn
f2
u1 = U S . cos S t + U t . cos t t
u 2 = U S . cos S t + U t . cos t t
Dng in qua mi it c biu din theo chui Taylor:
2
i2 = a0 + a1 .u 2 + a1 .u 2 + a3 .u 2 + ...
i1
D1
T1
CB
uS
ub
uS
ut
EC
ub
CB D2 i2
T2
a)
b)
ut
ub
3S
t - S
t + S
2t - S
c)
Hnh 6-3 Mch iu bin cn bng
a) Dng it; b) Dng tranzito; c) Ph tn hiu ra
114
2t + S
1
A = US + (2 a1 + 3a3 ).Ut 2 + .a3 .US 2 ;
2
3
C = 2.a2 .US .Ut ; D = 2 .a3 .US .Ut .
B = 1 2 .a3 .US 3
b) Mch iu ch vng
Mch iu ch vng: thc cht l hai mch iu ch cn bng chung ti.
Gi dng in ra ca mch iu ch cn bng D1, D2 l iI v dng in ra ca mch iu ch
cn bng D3, D4 l iII.
Vi mch iu ch kiu ny ta c c:
ib = 2.C.[cos(t + S )t + cos(t S )t ]
D1
uS
CB
D3
CB
D4
t-S
t+S
ub
0
D2
Hnh 6-4 Mch iu ch vng
v dng ph tng ng.
ut
115
u db ( t ) =
trong k =
k
.U t .cos( t + S )t
2
US
c gi l h s nn ti tin, k c th nhn cc gi tr t 0 .
Ut
uS
CB1
ft1 fS
A
ft1
Lc I
To dao
ng 1
ft1 + fS
CB2
ft2 (ft1+fS)
Lc II
ft2+ft1+fS
D
ft2
To dao
ng 2
6.3. IU TN V IU PHA
Cc cng thc c bn v quan h gia iu tn v iu pha
V gia tn s v gc pha ca mt dao ng c quan h nh biu thc sau, nn d dng
chuyn i s bin thin tn s thnh bin thin v pha v ngc li.
d
dt
(t ) = t + k dt .U S cos S t = t + m .cos S t
(t ) = o + k dp .U S cos S t = 0 + m .cos S t
116
.sin S t + 0 )
d ( )
= m . S . sin S t
dt
CD =
trong
k
(u D + k )
k - h s t l.
117
f dd =
in p t ln it:
1
2 . L3 .( C + C D )
uD = ut uS E0 = U t .cos t t U S .cos S t E0
u D = u D min = U t U S E 0 U ngcp
Nguyn l hot ng chnh ca mch l khi c in p tin tc us tc ng vo n s tc
ng mt in p ngc ln it bin dung D v t gi tr in dung ca it s thay i lm
cho tn s cng hng ca mch thay i.
+E1
RD
L1
C1
+E
R1
R3
CD
R2
L2
L2 C
uS
L4
R5
R4
C2 C3
a)
C4
L5
E0
b)
Hnh 6-6 Mch iu tn dng it bin dung.
a) S tng ng ca it.
b) Mch to dao ng iu tn bng it bin dung.
118
C1
LC R
uS
Lk
T2
T1
Ck
Lxh
L1
C3
R2
R1
C4
R3
+EC
uts1
B1
ub1
ut1
Di pha 900
uS
uts2
Tn hiu iu pha
Tng
ub2
B2
119
mU
. t1
.[cos(t + S )t + cos(t S )t ]
2
mU
. t2
.[sin(t + S )t + sin(t S )t ]
2
u db2
m.U t 2
Hnh 6-9 th vect ca
tn hiu iu pha theo mch
Arstrong.
m.U t 2
m.U t1 m.U t1
U t1
u db1
K TS =
U RTS
U VTS
RTS
- Thc t, i vi qu trnh tch sng ch cn quan tm n thnh phn bin thin chm
(mang tin tc) m thi, do thng xc nh h s tch sng nh sau:
K TS =
US''
US'
ZVTS =
UVTS U t
=
I
I VTS
t
120
I 2 + I 2 + ...
2 s
3 s
.100%
I
S
trong I2S , I3 S ... l thnh phn dng in cc sng hi ca tn hiu iu ch xut hin
khi qua mch tch sng.
y khng quan tm n cc sng hi dng in cao tn v d dng lc b chng.
b) Mch in b tch sng bin
Xt mch tch sng bin dng mch chnh lu mc ni tip hnh 6-10. Nu tn hiu vo
ln sao cho it lm vic trong on thng ca c tuyn nh trn hnh 6-11 ta c qu trnh
tch sng tn hiu ln.
D
ub= u'S
C
C
u''S
ub= u'S
a)
u''S
b)
iD
iD
uD
ub
Trong cc s hnh 6-12 phi chn hng s thi gian = RC ln sao cho dng in p
ra ti gn vi dng hnh bao ca in p cao tn u vo. Thng thng bin in p vo ln
hn 1 vn hiu dng v R >>Ri, RV th c th tch sng c in p nh. Tuy nhin cng khng
c chn qu ln trnh mo do in dung ti gy ra. iu kin tng qut chn l:
121
uc
Trng hp chn C ln qu s gy mo tn
hiu nh hnh 6-13.
t
0
2
Hnh 6-12 th thi gian in p
ra uC trn ti b tch sng ni tip.
10
S max
Bin i tn hiu iu tn hoc iu pha thnh tn hiu iu bin ri thc hin tch
sng bin .
Ta xt mt s mch c th:
6.6.1. Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng
Hnh 6-14 l s mch tch sng iu tn s dng mch lch cng hng. u vo hai b
tch sng bin (D1D2) l hai mch cng hng c iu chnh ti cc tn s 1 v 2. Nu
gi tn s trung tm ca tn hiu iu tn u vo l 1 = t th: 1 = 0 + ; 2 = 0 .
122
ut
U 1
D1
U 2
D2
uS1
uS
C
uS2
Hnh 6-14 Mch in b tch sng iu tn dng mch lch cng hng.
S iu chun mch cng hng lch khi tn s trung bnh ca tn hiu vo lm bin
in p vo ca hai b tch sng bin (U1, U2) thay i ph thuc vo tn s in p vo.
Tch sng dng mch lch cng hng c nhc im l kh iu chnh cho hai mch cng
hng hon ton i xng nn t c dng.
6.6.2. Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp
Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp hnh 6-15. Mch in lm vic theo
nguyn tc chuyn bin thin tn s thnh bin thin v pha, sau thc hin tch sng pha nh
tch sng bin .
Cgh
ut
C1
D1
U21
L1
L2
Lc
us
R
U22
D2
Hnh 6-15 Mch tch sng iu tn dng mch cng hng ghp.
Tch sng dng mch cng hng ghp t gy mo v d iu chnh v c hai mch u
cng hng tn s f0. Tuy nhin in p ra trong b tch sng ny va ph thuc tn s va ph
thuc bin tn hiu vo U 1 nn n sinh ra nhiu bin . khc phc nhc im ny, phi
t trc mch tch sng mt mch hn ch bin .
6.6.3. Mch tch sng t s
Mch tch sng iu tn t
s c s hnh 6-16. Cc it
tch sng c mc ni tip nhau. ut
Mch va lm nhim v tch sng
va lm nhim v hn ch bin .
D1
U1
uS
uS
U2
D2
R
C1
uS
Hnh 6-16 S mch tch sng t s.
123
U0
uS =
uS 1 uS 2 U0 uS 1 uS 2
=
.
2
2 uS 1 + uS 2
uS 1
1
U0 uS 2
uS =
.
2 uS 1 + 1
uS 2
Hay
uS = uS1 - uS2
+
_
D1
uS1
U 1
up
+
_
D2
+
uS2
uS
C
U D1
uch
U2
a)
b)
U 1
U D 2
124
Mch
tng
ua
Mch hn
ch
ub
Mch sa
xung
uRX
Mch vi
phn v
hn ch
uPX
uS
Hnh 6-18 S khi mch iu ch xung.
Cho ut l dy xung tam gic cao tn cn uS l tin tc. Sau mch tng ta c in p ua l
dy xung tam gic bin i theo uS. Qua mch hn ch hai pha mc khng v mc +E cho dy
xung hnh thang vung c rng thay i theo uS(ub). Dy xung ny qua mch sa xung c
dy xung vung c bin khng i, rng thay i theo uS, l tn hiu iu rng xung
uRX. c tn hiu iu pha xung cho dy xung vung trn qua mch vi phn v hn ch di ta
c dy xung c bin , rng khng i xut hin sm mun theo uS, l tn hiu iu pha
xung uRX.
uS
ut
t
u
E
t
uRX
t
uPX
t
Hnh 6-19 Tn hiu iu rng xung v iu pha xung.
125
i = a 0 + a1 .u + a 2 .u 2 + ... + a n .u n + ...
trong u l phn in p t ln phn t phi tuyn trn tn. Trong trng hp ny
u = uns + uth
Gi thit
u ns = U ns .cos ns t
u th = U th . cos th t
Thay vo biu thc ca i v bin i th biu thc cui cng s cha tn hiu mt chiu,
thnh phn c bn ns, th; cc thnh phn tn s tng v hiu ns th, thnh phn bc cao 2ns,
2th. Ngoi ra trong dng in cn c cc thnh phn bc cao:
= n ns m th
trong n, m l nhng s nguyn dng.
