Exercise.

Construct energy level diagrams for the following reactions

(a)

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq)

NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)

H = -57.2 kJmol-1

(b)

CaCO3 (s)

CaO(s)

H = +585 kJmol-1

(c)

NH4Cl(s)

water

(d)

Zn (s)

CuSO4 (aq)

(e)

C2H5OH (aq) + 3O2 (g)

+ CO2 (g)

NH4+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)

H = + 21 kJmol-1

ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

H = -190 kJmol-1

2CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (l)

H = -1366 kJmol-1

Relationship between energy change and the formation and breaking of bonds

the energy change in a reaction is caused by

the formation of chemical bonds

releases energy

the breaking of chemical bonds

requires energy

When a reaction occurs, energy is absorbed to break the bonds that exist between
atoms in the molecules of the reactant.

Heat energy is then released when the new bonds are formed to produce the products.
this mean that

the breaking of chemical bonds

endothermic process

the formation chemical bonds

exothermic process

Application of exothermic and endothermic reaction in everyday life

instant cold pack
To treat sport injuries
Have separate compartments of water and solid ammonium nitrate, NH4 NO3
placed in a
plastic bag
When the cold pack is squeezed, the inner bag containing water will break.
The water then reacts with ammonium nitrate
The reaction is very endothermic and the water temperature can drop as much as
18C [depend of
the ammonium nitrate used
hot pack
Contain a small bag of water and a dry chemical [such as anhydrous calcium
chloride]
When the pack is squeezed, the small bag breaks
Anhydrous salt dissolves in water.
The dissolving is very exothermic

The concept of heat of reaction, H

 heat of reaction
is the heat energy
released / absorbed
when the number of mole of reactants to form the products

70 kJ energy is absorbed when

nitrogen dioxide gas is
released

Example
Thermochemical
equation

N2 (g) + 2O2 2NO2 (g)

S (s)

+ O2 SO2 (g)

H = + 70 kJ mol -1

297kJ energy is given off

when sulphur dioxide gas is
released

H = - 297 kJ mol -1

Determining heat of reaction

to determine the heat of reaction in the laboratory, aqueous solution is always
involved
solution = surrounding
when a reaction occurs in a solution
o heat energy is absorbed from the solution
o heat energy is given to the solution

in exothermic reaction
Heat energy given out
during the reaction

heat absorbed
by the solution

in endothermic reaction
Heat absorbed
during the reaction

heat lost
by the solution

Calculation involving heat change

Heat change ( H) = mc

Specific heat capacity, c

Heat energy that required to raise

the temperature of 1.0 g of
solution by 1C

c water = 4.18 J g-1 C-1.

m= mass of solution [in g]

c = specific heat capacity of solution [in J g-1 C-1]
= temperature change in the solution
[inC]
Other assumption for calculating heats of reaction are as follows:
(a)

The solution is dilute. It has the same density as water, which is 1 g cm-3

(b) The solution has the same specific heat capacity as water, which is 4.2 J g-1 C-1
(c) No heat is lost to or absorbed from the surroundings
(d) No heat is absorbed by the apparatus of the experiment

1. When a spatula of ammonium chloride is dissolved in 500cm3 of water at an initial

temperature of 28 C , the final temperature obtained is 25 C. Calculate the heat
change for the reaction
[The specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 C-1]

2. 50cm3 of hydrochloric acid is added to 50cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution. If the

initial temperature is 30 C and the final temperature obtained is 38C. Calculate the
heat change for the reaction

3. When 56 g of ammonium chloride is dissolved in 300cm3 of water. The temperature

change from 30C to 23C. Calculate the heat change for the reaction.

4. When sulphur burns in oxygen gas, sulphur dioxide gas is produced

S (s) + O2(g)

SO2(g)

H = - 297 kJ mol-1

Calculate the heat change when 20 g of sulphur is burnt completely in excess oxygen.
[ Relative atomic mass: O = 16; S = 32]