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C
U
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 13
2.3. c tuyn in p Dng in (c tuyn V-A)
c tuyn in p dng in (hay cn gi l c tuyn V-A) ca mt phn
t mch in m t mi quan h gia dng in chy qua phn t v in p
ri trn n.
th c tuyn V-A ca mt cu kin v tt c cc im lm vic ca cu
kin .
V d mt in tr c c tuyn V-A theo nh lut Ohm l: i = u/R. dc
ca c tuyn tnh c nh sau:
V d vi in tr R = 10kO,
dc ca c tuyn l 0,1 mA/V
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (9)
1 di
du R
=
2 4
u (V)
i (mA)
-4 -2
-0,2
-0,6
-0,4
-0,8
0,8
0,4
0,6
0,2
dc = 0,1 mA/V
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 14
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (10)
V d 1.1.
V c tuyn V-A cho hai im
X-X dng i
x
chy t X n X. Khi
c mt phn t ni vo hai im
(v d mt in tr c gi tr
trong khong 0 < R
L
< ).
Gii
Ta thy u
x
= E
ng
u
R1
= E
ng
i
x
R
1
dc ca c tuyn l:
1 1 1
1
R
E
u
R R
u E
i
ng
x
x ng
x
+ =
=
1
1
R du
di
x
x
=
2 4
u
x
(V)
i
x
(mA)
-4 -2
-2
6
4
2
c tuyn V-A ca
hai u X X
6 -6
1
5
ng
E
mA
R
=
5
ng
E V =
+
E
ng
5 V
1
1 R k = O
x
i
X
X
+
x
u
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 15
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (11)
Bi tp 1.1
Trn cng mt h trc ta , v c tuyn V-A ca cc in tr c gi tr:
1kO, 5kO v 20O.
Hnh B1.1
+
E
ng
1
R
x
i
X
X
+
x
u
Bi tp 1.2
V c tuyn V-A cho hai im X-X trn hnh B1.1 khi R
1
= 10kO, E
ng
= 5V.
Bi tp 1.3
V c tuyn V-A cho hai im X-X trn hnh B1.1 khi R1 = 1kO, E
ng
= 10V.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 16
3.1. Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho
1.3.1. Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho
Xt cch biu din phc t cng thc Euler:
Khi c mt dao ng iu ha, v d sc in ng:
Ta c th vit:
Vi
Thng thng bin phc c tnh theo
bin hiu dng:
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (1)
E
m
e(t)
t
T
cos sin
j
e j
= +
( ) cos( )
m u
e t E t = e +
( )
E
u
j t j j t
m m
E e E e e
e + e
= =
( ) ReE e t =
E
u
j
m m
E e
=
2
m
E
E =
V d: in p
Dng phc s l:
( )
220 2 cos 60
o
u t = e +
0
( 60 )
220 U
j t
e
e +
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 17
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (2)
3.1. Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho (tt)
Vic biu din tn hiu tun hon theo dng phc rt thun li khi ta
chuyn cc phng trnh vi phn, tch phn min thi gian sang cc
phng trnh i s min tn s.
Xt tn hiu tun hon u(t) = U
M
cos(et), biu din dng phc ca n:
Vi php o hm:
Vi php tch phn:
Hay ni cch khc:
t j
M
e U
e
= U
dU
U
dt
j t
M
j U e j
e
= e = e
1 1
U U
j t
M
dt U e
j j
e
= =
e e
}
U
du
j
dt
e
1
U udt
j
e
}
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 18
3.2. Tr khng v dn np
Trong mt mch in, thng s ca cc phn t xc nh mi quan h gia
in p t trn v dng in chy qua chng.
C th coi mch in thc hin mt ton t p vi cc hm tn hiu tc ng
ln n, ton t thc hin s bin i in p dng in hay ngc li.