Nu trn u ra b trn tn ly tn hiu c tn s = ns - th, ngha l chn
n = m = 1 th ta c trn tn n gin.
C trng hp ly = n.ns - th vi n 2 ta c trn tn t hp.
Trn tn c dng trong my thu i tn. Nh b trn tn, mch cng hng ca cc tng trung
gian ca my thu tn c iu chnh cng hng mt tn s c nh. Tn s ngoi sai c ng
chun vi tn s tn hiu vo sao cho ftg = fns - fth = const.
c) Mch trn tn: (c th dng it, tranzito hay IC)
Mch trn tn dng it.
Mch trn tn dng it c dng rng ri mi tn s c bit phm vi tn s cao (trn
1GHz). Mch trn tn dng it c nhc im l lm suy gim tn hiu. Mch trn tn dng it
c biu din trn hnh 6-20.
D
U th
U tg
Hnh 6-20
Mch trn tn dng it.
a)
126
U ns
in p uth v uns c cng trn it do tnh cht phi tuyn ca it, trong mch s xut
hin cc thnh phn tn s l tng v hiu tn s ca uth v uns , tn hiu trung gian u ra c
ly t mch cng hng LC vi tn s mong mun.
Mch trn tn dng tranzito.
u im ca mch trn tn kiu ny l ngoi nhim v trn tn cn khuch i nn tn hiu
ra c bin ln. C th dng tranzito trng hay tranzito lng cc trn tn. C th dng
cch mc B chung hay E chung.
Mch mc B chung dng phm vi tn s cao hay siu cao v tn s gii hn ca n cao.
Tuy nhin s ny khuch i khng bng mch E chung.
C th dng mch trn tn dng 1 tranzito, hoc y ko hoc y ko kp.
Cc kiu trn tn n v nguyn l biu th hnh 6-21. Trn c s c cc mch c th
khc nhau.
uth
uns
uns
uth
b)
a)
uth
uth
uns
uns
d)
c)
+EC
+EC
R1
C2
C1
uth
R1
ut
utg
C2
C1
uth
R2
R3
R2
uns
uns
127
R3
C3
+EC
R1
T1
C1
uth
ut
C3
R3
T2
R2
C2
uns
R4
RE
utg
C3
Hnh 6-24 Mch trn tn
dng tranzito trng c hai
cc ca.
uns
C1
C2
uth
R1
R2
R3
C4
6.8.2. Nhn tn
Nhn tn l qu trnh bin i tn s khi u vo tn hiu tn s f th u ra c tn s gp n
ln tn s u vo vi n l s nguyn v n > 1
Mch nhn tn c dng khi cn tng tn s u
ra. V d trong my pht nng cao di tn cng tc ca
my v tng tnh n nh tn s.
thc hin nhn tn cn.
-
128
Mch
nhn tn
n.f
120 0
Thc t cn chn =
n
Nn nhn hai cn chn = 600
en
D
n1
uV
ur
Zt
Cl
Ll
E
Hnh 6-25 Mch nhn tn dng it
C1
R
u
C2
EB
L1
L2
un
EC
129
Tn hiu vo
tng t
A/D
Tn hiu
s
H thng s
Tn hiu
s
D/A
Tn hiu ra
tng t
Nh vy, A/D v D/A ng vai tr l phn t giao din gia h thng s v tng t. Trong
mt h thng thng tin thoi A/D , D/A lun lun i cp vi nhau. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng
hp, nh h thng x l tn hiu iu khin th c th khng cn D/A.
6.9.1. Chuyn i A/D
a) Khi nim chung
Qu trnh bin i mt tn hiu tng t
sang dng s c minh ho bi c tuyn truyn
t trn hnh 6-28.
Tn hiu tng t UA c chuyn thnh
mt tn hiu c dng bc thang u. Vi c tuyn
truyn t nh vy, mt phm vi gi tr ca UA
c biu din mt gi tr i din s thch hp.
Cc gi tr i din s l cc gi tr ri rc. Cch
biu din ph bin nht l dng m nh phn (h
c s 2) biu din tn hiu s.
UD
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
UQ
Q
0 1 2
3 4
5 6 7
(UAmax) UA
ULSB
Hnh 6-28: c tuyn truyn
t ca mch bin i A/D.
130
1
U Q = .Q
2
Khi chuyn i A/D phi thc hin ly mu tn hiu tng t. m bo khi phc li tn
hiu mt cch trung thc tn s ly mu phi tho mn iu kin sau:
f M 2. f t max 2.B
trong ftmax l tn s cc i ca tn hiu.
B l gii tn s ca tn hiu.
Theo nh l ly mu, nu iu kin f M 2. f t max 2.B tho mn th khng c s trng lp
gia ph c bn v cc thnh phn ph khc sinh ra do qu trnh ly mu.
b) Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i A/D.
* Gii bin i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo l khong in p m b chuyn i
A/D thc hin c.
Khong in p c th ly tr s t 0 n gi tr dng hoc m no hoc cng c
th l in p hai cc tnh t -UAm n +UAm
* chnh xc ca b chuyn i A/D.
Tham s u tin c trng cho chnh xc ca b A/D l phn bit. Ta bit rng u
ra ca b A/D l cc gi tr s sp xp theo quy lut ca mt loi m no . S cc s hng ca
m s u ra tng ng vi di bin i ca in p vo, cho bit mc chnh xc ca php bin
i. V d: 1 b A/D c s bit u ra N=12 c th phn bit c 212 = 4096 mc trong gii bin
i in p ca n. phn bit ca b A/D c k hiu l Q chnh l gi tr ca mt mc lng
t ho hoc cn gi l 1 LSB.
Trong thc t thng dng s bit N c trng cho chnh xc, lc phi hiu ngm
rng gii bin in p vo coi nh khng i.
Thng thng cc b A/D c s bit t 3 n 12. C nhng b A/D t chnh xc 14 n
16 bit.
* Tc chuyn i:
Tc chuyn i cho bit kt qu chuyn i trong mt giy c gi l tn s chuyn i
fC. Cng c th dng tham s thi gian chuyn i TC c trng cho tc chuyn i. TC l
1
1
thi gian cn thit cho mt kt qu chuyn i. Ch rng f C
. Thng f C <
. Khi b
TC
TC
chuyn A/D c tc cao th chnh xc gim hoc ngc li, ngha l tc chuyn i v
chnh xc mu thun vi nhau. Tu theo yu cu s dng m dung ho gia cc yu cu mt
cch hp l.
c. Cc bc c bn ca qu trnh bin i A/D
A/D
UA
Mch ly
mu
Lng
t ho
M ho
UD
chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s phi qua 3 bc sau: (xem th thi gian
hnh 6-29).
- Ly mu, gi mu.
- Lng t ho.
- M ho.
Ly mu tn hiu tng t ti nhng thi
im khc nhau v cch u nhau (ri rc ho tn
hiu v mt thi gian).
Gi cho bin in p ti cc thi im
ly mu khng i trong qu trnh chuyn i
tip theo.
Tn hiu ra mch ly mu c a n
mch lng t ho lm trn vi chnh xc
Q
. Mch lng t ho c nhim v ri rc tn
2
hiu tng t v mt bin .
Hnh 6-30.
X Ai X Ai X Ai
=
Q
Q
Q
132
+
_
USS1
UC
UA
UG
To in p
rng ca
+
_
SS2
UD
m
USS2
To nhp
Hnh 6-31.
in p vo UA c so snh vi in p
chun dng rng ca UC nh b so snh SS1.
Khi UA>UC th SS1=1, khi UA<UC th SS1=0.
B so snh SS2 so snh in p rng ca
vi mc 0V (t). USS1 v USS2 c a n
mt mch "V". Xung ra UG c rng t l
vi ln ca in p vo tng t UA, vi gi
thit xung chun dng rng ca c dc
khng i.
Mch "V" th 2 ch cho ra cc xung
nhp khi tn ti UG, ngha l trong khong thi
gian
0 < UC < UA. Mch m u ra s m s xung
UC
UA
t
0
USS2
tM
t
0
USS1
t
0
UG
t
133
Hnh 6-32.
K Uh
SS
+A
Logic
Nhp
-A
m
...
o
UD
DAC
134
UD
UM
D/A
UA
LTT
B3
B2
B1
B0
D/A 4 bit
V (hoc I) ra
a)
Mi bc tng 1 V
15 V
0V
B3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
B1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
b)
c) in th ra
Hnh 6-36.
b. Tham s chnh ca b D/A
* phn gii
135
B0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Vra
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
100%
2 1
n
y, n l s bit vo. R rng, phn gii ph thuc s bit; s bit cng nhiu, phn gii cng cao.
phn gii % cng c th c tnh theo cng thc:
phn gii % = (Kch thc bc /VFS) 100%
Trong , VFS l in th ra ln nht hay hay in th ton thang. V d, VFS ca b bin i D/A
hnh 6-31 l 15 V.
phn gii cho bit kh nng phc hi chnh xc in th tng t ca mt b bin i.
* chnh xc
sai lch gia in th phc hi c so vi gi tr thc ca n ph thuc khng ch vo
kch thc bc m cng ph thuc sai s cc linh kin cu thnh b bin i. Sai lch gy ra do
cc nguyn nhn trn c th th hin qua chnh xc, tnh theo % hoc sai lch cc i so vi
gi tr ton thang. C hai cch biu din chnh xc ca b bin i D/A nh sau.
