4755

:





:
:




.





!!

) : (


.
..
" :



".

! "
"
""



.
"
:
) (

) (


)(


))".

 " "survival of the fittest

" "

!

reproductive success
!



!
""
" "Progress






""



.
" :
)( "
" :






..

)( ) :

( )( :


( )(
:
)(

 . )( )(


..
" .

" Appeal to
"authority




!




""






"
"statement )

%1
(

 1366 !





!!







.

" )(



.


)
(


.



" .


""
"


"




!!

!


) 250 ( !

!




.


!
"
:
_1

) :
( ].[62 :
) : ( ][49 :
" .



) (
!


.
"
) :
( ]" ]51 :

":

) (50

) (51

) "(52

":









) (19

) ")20


!
"


) :
( ]. ]30 :
)(
) ( ] .]5 :

 :
:
" :


"

. )
( ]]45 :
(
)
] ]75 :
) ( ]:
" ]14


":



) ")26

":

) (20

) ")21

":

)"(71

)

":

")12 "

) "(7

"

) "(2








.


.

"

!

" :
"

"

 " " :
".



.
":





: :
. :


"

": "







!


""

 ":128

: :





".

"

) :

( ]"]2 :

"

: ) :



( ] .[70 :) :
( ]"]4 :



!

.

"


":

.