.

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2008

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1.

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.4.6
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2

2.

1-1
1-3
1-4
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-14
1-16
1-17

1-20
1-21

2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5

3.

-



-

2-1

2-3
2-7
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-9
2-11
2-12
2-13
2-14
2-15

3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3

3-1
3-2
3-4
3-7

3.2.4
3.2.5
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.6
4.

3-11
3-15

3-19
3-19
3-21
3-24
3-25
3-29
3-29
3-30
3-31

4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4

5.

4-1

4-2
4-2
4-5
4-7
4-8

4-13
4-13
4-14
4-15
4-16
4-17
4-18

5.1
5.2
5.2.1

5-2

5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.3.8
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
6.

5-3
5-3
5-5
5-6
5-9
5-10
5-10
5-13
5-14
5-15
5-16
5-17
5-18
5-19
5-20

6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.4.7
6.4.8
6.4.9

(, )

,
()-

S

6-2
6-3
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-8
6-9

6-12
6-15
6-24
6-24
6-25
6-26
6-27
6-27
6-28

7.

7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.5
7.5.1

8.

, ,

()

()

n/N
,

7-1
7-2
7-4
7-5
7-11
7-15
7-18
7-19

7-21
7-23
7-24
7-24
7-25

7-27
7-29
7-32
7-33
7-37

7-39

8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.5
8.2.6
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2

8-1

8-2
8-2
8-5
8-8
8-13
8-14
8-17
8-18

8.3.3
8.4
8.5
9.

-




-
/





1
2
3

9-1
9-3
9-4
9-4
9-4
9-4
9-4
9-5
9-7
9-9
9-10
9-11
9-11
9-12

10.1
10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
10.3

11.

8-21
8-25
8-26

9.1
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
9.2.5
9.3
9.4
9.4.1
9.4.2
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.6
9.6.1
9.6.2

10.

10-1

10-2
10-2
10-16
10-18

11.1
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.2.4
11.2.5

( )

11-1
11-2

11-3
11-7
11-13
11-18
11-25

11.2.6
11.2.7
11.2.8
11.2.9
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
11.3.4
11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
12.

11-50
11-51
11-52
11-54
11-55
11-56
11-61
11-61

12-1
12-2
12-5
12-5
12-6
12-7

13.1
13.2
13.2.1
13.2.2
13.2.3
13.3
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
13.3.5
13.3.6
13.3.7
13.3.8

14.

11-28
11-38
11-43
11-49

12.1
12.2
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
12.2.4
12.2.5

13.

-


SIFCON SIMCON



/

13-1
13-2
13-4
13-5

13-6
13-7
13-8
13-9
13-11
13-11
13-15
13-15

.

.

1.1

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(HEAT-shaped charge)

(GP)

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(AP, SAP, PEN).

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(GP)
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(..)

2.2

 2.1

, LBA (m)
, mB (kg)
, LCG (m)
, LN (m)
, LNP (m)
4, Ln (m)
( /
) (kPa)

, LBB (m)
, D (mm)
, tc (mm)
-- (CRH)
,2 mw (kg)
, mc (kg)
,3 WE (kg)

.. (m)
/ (/, %)
(LBB/D)
, (kg-m2)
, (kg-m2)
, (kg-m2)

, LFA (m)
, LFS (m)
, mF (kg)

SAP
AP
1000
1600

GP
250

GP
500

SAP
500

GP
750

GP
1000

AP
1000

1.85
117.9
0.724
0.704
0.069
-

2.24
239.0
0.96
0.889
0.069
0.83

1.25
231.3
-

2.23
363.3
0.696
0.602
0.069
-

2.94
446.8
1.19
0.978
0.038
1.081

1.47
489.9
-

1.45
453.6
-

1.70
721.2
-

3.7
907
1.5
1.3
0.06
1.39

28.1

39.8

31.0

27.2

44.1

65.5

38.6

71.0

54.

1.10
229.0
7.9
5.311
106.6
61.2
45.4
Tritonial
0.655
42.6
4.8
20.3
20.3
1.4

1.54
274.0
10.2
5.315
223.6
136.5
87.1
Tritonial
0.891
39.0
5.62
38.0
38.0
1.9

1.25
305.0
231.3
161.9
69.4
30.0
4.10
-

1.26
409.0
10.2
2.565
334.3
159.2
175.1
Tritonial
0.627
52.4
3.08
67.8
67.8
6.8

1.84
356.0
12.1
5.314
417.4
215.5
201.9
Tritonial
1.15
48.4
5.17
100.5
100.5
7.0

1.47
305.0
489.9
465.4
24.5
5.0
4.80
-

1.45
381.0
453.6
313.0
140.6
31.0
3.80
-

1.70
356.0
721.2
613.0
108.2
15.0
4.80
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2.4
457
14.
5.31
852
424
428
Triton
1.4
50.
5.4
400
400
24.

0.701
0.320
7.7

0.663
0.384
10.9

0.975
0.569
20.4

1.09
0.498
24.9

1.2
0.64
44.

GP
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2.2.
2.2 (
2.1).

LBB
(m)

D
(mm)

LCG
(m)

(kg)

LBA
(m)

(kg)

151
0.328
69.9
0.229
3.7
I, P, SQ, D
1.34
10.0

247
0.475
69.9
0.229
4.1
I
1.41
11.01
HEDP
Mk 24
0.452
127.0
20.4
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2.41
50.31
1
Mk 32
0.866
127.0
19.7
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49.61
HV4
0.3625
70.0
0.184
7.2
1.402
13.8
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0.365
70.0
0.199
5.9
I, D
1

2

3
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4
Ln=0.383m (kg-m2) =0.064, =0.064, =0.005
5
(kg-m2) =0.05, =0.05, =0.004

2
721
7211
1036
10361
1500
1200

2-8

2.2.4

, .
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AGM-22 AGM-65 Maverick,
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).
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2.48
3.05
289
1.04

1.209
0.165
0.607

WDU-24/
0.724
0.279
136
0.013
I, D
PBX(AF)-108
36.3

125-mm SC
1.080
0.163
7.3
Composition D
1.59

LBA (m)
LFC (m)
(kg)
LCG (m)

LBB (m)
D (m)
(kg)
(m)
1

(kg)
1
I-, D-

 2-

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2-9

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105mm. 105mm.
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AC-130H/U.

1 .
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(mm)

M
(m)
(kg)

(kg)

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20
0.104
0.005
Comp.A4
SAPHEI
PGU-14
GAU-8
30
0.14
0.304
API
M81A1
M42-Series
40
AP
M1
105-mm
105
2.09
Comp.B
HE
1

611

2.2.6

1
(m/sec)
1039
1012
875
-

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2-10

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HEAA
HEAP
HEAD
HEAR
FAE
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(kg)

500
500
200
100
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2.6 -

LBB
(m)

(kg)

40
AP-T
0.447
2.08
40
HEI
0.447
2.15
N/A -

(kg)
N/A
N/A
TNT
0.06

(m/sec)
875
879

(m)
8779
3932

2-12

2.3.2

. ,
.
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()
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2 100 Kg. ()
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.
15% .
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2.7.
.
2.7
.

(mm)

(/min)

(m/s)

(m)

(kg)

(kg)

HE
HE
HE
HE
HE

1.7
4
10
16
41

Comp. B
Comp. B
Comp. B
Amatol
TNT

0.3
0.9
2.5
1.6
7.7

HE
HE
HE
HE
HE
HE

15
22
33
44
100
90

TNT
Amatol
TNT
TNT
TNT
TNT

2
3.7
4.6
6.5
15
17

60
80
107
120
160

20
20
15
12
2

275
250
300
275
350

2500
3500
6500
5700
8000

105
120
130
155
180
200

10
6
6
4
1
0.5

475
900
930
650
800
750

14000
22000
31000
18000
30000
30000

 2-

2.3.3

2-13

:
.
.
2.3.3.1
,
.
.

3 :
. (AP)
.
.

(APDS)
,
(sabot).
,
,
, .
(L/D) APDS 3 5.

(APFSDS)


. APFSDS
L/D 15 20.

2.3.3.2

(HEAT) (HEP).
(HEAT)

( -shaped charge),

2-14

. , HEP
.

() .

.
2.8.
2.8 .

(/
min)

(m/s)

(m)

76
12
954
14704
AP
(M32)
76
12
1082
2002
HEAT
(M32)
90
12
912
19570
AP
(M41)
90
12
1204
8138
HEAT
(M41)
105
12
1479
36745
APDS
(M68)
105
12
731
9510
HEP
(M68)
105
12
1174
8200
HEAT
(M68)
105
12
1501
APFSDS
(M68)
120
10
1064
23683
AP
120
10
1140
HEAT
(M256)
120
10
1670
APFSDS
(M256)
1
APFSDS 0.40 0.50m
N/A

(kg)

D
(m)

(kg)

(kg)

12.4

76

N/A

N/A

6.5

9.3

76

Comp. B

0.5

20.0

90

11

15.0

90

0.54

18.6

40

N/A

N/A

21.2

105

Comp.
A3

3.0

11.3

21.8

105

Comp. B

0.97

10

17.9

25

N/A

N/A

23.1

120

N/A

N/A

13

24.2

120

Comp. B

1.5

13

18.7

30

N/A

N/A

2.3.4 -
/ -
,

.
.
. ,

, , .

 2-

2-15

,
.

2.9.
2.9 -

(mm)

66
85
125
227
240
560

HEAT
HEAT
HEAT
MLRS
HE
MISSLE

(kg)

0.3
Octol
0.6
RDX
2.4
Octol
644 HEDP
27
TNT
600-800 HEDP

(m/sec)
145
980
65
N/A
295
N/A

(m)
350
300
3000
30000
10000
70000

2.3.5

.
, 5/54 5in (0.127m)
54in (6.86m).
5in 16in (0.406m).
(AP)
,
, .
(COM)
1/3 , . ,
COM ,
AP.
(high capacity)
,
.
, , .

2-16

,
COM AP.
2.10 5/54 16.
2.10 .
T
5/54
16

(m)
(kg)
0.635
27.2
1.52
997.9

(kg)
4.54
68.0

(m/s)

(m)

D
D

807
820

21887
38048

 2-

2-17

 3

3.1

,
. ,
.. ,

. ,
(..
), .