- sai lch ton thang
* sai lch ton thang
l lch cc i ca in th ra ton thang so vi gi tr thc ca n. V d, mt b D/A c
chnh xc l 0,1% v gi tr ton thang l 10 V th sai lch cc i ton thang s l :
Sai lch cc i = 0,1% * 10 V = 10 mV.
* sai lch tuyn tnh
tuyn tnh sai phn l lch cc i cho php ca kch thc bc so vi gi tr kch
thc bc l thuyt v cng c tnh theo %. V d, mt b D/A c kch thc bc l 0,625
V. Nu sai s tuyn tnh ton thang ca n l 0,01 % th kch thc ca bc c th lch i
0,625 V 0,01 % = 0,0625 mV.
* Thi gian xc lp
Thi gian xc lp th hin tc hot ng ca b bin i. y l thi gian cn thit
li ra ca b D/A bin i t 0 n gi tr ln nht ca thang tng ng vi u vo nh phn bin
thin t 0 n ton 1. Trong thc t, thi gian xc lp c o khi u ra xc lp c 1/2
ln ca bc. V d, mt b D/A c phn gii l 10 mV, thi gian xc lp c o khi u ra
t 5 mV ca gi tr ton thang.
Thi gian xc lp ca cc D/A thng vo khong 50 ns n 10s. Cc b khuch i thut
ton trong mch bin i thng gy ra s tr tn hiu t 300 ns n 2,5 s. Do , loi D/A theo
dng ra s c tc bin i nhanh hn loi theo p.
* in th dch
Mt D/A l tng s c in th trn u ra ca n ng bng khng khi tn hiu nh phn
trn u vo ly gi tr ton 0. Trn thc t, iu ny kh t c v trn u ra ca b D/A
136
I Tng = I 3 + I 2 + I 1 + I 0
trong , cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3 ngm ch trng s tng ng cc li vo. Dng in thnh phn r
rng l phi t l thun vi trng s. T cng thc trn, d nhn thy rng, phn t thc hin php
bin i trong mi nhnh n gin ch l mt in tr R. Theo nh lut m cng thc trn c th
c vit li nh sau:
I Tng =
V3 V2 V1 V0
+
+
+
R3 R2 R1 R 0
V V3, V2, V1, V0 l tc ng ngoi v bng khng khi bit ly logic 0 , bng VHi khi bit ly logic
1. Do , cc R phi c chn t l nghch vi trng s. Nu ly in tr trong nhnh I3 l R
th cc nhnh I2, I1, I0 phi l 2R, 4R, 8R tng ng. Thay cc gi tr in tr ny vo ta c:
I Tng =
V3 V2
V
V
b
b
b
b
+
+ 1 + 0 = VHi 3 + 1 2 + 2 1 + 3 0
R 2 R 4 R 8R
R 2 R 2 R 2 R
trong , b0, b1, b2, b3 l gi tr logc ca s nh phn cn bin i ( ch ly 0 hoc 1). Mch
in thc hin c trnh by hnh 6-37.
B3
B2
B1
B0
B3
2R
4R
8R
ITng
B2
B1
B0
RH
2R
VRa
4R
+
8R
Hnh 6-37.
Hnh 6-38.
Vic chuyn i lng bin i t dng sang in th c thc hin nh ch hnh 6-38.
Biu thc in th ra s l :
b
b
b
b
VRa = RH VHi 3 + 1 2 + 2 1 + 3 0
R 2 R 2 R 2 R
Mt cch tng qut, i vi b bin i D/A N bit, ta c:
b
b
b
b
VRa = R H VHi N 1 + N1 2 + ... + N 12 + N 01
2 R
2 R 2 R
R
Mun c VRa , ta mc ni tip thm mt tng khuch i o li ra.
137
Vn nh= + 5V
4066
R3
R2
R1
R0
s3
s2
s1
s0
RH
_
b3
b1
b2
b0
VRa
Vo nh phn
Hnh 6-39.
VRa =
RH
b
b
b
Vn bN 1 + N12 + ... + N12 + N01
R
2
2
2
Tuy nhin, nn hiu rng, trong mch 2iR l mt gi tr in tr, khng th rt R ra tha s chung c.
V d:
Hy xc nh in th trn u ra ca b D/A hnh 6-39, nu ly in tr trong nhnh c
trng s cao nht l R3 = 25 K, RH = 10 K. Tn hiu tc ng ti u vo c dng nh ch
hnh 6-40.
+5V
1 2 3
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
b0
0
+5V
b1
0
+5V
b2
0
+5V
b3
Hnh 6-40.
138
0000
1111
-0,25V
-0,50V
-0,75V
-1,00V
-1,25V
-1,50V
-1,75V
-2,00V
-2,25V
-2,50V
-2,75V
-3,00V
-3,25V
-3,50V
-3,75V
Vo nh phn
Hnh 6-41.
N -1
U M = R ht I n
n 0
139
I0
I1
R
2
Rh
N-
_
+
IN-1
R
2 N 1
UM
= Uch
Tn hiu iu khin
Rht
_
+
UM
T2
T1
Tn hiu iu khin
I0
R
-Uch
TM TT NI DUNG
Cc vn chnh ca chng ny bao gm:
+ Cc mch iu ch bin :
140
+ iu tn, iu pha:
-
+ Cc mch tch sng: thc hin ly li tin tc ban u t tn hiu iu ch, qu trnh
ny cn c bit l qu trnh gii iu ch.
+ Cc mch trn tn, nhn tn. Thc cht l cc mch bin i ph tn s ca tn hiu. Nh
tnh cht phi tuyn ca cc linh kin bn dn thc hin vic bin i tn s.
+ Phn cui cng l cc vn v mch bin i A/D v D/A.
CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: Khi nim v iu ch? Phn bit cc tn hiu khi iu ch?
Cu 2: Th no l tn hiu iu bin? Ph ca tn hiu iu bin?
Cu 3: Th no l su iu ch? nh hng ca su iu ch n cht lng tn hiu sau
khi tch sng?
Cu 4: thc hin cc mch iu tn ngi ta thng dng cc linh kin no? Ti sao?
Cu 5: Phn bit mo phi tuyn v mo tn s ca mch iu bin?
Cu 6: So snh ph ca tn hiu iu bin cn bng v iu ch vng?
Cu 7: Khi nim v iu ch n bin? u im ca iu ch n bin?
Cu 8: Khi nim v iu tn v iu pha? Quan h gia iu tn v iu pha?
Cu 9: thc hin mch iu tn ngi ta thng dng mch g hoc linh kin g?
Cu 10: Tch sng l g? Cc thng s c bn ca b tch sng bin ?
Cu 11: nh hng ca t in trong mch tch sng bin n tn hiu sau tch sng nh th no?
Cu 12: C th dng mch tch sng bin thc hin tch sng iu tn khng? Ti sao?
Cu 13: Th no l trn tn? Nguyn l trn tn l g?
Cu 14: So snh gia trn tn v iu ch?
Cu 15: So snh gia mch trn tn dng it v mch trn tn dng tranzito?
Cu 16: Th no l nhn tn? thc hin nhn tn thng s dng linh kin g?
Cu 17: Chuyn i A/D l qu trnh g? Cc bc c bn thc hin chuyn i A/D?
141
142
NI DUNG
7.1 KHI NIM
Cc thit b in t- vin thng c nui trc tip bng ngun in 1 chiu, m ngun in
ph bin nht, thun li nht, v kinh t nht vi cng sut ln li l ngun in li - ngun in
xoay chiu c tn s 50Hz. s dng c ngun in xoay chiu cung cp cho cc thit b tiu
th in 1 chiu, ta phi bin i dng xoay chiu thnh dng in 1 chiu.
S bin i in p, dng in xoay chiu thnh in p, dng in 1 chiu c gi l
chnh lu.
Ngy nay thc hin vic chnh lu ny ngi ta dng cc linh kin bn dn silic l it
v thyristor.
Trong chnh lu, cc it cn c gi l cc van khng iu khin. Cc thyristor cn c
gi l cc van c iu khin. Cc van chnh lu bn dn c u im:
- Hiu sut cao
- Nhit lm vic thp
- Th tch v trng lng nh
- Lm vic c tc thi
Tuy nhin, n c 1 s nhc im im:
- Cc tham s ph thuc nhit
- Chu nhit thp < 1500C
- Chu qu dng, qu p km
Cc tham s k thut:
- Dng in nh mc
Im (A)
143
U (V)
- in p iu khin
UG (V)
- Dng in iu khin
IGK (mA)
- Dng in r
Io
(mA)
2
t
uo
Rt
us
uo
UM
b- Vi ti dung tnh
Khi u ra b chnh lu mc 1 t C song song vi ti, vi iu kin X C =
1
<< Rt th
mc
uS
io
Rt
uC
UM
u0
Uo
t
Hnh 7-2 S chnh lu 1 pha na sng ti tnh dung v dng sng trn
144
u1
D1 i2
Rt
Uo
D2 i2
u2
u2
u2
i0
0
u2
a)
u2
i2
2
i2
i2a
I2M
t
u0
U0
b)
u2a
u2
uC
a
u2a
D1
Uo
i2a
u~
u2b
b
D2
i2b
+
i0
U0
Rt
I2
Io
_
Hnh 7-4 Chnh lu ton sng bin p im gia ti dung tnh v dng
b. Chnh lu cu mt pha
S chnh lu cu mt pha: gm ngun xoay chiu vo (c th c bin p hoc khng), 4
it mc theo s cu, v ti.
