Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Inplant Training AT BSNL, Chennai
Inplant Training AT BSNL, Chennai
AT
BSNL,CHENNAI
BY:
ASWINKUMAR.R
ECE 3RD YEAR
Submitted By
ASWINKUMAR.R
In partial fulfillment
Of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Aswinkumar.R.
CONTENT
COMPANY PROFILE
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT THE EXCHANGE
LOCAL AND TRUNK LINE
PCM
FIBRE OPTICS COMMUNICATION
OVERVIEW OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
GSM TECHNOLOGY
CDMA TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET AND BROADBAND
CONCLUSION
COMPANY PROFILE
Every day we make phone calls from our telephone sets quite easily but are unaware of the
technology used behind it. The technologies used in telecommunication is a bit complicated but
at the same time interesting too.
Here it has been tried to give an idea of the different technologies used for telecommunication by
one of the biggest service provides to India, i.e., BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD.
The service provided by BSNL to its customers is:Basic local telephony
National and International call service
Mobile Communication
Internet Service
The basic telephony i.e., the local call facility provided to the consumers by BSNL comprises of
the following:Exchange
Main Distribution Frame
Line Connection
Power Plant
The exchange is the basic part of telecommunication system. It is through this exchange that a
subscriber gets connected to different parts of the world by means of a telephone. There are
different types of exchanges depending upon the technology used.
INTRODUCTION
All industries operate in a specific environment which keeps changing and the firms in the
business need to understand it to dynamically adjust their actions for best results. Like minded
firms get together to form associations in order to protect their common interests. Other stake
holders also develop a system to take care of their issues. Governments also need to intervene for
ensuring fair competition and the best value for money for its citizens. This handout gives
exposure on the Telecom Environment in India and also dwells on the role of international bodies
in standardizing and promoting Telecom Growth in the world.
The Indian postal and telecom sectors saw a slow and uneasy start. In 1850, the first
experimental electric telegraph line was started between and . In 1851, it was opened for the use
of. The Posts and Telegraphs department occupied a small corner of the Public Works
Department, at that time.
Subsequently, the construction of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of telegraph lines connecting Kolkata
(then Calcutta) and Peshawar in the north along with Agra, (then Bombay) through Sindwa
Ghats, and well as and was started in November 1853. , who pioneered the and in India,
belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom
throughout this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities were
opened to the public.
In 1880, two namely The Ltd. and The Anglo-Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached to
establish the permission was refused on the grounds that the establishment of telephones was a
Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the work. In 1881, the
Government later reversed its earlier decision and a licence was granted to the Limited of for
opening telephone exchanges at ,and and the first formal telephone service was established in the
country. On the 28th January 1882, Major E. Baring, Member of the 's Council declared open the
Telephone Exchanges in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The exchange in Calcutta named the
"Central Exchange", was opened at third floor of the building at 7, Council House Street, with a
total of 93 subscribers. Later that year, Bombay also witnessed the opening of a telephone
exchange.
1927 - Radio-telegraph system between the and India, with beam stations at khadki and
dhundh..
1975 - First system commissioned between Mumbai city and andheri telephone exchanges.
1979 - First optical fibre system for local junction commissioned at pune
1983 - First analog signal Stored Program Control exchange for trunk line commissioned at
Mumbai.
1995 - First mobile telephone service started on non-commercial basis on 15 August 1995
in delhi
1995 - Internet Introduced in India starting with Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Chennai and Pune
on 15 August 1995
Modern policies
The International Long Distance Services (ILDS) have been opened to competition.
In addition to the existing three, a fourth cellular operator, one each in four metros and
thirteen circles, has been permitted. Cellular operators have been permitted to provide all types
of mobile services including voice and non-voice messages, data services and public call office
utilizing any type of network equipment, including circuit and/or package switches that meet
certain required standards.