, 1,
,

.
3.2

( )
, ,

, . ,

, ,
.

,

3-2

. ,


.
3.2.1

,

(
),
, ,

:
i)

,
,
. ,


(. 10.2.2).

ii)

(, ),

,
(.
. 11.4 10.2.2).
iii)

,
,
(, ,
).
,
(,

 3-

3-3

).
, -,
.
,

.
iv)

,
,
- - , ,
,
( ,
).

(. 10.2.4).

,
(i) (iii)

. (iv), ,

,
.
, ,
,

,
,

.
,
,
,
,
. ,

3-4

(iv)
,
(i) (iii).
3.2.2
-

, ,
, ,
,

( i iv ).
3.2.2.1

60
80.
, .
, ,

(Chen 1980, Kotsovos & Pavlovi 1995).

1


(, 2005).

-
.
, -,
.
- 3.1.
,
,
,

 3-

3-5

,
,
(, , ).
, MPa

fc =

3.1

. /, mm/mm

3.2.2.2


, (.. , 2005).
(
),
.


.

, 3.2
3.3
, .

3-6

Evans-1942

4.5

Watstein-1953
Takeda-1959

Lundeen-1963
Horibe&Kobayashi - 1965

3.5

Cowel-1966
Atchley&Furr-1967

maxPd/maxPs

Hjoth-1976
Mahin&Bertero-1972

2.5

Pop-1977
Hughes&Watson-1978

Fagerlund&Larson-1979
Dilger et al-1984

1.5

Malvern et al-1985
Suris&Shah - 1985

Gran -1985,1986
Gran et al-1987

1.E-08

1.E-06

1.E-04

1.E-02

Ross et al-1989

0.5
1.E+00

1.E+02

1.E+04

Ross et al-1995
Ross et al-1996
Bischoff&Perry-1995

(1/s)

Gary&Baily-1998
Grote et al-2001

3.2
(maxPd=
- , maxPs=
).

14
Mc Vay
Birkimer

12

Ross et al

10

maxPd/maxPs

Zielinski
Takeda and Tachikawa

Hatano
Komlos

Kvirikadre
Sneikin

Cowell

Barra et al
Cadoni et al

0
1.E-10

1.E-08

1.E-06

1.E-04

1.E-02

1.E+00

1.E+02

1.E+04

(1/s)

3.3

(maxPd= -
, maxPs=
).

 3-

3-7

3.2.3
._
,
:
fcm, cm, 40% fcm,
(c1) cu1
3.4, 2 (2005).
(2000),
.

3.4

(
), ( 2000 1992-1, 2000).

, 3.4
:

c
f cm

2
, = c / c1
1 + (k 2)

= 1,1 cm * | c1|/ fcm

(3.1)
(3.2)

: 0 < | c| < cu1

._ 2 (2005)
(2000)
,
C90 C50 .

, ,

3-8

3.1

( 2, 2005).

C12

C16

C20

C25

C30

C35

C40

C45

C50

C55

C60

C70

C80 C90

fck
MPa

12

16

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

70

80

90

fck, cub
MPa

15

20

25

30

37

45

50

55

60

67

75

85

95

105

fcm
MPa

20

24

28

33

38

43

48

53

58

63

68

78

88

98

fctm
MPa

1.6

1.9

2.2

2.6

2.9

3.2

3.5

3.8

4.1

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

Ecm
GPa

27

29

30

31

32

34

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

44

c1,

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.25

2.3

2.4

2.45

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.8

cu1,

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.2

3.0

2.8

2.8

2.8

c2,

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.2

2.3

2.4

2. 5

2.6

cu2,

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.1

2.9

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

1.75

1.6

1.45

1.4

1.4

2
3.5 ( 3.5 3.1), C50, ,
3.1 C50.
85%
,
.

.
,
.

 3-

3-9

()

()
3.5

: () 2000, ()
2 (2005).

c
= 1 1 c
f cd
c2

, 0 c c2

c = fcd = 0.85(fck/c) , c c cu2

(3.3)

(3.3)

: fck (
5% ),
c2
,
cu2
n ,

3-10

(3.3) (2000) 3.5,

n=2 ( C50).
,
, 90
48 MPa, (3.4),
3.2 (Wang
et al. 1978):
f
fo

A c X + Bc X 2
c
c
2 , X =
1+ C X + D X
o

(3.4)

, f ,
f ,
,

Ac, Bc, Cc, Dc ,
90 MPa
48 MPa, 3.2.

3.6 20
(Wang et al. 1978) .

 3-

3-11

3.2 3.4.

a >

f
MPa

20

0.00267

1.596973

-0.352041

-0.403025

0.647959

-1.275769

1.479520

-3.275768

2.479519

28

0.00280

1.443399

-0.642542

-0.556601

0.357458

0.115286

0.306384

-1.884714

1.306384

34

0.00292

1.364803

-0.758033

-0.635195

0.241966

0.326434

0.047969

-1.673565

1.047969

41

0.00305

1.323699

-0.809490

-0.676301

0.190510

0.365932

-0.050730

-1.634068

0.949270

48

0.00317

1.304016

-0.831952

-0.695982

0.168047

0.357600

-0.095550

-1.642398

0.904450

55

0.00330

1.297725

-0.838836

-0.702275

0.161164

0.332631

-0.116274

-1.667369

0.883726

62

0.00342

1.300356

-0.835973

-0.699641

0.164026

0.301863

-0.124428

-1.698136

0.875592

69

0.00355

1.309239

-0.826130

-0.690751

0.173870

0.269654

-0.125315

-1.730346

0.874685

76

0.00367

1.322664

-0.810704

-0.773340

0.189295

0.238022

-0.121764

-1.761977

0.878235

83

0.00380

1.339499

-0.790439

-0.660501

0.209561

0.207840

-0.115354

-1.792160

0.884646

90

0.00392

1.358955

-0.765731

-0.641044

0.234268

0.179552

-0.107095

-1.820446

0.892904

Ac

Bc
Cc
Dc
Ac
( > 20 kN/m3)

Bc

Cc

Dc

( 20 kN/m3)
20

0.00277

1.541688

-0.466498

-0.458311

0.533502

0.178520

-0.046208

-1.821479

0.953791

28

0.00297

1.374069

-0.745587

-0.625931

0.254413

0.224047

-0.084008

-1.776963

0.915992

34

0.00317

1.287968

-0.849226

-0.712030

0.150773

0.235274

-0.103281

-1.764724

0.915992

41

0.00337

1.242631

-0.892965

-0.757369

0.107035

0.231553

-0.112001

-1.768447

0.887999

48

0.00357

1.220581

-0.911535

-0.779418

0.088464

0.219928

-0.114448

-1.780071

0.885551

3.2.4

._

,
( ii iii, . 3.2.1),


. ,

3-12

( 2, 2005-. 3.1.9 8, 2005-. 5.4.3.2.2)

(2000) (. 18.4.4.2)
, (


) .

._

(
ii & iii, . 3.2.1), Mander et. al (1998),

3.5 3.6,
3.7():
fc =

f cc' x r
c
r , x =
r -1+ x
cc

cc = co

r=

f cc'
1 + 5 ( ' - 1) , co = 0,002
f co

Ec
E c - E sec

(3.5)

, E c = 5000 f co' [MPa]

E sec =
K=

f cc'
cc

cu = 0.004 + 1.4 s f yh sm /f cc'

(3.6)

f cc'
7.94f l'
f l'
=
1.254
+
2.254
1
+
2
f co'
f c'
f c'

cu .
,
,
fl ,
, fl (
, ), ke.
, ke,
Ae , Acc,
.

 3-

3-13

, ke :
fl = fl * ke = ke * s fyh

(3.7)

ke = Ae / Acc

(3.7)

s (
).
, ke s
.
)

2
s' 2
)
A e = d s (1 2d s
4
s =

, A cc =

2
d (1 - cc ) k e =
4 s

(1 -

s' 2
)
2d s

(1 - cc )

(3.8)

4 A sp
ds s

Asp , ds
, s cc
( ).
)

ke =
s =

s'
(1 )
2d s
(1 - cc )

(3.9)

4A sp
ds s

Asp , ds , s
cc
( ).
)
n

ke =
sx =

(wi )2
(1 -
)
i =1 6b c d c

s'
(1 )
2b c

s'
(1 )
2d c

(1 - cc )

4A sy
4A sx
, sy =
dc s
dc s

(3.10)

f lx = sx f yh , f ly = sy f yh

3-14

, fc

()

/ . , c

()

()
-

f'l2/f'co

=f'cc/f'co

3.7

()

f'l1/f'co

() , ()
()
(Mander et al., 1998).

 3-

3-15

sx sy x y, Asx Asy
x y, wi
, bc, dc ( bc dc)
s ( 3.7). O
3.7().
3.2.5 -

,
,

,
.
, ,
.

,
,

.


(
) ,
, .

,

(Kotsovos 1980, Gerstle 1981, Stakowski and Gerstle
1985).
()
( 3.8).
,

3-16

, , ,
,
.
.
(, 2005)
70 MPa .
( 70 MPa)
, .
,
.

3.8 (Kotsovos and Newman, 1981).

.
3.8.

.

( ) .

 3-

3-17

-
,
(, 2005).
Kotsovos and Newman
(1981),
.

Kotsovos and

Pavlovic (1995), .

(
i-iii, . 3.2.1),

, .


,
.
3.9 3.10.
( 3.2 3.3), (
3.9 3.10)

fdc fdt,.
. 3.2.4
,
, 0.01sec-1 (Mander et. al, 1998). ,
.

(fdc/fc)

3-18

(1/s)

(fdt/ft)

3.9
,
(fc , MPa).

(1/s)

3.10
,
(fc , MPa).

 3-

3-19

3.3
3.3.1

-, 3.11
(ASTM 615)
.
. ,
,
,
( )
.

3.11

. %

ASTM A615.

3.3.2

-4

-1

, 10 s ( )
, (Fu et. al, 1992,
Malvar, 1998), 3.12 3.13 (Malvar, 1998).

3-20

, ,
. ,

,
,

1/sec
3.12

.

1/sec
3.13

.

 3-

3-21

3.3.3

.