Khi na chu k ng vi a+, b- th D1 v D3 thng, th c dng i2a t a D1 ti D3
b. Na chu k ng vi b+, a- th D2 v D4 thng, c dng i2a t b D2 ti D4 a.
Trong mt chu k ca in p mng, s lm vic hai ln vi ti, c 2 xung dng qua ti
nn fd = 2f = 100Hz.
145
D1
Lch
U2
U1
D3
D2
Rt
U0
Rt
Rt
_
Hnh 7-5 S chnh lu cu 1 pha vi cc ti khc nhau
U 0 = 2U 2 cos
- Vi ti dung tnh:
U ohm = 2U 2
- Vi ti cm tnh: U0 0,9 U2
cn in p ngc ln nht t ln it U Dng max = U 2 M =
2U 2
- u im ca s cu so vi s c bin p th cp ra im gia .
+ C th dng bin p hoc khng.
+ Nu dng bin p v nu cng in p th s vng cun th cp gim mt na.
K dv
U
= 0~V
U 0V
B lc
san
phng
K dt =
U 0~ r
U 0r
Hnh 7-6.
V vy sau chnh lu, nht thit phi c b lc san bng p mch (hay lc loi b
thnh phn xoay chiu) ca in p chnh lu n mc cn thit m ti yu cu.
nh gi tc dng lc ca b lc, ta coi b lc nh mt mng 4 u m li vo ca n
c cung cp mt in p 1 chiu vi p mch:
Kv = U0v/U0v
Ti u ra b lc ta nhn c in p vi p mch: Kr = U0r/U0r
146
q=
K dv U 0r U 0r
=
.
K dr U 0r U 0v
LCh
Uo~V
V rLch<<Rt
- Tr s in dung sao cho:
Uo~r
Rt
tn s in mng
rLch in tr thun tn hao trn cun chn, ta c:
H s p mch ca in p ti u ra b chnh lu c xc nh ph thuc vo s b
chnh lu v c tnh ti ca n, cn h s p mch ti u ra b lc do ti yu cu, nn q lun c
th xc nh c trc nn
Lch C =
q
m 2 2
vy gi tr t lc: C =
vi f = 50Hz; C 10
q
m 2 Lch
L =
q
m 2 2 Lch
(F)
Rt
1
=
rLch + Rt 1 + rLch / Rt
147
q = mcRt
Vi
Rtd
RRt
R + Rt
Uo~V
Uo~r
Rt
CRtd = 3200
q
q
c = 3200
m
mRtd
( F)
7.4. N NH IN P NGUN
7.4.1. Khi nim chung
Cc thit b tiu th nng lng in (xoay chiu v 1 chiu) nhiu khi cn thit phi thay
i mc in p cung cp cho n, ph hp vi tng tc ng.
V d: cc ng c in xoay chiu, gim nh dng khi ng, khi khi ng ta gim
in p cung cp so vi in p danh nh khi ng c quay u.
- Cc accu axit yu cu c cc mc in p np khc nhau ph hp vi cc trng thi np.
Trong khi vn hnh, cc thit b tiu th in cn in p cung cp n nh (nht l i vi cc
thit b in t). S n nh ca ngun cung cp quyt nh s an ton cho thit b, v tng tnh n
nh, tnh chnh xc trong s hot ng. S n nh ca ngun lm tng bn v ko di tui th
ca thit b. Trong khi cc loi ngun cung cp hin c nh ngun in li, ngun accu,
ngun pin mt tri... lun lun khng n nh.
V vy s iu chnh v n nh cc loi ngun cung cp l nhu cu khng th thiu c
trong vn hnh, khai thc cc thit b in v in t chuyn dng v dn dng.
S iu chnh in p c th thc hin bng nhn cng hay t ng. Ngy nay do s tin b
v cng ngh in t cc thit b cung cp in (nht l cho vin thng) vic iu chnh bng nhn
cng c dn thay th bng h iu hnh vi x l. Vic n nh in p hay n nh dng
in c thc hin mt cch t ng.
Cc tham s c bn ca b n nh l h s n
nh, di n nh, hiu sut v thi gian xc lp.
H s n nh in p Ku ni ln tc dng ca b
n nh lm gim khng n nh in p ra trn
ti i bao nhiu ln so vi u vo.
148
NV =
U V
U Vdm
B n nh
Nr =
U r
U rdm
NV =
U V
U Vdm
khng n nh in p u ra: N r =
Vy n nh in p ca b n p
U r
U rdm
Ku =
NV UV U rdm
=
N r U r UVdm
Pr
Pr
=
PV Pr + Pth
149
IZmin
It
I = IZ+ It
Khong n nh
(vng Zener)
IZTB
B
U
UV
IZ
Ur
ZD
Rt
IZMax
a)
b)
Hnh 7-10 c tnh V-A ca it zener v
s n p mt chiu dng it zener.
(in p 1 chiu)
cha n nh)
Ngun chun
Phn t
hiu chnh
Ur
B khuch i
Mch hi tip
Ti
B so snh
150
T1
R2
R1 T
2
UV
Ur
Uht
Nh vy nh c vng hi tip m in p ra Ur
lun c iu chnh n.
UCh
R3
ZD
Ngoi mch n p ny cn c cc b n p hi
tip c khuch i so snh vi ngun dng, v b n
a dng IC khuch i thut ton, b n p dng
PTHC l s Darlington
c. n nh in p bng vi mch tch hp
LM78XX
UV
C1
Ur
UV
C2
LM238
2
R1
C1
C2
R2
a)
151
b)
Ur
f
UR
UV~
g
l
j
Khi iu
khin
152
153
Tr
+
*
UV
D1
D2
D3
C1
UR
T1
d. Khi iu khin
Khi iu khin gm cc khi (5,6,7,8,9,10) ca hnh 7-15. Khi iu khin lm cc nhim
v sau:
- To ra cc xung vung c tn s c nh nhng rng bin i ngc vi in p
trn ti iu khin cc tranzito chuyn mch
- cng sut kch thch cho cc chuyn mch chnh.
Ngoi ra khi ny cn lm cc nhim v:
- Bo v qu dng, qu p trn ti
- Bo v mch kh in p vo qu thp, qu cao
7.5.4. V d b ngun chuyn mch vi in p vo di rng
Tc dng ca cc linh kin trong hnh 7-16.
-
Cun 6-7, C5, R3 hi tip duy tr dao ngD1 nng bin xung dao ng ,
ngn C5 phng qua ng Ur1
IC STR50115B:
154
C2
R2
UR2 +14V
+
+
R1 C3
D3
C7
5
C6
R3
C5
D2
D1
+115
L1
e
T1
d
C1
AC
90240V
C4
R4
T
T2
IC
STR5011
ZD1
R5
Ur1
ZD2
g
R6
TM TT NI DUNG
Chng ny cung cp cc kin thc v cc mch to ngun v n nh ngun. Phng php
th nht l chnh lu v lc. Tc l dng cc it chnh lu in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt
chiu v sau l lc v n nh in p, hoc dng in.
Cc mch chnh lu bao gm:
155
CU HI V BI TP
Cu 1: Cho mt in p xoay chiu u ( t ) = 16 cos (100 t ) qua mt b chnh lu mt pha na chu
k ti thun tr. Tnh U 0 ; f d , in p ngc cc i t ln it U Dng .max ?
Cu 2: Cho mt in p xoay chiu u ( t ) = 10 cos (100 t ) qua mt b chnh lu mt pha na chu
k ti thun dung. Tnh U 0 ; f d , in p ngc cc i t ln it U Dng .max ?
Cu 3: Cho mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia, ti thun tr, in
p hiu dng trn mi cun th cp l 12V. Tnh U 0 ; f d ?
Cu 4: Cho mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia, ti thun dung,
in p hiu dng trn mi cun th cp l 6V. Tnh U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ?
Cu 5: Cho mch chnh lu cu 1 pha, ti thun tr in p th cp c U 2 M = 10V . Tnh
U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ?
Cu 6: Cho mch chnh lu cu 1 pha, ti thun dung, in p th cp c U 2 M = 9V . Tnh
U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ?
Cu 7: Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu 1 pha na sng ti thun tr nh hnh no?
ur
ur
b)
a)
ur
ur
c)
d)
156
Cu 8: Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng ti dung tnh nh hnh no?
ur
ur
b)
a)
ur
ur
c)
d)
LM7812
UV
C1
2
Ur
UV
C2
C1
C1
C2
b)
LM7805
UV
Ur
a)
1
LM7905
2
Ur
LM7805
UV
C2
C1
c)
d)
157
3
Ur
C2
LM7809
UV
C1
2
Ur
UV
C2
C1
C1
C2
b)
LM7909
UV
Ur
a)
1
LM7909
2
Ur
LM7809
UV
C2
C1
c)
d)
158
3
Ur
C2
Hng dn tr li
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 1
Cu 2: K hiu ngun in p c lp l b:
a)
c)
b)
d)
b)
a)
c)
1
a) Z c =
= jX C
jC
c) ZC = j
b) ZC = jC = jX C
1
= jX C
C
d) ZC = jC
Cu 5: Dn np ca phn t thun cm l:
a) YL = j
c) YL =
1
= jBL
L
b) YL = j L = jBL
d) YL = j L = jBL
j L
= jBL
a) ZC = j 200
b) ZC = j 200
c) ZC = j 5.103
d) ZC = j 5.103
159
Hng dn tr li
Cu 7: Mt cun dy c in cm l L = 20 H ; vi tn s = 1000 ( rad / s ) th dn np ca
cun dy l:
a) YL = j 50
b) YL = j 2.102
c) YL = j 2.102
d) YL = j 50
X=5
R=4
a)
b)
X=5
R=4
R=4
c)
X=5
d)
B=7
G=2
a)
b)
B=7
B=2
G=2
c)
G=7
d)
b) Z = 2 j 2
c) Z = 2 + j 2
d) Z = 2 j12
160
R=2
X=7
Hnh I-1
Hng dn tr li
Cu 11: Dn np tng ng ca mch hnh I-2 l:
a) Y = 5 + j12
b) Y = 5 + j 6
c) Y = 5 j 6
d) Z = 5 j12
B=9
B=3
G=5
Hnh I-2
Vi: Z1 = 1, 025 j ;
Z 2 = 1, 25 j; Z3 = j
Z1
Z3
u(t)
Z5
Z2
Z4
Z 4 = 2 j; Z 5 = 2 + j
a) V s tng ng chi tit theo cc linh kin.