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (3)
p
x(t)
y(t)=p{x(t)}
+ Trong trng hp bin i
dng in in p, ton t gi
l tr khng Z ca mch:
+ Trng hp bin i in p
dng in, ton t gi l dn
np Y
. U ZI =
1
I U = YU
Z
=
arg
( )
Z
Z Z
j
R jX e = + = O
argY
Y Y (S)
j
G jB e = + =
1
S =
O
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 19
3.2. Tr khng v dn np (tt)
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (4)
( )
( )
( )
U
Z=
I
u
u i
i
j t
j
j t
Ue U
e
I Ie
e +
e +
= =
2 2
Z
U
R X
I
= + =
argZ
Z
X
arctg
u i
R
= = =
( )
( )
( )
I
U
Y=
i
i u
u
j t
j
j t
I
e
U Ue
Ie
e +
e +
= =
2 2
Y
I
G B
U
= + =
argY
Y Z
B
arctg
u
i
G
= = = =
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 20
3.2. Tr khng v dn np (tt)
i vi phn t thun tr R:
i vi phn t thun dung C:
i vi phn t thun cm L:
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (5)
R R
U I Z I Z R R
R
= = =
1 1
Z
C
C
jX X
c
j C C
= = =
e e
Y
C C C
j C jB B C = e = = e
Z
L
L
j L jX X L
c
= e = = e
1 1
Y
L
L
jB B
c
j L L
= = =
e e
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 21
3.2. Tr khng v dn np (tt)
Tr khng tng ng ca cc phn t mc ni tip:
Tr khng tng ng ca cc phn t mc song song:
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (6)
td
Z Z
k
k
=
td
Y Y
k
k
=
a
k
= 1 nu dng in nhnh i ra khi nt ang xt.
a
k
= -1 nu dng in nhnh i vo nt ang xt.
a
k
= 0 nu nhnh khng thuc nt ang xt.
0
k k
k
b u =
b
k
= 1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh cng chiu vng quy c .
b
k
= -1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh ngc chiu vng quy c
b
k
= 0 nu nhnh khng thuc vng ang xt.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 29
6. Cc nh lut Kirchhoff (2)
6.1. nh lut Kirchhoff 1 (nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in)
Bi tp 1.6
Dng phn mm CircuitMaker:
Quan st quan h pha gia in p v dng in trn cc phn t th
ng R, L, C.
Kim tra cc nh lut Kirchhoff
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 30
7. Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
7.1. Phng php in p nt
7.2. Phng php dng in vng
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng.
7.4. Phng php ngun tng ng (Thevenin)
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 31
7.1 Phng php in p nt (1)
7.1. Phng php in p nt
Ni dung phng php ny da trn nh lut Kirchhoff 1.
Cc bc ca phng php:
Bc 1: Tnh s nt N
n
ca mch in cn phn tch, chn 1 nt lm
gc v coi in th ca nt bng 0.
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh dng in cho N
n
1 cn li, ta s c mt
h (N
n
1) phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh, vi cc n s l in p
ti cc nt.
Bc 3: Gii h (N
n
1) phng trnh ta s tm c in th ti cc
nt ca mch in, v t ta c th tm c dng in trong tt c
cc nhnh ca mch in.
phc tp khi gii mch in ph thuc vo s nt ca mch.
N N ng.N
[Y ].[U ] = [ ] I
Size([Y
N
])= [(N
n
- 1) x (N
n
- 1)].
-1
N N ng.N
[U ] = [Y ] .[ ] I
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 32
7.1 Phng php in p nt (2)
V d 1.4: Tnh dng in trong tt c cc nhnh
ca mch in nh hnh v.
Bc 1: S nt ca mch l: N
n
= 5, chn O
lm gc, coi U
O
= 0.
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh dng in cho 4
nt A, B, C v D (c th quy nh chiu cc
dng in ty ).