- (Ramberg
and Osgood 1943, Menegotto and Pinto 1973, Stanton and MacNiven 1979, Fillippou
et al 1982, Chang and Mander 1994)
, (Dodd and Restrepo-Posada
1995 Balan et. al, 1998). ( i-iv, . 3.2.1)


,
,
Bauschinger
, (
3.14 & 3.14 3.3).

:
fs f y
f so

sh
A s X + Bs X 2
,X = s
s
s
2
so
1+ C X + D X

fs, s (MPa) ,
fy (MPa),
fsu (MPa),
fso = fsu fy (MPa),
y
so = su sh
su
sh
sf .

(3.11)

3-22

(MPa)

()

()

Ei=b.Eo

o
o(1-b)

R=R(max)

Eo
o

max
3.14 : ()
, ()
(Menegotto et al. 1973, Spacone et al., 1996).
3.3

fsu
fy
fsf
su
sf
sh
MPa MPa MPa

Es
Esh
GPa GPa

410

721

644

0.0091

0.0729

0.1542

205

450

739

654

0.0086

0.0717

0.1431

480

757

663

0.0082

0.0706

520

775

672

0.0077

0.0694

As

Bs

8.43

1.748272

0.173674

-0.25173

1.173672

203

8.1

1.75624

-0.14564

-0.24376

0.854363

0.1321

201

7.77

1.766823

-0.41659

-0.23318

0.583412

0.1210

199

7.45

1.780521

-0.65519

-0.21948

0.344811

Cs

Ds

 3-

3-23

,
(fy fu
), ,
3.15.
,
.

(fdy/fy - fdu/fu)

(1/s)

3.15 ,
(fy
, fu ).

Malvar Crawford (1998):
DIF =

f dy

fy

f du

&
=
f u 104

(3.12)

& s-1

3-24

=fy =0.0740.04 fy
414
=
fy
=fu =0.0190.009 414

(3.13)

(3.13) MPa
290 710 MPa
10-4 225 s-1.
3.3.4

,

(
) ,
,
(Fillippou, 1986, Desir et al., 1999, Monti et al. (1997a and
1997b).
,
, 3.16
, Eligenhausen et. al (1983).

a,b

c
d
e
f

3.16

(Eligehausen et. al, 1983).

 3-

3-25

3.4

3.17,
,
. ,
, ,
,
. 3.18,
( ),
.
,
. 3.18
,
3.4.
3
, 3.5 3.5.

3.17

- .

3-26

3.18

-
.

3.4 .

 3-

3-27

3.5 ,
.
t [mm]

EN 10025-2
S 235
S 275
S 355
S 450
EN 10025-3
S 275 N/NL
S 355 N/NL
S 420 N/NL
S 460 N/NL
EN 10025-4
S 275 M/ML
S 355 M/ML
S 420 M/ML
S 460 M/ML
EN 10025-5
S 235 W
S 355 W
EN 10025-6
S 460 Q/QL/QL1

t 40 mm

40 mm < t 80 mm

fy [N/mm2]

fu [N/mm2]

fy [N/mm2]

fu [N/mm2]

235
275
355
440

360
430
510
550

215
255
335
410

360
410
470
550

275
355
420
460

390
490
520
540

255
335
390
430

370
470
520
540

275
355
420
460

370
470
520
540

255
335
390
430

360
450
500
530

235
355

360
510

215
335

340
490

460

570

440

550

3.5 ,
.
t [mm]

EN 10210-1
S 235 H
S 275 H
S 355 H
S 275 NH/NLH
S 355 NH/NLH
S 420 NH/NHL
S 460 NH/NLH
EN 10219-1
S 235 H
S 275 H
S 355 H
S 275 NH/NLH
S 355 NH/NLH
S 460 NH/NLH
S 275 MH/MLH
S 355 MH/MLH
S 420 MH/MLH
S 460 MH/MLH

t 40 mm

40 mm < t 65 mm

fy [N/mm2]

fu [N/mm2]

fy [N/mm2]

fu [N/mm2]

235
275
355
275
355
420
460

360
430
510
390
490
540
560

215
255
335
255
335
390
430

340
410
490
370
470
520
550

235
275
355
275
355
460
275
355
420
460

360
430
510
370
470
550
360
470
500
530


, fdy/fy fdu/fu

3-28

(1/s)

3.19 ,
(fy
, fu ).

,
.
,
.
,
.

, ,
(), .
,

.

,
.

 3-

3-29

3.19 ,
, .

1000s-1.


.
, ,
.
3.5

3.5.1

, ,
.

,
, 5 .


.
,
1 . ,
,

.
3.5.2

,

3.6, .

3-30

3.6 .

()
()
()
()



,

(Pa)
00.05
0.050.15
0.150.30
0.300.60
0.070.12
0.120.25
0.250.50

0.501.50
1.504.00
4.0010.00

3.5.3

-
, ,
, Winkler.
k,
BxL :
B

1 + 0.5 L
k = k BxB

1.5

(3.14)

kxB
x, :
2

k BxB

B + 0.3
= k 0.3

2B

0.3
k BxB = k 0.3

B

(3.15)

(3.16)

 3-

3-31

k0.3
3.7.
3.7 .

8.025.0

25.0125.0

125.0375.0

10.015.0

35.040.0

3.6

ks (MN/m3)

130.0150.0
12.025.0
25.050.0
>50.0

, -.


,

.

TNT
(),
TNT.

TNT ,
, 1kg .
( )
3.8.

3-32

3.8 TNT .

(Mg/m3)

(MPa)

Amatol (50/50)

1.59

0.97

0.87

Ammonia Dynamite ( 50%)

0.90

0.901

Ammonia Dynamite ( 20%)

0.70

0.701

ANFO (94/6 AmmoniumNitrate/Fuel Oil)

0.87

0.871

0.03 6.90

AFX-644

1.75

0.73

AFX-920

1.59

1.011

1.011

AFX-931

1.61

1.041

1.041

Composition A-3

1.65

1.09

1.07

0.030.35

Composition B

1.65

1.11

0.98

0.030.35

1.20

1.30

0.696.90

Composition C-3

1.60

1.05

1.09

1.59

1.20

1.19

0.071.38

1.37

1.19

1.3820.7

(75/25 RDX/TNT)
(70/30)
(60/40)

1.71
1.73
1.74

1.11
1.14
1.04

1.26
1.09
1.16

0.030.35
-

DATB

1.80

0.87

0.96

Explosive D

1.72

0.851

0.81

0.010.30

Gelatin Dynamite ( 50 %)

0.80

0.801

Composition C-4
Cyclotol

0.73

Gelatin Dynamite ( 20 %)

0.70

0.70

H-6

1.76

1.38

1.15

0.030.70

HBX-1

1.76

1.17

1.16

0.030.14

HBX-3

1.85

1.14

0.97

0.030.17

HMX

1.25

1.25

LX-14

1.80

1.801

MINOLII

1.82

1.20

1.11

0.020.14

Nitrocellulose

1.651.70

0.50

0.50

Nitroglycerine Dynamite
( 50 %)

0.90

0.901

Nitroguanidine(NQ)

1.72

1.00

1.001

Nitromethane

1.00

1.001

 3-

3-33

3.8 ()

(Mg/m3)

(MPa)

1.81

1.02

1.06

1.14

1.09

1.09

0.010.30

PBX-9010

1.80

1.29

1.291

0.030.21

PBX-9404

1.81

1.13

1.131

0.030.69

1.70

1.70

0.696.90

PBX-9502

1.89

1.00

1.00

PBXC-129

1.71

1.10

1.101

PBXN-4

1.71

0.83

0.85

PBXN-107

1.64

1.051

1.051

PBXN-109

1.67

1.05

PBXW-9

1.30

1.301

PBXW-125

1.80

1.021

1.021

1.64

1.42

1.00

0.030.69

1.68

1.38

1.14

0.034.14

1.50

1.00

0.696.90

PETN

1.77

1.27

1.271

0.030.69

Picrotol (52/48ExD/TNT)

1.63

0.90

0.93

0.034.10

Octol

(75/25HMX/TNT)
(70/30)

Pentolite (Cast)

1.05

RDX

1.10

1.10

RDX/Wax (98/2)

1.92

1.16

1.161

RDX/AL/Wax (74/21/5)

1.30

1.301

TATB

1.00

1.00

Tetryl

1.73

1.07

1.071

0.020.14

Tetrytol (75/25Tetryl/TNT)

1.59

1.06

1.061

TNETB

1.69

1.13

0.96

0.030.69

1.75

1.23

1.11

0.030.69

1.18

1.32

1.321

1.23

1.38

1.381

TNT

1.63

1.00

1.00

Torpex

1.85

1.23

1.28

0.010.30

Tritonal (80/20TNT/AL)

1.72

1.07

0.96

0.030.69

TNETB/AL (90/10)
(78/22)
(65/35)

TNT.

3-34

(3 ),
(4 ). ,
(5 ).

 4

4.1

1, o
( ) ,
,
.
,

.

, ,
.
,

-.

.

, :

,

.

4-2

4.2

4.2.1

.
,

().
, .
- ,
..

(). ,

, ,
4.3.
4.2.2

3-
4.1.
t,
, (Po) (Ps). ,
,
() , t.
(), t -o .
PS-
, .

.

 4-

4.1

4-3

()
,

4.1,
. :
is =

t A + to

tA

Ps ( t ) dt

(4.1)

,
, 4.2.

-.

.
Pr
ir.
Pso,
4.3. Pr
Pso
CRa.
,
4.2.

4-4

4.2

4.3

CRa
.

 4-

4.2.3

4-5

,
4.1
Friedlander, :

t tA
Ps ( t ) = Pso 1
t o

( t t A )
tA<t<tA+t
e

(4.2)

: Ps (t ) t (MPa)
Pso

() (MPa)

tA

(msec)

to

(msec)

100MPa,
.
Friedlander, Pso , t A , t 0 ,
, ,
,
.
( ).
, W1 W2
R1 R2,
:
R1
W
=3 1
R2
W2

(4.3)

R , W
Z:
Z=

R
W

(4.4)

,
0.32 m/kgr(1/3).

4-6

,

Friedlander ( 4.1).

, W. ,
( 4.1),
TNT ,
4.4 4.5
. ,
, Pso
4.3.