Hnh I-3.
Z 45 = Z 4 // Z5 =
Z 4 Z5
= 1, 25
Z 4 + Z5
Z345 = Z3 + Z 45 = 1, 25 + j
Z 2345 =
Z 2 .Z345
= 1, 025
Z 2 + Z345
U
Vy: I = =
Z
5.e jt
2.1, 025e
j t
2.2, 44e 4
i(t)
Vi: Y1 = 1 + 2 j ;
u(t)
Y2 = 5 j; Y3 = 2 + 4 j
Y4 = 1 5 j; Y5 = 1 + j
Y1
Y3
Y2
Hnh I-4.
161
Y5
Y4
Hng dn tr li
a) V s tng ng chi tit theo cc linh kin.
b) Tnh dn np tng ng ca ton b mch in Ytd v i ( t ) khi t mt in p c
bin hiu dng l 9V ln hai u on mch?
Gii:
a) Da vo tng dn np Y = G + jB v s tng ng chi tit, ch : vi Y < 0 l
cun cm, Y > 0 l t in, v cc linh kin l mc song song.
Y45 = Y4 + Y5 = 2 4 j
b)
Y345 =
Y3.Y45
=5
Y3 + Y45
Y2345 = Y2 + Y345 = 5 5 j
Ytd = Y12345 =
Y1Y2345
(1 + 2 j )( 5 5 j ) = 15 + 5 j
=
Y1 + Y2345 (1 + 2 j ) + ( 5 5 j ) 6 3 j
5+5 j
5 j
Ytd =
= 2. .e 4
3
3
Vy: I = U .Y = 9e
jt
j t +
5 j
. 2. .e 4 = 2.15.e 4
3
i ( t ) = 2. 2.15.cos t + = 30 cos t + ( A )
4
4
XL1
R1
XL1
XL2
R2
XC
E1
R1
Ing2
IV1
XM
XL2
R2
IV2
E2
E1
Hnh I-6.
Hnh I-5.
Gii:
Trc ht ta phi chuyn ngun dng Ing2 v dng ngun p:
E2 = Ing2.R2
V mch in c v li nh hnh I-6. By gi vit h phng trnh dng in vng:
( R1 + jX L1 jX C ) .I v1 + ( jX C jX M ) .I v 2 = E1
( jX C jX M ) .I v1 + ( R2 + jX L 2 jX C ) .I v 2 = E2
Theo quy tc Crame ta c:
162
Hng dn tr li
E1
E
I v1 = 2
j( X c X M )
R2 + j ( X L 2 X c )
I v2
Z v
R1 + j ( X L1 X c ) E1
j( X X )
E2
c
M
=
Z v
iR2= Iv2
Z6
Iv3
A
Z1 = 1; Z2 = -j
Z4
Z5
B
Iv1
Iv2
E1
Z5 = j; Z6 = 1
C
Z3
Z2
Z1
Z3 = j; Z4 = 1
E6
Hnh I-7.
( Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 ) I v1 Z 2 I v 2 Z 4 I v3 = E1
Z 2 I v1 + ( Z 2 + Z3 + Z5 ) I v 2 Z5 I v3 = 0
Z 4 I v1 Z5 I v 2 + ( Z 4 + Z5 + Z 6 ) I v3 = E6
(2 j ) I v1 + jI v 2 I v3 = 1
jI v1 + jI v 2 jI v3 = 0
I v1 jI v 2 + (2 + j ) I v3 = j
Thay s:
2 j
Z v =
j
1
j
j = 2+4 j
j 2+ j
Tnh c:
I v1 =
I v3 =
1
j
0
j
j j 2+ j 3 j
=
2+4 j
10
1
2 j
Iv2
1
j
j
0
1 j 2 + j
1+ 3 j
=
=
2+4j
5
1
2 j j
1
j
j
0
1 j j 1 7 j
=
2+4j
10
i1 = I v1 =
3 j
1
=
10
10
i 2 = I v1 I v 2 =
18 5
163
1+ j
1
=
2
2
45o
Hng dn tr li
i3 = I v 2 =
1+ 3 j
2
=
5
10
i5 = IV 3 IV 2 =
i 4 = I v3 I v1 =
108 5
3 j
1
=
10
10
i6 = IV 3 =
18 5
1+ 3 j
2
=
5
10
1 7 j
1
=
10
2
108o5
820
Cu 16: Cho mch in nh hnh v I-8, hy tnh dng in iR4 bng phng php ngun tng
ng, vi cc s liu:
Gii:
Trc ht ta chuyn s
mch in v s mi hnh I-9,
Trong :
R3
R1
Eng
R4
R2
E1 =
Z =
1
R5
Ing
R6
Hnh I-8.
Eng R1R2
R2
= Eng
= 3V
R1 R1 + R2
R1 + R2
Z1
R1R2
+ R3 = 3
R1 + R2
Z2
R4
E1
E2
E2 = I ng R6 = 8V
Z 2 = R5 + R6 = 4
Hnh I-9.
E2 E1
83
20 36
8
4
8
U
=
E
Z
=
= V
2
2
hmAB
3+ 4
7
7
Z1 + Z 2
Z1Z 2
3.4 12
Z
=
=
tdAB =
Z1 + Z 2 3 + 4 7
Vy theo s tng ng Thevenine ta c:
iR 4 =
U hmAB
36
18
=
= A
ZtdAB + R4 7(12 + 2) 13
7
Gii:
R1
Iv
R0
A
X1
X0
X2
R2
Hnh I-10.
164
XM
E2
Hng dn tr li
Iv =
E1 E2
R1 + R2 + j ( X1 + X 2 2 X M )
Mt khc:
( R1 + jX1 jX M ) I v U hmAB = E1
Vy: U hmAB = E1 + ( R1 + jX1 jX M ) I v
- By gi ta phi tnh ZtAB. Sau khi ngn mch hai ngun s, nhn t cp im AB c hai
nhnh mch nh hnh I-11a. Do c tnh n ghp h cm nn ta khng th tnh ZtAB theo quan
nim hai nhnh mch ghp song song vi nhau m phi p dng phng php dng in vng,
t:
Z1 = R1 + jX1
Z 2 = R2 + jX 2
Z = jX
M
M
ZtdAB =
* X
1
XM
X2
*
I1 R1
I2
R2
U
I
Hnh I-11a
ZtdAB =
I1
2
Z1Z 2 Z M
Z1 + Z 2 2Z M
I2
Nh vy theo s tng ng
Thevenine hnh I-12 ta tnh c kt qu cui
cng:
i0 =
* Z1
ZM
Z2
Ri=Zt AB
U hmAB
ZtdAB + R0 jX 0
U
Hnh I-11b.
I0
A
R0
E=Uhm AB
X0
Hnh I-12.
R2
Ing
Gii:
Theo nguyn l xp chng, nu ngun
dng Ing gy nn trong R4 mt dng in ia
v ngun E6 gy nn trong R4 mt dng
in ib th dng tng qua R4 s l:
R1
R3
R4
R5
Hnh I-13.
165
R6
E6
Hng dn tr li
i4 = ia + ib
tnh dng ia trc ht ta phi loi b ngun E6 khi :
i2 =
I ng R1
R1 + R23456
v ta tnh c:
ia = i2
R3
R3 + R456
i6 =
E6
R6 + R12345
v ta cng tnh c:
ib = i6
R5
R5 + R1234
i4 = ia ib
CHNG 2
Cu 1. rng vng cm EG ca cht cch in l EG > 2eV phng n c.
a) EG < 2eV .
b) EG = 2eV
c) EG > 2eV .
d) EG > 2eV .
Cu 2. rng vng cm EG ca cht bn dn l 0 < EG < 2eV - phng n a.
a) 0 < EG < 2eV
b) EG = 1eV
c) EG > 2eV .
d) EG > 2eV .
Cu 4: Lp tip xc P-N phn cc thun khi in p t ln tip xc P-N c chiu sao cho
VP VN > 0 - phng n c:
a) VP VN < 0 .
b) VP VN = 0
166
Hng dn tr li
c) VP VN > 0
d) Khng phi cc p n trn.
Cu 5: Lp tip xc P-N phn cc ngc khi in p t ln tip xc P-N c chiu sao cho
VP VN < 0 - phng n a:
a) VP VN < 0
b) VP VN = 0
c) VP VN > 0
d) Khng phi cc p n trn.