Ti nt A: I
1
+ I
2
+ I
8
= 0
Hay:
Bin i ta c:
8 1
1 2 8
0
Z Z Z
A D A A B
U U E U E U U +
+ + =
( )
8 1
1 2 3 2 8 1 8
1 8
. . 0. . Y Y Y U Y Y (*)
Z Z
A B C D ng ng
E E
U U U I I + + = =
T biu thc (*) sinh vin hy a ra quy tc vit trc tip phng trnh
in p cho cc nt ca mch in?
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 33
7.1 Phng php in p nt (3)
Thc hin tng t vi 3 nt cn li (B, C
v D) ta s c 3 phng trnh cn li.
Z
3
E
8
Z
8
Z
4
Z
6
Z
2
Z
5
Z
1
Z
7
E
5
E
1
C
A
B
D
O
+
+
+
i
1
i
2
i
8
2 3 4 4
5
4 4 5 6 6 5
5
8
8 6 6 7 8 8
8
( ). . 0. 0
. ( ). .
0. . ( ).
2
Nt B: -Y U Y Y Y U Y U U
Nt C: 0.U Y U Y Y Y U Y U
Z
Nt D: -Y U U Y U Y Y Y U
Z
A B C D
A B C D ng
A B C D ng
E
I
E
I
+ + + =
+ + + = =
+ + + = =
ta s c h 4 phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh vit di dng ma trn:
1 8
5
8
0
1 2 8 2 8 A
2 2 3 4 4 B
4 4 5 6 6 C
8 6 6 7 8 D
Y +Y +Y -Y 0 -Y U
-Y Y +Y Y -Y 0 U
0 -Y Y +Y +Y -Y U
-Y 0 -Y Y +Y +Y U
ng ng
ng
ng
I I
I
I
| | | | | |
| | |
+
| | |
=
| | |
|
| |
|
\ . \ . \ .
N N ng.N
[Y ].[U ] = [ ] I
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 34
7.1 Phng php in p nt (4)
Bc 3: Gii h 4 phng trnh 4 n ta s
tm c in p ti cc nt A, B, C v D
ca mch in.
Khi bit in p ti cc nt ta c th d dng
tnh dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch.
V d:
Z
3
E
8
Z
8
Z
4
Z
6
Z
2
Z
5
Z
1
Z
7
E
5
E
1
C
A
B
D
O
+
+
+
i
1
i
2
i
8
1
1
1
;
A D 8 A B
2 8
2 8
U -U + U U -U
I I = ; I =
Z Z Z
A
E E
=
Ch :
Nu cc dng in sau tnh ton l dng mt chiu v c gi tr (-) th chiu
dng in s ngc li. Cn nu n c gi tr (+) th chiu l ng.
Nu cc dng in l xoay chiu (th hin bng s phc) th chiu ca
dng in c th hin pha ca n (Arguymen).
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 35
7.1 Phng php in p nt (5)
Bi tp 1.7
Tnh dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh B1.4 v hnh B.1.5 bng
phng php in p nt.
Kim tra kt qu trn phn mm Circuitmaker.
1
1 R = O
E
6
= 6V
E
1
= 2V
+
+
+
2
2 R = O
3
5 R = O
4
4 R = O
5
2 R = O
6
5 R = O
E
4
= 8V
Hnh B1.4 Hnh B1.5
1
1 R = O
E
6
= 4V
E
1
= 2V
+
+
2
2 R = O
3
1 R = O
4
4 R = O
5
2 R = O
6
1 R = O
+
E
4
= 6V
7
5 R = O
+
E
7
= 4V
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 36
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (1)
Ni dung phng php ny da trn nh lut Kirchhoff 2.
Cc bc ca phng php:
Bc 1: Tnh s vng c lp ca mch in cn phn tch, chn
chiu cho dng in trn cc vng. (V nguyn tc chn mt cy ca
mch, sau thm vo cc b cy, c mi b cy thm vo s cho 1
vng c lp)
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh in p cho N
b
vng, ta s c mt h N
b
phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh, vi cc n s l cc dng in ca
cc vng.