, =R/W0.333 (m/kg0.333)
4.4

TNT .

 4-

4-7

, =R/W0.333 (m/kg0.333)

TNT .

4.5

4.2.4

4.4-4.5,
, ,

, , ,
,
:
P
S p = o
Pa

S d = (W2 )

0.333

(4.5)

P
a
Po

0.333

(4.6)

4-8

S t = (W2 )

P
o
Pa

0.333

S i = (W2 )

P
o
Pa

0.667

0.333

0.333

T
a
To

0.5

T
a
To

0.5

(4.7)

(4.8)

: S p
S d (kg0.333)
St

(kg0.333)

Si

(kg0.333)

Po

(kPa)

Pa

(101.3kPa 1atm=98.06kPa)

To ()
Ta (14.85C=288)
W2 (kg)

,

:
288.15

Po = 101.3
3
288.15 6.5 10 H

5.256

To = 15 6.5 103 H

(4.9)
(4.10)

: Po (kPa)
To (C)
H (m)

4.2.5

,

. :

 4-

4-9

, ,

,

,
,

4.2.2.
,
,
. ,

( 4.2), (. 4.6).

4.7 4.8,
4.2.4
.

4.6

, ,
.

4-10

4.7

, =R/W0.333 (m/kg0.333)

,
, (
).

, =R/W

4.8

0.333

(m/kg0.333)

,
, (
).

 4-

4-11

, ,
(
)
.
(0 40),
.
40,
,
,
( 4.9) ( Mach).
,
.
Mach ()
.
4.9




MACH

4.9

Mach
,
.
Ps 4.4 R ( 4.9).
, ,
CRa 4.3. Mach,
Pr, Ps .
Mach

4-12

4.2.3 4.2.4.
Mach.
Mach, ,
4.10

, , C/W0.333.
( 4.9),
.
, ,
, ,

, /W0.333 (m/kg0.333)

( 4.11).

,
0.333
(m/kg0.333)
HC/W

, (m/kg0.333)

4.10

Mach (
).

( CH)

4-13

(
)

4-

( )

()

4.11
4.3

()

() () .

. ,


, . ,

,
.
4.3.1

, .
,
,
3.6.
4.3.2

(.. )

4-14

.
:
-

(GP)
:

0.8
W = 0.2 +
W
1 + mc W

: W

(4.11)

(kg)

(kg)

mc

(kg)

, ,
:
Z =

R
0.333
( W )

(4.12)

, 4.12, :

Z =

( W + mc )

(4.13)

0.333

4.11 ,
.
4.3.3

, ,
. ,
.

-.
, (..
5-855-1, 1998)
.

 4-

4.4

4.4.1

4-15

, ,

.

. ,
,
.
, ,

.

. 4.12

. ( 2.2ms)
, ,
.
, ,
20ms.
. ,

,

, .

,
, .

4-16

(Pa)

(msec)

4.12
4.4.2

, .
,
:
-

,
4.2. ,
,
/
.

 4-

4.4.3

4-17

,

(W/V). ,
,

4.13 4.14, .
16.0kg/m3, C-4
-3 , -1
-6, -9404,
.
-
0.32 3.2kg/m3
.

4.13

, RDX, TNT,
C-4, HBX-3, ANFO.

4-18

4.14

4.4.4

, HMX,
PETN, PENTOLITE, HBX-1 TRITONAL.

4.15
,
.

,
, .
,

,
.

 4-

4-19

ir=

4.15

 5

5.1

()
.
,
, :

( ),
/
, .

.
(.. ,
- 5.1)
.
,
,
6.
,


,
, .
-
, (..
, 3- ).

5-2

5.1

/ ,
(.. , ,
), .
,
,
.
5.2

5.2.1

4,
,
, ,
(W0.333).

 5-

5.2.2

5-3

,
, ,
.
,
-6,
, f:
WH-6=EfWx

(5.1)

WH-6 -6

, Wx. f
5.1.
5.1 .

H-6
PENT-1.8
C-4
Composition A-3
ANFO-0.82
ANFO-0.85
Cyclotol (77/23)
Octol (78/22)
Composition B, Grade A
Pentolite
Tetryl
TNT
5.2.3

, Ef

1.00
1.00
0.98
0.72
0.96
0.95
0.92
0.78
0.90
0.93
0.90
0.89
0.90
0.68
0.90
0.64
0.85
0.69
0.81
0.66
0.76
0.68
0.73
0.57

, ,

,
.

5-4

,
D/W0.333 0.55 m/kg0.333,
Cf, :

Cf =

A uncoupled

(5.2)

A coupled

uncoupled
(- ), coupled

( ). 5.2
Cf ,
, ().

, Cf

=0.14

. , D/W0.333 (m/kg0.333)

5.2

Cf
, , .

(..

 5-

5-5

)
, :
W
Cf = Cfi i
W

(5.3)

: Cf ,
Cfi ,
W ,
Wi
.
5.2.4

/

,
.
:

(, , .)

, Sr
95%. , 96%
100%
2-10
.
,
:


,

5-6

( )
,
.
(, , )
,
,
.
5.3

(-)
,

, -.
1- ()
(hydrocode)1

.

10
, 5.3.
,
AFV=1Sr=0.1% AFV=5% ( Sr ). ,

20

, ,
5.2.

GP1000 ( 1/1),
( 1/3),
.
1

(
), .

 5.2 I 20

A/A

USCS

Gs
(Mg/m3)

(Mg/m3)

w (%

(Dry Sand)

DEMODRY1

SP

2.67

1.69

4.0

(Wet Clay)

DEMOWET1

CL

2.71

1.59

24.

(Silty Clay)

ICLAY1

CL

2.71

1.71

15.

(Gravelly Clay)

WCLAY2

CL

2.71

1.59

23.

(Plastic Clay)

WCLAY3

CH

2.75

1.42

34.

(Plastic Clay)

WCLAY4

CH

2.75

1.42

33.

(Plastic Clay)

WCLAY5

CH

2.75

1.42

30.

(Clayey Sand)

ISOIL1

SC

2.72

1.80

12.

(Clayey Sand)

DSOIL3

SC

2.69

1.85

2.5

10

(Plaster Sand)

DSOIL4

SP

2.69

1.85

5.2

11

(Concrete Sand)

DSOIL2

SP

2.70

1.79

4.0

12

(Concrete Sand)

WSOIL1

SP

2.70

1.79

18.

13

(Concrete Sand)

WSOIL2

SP

2.70

1.79

18.

14

(Concrete Sand)

WSOIL3

SP

2.70

1.79

16.

15

. (Crushed Sandstone)

IROCK1

SP-SM

2.63

1.72

12.

16

. (Crushed Pumice)

IROCK3

SM

2.15

0.85

28.

17

. (Crushed Limestone)

IROCK2

SW-SM

2.79

2.26

3.5

18

. (Crushed Limestone)

WROCK1

SW-SM

2.79

2.26

8.4

19

. (Crushed Limestone)

WROCK2

SW-SM

2.79

2.26

7.9

20

. (Crushed Limestone)

WROCK3

SW-SM

2.79

2.26

6.2

5-8

810

16 20 30 40 50 70 100 140 200

90

20

(%)

80
3

70
6

60

30

10

40

50

50

40
30
20
10

10

Gs

LL

PL

1
2
3

(CH)
(CL)
(CL)

2.76
2.71
2.71

58
34
38

27
22
18

4
5
6
7

1 (SC)
2 (SC)
(SP)
(SP)

2.72
2.69
2.69
2.70

24
43
NP
NP

13
17
---

2.63
2.19
2.79

NP
NP
NP

----

8
9
10

. (SP-SM)
. (SM)
. (SW-SM)

5
7

60
70
80
90

0
100

5.3

10

1
(mm)

0.1

XON

(%)

3 4

100

0.01

100
0.001

10
.

,
,
(20)
5.2, (.
5.2.3.).
,
8 .
, ,
188.7 kg H-6,
,
5.2.1 5.2.2 .
,
,
5.4.

 5-

5-9

t ta
= (Vp 5.8) t t
p a
= (Vpl 5.11)+(Vel 5.12)

= (Vpl 5.11)

= (Vr 5.13)

, Vr

Vr(t) : 1
Ves

2
1

Vp

Vps

tp+a(tp)/Us(tp)

ta

t1

tp

t2

t ta

= (p 5.7)
tp ta
2 = (pl 5.14/5.15)+(el 5.16)

, r

r(t) : 1
es

3 = (pl 5.14/5.15)
4 = (r 5.17/5.18)

ps

5.4

5.3.1

(
),
, 5.4:

( )

rs t p = rc + Ci t p +

a t t 0.8
p

(5.4)

1 + b t t 0.8
p

,

(. 5.4).

5-10

5.4:

( )

Us t p =

( ) =C

drs t p
dt p

: Us(tp)

at
4
+

5 t 0.2 1 + b t 0.8
t p
p

(5.5)

(m/ms)

rs(tp)

(m)

tp

(
)

(ms)

rc

( )

(m)

Ci

( 5.3)

(m/ms)

at

( 5.3)

(m/ms0.8)

bt

( 5.3)

(ms-0.8)

5.3.2

5.4,
tp(rs)=f(rs, rc, Ci, at, bt).