Cu 6: Mt tranzito c gi l tranzito thun nu n l loi P-N-P, phng n b:
a) N-P-N.
b) P-N-P
c) N-N-P
d) P-P-N
Cu 7: Mt tranzito c gi l tranzito ngc nu n l loi N-P-N, phng n a:
a) N-P-N
b) P-N-P
c) N-N-P
d) P-P-N
Cu 8: Mt tranzito hot ng ch tch cc khi:
a) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc ngc.
b) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc ngc.
c) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc thun.
d) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc thun.
Cu 9: Mt tranzito hot ng ch ngt khi:
a) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc ngc.
b) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc ngc.
c) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc thun.
d) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc thun.
Cu 10: Mt tranzito hot ng ch thng bo ha khi:
a) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc ngc.
b) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc ngc.
167
Hng dn tr li
c) Tip xc TE phn cc thun v TC phn cc thun.
d) Tip xc TE phn cc ngc v TC phn cc thun
Cu 11: K hiu ca JFET knh N trong s mch l hnh a.
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
c)
b)
d)
CHNG 3
Cu 1: Trong cc mch khuch i, tranzito hot ng ch tch cc (c):
a) Thng bo ha
b) Ngt
c) Tch cc
d) c phng n a v b.
P
a) = r
Pv
P
b) = r
P0
P
c) = v
P0
168
P
d) = 0
Pr
Hng dn tr li
b) in p hi tip v cng pha vi in p vo.
c) in p hi tip v t l vi in p u ra.
d) in p hi tip v t l vi dng in u ra.
Cu 6: Hi tip m lm
a) Tng h s khuch i chung ca mch.
b) Gim h s khuch i chung ca mch.
c) n nh im lm vic tnh v m rng di tn lm vic.
d) C b) v c).
Cu 7: Hi tip dng lm
a) Tng h s khuch i chung ca mch.
b) Gim h s khuch i chung ca mch.
c) Thng dng trong cc mch to dao ng.
d) C a) v c).
Cu 8: Tng khuch i EC c
a) in tr vo ln.
b) H s khuch i in p v dng in ln.
c) in p ra o pha so vi in p vo
d) C b) v c)
Cu 9: Tng khuch i CC c
a) in tr vo ln.
b) in tr vo nh.
c) in p ra o pha so vi in p vo
d) C a) v c)
Cu 10: Tng khuch i BC c
a) in tr vo ln.
b) in tr vo nh.
c) in p ra o pha so vi in p vo
d) C b) v c)
Cu 11: H s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i c tnh bng cng thc b:
169
Hng dn tr li
a) KU =
Uv
Ur
Ur
Uv
b) KU =
c) KU =
Ur
Iv
I
d) KU = r
Uv
Uv
;
Iv
b) Z r =
Ur
Iv
c) Z r =
Ur
Ir
d) Z r =
Uv
Ir
b) = 1800
c) = 3600
K0
Kt
b) M t =
K0
Kc
c) M t =
Kc
Kt
d) M t =
Kt
K0
+EC = 10V
RC
RB
Gii:
UB
U RB = U B U BC U RE ;
RE
U R E = I B ( + 1) .RE ;
U RB = U B U BC I B ( + 1) RE
V I B =
IB =
Hnh III-1.
U RB
RB
6 0, 7 91 600.I B
20.103
IB =
5,3 91 600 I B
20.103
I B = 0, 071( mA ) ;
+EC = 5V
Vi:
U EB = 0, 6V ; = 80;U EC 0 = 2,5V ;
EC = 5V ;U B = 2V
RE = 3k
RB
UB
170
Hnh III-2.
Hng dn tr li
Tnh cc c tnh ca mch?
Gii
U RE = EC U ec 0 = 5 2,5 = 2,5V ;
IE =
IB =
U RE
RE
2,5
= 0,833 ( mA )
3k
0,833 ( mA )
IE
=
0, 01( mA ) ;
81
( + 1)
U RB = EC U RE U eb U B = 5 2,5 0, 6 + 2 = 3,9V ;
RB =
U RB
3,9
= 390k ;
0, 01mA
IB
+EC
EC = 5V ; RC = 1k ;U be0 = 0, 7V ; = 100 ;
Hy tnh R1, R2 mch n nh thin p
vi UCE0 = 3V. Bit URe = 0,673V.
RC
R1
UV
I1
I2
Gii
IC
IB
IE
RE
R2
U B = U R2 = U BE 0 + U RE = 0, 7 + 0, 673 = 1,373V ;
IC =
U RC
RC
IB =
EC U ce0 U RE
IC
RC
5 3 0, 673
=
= 1,327 ( mA ) ;
1k
Hnh III-3.
1,327 mA
= 13, 27 A
100
U R1
I1
EC U B
5 1,373
=
54, 67 k ;
66,35 ( A )
I1
U R2
I2
1,373
25,87 k
53, 08 ( A )
RB
+EC
IC1
IC2
IB1
IE1 = IB2
RE = 1 k
Cu 18:
IE2
171
Hnh III-4.
Hng dn tr li
Vi 1 = 2 = 65; EC = 10V .
Hy xc nh RB v UCE1 UCE2 = 6V
Gii:
y l mch mc theo kiu Darlington.
U ce 2 = 6V th:
U E 2 = U Re = + EC U ce 2 = 10 6 = 4V
IE2 =
UE
4V
IE2
4mA
=
= 4mA I B 2 = I E1 =
=
= 0, 06mA .
RE 1k
(1 + 2 ) 66
I B1 =
I E1
0, 06
=
0,91 A .
(1 + 1 ) 66
U RB = + EC U be1 U be 2 U R E
= 10 0, 7 0, 7 4 = 4, 6V
Vy: RB =
U RB
I B1
4, 6
5, 05M .
0,91 A
Cu 19:
Cho mch in nh hnh III-5.
Vi E = 12V ;
R1
R3
R2
R4
C1
R1 = 20k ; R2 = 4k
uv
R3 = 4k ; R4 = 1k
= 99;U BE = +0, 6V
E
C2
Rt
ur
C3
Hnh III-5.
UB =
E
.R2
R1 + R2
12
.4 = 2V .
20 + 4
172
Hng dn tr li
U B = U BE + U E U E = U B U BE U E = 1, 4V
Vy: I E =
UE
= 1, 4mA
RE
I E = ( + 1) I B I B =
IE
= 14 A
+1
Rt = = R3 nt R4 Rt = = R3 + R4 = 5k
- Ti xoay chiu l ti m dng xoay chiu u ra i qua. T mch in ta c (do dng qua
cc t l dng xoay chiu nn cc t C coi nh u tt):
R3.Rt
= 2, 67 k
R3 + Rt
Rt ~ = R3 // Rt Rt ~ =
Xc nh ng ti mt chiu v v xc nh im l/v Q:
Phng trnh ng ti mt chiu: E = U CE + U C + U E = U CE + I C ( R3 + R4 )
Cho: U CE = 0 IC =
E
12
=
= 2, 4mA
R3 + R4 ( 4 + 1) .103
Cho: I C = 0 U CE = E = 12V
ICE
2,4mA
1,386mA
ng ti mt chiu:
Khi IC tng th UCE gim (v ngc li) mt cch
tuyn tnh. im lm vic Q ti:
5,506V
12V
uV
5,506V
t
ur
cc
R6 = 100 .
173
UCE
Hng dn tr li
Gii:
EC
R1
T1
D1
C2
D2
T2
uv
ur
Rt
R2
R1 = R2 =
10 0,5
103
Hnh III-6.
= 9,5k
Pr ~ =
2
U hd
= 0,5W
Rt
E / 2 10
=
= 0,1A
Rt
100
I t max
1, 0
= 0, 0318
3,14
P0 = 20 0, 0318 = 0, 636W
Hiu sut ca mch:
Pr
0,5
0,5 x3,14
78%
=
=
Po 2 / 3.14
2
CHNG 4
Cu 1: Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng c tnh cht:
a) ZV = ; Z r = 0; K 0 =
b) ZV = 0 ; Z r = 0 ; K 0 =
c) ZV = ; Z r = ; K 0 =
d) ZV = 0 ; Z r = ; K 0 =
Cu 2: H s khuch i ca mch khuch i o dng Op-Amp l:
a) Ku =
Rht
R
b) Ku = 1
R1
Rht
174
Hng dn tr li
c) Ku = 1 +
Rht
R
d) Ku = ht
R1
R1
Rht
R
b) Ku = 1
R1
Rht
c) Ku = 1 +
Rht
R
d) Ku = ht
R1
R1
+
_
a)
b)
+
_
d)
c)
+
_
a)
b)
+
_
c)
Cu 6: S mch vi phn dng Op-Amp l s a:
d)
a)
b)
_
_
c)
d)
175
Hng dn tr li
Cu 7: S mch tch phn dng Op-Amp l s b:
a)
b)
_
_
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
176
d)
Hng dn tr li
uv
= Uch = 3V
V dng in p vo v in p ra khi
in p vo l:
ur
Hnh IV-1.
y l mch so snh in p in p
vo c so snh vi in p chun
U ch = 3V .
+Urmax
Uvmax =6V
Khi uv > U ch in p ra bo ha m.
Uch=3V
2/50
Khi uv < U ch in p ra bo ha
dng.
in p ra lt trng thi ti uv = U ch
uv
-Urmax
ur
+
_
uv
ur
= Uch = 3V
U r max = 9V ; U ch = 2V
V dng in p vo v in p ra khi
in p vo l:
Hnh IV-2.