Bc 3: Gii h N
b
phng trnh ta s tm c dng in trn cc, v
t ta c th tm c dng in trong tt c cc nhnh ca mch
in.
phc tp khi gii mch in ph thuc vo s b cy ca mch.
V V ng
[Z ].[I ] = [ ] E
Size([Z
V
])= [N
b
x N
b
].
-1
V V ng
[I ] = [Z ] .[ ] E
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 37
E
5
E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+
+
+
+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4
Z
2
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (2)
V d 1.5: Dng phng php dng in vng
phn tch mch in nh hnh v.
Bc 1: Chn cc vng kn v nh du
chiu dng in nh trn hnh.
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh in p cho 4
vng I, II, III v IV.
Vng I: U
Z1
+ U
Z2
+ U
Z3
E
1
= 0
Hay:
Bin i ta c:
1
0
1 2 3
Z I + Z (I - I ) + Z (I - I )
I I IV I II
E =
( )
1 2 3 3 2 1
. . 0. . Z Z Z I Z I I Z I (**)
I II III IV
E + + =
T biu thc (**) sinh vin hy a ra quy tc vit trc tip phng trnh
cho cc vng cn li ca mch in?
IV
I
II III
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 38
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (3)
Thc hin tng t vi 3 vng II, III, IV ta
s c 3 phng trnh cn li:
ta s c h 4 phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh vit di dng ma trn:
1
5
7 5
8
1 2 3 3 2
3 3 4 5 5 4
5 5 6 7 6
2 4 6 2 4 6 8
Z +Z +Z -Z 0 -Z I
-Z Z +Z Z -Z -Z I
0 -Z Z +Z +Z -Z I
-Z -Z -Z Z +Z +Z +Z I
I
II
III
IV
E
E
E E
E
| | | | | |
| | |
+
| | |
=
| | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
V V ng
[Z ].[I ] = [ ] E
E
5
E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+
+
+
+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4
Z
2
IV
I
II III
E
5
E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+
+
+
+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4
Z
2
IV
I
II III
3 4 5 5 4 5
( ). . .
3
Vng II: -Z I Z Z Z I Z I Z I
I II III IV
E + + + =
5 5 6 7 6 7 5
. ( ). . Vng III: -0.I Z I Z Z Z I Z I
I II III IV
E E + + + = +
2 4 6 2 4 6 8 8
. . ( ). Vng IV: -Z I Z I Z I Z Z Z Z I
I II III IV
E + + + + =
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 39
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (4)
Bc 3: Gii h 4 phng trnh 4 n ta s
tm c cc dng in trong cc vng, v
c th d dng tnh dng in trong cc
nhnh ca mch. V d:
1 2 3
; ; ; I I I I I I I I
Z I Z I IV Z I II
= = =
E
5
E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+
+
+
+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4
Z
2
IV
I
II III
E
5
E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+
+
+
+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4
Z
2
IV
I
II III
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 40
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (5)
Bi tp 1.8
Tnh dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh B1.6 v hnh B.1.7 bng
phng php dng in vng.
Kim tra kt qu trn phn mm Circuitmaker.
1
1 R = O
E
6
= 6V
E
1
= 2V
+
+
+
2
2 R = O
3
5 R = O
4
4 R = O
5
2 R = O
6
5 R = O
E
4
= 8V
Hnh B1.6 Hnh B1.7
1
1 R = O
E
6
= 4V
E
1
= 2V
+
+
2
2 R = O
3
1 R = O
4
4 R = O
5
2 R = O
6
1 R = O
+
E
4
= 6V
7
5 R = O
+
E
7
= 4V
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 41
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (1)
Nguyn l xp chng trong cc mch in tuyn tnh
Thng thng c tuyn V-A ca mt phn t tuyn tnh c dng:
Tng qut cc phn t c c tuyn V-A c dng sau cng l phn t tuyn
tnh:
C th p dng nguyn l xp chng (superposition) cho cc phn t tuyn
tnh : p ng ca mt mch tuyn tnh cho trc vi tng cc u vo
bng tng cc p ng ca mch vi tng u vo ring l.