:

t a = f toa t p

(5.6)

: ta

(ms)

tp

(ms)

ftoa

( 5.3)

5.3.3

5.7 5.8,
:
p ( r ) =

S1 S 2
1 + 2
r
r ns

(5.7)

 5.3 E

A/A

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Dry Sand ( )
Wet Clay ( )
Silty Clay ( )
Gravelly Clay ( )
Plastic Clay ( )
Plastic Clay ( . )
Plastic Clay ( . )
Clayey Sand ( )
Clayey Sand ( )
Plaster Sand ( )
Concrete Sand( )
Concrete Sand ( )
Concrete Sand ( )
Concrete Sand ( )
Crushed Sandstone ( )
Crushed Pumice ( /)
Crushed Limestone
( /)
Crushed Limestone
( /)
Crushed Limestone
( /)
Crushed Limestone
( /)

17
18
19
20

V2
nv
V1
3.54
0.137
1.60
7.84
0
1.65
4.29
0
2.20
6.03
0
1.80
16.08
0
1.35
7.76
0
1.80
7.33
0
1.80
4.82
0
2.20
2.04
0.030
2.10
2.60
0.232
1.55
2.59
0.051
1.80
12.14
0
2.50
3.81
0
2.50
2.55
0.046
2.10
3.73
0
2.25
4.05
0
2.30

S1
2.17
0
4.08
2.14
0
4.08
56.33
7.52
3.76
0
1.50
0
1.40
0
1.66
0
1.94
0
3.74
3.74
1.67
0
2.89
0
0.81

IROCK2

2.13

0.030

2.00

2.58

WROCK1

11.27

1.40

61.94

WROCK2

3.81

2.50

4.48

WROCK3

2.42

0.300

2.10

2.30

DEMODRY1
DEMOWET1
ICLAY1
WCLAY2
WCLAY3
WCLAY4
WCLAY5
ISOIL1
DSOIL3
DSOIL4
DSOIL2
WSOIL1
WSOIL2
WSOIL3
IROCK1
IROCK3

 5.3 () E
A/A

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Dry Sand ( )
Wet Clay ( )
Silty Clay ( )
Gravelly Clay ( )
Plastic Clay ( )
Plastic Clay ( .)
Plastic Clay ( .)
Clayey Sand ( )
Clayey Sand ( )
Plaster Sand ( )
Concrete Sand( )
Concrete Sand ( )
Concrete Sand ( )
Concrete Sand ( )
Crushed Sandstone (
)
Crushed Pumice (
/)
Crushed Limestone
( /)
Crushed Limestone
( /)
Crushed Limestone
( /)
Crushed Limestone
( /)

DEMODRY1
DEMOWET1
ICLAY1
WCLAY2
WCLAY3
WCLAY4
WCLAY5
ISOIL1
DSOIL3
DSOIL4
DSOIL2
WSOIL1
WSOIL2
WSOIL3

1865.0
1976.0
1980.2
1967.0
1853.1
1894.3
1904.2
2017.8
1896.3
1865.0
1865.0
2126.5
2115.8
2076.4

tan
1.50
0
0.80
0
0
0
0
0.70
1.67
1.50
1.75
1.00
1.00
1.50

c
0.01
0.01
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.10
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.10
0.10
0.10

Ci
0.3000
0.1600
0.2901
0.1900
2.0000
0.2400
0.3200
0.1809
0.3422
0.3320
0.4000
0.7547
0.3691
0.3727

at
0.70
1.02
1.06
1.02
0.00
1.62
1.41
1.59
0.63
1.76
0.78
0.14
2.82
1.13

bt
1.68
1.01
4.04
1.01
4.04
1.01
4.04
6.07
4.04
9.91
4.04
4.04
4.04
4.04

IROCK1

1941.9

1.00

0.10

0.4083

0.78

4.04

IROCK3

1096.0

1.20

0.1650

0.44

1.68

IROCK2

2339.1

1.50

0.10

0.5487

0.67

4.04

WROCK1

2449.8

0.05

0.25

2.3068

0.14

4.04

WROCK2

2438.5

1.00

0.10

0.4150

2.82

4.04

WROCK3

2400.0

1.50

0.10

0.4763

0.99

4.04

 5-

5-13

V1 V 2
1 + 2
r
rnv

Vp ( r ) =

: p(r)

(5.8)

(Pa)

(m)

S1

( 5.3)

(Pa-mns)

S2

( 5.3)

(m2)

ns

( 5.3)

Vp(r)

(m/s)

(m)

V1

( 5.3)

([m1+nv]/s)

V2

( 5.3)

(m2)

nv

( 5.3)

5.3.4

,
(cavity wall driver velocity)
5.9:

a& ( t ) =

a& o
t
1+
tc

(5.9)

na

a& ( t )

(m/s)

a& o

2a& ( t c ) = ( 5.3)

(m/s)

tc

( 5.3)

(ms)

na

( 5.3)

(m)

(ms)

5.9:
t

a ( t ) = ad +

a& ( t ) dt

(5.10)

t p at r = a d

a (t)

(m)

5-14

a& ( t )

(m/s)

ad

( 5.3)

(m)

(m)

tp

(ms)

(ms)

5.3.5

5.11,
:
3

a
(t)

Vpl ( r, t ) = 3

a ( t )+ rf ( r )

0.667

a& ( t )

(5.11)

rf(r)

r s ( t ) a ( t )

(m3)

a (t)

( 5.10)

(m)

a& ( t )

( 5.9)

(m/s)

rs

( 5.4)

(m)

(m)

(ms)

: Vpl

(m/s)

t tp
Vel ( r, t ) = Ves 1
a tp

Us t p

: Vel

( )
( )

(5.12)

,
Vpl

(m/s)

 5-

tp t tp +

5-15

( )
Us ( t p )
a tp

Ves

Vp-Vps=

(m/s)

Vps

=Vpl t=tp

(m/s)

Vp

(m/s)

Vpl

(m/s)

a(tp)

( 5.10)

(m)

Us(tp)

( 5.5)

(m/ms)

tp

(ms)

(m)

(ms)

5.3.6

( )

( )

H t > t p + a t p / Us t p
(late-time correction),
5.13:

Vr ( r, t ) = Vpl 1 + f p

: Vr

t > t p +

Vpl

(m/s)

(5.13)

( )
Us ( t p )
a tp

(m/s)

, :

fp

fp

tt1

t t1
t 2 t1

t1<tt2

t>t2

t1

( 5.3)

(ms)

t2

( 5.3)

(ms)

5-16

Us(tp)

( 5.5)

(m/ms)

tp

(ms)

(m)

(ms)

5.3.7

MohrCoulomb von Mises.
Mohr-Coulomb (. r-=c+P),
:
q
q

c rs
rs
pl ( r, t ) = ps +
1
tan r
r

(5.14)

( von
Mises) :
r
pl ( r, t ) = ps + 2 tan ln s
r

(5.15)

: pl

ps

VpsUs=
(MPa)

(kg/m3)

(Pa)

tan

r- - P

(MPa)

(hoop)

(MPa)

, r-
P=0

(MPa)

6/(3+2)=

Us

(m/ms)

(m)

(ms)

(MPa)

 5-

5-17

rs

(m)

Vps

=Vpl t=tp

(m/s)

el, pl

tp t tp +

( ):
Us ( t p )
a tp

t tp
el ( r, t ) = es 1
a tp

Us t p

( )
( )

(5.16)

p-ps=

(MPa)

a(tp)

(m)

Us(tp)

(m/ms)

tp

(ms)

: es

(ms)

5.3.8

( )

( )

H t > t p + a t p / Us t p
(late-time correction),
>0 5.17:

r ( r, t ) = pl 1 f p f p2

(5.17)

=0 :
r ( r, t ) = pl 1 f p

: r

(Pa)

pl

(m/s)

fp, fp1, fp2

= , :

0.5

(5.18)

f p1f p2

5-18

fp

fp1

tt1

t t1
t 2 t1

t1<tt2

t>t2

tt1

5f p

t1<tt2

t>t2

Ci400 m/sec

fp1

Ci>400 m/sec

fp2

5.4

(ms)

Ci

(m/sec)

,
. ,

,
. , (ejecta)
(..
).

5.5, (apparent
crater), . , (true crater)
.
(rupture
zone)
(plastic zone).

 5-

5-19

DOB =
ra
=
=
da
=
rt

dt
IKH-
=

GZ =

5.5

,
(DOB-Depth of Burst)
.
,
/ .
5.4.1

5.6,

,
. (DOB/W0.333)
0.6m/kg0.333, o 10-15%
.
:
2rt DOB
0.333
0.333 0.333 + 0.19 m kg

W
W

(5.19)

5.6
, .

5-20

1.5
, 50%
, ,
. , ,
,
, .

, da/W0.333, KAI
0.333
. , 2ra/W , TOY (m/kg0.333)

(2ra)

(da)

. , DOB/W0.333 (m/kg0.333)

5.6

5.4.2

5.7,
- .


.

 5-

5-21

, TOY (m/kg0.333)
. , 2ra/W

0.333

. , da/W0.333, KAI

(2ra)
(dt)
(
-
)

o
(2da)

. , DOB/W0.333 (m/kg0.333)

5.7

6.1

,
,
,
.
, :
( ),
,
(
, , ),
()
,

/.
,
,
. ,
,
- , . ,
:

,
.
,
.

6-2

,

, .

, .

.

. ,
, .
,
,
:
.
( ),
( )
,
. /
,
.

6.2
,

,
, .
.

 6-

6-3

6.2.1

. ,
, (
), ,
6.1.
,
, ,
.
2. ,
.

..

= -
= -
= -
.
,
.

6.1

6.2.2

:

6-4

,

,


. ,
-
CRH (.
2),
.
2 .

,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
6.2, ,
(
). 6.2
.
6.2.3

- ( ) ,
( ,
,
).
, ,

 6-

6-5

(
)

(m/sec)

/ (%)

6.2

,
.

,

. , ,
,
,


.
6.3

( )

( )
-
, (trajectory codes).

6-6

,
. ,

,
,
.
.
6.3.1

P (m)
:

P = 18 106 K s S N

A)

P = 7.7 10 K s S N
3

0.7

( V 30.5 )

0.7

ln (1 + 0.00002 V

V 61m sec
2

(6.1)

V < 61m sec

: Ks = (soil mass scaling

factor)
S = (soil penetrability index)-.
6.1
= (nose performance coefficient)
= (kg)
A = (m2)
V = (m/sec)
Ks
:

s = 0.266 ( )
s = 1

0.4

< 27.3Kg
27.3Kg

(6.2)

N ,
:
L
= 0.26 n + 0.56
D

(6.3)

L
= 0.183 n + 0.56
D

(6.4)

 6-

6-7

6.1 S
.

.
. .
: ,
.
.
, ,
. , .
, . , ,
, .
. (.: 70%
S 6 9)
, . ,
.
.