Uch=2V
Rht
Uvmax
5V
Uv
2/500
_
+
-9V
uv
Hnh IV-3.
ur
177
Ur
Hng dn tr li
Cu 12: Cho mch in hnh IV-3.
R
50
= 5 .
a) H s khuch i Ku = ht Ku =
R1
10
b) Tr khng vo ca mch: Z v = R1 = 10k
c) Tr khng ra l tng ca mch:
Do Z r IC ca IC rt nh 0 nn Z r = Z r IC // Rht = 0 .
d) Ta bit U r max = E 1V nn U v max =
U r max
Ku
15 1
= 2,8V
5
e) Mch c Ku = 5 nn khi:
U v = 0, 2V U r = 5 0, 2 = 1V ;
U v = 1V U r = 5 1 = 5V ;
U v = 2V U r = 5 2 = 10V ;
U v = 3V U r = 5 ( 3) = 15V nhng do 15 > U r max = 14V
cho nn U r = U r max = 14V
U v = 4V U r = 5 4 = 20V
20 > U r max = 14V , cho nn U r = U r max = 14V .
Cu 13: Cho mch in hnh IV-4.
Rht
E = 15V
a) Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch
178
Uv
_
+
Hnh IV-4.
Ur
Hng dn tr li
b) Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch Z v
c) Xc nh tr khng ra l tng ca mch.
d) Xc nh in p vo nh-nh m mch hot ng tuyn tnh.
e) Xc nh in p ra vi mi gi tr in p vo -0,4V; 0,8V; 1,2V; -1,4V
Gii
Tng t nh cu 12 ta tnh c:
a) Ku = 16
b) Z vIC nn Z v = Z vIC =
c) Z r
d) U v max = 0, 875
e)
U v = 0, 4V U r = 6, 4V
U v = 0,8V U r = 12,8V
U v = 1, 2V U r = U r max = 14V
U v = 1, 4V U r = U r max = 14V
U1
U2
R
R
R7
R3
_
+
U'r
U3
R4
R5
R8
Hnh IV-5.
Gii
179
R6
_
+
Ur
Hng dn tr li
a) T mch in ta c:
R
U r = 3 U1 + 3 U 2
R2
R1
R
R R
R
R
R
U r = 6 U R + 6 U 3 = 6 3 U1 + 3 U 2 6 U 3
R5
R2
R5
R4
R4 R1
b) Xc nh U r :
Thay s:
100 50
50
100
0, 5 = 6,1V
0,2 0,3
100 25
10
10
R
b
U2
b) Xc nh U r khi
+ U1 = 4V ;U 2 = 2V ;
_
+
Ur
R2
Hnh IV-6.
+ U1 = 1V ;U 2 = 5V ;
+ U1 = 6V ;U 2 = 1V
Gii
R
+ Khi U1 0;U 2 = 0 , mch tr thnh mch khuch i o nn U r1 = 2 U1
R1
+ Khi U1 = 0;U 2 0 , mch tr thnh mch khuch i thun c phn p ti b ta c:
180
Hng dn tr li
Ub =
R2
U2
R1 + R2
R R2
U r 2 = 1 + 2 .
U2
R1 R1 + R2
+ Khi c c U1 v U 2 nn:
U r = U1 + U 2 =
R R2
R2
R
R
U1 + 1 + 2 .
U 2 = 2 U1 + 2 U 2
R1
R1 R1 + R2
R1
R1
U r = 5. (U 2 U1 )
b) Xc nh U r khi:
+ U1 = 4V ;U 2 = 2V U r = 10V ;
+ U1 = 1V ;U 2 = 5V U r = U r max = 14V
Rht
+ U1 = 6V ;U 2 = 1V U r = U r max = 14V
R = 50k ; R1 = 10k
U1
U2
U3
+
R
R
R
b) Xc nh U r khi U1 = 0,3V ;U 2 = 1V ;U 3 = 2V
Hnh IV-7.
Gii
a) y l mch cng thun c nhiu in p vo.
T mch in v coi IC l tng ta c: U P = U n =
R1
Ur
R1 + R2
U1 U N U 2 U N U 3 U N
+
+
=0
R
R
R
Hay: U1 + U 2 + U 3 = 3U N =
Ur =
3R1
Ur
R1 + Rht
R1 + Rht
(U1 + U 2 + U 3 )
3R1
b) Xc nh U r
Ur =
10 + 30
( 0,3 + 1 2 ) = 0,93V
3.10
181
Ur
Hng dn tr li
Cu 17: Cho mch in nh hnh IV-8.
R1
R2
U1
U2
R2 = 50k ; R3 = 25k
R3
U3
E = 15V
Rht
_
+
Ur
Hnh IV-8.
U1 = 3V ;U 2 = 10V ;U 3 = 7V
U1 = 8V ;U 2 = 4V ;U 3 = 5V
Gii
a) Mch c cc tn hiu a vo ca o ca IC khuch i thut ton l mch mch cng
o.
Ur =
Rht
R
R
U1 ht U 2 ht U 3
R1
R2
R3
U U
U
U r = Rht 1 + 2 + 3
R1 R2 R3
b) Xc nh U r khi:
+ U1 = 3V ;U 2 = 10V ;U 3 = 7V
3 10 7
U r = 100
+ = 5V
100 50 25
+ U1 = 8V ;U 2 = 4V ;U 3 = 5V
4
5
8
U r = 100
+ = 20V
100 50 25
do U r > U r max = 14V U r = U r max = 14V
E = 15V
U1
a) Tm U r theo U v
U2
_
+
b) Xc nh U r khi
U1 = (1 + 10sin100t ) V
Hnh IV-9.
U 2 = 1V ; C = 1 F
182
Ur
Hng dn tr li
R1 = R2 = 100k
Gii
a) Do lm vic ch tuyn tnh nn
Ur =
1
1
1 U U
. U1dt
. U 2 dt = . 1 + 2 dt
R1C
R2C
C R1 R2
b) Do R1 = R2 = 100k nn:
Ur =
1
5
10 .10
CHNG 5
Cu 1: iu kin mch to dao ng s dng hi tip dng l:
a) K . = 1 v = k + = 2n
b) K . = 1 v = k + = ( 2n + 1)
c) K . < 1 v = k + = ( 2n + 1)
d) K . < 1 v = k + = 2n
X1 + X 2 X 3 = 0
b) X1 + X 2 + X 3 = 0
c)
X1 X 2 + X 3 = 0
d) X1 + X 2 + X 3 > 0
Cu 3: Mch dao ng 3 im in cm c:
a)
X1 l in cm v X 2 , X 3 l t in.
b) X1 l t in v X2, X3 l in cm.
c)
X 2 l in cm v X1, X 3 l t in.
d) X 2 l t in v X1 , X 3 l in cm.
Cu 4: Mch dao ng 3 im dung cm c:
a) X1 l in cm v X 2 , X 3 l t in.
b) X1 l t in v X 2 , X 3 l in cm.
183
Hng dn tr li
X 2 l in cm v X1, X 3 l t in.
c)
R3
d) X 2 l t in v X1 , X 3 l in cm.
R1
_
+
R3
Tm L, C ?
Hnh V-1.
Gii
K = 1+
R
R2
nn iu kin dao ng ca mch l: K . = 1 1 + C
R1
R1
c) tm L, C:
Tm Rtd :
( R + R2 ) Rtd = 1 R = 1k
Rc Rtd
=1 1
td
1 +
R1 Rtd + R3
Rtd R1 + R1R3
Ta bit: Rtd = Q
Ta c:
L
1
v f =
C
2 LC
Rtd
Rtd
= 2 LQ L= L =
1, 6 H
2 Qf dd
f dd
Ta c: Rtd . f dd =
Q
Q
C =
0,16 F
2 C
2 Rtd f dd
184
Rtd
=1
Rtd + R3
Hng dn tr li
R1
_
+
Rht
Hnh V-2.
Gii
a) y l mch to dao ng sin c mch hi tip l 3 mt RC trong R1 c coi nh ni
t v U 0 0 nn ca o ca IC coi l im t o ng thi R1, Rht, v IC to thnh mch
khuch i o, nn R1=R.
V dng tn hiu:
UR
b) Khi f dd = 1kHz ; R1 = 1k
R1 = R = 1k
Ta c: dd = 2 f dd =
1
1
C =
= 65nF
6 RC
2 6 f dd R
R
- Ta c: K = ht = 29 Rht = 29.R1 = 29k
R1
- Tm khong f dd khi cc C cng bin i:
Ta bit f dd =
1
1
vi Cmin fmax= f max =
=A
2 6 RC
2 6.103 Cmin
vi Cmax th f min =
1
2 6.103 Cmax
=B
Rht
R1
R = 15k ; C = 0, 02 F
R1 = 10k ; E = 15V
C
R
b) Tm tn s dao ng ca mch.
185
Hnh V-3.
Hng dn tr li
c) Tm tr s ca Rht cn thit.
Gii
a) Dng tn hiu ra:
UR
t
b) Tn s ca mch:
= 2 f dd =
1
1
f dd =
0,53kHz
RC
2 RC
c) Tm Rht . Ta c
K = 1+
Rht
R
= 3 ht = 2 Rht = 2.R1 = 24k
R1
R1
Rht
R1 = 22k ; C = 0, 01 F ; E = 15V
R1
_
+
Gii
C
K = 1+
Rht
R
= 3 ht = 2
R1
R1
Hnh V-4.