Policies allowing private participation have been announced as per the New Telecom Policy
(NTP), 1999 in several new services, which include Global Mobile Personal Communication by
Satellite (GMPCS) Service, digital Public Mobile Radio Trunked Service (PMRTS) and Voice
Mail/ Audiotex/ Unified Messaging Services.
Wireless Local Loop has been introduced to provide telephone connections in urban, semiurban and rural areas promptly.
Steps are being taken to fulfill Universal Service Obligation (USO), funding, and
administration.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have been allowed to set up International Internet
Gateways, both Satellite and Landing stations for submarine optical fiber cables.
Guidelines have been issued by the Government to open up Internet telephony (IP).
TYPES OF EXCHANGE
Manual exchange
Strowger exchange
Cross bar exchange
Electronics exchange (analog and digital exchange)
MANUAL EXCAHNGE
With manual service, the customer lifts the receiver off-hook and asks the operator to connect the
call to a requested number. Provided that the number is in the same central office, the operator
connects the call by plugging into the jack on the switchboard corresponding to the called
customer's line. If the call is to another central office, the operator plugs into the trunk for the
other office and asks the operator answering (known as the "inward" operator) to connect the
call.
STROWGER EXCHANGE
The type of selector shown above is known as a Final Selector as it takes the final two digits of
the number dialed. Most numbers dialed are several digits longer, and therefore pass through a
chain of selectors. Selectors previous to the Final Selectors are different; they are called Group
Selectors. Group selectors take only ONE digit from the caller, and step up the number of levels
according to the digit dialed. The rotary movement is then automatic; the wipers search around
that level to find a free outlet - i.e. the next free selector in the chain. This is covered in more
depth later.
ELECTRONICS EXCHANGE
It is based on the automatic control by stored programmed in computer linked to it. It cover all
the main drawbacks of above mentioned exchange. It may be digital or analog but mostly digital
electronics exchanges are now common. It base on the principal time division switching or space
division switching. Space division switching is used for analog electronics exchange and time
division switching is used for digital exchange.
has been established., Signals are interchanged between the two terminations. Such a switching
network can employ either metallic or electronic cross points. Previously, usage of metallic
cross-points using reed relays and all were favored. They have the advantage of compatibility
with the existing line and trunk signaling conditions in the network.
DIGITAL CARD
It is programmed data card which is used for automatic control of call set up and call termination
as well as providing various services to the customer. There are three types of digital card which
are as follow
1) TERMINATION CARD
2) SERVICE CARD
3) CONTROL CARD
Termination card: its main aim to connect the customer on trunk line .other
features of terminating card is battery feed, over voltage protection,check weather
call is STD or LOCAL or ISD
Service card: the service like dial tone ,call waiting ,call confrencing etc is given
by this card.
Control card: it is there to see whether the call has been established or not. If
established then requisite unit has been established or not.
Local and trunk Network
Trunk Lines
The term Trunk Line in telecommunications refers to the high-speed connection between
telephone central offices in the. Trunk lines are always digital. The wiring between central
offices was originally just pairs of twisted copper wire (the twists in the wiring prevented things
known as crosstalk and noise). Because it is expensive to string up (or lay trenches for buried
cables), the phone company researched ways in which to carry more data over the existing
copper lines. This was achieved by using. Later, when fiber-optic technology became available,
phone companies upgraded their trunk lines to fiber optics and used statistical time-division
multiplexing, , coarse or dense wave division multiplexing and optical switching to further
improve transmission speeds.
The signaling information exchanged between different exchanges via inter exchange trunks for
the routing of calls is termed as Inter exchange Signaling. Earlier in band /out of band
frequencies were used for transmitting signaling information. Later on, with the emergence of
PCM systems, it was possible to segregate the signaling from the speech channel. A trunk line is
a connecting (or other switching equipment), as distinguished from local loop circuit which
extends from telephone exchange switching equipment to individual
or information
origination/termination equipment. When dealing with a private branch exchange (PBX), trunk
lines are the phone lines coming into the PBX from the telephone provider. This differentiates
these incoming lines from extension telephone lines that connect the PBX to (usually) individual
phone sets. Trunking saves cost, because there are usually fewer trunk lines than extension lines,
since it is unusual in most offices to have all extension lines in use for external calls at once.