V d: gi s i
1
v i
2
l cc p ng ca mt mch khi c cc in p tc
ng tng ng u
1
, u
2
. Tc l: i
1
= f(u
1
) v i
2
= f(u
2
).
Nu ta ng thi cho c hai in p u
1
, u
2
tc ng th s c dng in i
3
.
Nu mch l tuyn tnh ta s c:
i
3
= f
(u
1
+ u
2
) = f(u
1
) + f(u
2
) = i
1
+
i
2
) , , , ( ;
2 1 2 1
const d c b a du cu i bi ai u = + = + = hay
1
2
di
u a b i dt
dt
= +
}
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 42
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (2)
Ch :
Khi p dng nguyn l xp chng cho mt mch c nhiu ngun tc ng
th nu cc ngun khng lm vic l ngun sc in ng th s b ngn
mch cn cc ngun l ngun dng s b h mch.
V d 1.6.
a) Dng nguyn l xp chng, tnh
u
ab
trong mch hnh bn?
b) V c tuyn V-A khi c ti mc
vo hai im X, X?
+
+
E
1
5V
E
2
1V
I
3
1,5mA R
2
5kO
R
1
10kO
i
X
u
X
X
X
+
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 43
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (3)
Gii:
a) Ln lt cho 3 ngun: E
1
, E
2
v I
3
tc ng vo mch.
Khi ngun E
1
tc ng (hnh a)
Khi ngun E
2
tc ng (hnh b)
Khi ngun I
3
tc ng (hnh c)
Xp chng kt qu:
1
2 2 2
1 2
1, 67
X
E
u R i R V
R R
' = = =
+
+
E
1
5V
E
2
= 0
I
3
= 0
R
2
5kO
R
1
10kO
i
2
u
X
X
X
+
a)
2
2 2 2
1 2
0,33
X
E
u R i R V
R R
'' = = =
+
b)
+
E
2
1V
E
1
= 0
I
3
= 0
R
2
5kO
R
1
10kO
i
2
u
X
X
X
+
E
2
= 0
I
3
1,5mA
R
2
5kO
R
1
10kO
i
2
u
X
X
X
+
E
1
= 0
c)
3 1 2
( // ) 5
X
u I R R V ''' = =
7
X X X X
u u u u V
' '' '''
= + + =
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 44
i
X
(mA)
u
X
(V)
u
OC
= 7V i
SC
= 2,1mA
dc
= -0,3mA/V
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (4)
c tuyn V-A ca hai u X v X
Do mch in l tuyn tnh nn c
tuyn s l ng thng.
in p u
X
= 7V l in p h mch,
ng vi i
X
= 0. (k hiu u
OC
).
im c tuyn ct trc tung l dng
ngn mch i
SC
ng vi u
X
= 0.
dc c tuyn:
Phng trnh c tuyn:
I
3
R
2
R
1
i
X
X
X
+
+
E
1
+
E
2
1 2
3
0
1
2,1
X
SC X
u
E E
i i I mA
R
=
+
= = + =
2,1
0,3 /
7
SC X
X OC
i i mA
m mA V
u u V
A
= = = =
A
( 0, 3 / ) 2,1
X X SC X
i mu i mA V u mA = + = +
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 45
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (5)
Bi tp 1.9
Tm in p u
x
trong hnh B1.8 vi
E
1
= 10V, E
2
= 4V,
I
3
= 4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
Bi tp 1.10
Tm in p u
x
trong hnh B1.8 vi
E
1
= 10V, E
2
= 4V,
I
3
= -4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
Hnh B1.8
u
X
I
3
R
2
R
1
i
X
X
X
+
+
E
1
+
E
2
Bi tp 1.11
Tm dng in qua R
2
trong hnh B1.8 vi hai trng hp:
E
1
= 8V, E
2
= 4V, I
3
= 4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
E
1
= 8V, E
2
= 4V, I
3
= -4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
Bi tp 1.12
V c tuyn V-A hai u X-X ca mch in hnh B1.8 vi E
1
= 4V,
E
2
= 10V, I
3
= 4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 46
7.4. Phng php ngun tng ng Thevenin Norton (1)
Trong mch in, phn mch AB c cha ngun (v ni vi phn cn li Z
ca mch ti cp im AB, ng thi gia hai phn khng c ghp h cm
vi nhau), c th c thay th tng ng bng mt:
Ngun in p V
TH
c sc in ng bng in p h mch trn cp im
AB (Thevenin) hoc mt ngun dng I
TH
c dng in ngun bng dng
in ngn mch trn cp im AB (Norton).