1
1
Rmin =
2 Rmin .C
2 f max C
Rmin = 15,9k
Khi con tr ca R n v tr Rmax lc : f min =
Rmax = 159k
Nh vy R bin i t 15,9k n 159k .
186
1
1
Rmax =
2 .Rmax C
2 . f min C
Hng dn tr li
Cu 9: Cho mch in nh hnh V-5.
R1 = R2 = 15k ; R = 18k
_
+
C = 0, 068 F ; E = 15V
a) V dng tn hiu ra theo t.
b) Xc nh bin U r max
R2
R1
c) Xc nh T , fd
d) Xc nh in p hi tip.
Hnh V-5.
Gii
a) Dng tn hiu ra:
+Urmax
-Urmax
2.R1
ta c: t x = RC ln 1 +
R2
R1 = R2 t x = RC ln 3 = 1,1RC
Chu k: T = 2t x = 2, 2 RC = 2, 693ms f =
1
= 317,33Hz
T
d) Xc nh in p hi tip:
Khi bo ha (+) c U ht ( + ) , bo ha (-) c U ht ( ) :
U ht ( ) = I .R1 =
U r max
.R1 = 7V
R1 + R2
VR4
R1 = R2 = 20k ; R3 = 1,8k
C
VR4 = 100k .
R3
_
+
C = 0, 024 F ; E = 15V
a) V dng tn hiuiu ra theo t
R2
b) Xc nh bin Uramax
R1
187
Hng dn tr li
Gii
a) Dng tn hiu ra:
+Urmax
-Urmax
2R
Tac: t x = ( R3 + R4 ) C.ln 1 + 1
R2
Do R1 = R2 t x = ( R4 + R3 ) C.ln 3 = 1,1( R4 + R3 ) C
Chu k T = 2t x = 2, 2 ( R4 + R3 ) C
fd =
1
1
=
T 2, 2 ( R4 + R3 ) C
uv
ur
R
uv ( t ) = 8sin (100 t ) V
Hnh V-7.
Gii
uv
8V
5,5V
-5,5V
4
100
2
100
1
100
3
100
188
-Urmax =- 11V
Hng dn tr li
Cu 12: Cho mch in nh hnh V-8.
Bit E1 = 5V ; E2 = 3V
uv
uv = 8sin (100t ) V
D1
+ +
_ _
E1
D2
ur
E2
Gii
Hnh V-8.
uv
8V
ur
3V
uv
-5V
3V
3V
100
-5V
2
100
4
100
-5V
CHNG 6
Cu 18: Cho tn hiu iu bin vi h s iu ch m = 50%. Tn s tin tc f s = 10kHz . Sng
mang c bin 5mV v tn s ft = 10 MHz .
a) Vit biu thc biu din tn hiu iu bin .
b) Tnh ph tn hiu
c) Tn hiu trn qua mch khuch i in p 1000 ln v trn tn cho ra tn hiu c
ftg = 1MHz :
-Vit biu thc tn hiu ra sau trn tn.
-V s tch sng tn hiu .
Gii
a) Vit biu thc:
U db = U t (1 + m cos s t ) cos t t
Thay s: U db = 5.103 (1 + 0,5cos 2 104 t ) cos 2 107 t
b) Tnh ph:
Tn hiu trn c th vit:
189
Hng dn tr li
5.103.0,5
cos 2 107 + 104 t (v)
2
2
Nh vy: ph ca tn hiu iu bin trn c 3 thnh phn ti tn s sng mang:
5.10
U db = 5.103 cos 2 107 t +
3.0,5
Khuch i v
trn tn
( ft = 10MHz )
Utg
( ftt = 1MHz )
m = 0,5
m = 0,5
Uns
( f ns = 11MHz )
Tn hiu sau trn tn l tn hiu iu bin bn mch tch sng tn hiu nh sau:
D
Utg
Us
Yu cu ca mch:
D: it cao tn
R,C chn ph hp
c th:
1
2 106
tg
<< RC <<
<< RC <<
1
2 104
CHNG 7
Cu 1: Cho mt in p xoay chiu u ( t ) = 16 cos (100 t ) qua mt b chnh lu mt pha na chu
k ti thun tr. Tnh U 0 ; f d , in p ngc cc i t ln it U Dng .max ?
Gii
Ta c U 0 = 0, 45U hd
190
Hng dn tr li
Vi U hd =
U max
2
16
16
U 0 = 0, 45.
5,1V
2
2
U ng .max = U M = 16
Cu 2: Cho mt in p xoay chiu u ( t ) = 10 cos (100 t ) qua mt b chnh lu mt pha na chu
k ti thun dung. Tnh U 0 ; f d , in p ngc cc i t ln it U Dng .max ?
Gii
Vi ti tnh dung ta c: U 0 = U M = 10V
Tn s p mch: fd=f=50Hz
in p ngc cc i t trn it l: U ng .max = 2.U M = 20V
Cu 3: Cho mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia, ti thun tr, in
p hiu dng trn mi cun th cp l 12V. Tnh U 0 ; f d ?
Gii
Nu b qua tn hao bin p v cc chnh lu th
U0 =
f d = 2.50 = 100 Hz
Cu 4: Cho mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng dng bin p th cp c im gia, ti thun dung,
in p hiu dng trn mi cun th cp l 6V. Tnh U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ?
Gii
U 0 = U 2 M = 2U 2 = 2.6 = 8, 48V
in p ngc t trn it:
U Dng max = 2U M = 2 2U 2
17V
f d = 2.50 = 100 Hz
Cu 5: Cho mch chnh lu cu 1 pha, ti thun tr in p th cp c U 2 M = 10V . Tnh
U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ?
Gii
U 0 0,9U 2 =
U M 10
=
= 7, 07V
2
2
191
Hng dn tr li
in p ngc t trn it:
UD ngmax = U2 M = 10 V
f d = 2.50 = 100 Hz
Cu 6: Cho mch chnh lu cu 1 pha, ti thun dung, in p th cp c U 2 M = 9V . Tnh
U 0 ; f d ;U Dng .max ?
U0 hm = 2U2 = 2
9
= 9V
2
UD ngmax = U2 M = 9 V
f d = 2.50 = 100 Hz
Cu 7: Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu 1 pha na sng ti thun tr l hnh c?
ur
ur
b)
a)
ur
ur
c)
d)
Cu 8: Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu 1 pha ton sng ti dung tnh nh hnh d?
ur
ur
a)
ur
b)
ur
c)
d)
192
Hng dn tr li
LM7812
UV
Ur
C1
2
UV
C2
Ur
C1
a)
1
LM7905
C2
b)
2
LM7805
UV
C1
2
Ur
UV
C2
LM7805
C1
c)
Ur
C2
d)
LM7809
UV
C1
2
Ur
UV
C2
C1
C1
C2
b)
LM7909
UV
Ur
a)
1
LM7909
2
Ur
LM7809
UV
C2
C1
c)
d)
193
3
Ur
C2
194
MC LC
LI NI U ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM, NH LUT V CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH
MCH IN ................................................................................................................................. 3
GII THIU ................................................................................................................................................ 3
NI DUNG.................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1. TNG QUAN............................................................................................................................ 3
1.2. CC THNG S TC NG V TH NG CA MCH IN ................................... 5
1.3. BIU DIN PHC CA CC TC NG IU HA, TR KHNG V DN NP............. 9
1.4. CC KHI NIM C BN CA MCH IN .................................................................. 11
1.5. CC NH LUT KIRCHHOFF ........................................................................................... 12
1.6. CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN............................................... 13
1.7. MNG BN CC .................................................................................................................. 18
TM TT NI DUNG ............................................................................................................................. 23
CU HI V BI TP............................................................................................................................ 23
CHNG 2: LINH KIN BN DN V QUANG IN T ...................................................................... 27
GII THIU .............................................................................................................................................. 27
NI DUNG................................................................................................................................................ 27
2.1. CHT BN DN THUN V CHT BN DN TP CHT........................................... 27
2.2. LP TIP XC P-N................................................................................................................ 29
2.3. IT BN DN..................................................................................................................... 30
2.4. TRANZITO LNG CC (BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor) ........................................... 34
2.5. TRANZITO HIU NG TRNG (Field Effect Transistor - FET) ..................................... 36
2.6. THYRISTOR ........................................................................................................................... 38
2.7. VI MCH TCH HP ............................................................................................................ 39
2.8. LINH KIN QUANG IN T............................................................................................. 40
TM TT NI DUNG ............................................................................................................................. 43
CU HI V BI TP............................................................................................................................ 44
CHNG 3: MCH KHUCH I BN DN............................................................................................. 47
GII THIU .............................................................................................................................................. 47
NI DUNG................................................................................................................................................ 47
3.1. NH NGHA, CC CH TIU V THAM S C BN CA MCH KHUCH I............ 47
3.2. HI TIP TRONG CC TNG KHUCH I ................................................................... 49
3.3. CC S KHUCH I C BN DNG TRANZITO LNG CC......................... 51
3.4. TNG KHUCH I O PHA .......................................................................................... 55
3.5. CC S C BN DNG TRANZITO TRNG (FET) ............................................. 56
195
196
197
C S
K THUT IN IN T
M s : 497DDT212
Chu trch nhim bn tho
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