Trunk lines transmit voice and data in formats such as analog, digital signal 1, ISDN or primary
rate interface. The dial tone lines for outgoing calls are called DDCO (Direct Dial Central
Office) trunks.
A travelling over a trunk line is not actually flowing any faster. The electrical signal on a voice
line takes the same amount of time to traverse the wire as a similar length trunk line. What makes
trunk lines faster is that the has been altered to carry more data in less time using more advanced
multiplexing and techniques. If you compared a voice line and a trunk line and put them side by
side and observed them, the first pieces of information arrive simultaneously on both the voice
and trunk line. However, the last piece of information would arrive sooner on the trunk line. No
matter what, you can't break the laws of physics. Electricity over copper or laser light over fiber
optics, you cannot break the speed of light--though that has rarely stopped uneducated IT or IS
managers from demanding that cabling perform faster instead of upgrading equipment.
Trunk lines can contain thousands of simultaneous calls that have been combined using. These
thousands of calls are carried from one central office to another where they can be connected to a
de-multiplexing device and switched through digital access cross connecting switches to reach
the proper exchange and local phone number.
What is Trunking?
In telecommunications systems, trunking is the aggregation of multiple user circuits into a single
channel. The aggregation is achieved using some form of multiplexing.
PCM
A long distance or local telephone conversation between two persons could be provided
by using a pair of open wire lines or underground cable as early as mid of 19 th
century. However, due to fast industrial development and an increased telephone
awareness, demand for trunk and local traffic went on increasing at a rapid rate. To
cater to the increased demand of traffic between two stations or between two subscribers
at the same station we resorted to the use of an increased number of pairs on either the
open wire alignment, or in underground cable. This could solve the problem for some
time only as there is a limit to the number of open wire pairs that can be installed on
one alignment due to headway consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly
increasing the number of open wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to
headway consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly increasing the number of
pairs to the underground cable is uneconomical and leads to maintenance problems.
It, therefore became imperative to think of new technical innovations which could exploit the
available bandwidth of transmission media such as open wire lines or underground cables to
provide more number of circuits on one pair. The technique used to provide a number of circuits
using a single transmission link is called Multiplexing.
To develop a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the following processing steps are
required:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Filtering
Sampling
Quantisation
Encoding
Line Coding
Duplexing Methodology:
Duplexing is the technique by which the send and receive paths are separated over the medium,
since transmission entities (modulator, amplifiers, demodulators) are involved.
There are two types of Duplexing:
1. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
2. Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD): Different frequencies are used for send and receive paths
and hence there will be a forward band and reverse band. Duplexer is needed if simultaneous
transmission (send) and reception (receive) methodology is adopted. Frequency separation
between forward band and reverse band is constant.
Time Division Duplexing (TDD): TDD uses different time slots for transmission and reception
paths. Single radio frequency can be used in both the directions instead of two as in FDD. No
duplexer is required. Only a fast switching synthesizer, RF filter path and fast antenna switch are
needed. It increases the battery life of mobile phones.
FIBER-OPTICS COMMUNICATION
FIBER OPTICS: The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and optical-fiber
applications are numerous. Telecommunication applications are widespread, ranging from global
networks to desktop computers. These involve the transmission of voice, data, or video over
distances of less than a meter to hundreds of kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber
designs in one of several cable designs.
Carriers use optical fiber to carry plain old telephone service (POTS) across their nationwide
networks. Local exchange carriers (LECs) use fiber to carry this same service between central
office switches at local levels, and sometimes as far as the neighborhood or individual home
(fiber to the home [FTTH]).