Tr khng trong ca ngun
R
TH
bng tr khng tng
ng nhn t cp im AB
vi nguyn tc ngn mch
ngun sut in ng v h
mch ngun dng c trong
phn mch ny.
Thevenin
Norton
A
R
t
B
R
t
R
t
R
TH
A
V
TH
B
R
TH
A
I
TH
B
Mch in
tr (ch cha
cc in tr
hoc cc
ngun tuyn
tnh)
+
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 47
V d 1.7
Tnh dng in trn R
3
ca mch
in hnh v bn bng phng php
ngun tng ng.
Gii:
Xc nh in p h mch trn cp
im AB, chnh l V
TH
(loi b R
3
)
Xc nh R
tAB
nhn t cp im
AB, chnh l R
TH
.
tnh c i
3
R
3
R
1
R
4
R
2
E
1
B A
R
5
E
5
+
+
5 1
2 4
1 2 4 5
TH A B
E E
V U U R R
R R R R
= =
+ +
4 5 1 2
1 2 4 5
TH tdAB
R R R R
R R
R R R R
= = +
+ +
3
3
TH
TH
u
I
R R
=
+
7.4. Phng php ngun tng ng Thevenin Norton (2)
R
3
R
TH
= R
t AB
A
V
TH
= U
hm AB
B
+
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 48
7.4. Phng php ngun tng ng Thevenin Norton (3)
Bi tp 1.13
Tnh dng in trn R ca mch in
hnh B1.9 bng phng php ngun
tng ng Thevenin.
Bi tp 1.14
Tm ngun tng ng Thevenin v
ngun tng ng Norton ti hai
im A, B ca mch in hnh B1.10.
Bi tp 1.15
S dng phng php ngun tng
ng v c tuyn V-A ti hai
im A v B ca mch in hnh
B1.10.
Nu E = 6V, R
1
= 2kO, R
2
= 4kO v
R
3
= 5kO
Hnh B1.9
E
R
1
R
2
R (Ti)
A
B
+
E
R
1
R
2
R
3 A
B
+
Hnh B1.10
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 49
7.5. Quy tc phn p v phn dng (1)
a) Quy tc phn p
Quy tc phn p dng tnh cho cc
mch ch cha cc in tr mc ni tip.
Nu bit trc E v i
x
= 0, ta c:
Do u
1
= i
1
R
1
, u
2
= i
2
R
2
nn:
E
R
1
R
2
u
1
+
u
2
i
1
i
2
i
X
1 2
1 2
E
i i
R R
= =
+
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
;
R R
u E u E
R R R R
= =
+ +
Tng qut: Khi c nhiu in tr mc ni tip v bit in p E trn ton b cc
in tr th in p ri trn mt in tr bt k s bng in p E nhn vi gi
tr in tr v chia cho tng tt c cc in tr.
E
R
1
R
2
R
n
+
1
.
k
k
R
n
j
j
E R
u
R
=
=
= +
1 1
2 2
=[Z].