.
,
, .
S
.
S
.
.
: Ln
D

2-3
3-4
4-6
6-10
10-15
15-30

30-75

>75

= (m)
= (m)

L n = CRH 0.25 0.5 ,

(
)
D

CRH

= -- (caliber-radius-head,
-. 2)

,
N 6.3 6.4,
M.
6.1
( ) ,
J-hook,

6-8

Mark (.. Mk-82)

(GP).
,
.
6.3.2

6.1 ,
P (m) :

P = 18 10 6 K h S N

: Kh

A)

0.7

( V 30.5 )

(6.5)

= (mass scaling term for

hard materials)- 6.6

= - 6.7

= (nose performance coefficient) 6.3 6.4

= (kg)

= (m2)

= (m/sec)

Kh :

h = 0.392 ( )
h = 1

0.18

< 182kg
182kg

(6.6)

:
S = 2.7 ( UNC )( Q )

0.5

(6.7)

: UNC = (MPa)
Q

, ,
. , Q
.
Q 6.2.

 6-

6-9

6.2 Q,
.

<0.5m
0.5m
/
/

: /
:
:
:
:

Q
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1

6.5 7 kg,
.
,
2030%. S
6.5 .
6.3.3

()
.
,
. ,

3-
.
,
3- ,

, .

6-10

6 : 3 3
.
:
dVX
d2 UX
=
dt
dt 2
dV
d2 UY
FY = Y =
dt
dt 2
d2UZ

dV

FZ = Z + g =
+g
2
dt

dt

FX =

(6.8)

d1
+ 2 3 ( 3 2 )
dt
d2
N 2 = I2
+ 1 3 ( 1 3 )
dt
d
N 2 = I3 3 + 1 2 ( 2 1 )
dt
N1 = I1

(6.9)

6.8 FX, FY FZ
, , g
, UX, UY UZ
, , VX,
VY VZ .
6.9 1, 2 3
, 1, 2 3 1, 2
3 .
6.8 6.9 ,
dA, ,
(spatial integration
scheme).
.

, :

 6-

6-11

6.3.3.1 PENCO3D
( ),
dAij
:

N,ij 1.023 104 2.167 ij R i 532.7 Zij

ij R i S
S
S2

S =

N,ij

ij

(6.10)

:
,ij

dAij

ij

dAij

Ri

(. 6.1)

ij

z- dAij

(, ),
:

N,ij

h =

ij

6.330 Y + 4.747 ij Y

(6.11)

:
Y

( Pa)

= ( kg/m3)

6.3.3.1 ISAAC2
Mark ,
,
J-hook.

:

a =

2 Zij
VZ
2

3

+ 2 2
m
N i Di S 7
N i Di S N i S

(6.12)

6-12

:
Di

(nose performance
0.508
coefficient)
sin i

2.2106 /m

2.8107 /m3

6.12
6.10-6.11,
ark, ..
Mk-82 500 .
-
, ,
.
,
,
.
6.4

6.4.1

,
,
,

(Haldar and Hamieh 1984, Adeli and Amin 1985, Wang 2004):

() . ,
,
, , ,

 6-

6-13

, /
. ,
,

. ,

, (. . 6.2.3 6.2).
,
,
.
, .

.
,
, ()

. 6.4.2
. ,

(. 6.4.3),
.
,
(. 6.4.4)
,
,
.
,
,
,
.

, . 6.4.5.

6-14

,
-,
. 6.4.6. ,
,
(..
) .
,
,
,
,

, . 6.4.7.
, ,

.

, , , .
, ,
-
.
, 8 ( . 6.4.8).

,

. :
(
),
, ,
,
,

 6-

6-15

( , ),
, .

,
Zhong and Mackerle (1994), Mackerle (1996), Corbett, Reid and Johnson
(1996) Anderson (2004).
6.4.2 , ()

,
,
.

,
(National Defence Research Committee, 5-855-1), Keneddy
(1976),

( 6.8), Yankelevsky (1997).
National Defence Research Committee,
(6.13-6.14),
,
,
, ,
, , ,
.
fc 20 110 MPa.

6-16

(m/sec)
6.8

(Yankelevsky, 1997).

D
P = D + f age
c

0.15

m
56.60 3
D

0.075

D 2 ( f c' )

NV1.8
0.5

( P > 2D )

(6.13)

0.038

V 0.9
0.5
0.075 15.10
3
N
D
D
P = f age
0.25
D
c
( f c' )

( P 2D )

(6.14)

(mm)

fage

,
( ):

 6-

6-17

fage
1.0
1.01
1.02
1.05

()
360
180
66
28

fc

( ) (MPa)

(kg),

o , 6.15,

(mm),

(mm)

(m/s).

:
N = 0.72 + 0.25

Ln
D

Ln
0.5
= ( CRH 0.25 )
D

(6.15)

:
CRH -- (. 2.1),
Ln

(m)

(m).

6.15 (tangent ogive) ,

,
Ln / D.
,
6.9 6.13,
P ( mm) ,
250, 500, 750, 1000 2000 (GP250, GP500,
GP750, GP1000 GP2000), 2.1. :
-

100, 200, 300 350 m/s,

20 70 MPa (
, fage = 1.),

6-18

c = 25 45mm.

, GP
,
. ,
, 20 70 MPa,
50%,
.
35 MPa ( C30),
1.75 m ( 3.8 D) GP2000.

GP250
1200

1000

P mm

800

600

400

200

0
20

30

40

50

60

70

fc MPa

6.9

mm).

GP500
1600

1400

1200

P mm

1000

800

600

400

200

0
20

30

40

50

60

70

fc MPa

6.10
mm).

GP750
1400

1200

1000

P mm

800

600

400

200

0
20

30

40

50

60

70

fc MPa

6.11
mm).

GP1000
2000
1800
1600
1400

P mm

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
20

30

40

50

60

70

fc MPa

6.12
=356 mm).

GP2000
2500

2000

P mm

1500

1000

500

0
20

30

40

50

60

70

fc MPa

6.13
=457 mm).

6-24

6.4.3 S

S ( . 6.5
6.3)
, ,
.

,

( PENCO3D, . 6.3.3).
, 6.5
, S
:
S = 0.085 K (11 - R )(6C )

0.06

(35/f c )0.3

(6.16)

R (
), 1%, 2% 3%,
. 4% .
C , ( C 1.00).
fc ( ) (MPa).
K

= (F/W1)0.5 F = 20 F = 30
, W1 ,
. W1 > F, = 1.

(6.5) (6.16) . (6.13)

(6.14), ,
fc=10 100 MPa,
.
6.4.4

(PP)
,
,

 6-

6-25

.
, : PP/A
, PP/S
.


(P/D) 6.13
6.18 6.19 :
PP/A
P
= 1.239 + 1.132
D
D

(6.18)

PP/S
P
= 1.092 + 0.541
D
D

(6.19)

,

,

( . 6.4.5).

,
.
6.4.5

(PD)
,
(
), P
( 6.13), 6.20:
PD
P
= 1.375 + 2
D
D

(6.20)

,
PD,

6-26

P/D,
.
,
,
:
4

P
W
W
= 1.04 10 22 3 , 3 3 10 6
D
D
D

(6.21)

6.4.6

TF
, ,
. 6.13 ( PP/A TF PD
PP/S TF PD, , ),
,
6.22 6.23 :

PF/A
P
1
=
PD PP/A D
D

D
D

P P P
T
TF
P/A + P/A D F

D
D D
D
D

PF/S
P P P
P TF
T
1
=
P/S + P/S D F

PD PP/S D D
D
D
D D
D

D
D

(6.22)

(6.23)

, P/D, PP/S/D
PF/S/D, TF/D PD/D,
PP/A/D PP/S/D, .
, , TF > PF/A,
TF > PF/S, ,

,

. ,
,
.

 6-

6.4.7

6-27

T
,
( ),
,
. ,
:

Vr = V 1

T
D
PP/A
D

0,733

(6.24)

V (m/s),
Vr (m/s),
, ,
:

Vr = V 1

T
D
PP/S
D

0,733

(6.25)

,

.
6.4.8

,
,
, , .
, ,

6-28

- .

8.
6.4.9

6.4.9.1
(-, ,

/ (/) 0.20,
() .
,
.

(, ..)
,
-
, .

(Al Oraimi and Seibi 1995, Yan, Sun and Chen 1999,
Wang, Mindess and Ko 1996 ONeil, Needly and Cargile 1999)

, :

,
,
( ) , , ,
.
6.4.9.2


, . ,
, ,

 6-

6-29

.
,
.
,
25%, ,
,
. ,
.
6.4.9.3

,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
6.4.9.4
,
, ,
, , ,
.
15% 20% 10. ,
-

, ,

6.4.9.5
,
. -

6-30

(fc = 35 MPa)

()

(fc = 105 MPa)

TAXYTHTA (m/sec)

6.14

()

35 , ,
235 MPa ( . 13.3),
, 65 MPa (Hanchak, Forrestal, Young and Ehrgott (1992),
Forrestal, Frew, Hanchak and Brar (1996), Forrestal, Frew, Hickerson and Rohwer
(2003) Gomez and Shukla (2001)).
30% ( 6.14).
- ,
- ,
. ,
, .
,
,

 6-

6-31

,
.
, ,

,
,
. ,
,
(.
. 13.3).

7.1

7.1.1

.
( ) (),

,
, , ,
.

,
:
,
, . , ,

. , , ,


, (
) .
( ),
(), ,
,
,
.

7-2

, ,
(
), , Hild, Denoual,
Forquin and Brajer (2003).
,
(Mott, 1947, Grady and Olsen, 2003)
, (Haldar
and Hamieh (1984), Adeli and Amin (1985), Almansa and Cnovas, 1999, Wang,
2004). ,
,
.
,
()
.
Zhong and
Mackerle (1994), Mackerle (1996), Corbett, Reid and Johnson (1996), Anderson
(2004), Agardh and Laine (1999),
Faraud, Destefanis, Palmieri and Marchetti (1999), Corvonato, DeStefanis and Faraud
(2001).

7.1.2
,
, .
, ,
,
. ,

,
, .
, 7.2,
, (
), ,

 7-

7-3

, , ,
,
.


.
7.3
,
, ,
. 6,
,
.

7.4. :
i)
,
,
.
ii) ,
,
.
,
,
,
.

,
, .

(GP) .

7-4

7.2

7.2.1

, ,

,
:
()

,
, ( ),

()

,
( ).