Optical fiber is also used extensively for transmission of data. Multinational firms need secure,
reliable systems to transfer data and financial information between buildings to the desktop
terminals or computers and to transfer data around the world. Cable television companies also
use fiber for delivery of digital video and data services. The high bandwidth provided by fiber
makes it the perfect choice for transmitting broadband signals, such as high-definition television
(HDTV) telecasts. Intelligent transportation systems, such as smart highways with intelligent
traffic lights, automated tollbooths, and changeable message signs, also use fiber-optic-based
telemetry systems.
Another important application for optical fiber is the biomedical industry. Fiber-optic systems are
used in most modern telemedicine devices for transmission of digital diagnostic images. Other
applications for optical fiber include space, military, automotive, and the industrial sector.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Repeater spacing increases along with operating speeds because low loss fibres
are used at high data rates.
Total
Internal
Reflection - The Reflection that Occurs when a Ligh Ray Travelling in One Material
Hits a Different Material and Reflects Back into the Original Material without any
Loss of Light.
Propagation of light through fiber is governed by the indices of the core and cladding by Snell's
law.
Such total internal reflection forms the basis of light propagation through a optical fiber. This
analysis consider only meridional rays- those that pass through the fiber axis each time, they are
reflected. Other rays called Skew rays travel down the fiber without passing through the axis.
The path of a skew ray is typically helical wrapping around and around the central axis.
Fortunately skew rays are ignored in most fiber optics analysis.
The specific characteristics of light propagation through a fiber depends on many factors,
including
-
FIBER TYPES
The refractive Index profile describes the relation between the indices of the core and cladding.
Two main relationship exists :
(I)
Step Index
(II)
Graded Index
The step index fiber has a core with uniform index throughout. The profile shows a sharp step at
the junction of the core and cladding. In contrast, the graded index has a non-uniform core. The
Index is highest at the center and gradually decreases until it matches with that of the cladding.
There is no sharp break in indices between the core and the cladding.
By this classification there are three types of fibers :
(I)
(II)
(III)
SINGLE-MODE FIBER
Wavelength.
(II)
Frequency.
(III)
Window.
(IV)
Attenuation.
(V)
Dispersion.
(VI)
Bandwidth.
9.1
WAVELENGTH
It is a characteristic of light that is emitted from the light source and is measures in nanometers
(nm). In the visible spectrum, wavelength can be described as the colour of the light.
For example, Red Light has longer wavelength than Blue Light, Typical wavelength for fibre use
are 850nm, 1300nm and 1550nm all of which are invisible.
FREQUENCY
It is number of pulse per second emitted from a light source. Frequency is measured in units of
hertz (Hz). In terms of optical pulse 1Hz = 1 pulse/ sec.
WINDOW
A narrow window is defined as the range of wavelengths at which a fibre best operates.
ATTENUATION
Attenuation is defined as the loss of optical power over a set distance, a fibre with lower
attenuation will allow more power to reach a receiver than fibre with higher attenuation.
Attenuation may be categorized as intrinsic or extrinsic.
INTRINSIC ATTENUATION
It is loss due to inherent or within the fibre. Intrinsic attenuation may occur as
(1) Absorption - Natural Impurities in the glass absorb light energy.
(2) Scattering - Light Rays Travelling in the Core Reflect from small Imperfections into a New
Pathway that may be Lost through the cladding.
Fig. 10 Scattering
EXTRINSIC ATTENUATION
It is loss due to external sources. Extrinsic attenuation may occur as
(I)
Macrobending - The fibre is sharply bent so that the light travelling down the fibre
cannot make the turn & is lost in the cladding.
Micro bending - Micro bending or small bends in the fibre caused by crushing
contraction etc. These bends may not be visible with the naked eye.
more paths for the rays are provided NA, although it can be defined for a single mode fibre, is
essentially meaningless as a practical characteristic. NA in a multimode fibre is important to
system performance and to calculate anticipated performance.