U I
U I
( (
( (
2
1
11
1
0 I
U
z
I
=
=
1
2
22
2
0 I
U
z
I
=
=
1
1
12
2
0 I
U
z
I
=
=
2
2
21
1
0 I
U
z
I
=
=
11 12
21 22
[Z]
z z
z z
(
=
(
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 55
8. Mng bn cc (3)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh dn np [Y]
Ma trn dn np:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
y
12
= y
21
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
I y U y U
I y U y U
= +
= +
1 1
2 2
=[Y].
I U
I U
( (
( (
11 12
21 22
[Y]
y y
y y
(
=
(
2
1
11
1
0 U
I
y
U
=
=
1
2
22
2
0 U
I
y
U
=
=
1
1
12
2
0 U
I
y
U
=
=
2
2
21
1
0 U
I
y
U
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 56
8. Mng bn cc (4)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh truyn t [A]
Ma trn truyn t:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
AA = -1
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
1 11 2 12 2
1 21 2 22 2
U a U a I
I a U a I
= +
= +
1 2
1 2
[A]
U U
I I
( (
=
( (
11 12
21 22
[A]
a a
a a
(
=
(
2
1
11
2
0 I
U
a
U
=
=
2
1
22
2
0 U
I
a
I
=
=
2
1
12
2
0 U
U
a
I
=
=
2
1
21
2
0 I
I
a
U
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 57
8. Mng bn cc (5)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh truyn t ngc [B]
Ma trn truyn t ngc:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
AB = -1
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
2 11 1 12 1
2 21 1 22 1
U b U b I
I b U b I
= +
= +
2 1
2 1
[B]
U U
I I
( (
=
( (
11 12
21 22
[B]
b b
b b
(
=
(
1
2
11
1
0 I
U
b
U
=
=
1
2
22
1
0 U
I
b
I
=
=
1
2
12
1
0 U
U
b
I
=
=
1
2
21
1
0 I
I
b
U
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 58
8. Mng bn cc (6)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh hn hp [H]
Ma trn hn hp:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
h
12
= - h
21
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
U h I h U
I h I h U
= +
= +
1 1
2 2
[H]
U I
I U
( (
=
( (
11 12
21 22
[H]
h h
h h
(
=
(
2
1
11
1
0 U
U
h
I
=
=
1
2
22
2
0 I
I
h
U
=
=
1
1
12
2
0 I
U
h
U
=
=
2
2
21
1
0 U
I
h
I
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 59
8. Mng bn cc (7)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh hn hp ngc [G]
Ma trn hn hp ngc:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
g
12
= - g
21
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
I g U g I
U g U g I
= +
= +
1 1
2 2
[G]
I U
U I
( (
=
( (
11 12
21 22
[G]
g g
g g
(
=
(
2
1
11
1
0 I
I
g
U
=
=
1
2
22
2
0 U
U
g
I
=
=
1
1
12
2
0 U
I
g
I
=
=
2
2
21
1
0 I
U
g
U
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 60
8. Mng bn cc (8)
8.2. Cc phng php ghp ni mng bn cc .
a) Ghp ni tip ni tip
Ghp ni tip c hai ca I v II
Mng 4 cc mi, c ma trn
tr khng [Z] nh sau:
Tng qut khi c k mng 4 cc mc ni tip ni tip:
I
1
I
2
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
I
U
1
U
2
II
I
2
U
2
I
1
U
1
[Z] [Z] + [Z ]
' ''
=
1
[Z] [Z ]
n
k
k=
=
I
2
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
I
U
1
U
2
II
I
2
U
2
I
1
U
1
[Y] [Y] + [Y ]
' ''
=
1
[Y] [Y ]
n
k
k=
=
I
1
U
2
U
1
I
2
I
1
U
1
U
2
I
2
U
2
I
1
U
1
I
II
1
[H] [H ]
n
k
k=
=
I
1
U
2
U
1
I
2
I
1
U
1
U
2
I
1
U
1
I
2
U
2
I
II
1
[G] [G ]
n
k
k=
=