,
,
,
.
7.2.1.1
,
,
.
( SAP) ,
,
. ,
(GP) ,
,
,
.
7.2.1.2
,
,
.

, . ,
,

 7-

7-5

,
,
,
.
(.. ), ,
,

.
, ,
. , ,
.
7.2.2
(, )
( ),
7.1.

, (0)

0.262 0.349 rad (15o 20)
3.140 rad (180o)
(
)

0.00 rad (0o)

()
0.262 rad (15o)
0.349 rad (20o)

7.1

7-6

7.1

,
rad

,
rad

0.000
0.087
0.175
0.262
0.349
0.436
0.524
0.611
0.698
0.785
0.873
0.960
1.050
1.130
1.220
1.310
1.400
1.480
1.570
1.660
1.750
1.830
1.920
2.010
2.090
2.180
2.270
2.360
2.440
2.530
2.620
2.710
2.790
2.880
2.970
3.050

0.087
0.175
0.262
0.349
0.436
0.524
0.611
0.698
0.785
0.873
0.960
1.050
1.130
1.220
1.310
1.400
1.480
1.570
1.660
1.750
1.830
1.920
2.010
2.090
2.180
2.270
2.360
2.440
2.530
2.620
2.710
2.790
2.880
2.970
3.050
3.140

m/s

1
12
23
29
37
49
60
105
109
100
95
118
121
154
165
577
744
696
12564
42
26
7
88
57
67
58
84
52
32
40
20
21
9
5
7
2

1229
877
886
923
901
918
947
956
932
944
1035
1188
1334
1532
1796
1834
1893
1973
1810
1775
416
394
1615
1417
1362
1329
856
658
639
623
600
749
358
321
229
249

 7-

7-7

(180). ,

. ,
60
120 (1.047 2.094 rad), (beam
spray).
7.2.2.1
()
7.1.
,
0.002 kg. ,
.
,
() 0.002 kg ,
, 7.2,
.
.
7.2.2.2
( GP)
,

.
, ,

,
. ,
,
. 7.2 7.3

420 kg.

(m/s)

7-8

(o)

(o)

7.2

2gr
, .

 7-

7-9

7.2 GP 420 kg.

,
rad
0.000
0.087
0.175
0.262
0.349
0.436
0.524
0.611
0.698
0.785
0.873
0.960
1.050
1.130
1.220
1.310
1.400
1.480
1.570
1.660
1.750
1.830
1.920
2.010
2.090
2.180
2.270
2.360
2.440
2.530
2.620
2.710
2.790
2.880
2.970
3.050

,
rad
0.087
0.175
0.262
0.349
0.436
0.524
0.611
0.698
0.785
0.873
0.960
1.050
1.130
1.220
1.310
1.400
1.480
1.570
1.660
1.750
1.830
1.920
2.010
2.090
2.180
2.270
2.360
2.440
2.530
2.620
2.710
2.790
2.880
2.970
3.050
3.140

,
kg

, m/s

65
122
103
59
30
35
45
58
63
113
149
144
179
304
551
829
1.961
4.133
6.291
9.204
5.214
4.266
2.092
1.058
856
544
378
396
1.220
1.060
602
680
430
402
853
432

0.0027
0.0024
0.0008
0.0014
0.0011
0.0016
0.0053
0.001
0.0012
0.0302
0.0146
0.0599
0.0831
0.0097
0.0239
0.0118
0.0084
0.0161
0.0118
0.0091
0.0109
0.0062
0.0017
0.0025
0.0021
0.0029
0.0036
0.0019
0.0029
0.0035
0.0019
0.0035
0.0049
0.0017
0.0126
0.0110

821
799
764
745
746
809
895
943
1.059
733
633
799
828
913
943
999
1.174
1.251
1.365
1.443
1.358
1.509
1.448
1.282
900
860
1.223
1.018
838
853
967
906
1.046
1.329
1.401
1.332

7-10

(o)

(kg)

(o)

7.3

,
GP.

7-11

(m/s)

7-

(o)

7.3()

,

GP.

7.2.3

Mott (1947),
,
Weibull,
. Mott
,

. Mott
7.5.
,
:
()

7.1()

7.1():
Vc = ( t o t c t c2 ) h

(7.1)
(7.1)

c = Vc c

7-12

: to

()

(m),

tc

(m),

Vc

() (m3),

(kg/m3).

, f

7.2,
M A = Bt c0.833 ( t o 2t c )

N =

0.333

tc
2
1 +
, f = 2M A
t o 2t c

(7.2)

(7.3)

: MA

(
kg0.5),

,
, 7.3.

,
- ( kg0.5/m1.167),
c

(kg),

(kg)

()

7.4,
nf nf
, > 0.0001
N N

f = M 2A ln 2

: f
nf

(7.4)

(kg)

mf ( nf / 0.1).

 7-

7-13

7.4

.
7.3 .

Amatol
A-3
B
C-3
C-4
Cyclotol (75/25)
H-6
HBX-1
HBX-2
HMX
Nitromethane
PETN
Pentolite (50/50)
PBX-9404
PTX-1
PTX-2
RDX
TACOT
Tetryl
Tritonal
TNT

e
kg/m3

kg0.5/m1.167

Gurney
G, m/s

1560
1610
1719
1600
1600
1750
1760
1690
ND
1887
1137
1757
1670
1837
ND
ND
1768
1608
1620
1719
1628

4284
2685
2710
2411
3428
3183
3951
3033
3036
2710
2780
2597
2595
3332
3244
3811
3819

1887
2712
2774
2682
2530
2713
2621
2469
ND
2972
2408
2926
2400
2900
2926
2134
2450
2316
2419

7-14

0.5m / 1.00m / 2cm

1.4000
1.2000

mf Kg

1.0000
0.8000

RDX
TNT

0.6000
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
0

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
nf

7.5
0.50m, 1.00m 2cm,
RDX TNT.
:

(
),

(.
7.4 ).

(
)
,
.

Mott

( , , ,
, ).
,
. , 7.5
nf,

 7-

7-15

mf,
0.50m, 1.00m 0.02m,
RDX TNT.
0.6 kg 1.2 kg
RDX TNT, .
7.2.4


,
(
), ,
,
.
, Vo
, ,
.
,
Gurney, :
i) ,
, ,
ii) ,
iii) ,
iv) .
,
7.5() 7.5():
( t o 2t c )
Ve =
h
4

(7.5)

e = Ve e

(7.5)

: e
Ve

(kg),
(m3),

7-16

7.3 (kg/m3),

to

(m),

tc

(m),

(m).

Gurney, Vo
(m/s) :
Vo =

c
ng
+

e n g + 2

(7.6)

0.5

, c (kg) ng
1 , 2 3 (. 7.4).
G . 7.6 Gurney (m/s),
(. 7.3)
( ), , ,
:
G 0.70 H

(7.7)

( MJ/kg).
7.4 . 7.6
.
, ,
( 60 120)
,
. , Gurney
.
, ,

. ,
, .

 7-

7-17

7.4 Gurney.

Vo

. 7.6
ng = 1

. 7.6
ng = 2

. 7.6
ng = 3

e e
mc1 + m c2 g +
1-g + g 2 )
(

3
mc1 +

g g =

mc2 +

0.5

e2

e2

mc1 > mc2

5 1 4 2
c
c
+ +

5 e 3 3 E

0.5

c
3 + g
+

e 6(1 + a g )
a g =

0.5

d co
1.6t o

7-18

7.2.5 ,

,
.
, ,
7.6,
Vf =

5d 3
= 0.654d 3
24

(7.8)

Vf (m3) d (m).
,
Af (m2)
d 2
Af =
= 0.785d 2
4

(7.8)

7.6 .

, .
(,
, ..)
.

 7-

7.2.6

7-19

Vs (m/s),
R (m)
V,
. ,
, :

Vs = Vo e

a d R/ f 0.333

) ,

(7.9)

a d = (0.5)(Cd ) ( ) / (k)0.667 ,

(7.10)

Vo (m/s),
1.219 1.829 m/s,
ad (kg0.333/m),
7.5,
R

(m),
,
f
(kg),
Cd ,
7.6
.

(kg/m3),

(kg/m3)

7.7.

, . 7.9,
6m
, Vo
.

7-20

7.5 d .
d (kg0.333/m)

0.0019

0.0026

0.0033

GP

0.0043

SAP

0.0040

0.0036

7.6 Cd
(V > 600m/sec).
Cd

0.95

l/d = 1

1.13

, l/d = 3

1.20

1.24

7.7 k .

k
(kg/m3)

( )

2649

( )

2333

3658

5892

4271

3302

, ,
,
. , 7.7,

 7-

7-21

(.. 30m),
.

(m/sec)

()

(m)

()
,
- ,

(Vs/Vo)

,

SAP

(mf)

7.7

() , ()
( 30m).

7.3

7.3.1

Xf
fc,

7-22

Mf, Vs (
) l/d, ( m, kg, MPa, s):

X f = 8.24 10

( f )

0.333

Vs

0.825

(f )
'
c

l

d

0.285

0.719

(7.11)

27 43 MPa 6 460
gr l/d 1/1 1/2, 138
1921 m/s. ,
, .
7.11 .
,
,
( 6),
,
,
. ,

:
Tp = 1.632X f d 0.1 + 1.311d

(7.12)

d (m) Xf (m)
, . (7.11).
, Tc (m),
Tp (m) ,
. Vr (m/s),
Vs (m/s) d (m),
,
(. 7.8 7.8):

( Vr /Vs )

= 1 ( Tc /Tp ) , X f > 2d

(7.13)

( Vr /Vs )

= 1 ( Tc /Tp ) , X f 2d

(7.13)

1.8

1.8

 7-

7-23

/ , Tc/Tp

Xf (m).

/ , VI/VS

/ , Tc/Tp

7.8()
, Xf > 2d.

/ , VI/VS

7.8()
, Xf 2d.

7.3.2

,
,
,

7-24

. Ts (m)
, d (m)
Xf (m),
7.14:
Ts = 1.754X f d 0.1 + 2.12d

(7.14)

,
,
, .
7.3.3
tp (m) Vs (m/s) Vr
(m/s) , ,
:
t p = 1.975m f 0.333 K p log10 (1 + 5 10 5 Vs2 )

(7.15)

Vr = Vs (1 t1/t p )

(7.16)

: f

0.555

(kg),

t1

(m)

Kp

(m/kg0.333),
0.065 m/kg0.333 ,
0.440 m/kg0.333 ,
0.883 m/kg0.333
0.579 m/kg0.333 .