Numerical Aperture of fiber
* Light Ray A : Did not Enter Acceptance Cone - Lost
* Light Ray B : Entered Acceptance Cone Transmitted through the Core by Total Internal Reflection.
OFC Splicing
Splices are permanent connection between two fibres. The splicing involves cutting of the edges
of the two fibres to be spliced.
Splicing Methods
The following three types are widely used :
1.
2.
Fusion splicing
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
A mobile phone uses radio wave signal for its connectivity with the subscriber.
The mobile phone works on the frequency signal and each mobile phone connection has its own
frequency. These frequencies are sending from the basic lower station tower. Each tower has a
range of 5 km in the city circle and there are a number of towers in the city to provide
connectivity to each mobile phone subscriber. The city is divided into imaginary hexagon as its
area plans out and each hexagon point has a tower for providing frequency signals to the mobile
subscriber. When the mobile sends signals to the base tower then it is called uplink signal. When
the base tower sends signal to the mobile then its downlink signals on the highways the range of
base tower of sending signal to the mobile phone subscribers is 25 km.
Basic terms in mobile communication are:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
MSC:
It acts as a trunk automatic exchange (TAX). All the switching is done here in this TAX. Each
and every call made by the mobile subscribers is first collected from the base station are send to
the MSC where all the necessary verification of the subscriber is made and then the switching of
the call is made by the MSC. The OSS is a component within the MSC which maintains the
MSC. The functions of OSS are maintenance of MSC.
HLR:
The Home Location Register stores each and every data of the mobile subscriber. Before the call
is switched for the mobile subscriber the MSC verifies the subscriber and all the verification data
is provided by the HLR. When the subscriber is on roaming facility, the MSC of that area
collects all the necessary information of the subscriber from its home MSC through its HLR.
TRC:
The traffic controller controls the traffic for MSC and also controls the traffic of subscriber
trying to make contact with the MSC when call is made or received.
VLR:
The Visitor Location Register keeps a track record of subscribers who are on roaming facility
and all the records of the visitor coming from a different MSC area.
MNC:
Each and every country and its states have a unique Mobile Network Code (MNC) which makes
a difference between the mobile subscriber of two different countries and also within the states.
The MNC for India is 404and for Jharkhand BSNL mobile is INA76 where INA refers to the
Indian Network.
BSC:
The Base Station acts as important media for call transfer and call receiving for the mobile
subscribers. It sends frequency signals for the connectivity of mobile subscriber. The BSC is
connected to its towers through 2 MB link and is directly connected to the MSC where all call
switching takes place for the mobile subscribers. Each base station is provided 124 frequencies
and a time slot of 8 channels for every call.
What is GSM?
If you are in Europe, Asia or Japan and using a mobile phone then most probably you must be
using GSM technology in your mobile phone.
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and is an open, digital
cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
The GSM emerged from the idea of cell-based mobile radio systems at Bell Laboratories
in the early 1970s.
The GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common
European mobile telephone standard.
The GSM standard is the most widely accepted standard and is implemented globally.
The GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200kHz channel into eight
25kHz time-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the
1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US.
The GSM is owning a market share of more than 70 percent of the world's digital cellular
subscribers.
The GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to
120 Mbps of data rates.
Presently GSM support more than one billion mobile subscribers in more than 210
countries throughout of the world.
The GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including Roaming service.
Roaming is the ability to use your GSM phone number in another GSM network.
A GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a channel with two other
streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz
frequency band.
Specifications for different Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems vary among the
different PCS networks. The GSM specification is listed below with important characteristics.
Modulation:
Modulation is a form of change process where we change the input information into a suitable
format for the transmission medium. We also changed the information by demodulating the
signal at the receiving end.
The GSM uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation method.
Access Methods:
Because radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method must be devised to
divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible.GSM chose a combination of
TDMA/FDMA as its method. The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the total 25
MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200 kHz bandwidth. One or more carrier
frequencies are then assigned to each BS. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in
time, using a TDMA scheme, into eight time slots. One time slot is used for transmission by the
mobile and one for reception. They are separated in time so that the mobile unit does not receive
and transmit at the same time.
Transmission Rate:
The total symbol rate for GSM at 1 bit per symbol in GMSK produces 270.833 K
symbols/second. The gross transmission rate of the time slot is 22.8 Kbps.
GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.
Frequency Band:
The uplink frequency range specified for GSM is 933 - 960 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).
The downlink frequency band 890 - 915 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).
Speech Coding:
GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC
provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter,
leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.
Access Network:
Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in the Telecom Network
accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms of capital and manpower. So far, the
subscriber loop has remained in the domain of the copper cable providing cost effective solution
in past. Quick deployment of subscriber loop, coverage of inaccessible and remote locations
coupled with modern technology have led to the emergence of new Access Technologies. The
various technological options available are as follows :
1.
2.
3.
Frequency of operation:
Duplexing Mehtod:
1.25 Mhz
Coverage:
Soft
Hard and
Idle.
A soft handoff establishes a connection with the new BTS prior to breaking the
connection with the old one. This is possible because CDMA cells use the same
frequency and because the mobile uses a rake receiver. The CDMA mobile assists
the network in the handoff. The mobile detects a new pilot as it travels to the next
coverage area. The new base station then establishes a connection with the mobile.
This new communication link is established while the mobile maintains the link
with the old BTS.
Soft handoffs are also called "make-before-break." Soft handoff can take place only when the
serving cell and target cell are working in the same frequency.
The main Node is connected to the main server which is located at New Delhi. From here it
is sent to gateway, which is connected to the World Wide Web (WWW)
INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
Telephone
Network Connection
Gateway
LAN
Modem
Delhi
Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data
transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s or more is considered
broadband.
Broadband is always ondoes not block phone lines and no need to reconnect to
network after logging off.
Personal Computer
ADSL Modem
Land Line Connection
Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer.
High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with
speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.
Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per
his / her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1
Mbps during the video Conferencing session.
Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services, video-on-demand etc. for
application in distance education, telemedicine etc.
Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private network
securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.
Video and Audio Conferencing:
Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and
time shifted TV
Video on Demand: Customers can view any movie of their choice from a pool of
movies stored in a central server. The movies can be viewed either on a TV or a
PC.
Audio on Demand: It is a similar service where person can listen to any music of
his choice.
TV channels through broadband connection: The TV channels may be available in
the broadband connection. In fact, there may be other new channels, particularly
the educational and scientific channels, depending on demand. Additional
equipments required in the customer's premises are
Set Top Box (STB) - The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a
form compatible with the TV set.
PC and TV
The TV services envisaged are:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
The video content will have Hindi, international and regional movies, music,
soaps and serials, sports, news, interactive gaming, e-learning and niche
channels. "The driver in entertainment will be on-demand movies, interactive
gaming, broadband Internet connectivity and e-learning,"
Billing: To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based
or volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the
services through web server To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband
services
IP Telephony
Wi-Fi
CONCLUSION
The working in the project was an interesting and an all together learning experience. New
technologies, new progress and new competition are the order of the day. The core area to look
for is highly fragmented and information intense activity sequence that involves a number of
player and audiences.
The project mainly revolves around: EWSD, TAX, internet node, mobile communication, WLL
and intelligence network.
The emphasis of the different parts of the project is to throw light on the systems working in
Patna Main Exchange. The project also deals with modern technologies attributes and the scope
of implementation of the same in nagpur. The area under study was limited to nagpur Main
Exchange.
The scope of the study is very vast and the topic under study deals with the volatile technology
world. After the study, suggestions and strategy has been formulated keeping in view the
limitations of the field.
Evolution of this technological world is occurring every minute. Thanks to telecom and web
technologies, countries are coming closer day by day.