7.3.4
,
, (
THOR) t (m)
Vr (m/s) ,
r (kg),
( , Plexiglas, ). THOR

 7-

7-25

(. 7.17-7.19 ),
, :

t=

10

C1 + 7C 2 + 3C3
C2

Af

C3
C2

1 C5

f Vs C

C4

( cos ) C

(7.17)

Vr = Vs 10C1 + 7C2 + 3C3 ( tA f ) 2 fC3 (1/cos ) 4 VsC5

(7.18)

r = f 10C6 + 7C8 + 3C8 3 ( tA f ) 7 Cf 8 (1/cos ) 9 VsC10

(7.19)

: Af

(presented area)1 ,

(kg),

Vs

(m/s),

(rad),

C1 C10
7.8.
Af mf,

.
7.3.5

. ,
,
. ,

.

,
,
1

, .

7-26

7.8 THOR
.

Doron

Lexan

Nylon
()
Nylon
(
)
Plexiglas
Plexiglas
()

(
)

Tuballoy

C1
2.907
1.037
0.314
3.431

C2
1.029
1.042
0.678
1.021

C3
-1.072
-1.051
-0.73
-1.014

C4
1.251
1.028
0.846
0.917

C5
-0.139
0.523
0.802
-0.362

C6
-6.548
-9.052
-5.904
-10.161

C7
0.227
0.162
0.34
0.251

C8
0.694
0.673
0.568
0.343

C9
-0.361
2.091
1.422
0.706

C10
1.901
2.71
1.65
2.906

1.046

0.705

-0.723

0.69

0.465

-6.341

0.305

0.429

0.747

1.819

0.203
0.328
2.534

0.499
0.72
1.092

-0.502
-0.657
-1.17

0.655
0.773
1.05

0.818
0.603
-0.087

-3.267
-7.063
-6.026

0.506
0.48
0.285

0.35
0.465
0.803

0.777
1.171
-0.172

0.934
1.765
1.519

0.674

1.144

-0.968

0.743

0.392

-12.165

0.035

0.775

0.045

3.451

2.59

0.835

-0.654

0.99

-0.162

-6.619

-0.067

0.903

-0.351

1.717

1.31

1.044

-1.035

1.073

0.242

-6.115

1.402

-0.137

0.674

1.324

-0.093

1.112

-0.903

0.715

0.686

-6.431

0.437

0.169

0.62

1.683

1.631

0.674

-0.791

0.989

0.434

-1.768

0.234

0.744

0.469

0.483

2.877

0.889

-0.945

1.262

0.019

-3.017

0.346

0.629

0.327

0.88

2.801

0.889

-0.945

1.262

0.019

-2.616

0.138

0.835

0.143

0.761

2.118
0.441

1.103
0.583

-1.095
-0.603

1.369
0.865

0.167
0.828

-1.927
-4.564

1.086
0.56

-0.748
0.447

1.327
0.64

0.459
1.381

, (
). ,
,

,
,
.
7.4

()

,

.

 7-

7-27

,
(, )
.
--
,
,
. , ,
(
) ,
()
/,
,
. ,
,
, ,
, .
,
. :
i)

ii)

,
, /.

7.4.1

,
. ,

27.3 a, ,
( 7.9 7.11).
, GP500, GP1000 GP2000,
Tritonal H-6.

7-28

, 7.4.2.

, ,

. 7.20 7.21
.
. 7.19
fc 27.3 a.

, Xf (m)

, .

()

. 7.20 7.21
.
. 7.19
fc 27.3 a.

, Xf (m)

n/N

n/N

()

7.9 GP500 ()
H-6 () Tritonal,
27.3 MPa .

7-29

. 7.20 7.21
.
. 7.19
fc

, Xf (m)

7-

()

. 7.20 7.21
.
. 7.19
fc 27.3 a.

, Xf (m)

n/N

n/N

()

7.10 GP1000 ()
H-6 () Tritonal,
27.3 MPa
.
7.4.2
:
-

: , ,
,

. 7.20 7.21
.
. 7.19
fc 27.3 a.

, Xf (m)

7-30

()

. 7.20 7.21
.
. 7.19
fc 27.3 a.

, Xf (m)

n/N

n/N

()

7.11 GP2000 ()
H-6 () Tritonal,
27.3 MPa
.
-

, r,
.
,
( 7.4.5).
r 0.05 0.95.

 7-

7-31

, n/N.

()

() ,
, (.
7.4.4).
-

r (

f
X

27.3 .
,
0.50
. , ,
, .
-

7.9 7.11

f ).
23.7 MPa ( X

Xf (m),
fc, (7.20):
( 27.3/f ' ) 0.719
Xf = X
f
c

(7.20)

Xf

.
:
, Tp (m):

f ' 0.719
f ' 0.719
Tp = 1.98X f 1.1 c 0.825 0.1 + 9.23X f c 0.825
Vsd
Vsd

(7.21)

, Ts (m):

f ' 0.719
f ' 0.719
Ts = 2.13X f 1.1 c 0.825 0.1 + 14.9X f c 0.825
Vsd
Vsd

(7.22)

fc (Pa) , Xf (m)

7-32

7.9
(6) .
GP500

GP1000

GP2000

H-6

Tritonal

H-6

Tritonal

H-6

Tritonal

5.11

5.28

4.68

5.16

4.04

4.92

5.37

7.92

3.64

5.70

2.30

4.46

a (m/s)

609.6

609.6

609.6

609.6

609.6

609.6

b (m/s)

3.048

3.048

3.048

3.048

3.048

3.048

(m/s)

1798

1585

1981

1767

2164

1884

(m/s)

359.7

304.8

396.2

353.6

432.8

378.0

, Vsd (m/sec)
,
7.9,
( ) ,
,
.
(. 7.11) fc=43 MPa.

,
.
7.4.3 ()
, ,
,
, :
:
-

: , ,
,

 7-

7-33

, fc
(m).

1.

, n/N,
() () ,
,
(. 7.4.4).
2.

( ) , r,

7.4.1,
:
i)

7.9,
(
),
7.21 7.22 .

ii)

Xf (m)
f 27.3 Pa.
7.20, X

iii)

,
7.4.1.

7.4.4

n/N

n (
, ,
. 7.3),
:
.

, ,
, sn () .

7-34

, n/N

1.05 rad (60o)

0.78 rad (45o)

=
1.05, 0.78, 0.52 rad (60, 45, 30).

.
.

0.52 rad (30o)

, sn

7.12
, .

R, c (. 7.12),
,
. ,

R/c ,

7.4.4.1 .
, . 7.12,
, ,
, x w-x, , w .
,
, sn = R/aw, aw = x w-x, . ,
n/N 7.12,

 7-

7-35

. n/N
.
:
-

, aw = w/2
.

(c) (h)
h/c.

,
45.

sn > 10,
(7.23):
n
1
=
N 2s n

(7.23)

7.13
,
.
7.4.4.2 .

,
, ( , 7.13). ,
, ,
.
aw, aw = x w-x, , bh, , w
.
,

, n/N

7-36

=
1.05 rad (60).

.

, n/N

, sn
=
0.78 rad (45).

.

, n/N

, sn

= 0.52 rad (30).

.

, sn

7.14

,
1.05, 0.78 0.52 rad (60, 45, 30).

 7-

7-37

sn = R/aw tn = R/bh
n/N
7.14 () (), ,
. n/N
.
:
-

,
45.

sn > 10 tn > 10,

(7.24):
n
1
=
N 4s n t n

(7.24)

7.4.5 ,

,
, ,

(, ), ,
.

,
(mf kg) (Vs m/s),
= m 0.333
Vs0.825 ,
f

kg0.333 (m/s)0.825

(7.25)

,
, ,
. , , m

m = N 1 FL ( )

(7.26)

7-38

FL() .
, m 0. ,
, P(X=x) x

, :

m N m

x nx
P(X = x) =
,
N

n

(7.27)

m
m!
=
x x!(m x)!

(7.28)

, n = 0, r:

r = P(L max

m N m N m

0 n 0 n

< 1) =
=
N
N


n
n

(7.29)

P
,
, m

n
.

, 7.10
.

 7-

7-39

7.10
, GP500, GP1000
GP2000 .
, kg0.333 (m/s)0.825
FL()

GP500
H-6

GP1000

Tritonal

H-6

GP2000

Tritonal

H-6

Tritonal

0.01

3.4

1.1

1.3

0.1

6.3

18.2

8.2

7.4

10.4

7.0

0.25

16.9

36.7

19.5

17.8

25.2

19.0

0.5

39.9

68.4

42.1

38.4

55.2

45.6

0.75

79.2

112.4

77.7

70.7

103.4

91.6

0.9

131.7

163.1

122.3

111.3

164.5

153.7

0.95

172.5

198.3

155.3

141.2

210.3

201.5

0.99

268.6

274.4

231.4

211.7

313.3

316.1

0.995

310.4

307.2

264.1

241.3

357.6

366.0

0.999

408.6

377.0

338.5

308.2

457.5

483.6

0.9995

450.1

407.7

371.0

337.3

499.0

535.1

0.9999

563.7

478.0

448.3

410.7

599.1

671.4

7.5

7.5.1

Mott

.
( 7.15),
. ,
Mott


, ,
( ).

7-40

- V

- R

Mott

Mott

()

Mott

0.60
=0.926.V

=0.65.V

2/3

(g)

7.15

()

(m/sec)

()

() Mott
() Mott
U6N ()
Grady and Olsen (Grady and
Olsen 2003).

,

( )
,
. ,
Mott,
.
, , Kipp and Grady (1985),
,

. ,
, . ,
Mott

 7-

7-41

. ,
,
,
( )
.

(. 7.15 7.15).
, Grady and Olsen (2003),
, ,
( ),
, Mott
, .
, ,
,
.

 8

8.1

,
.

,
. ,
,
.
,
, (..
).

,
,
.

. :
(impulse) ,
.

, .

8-2

8.2

8.2.1

,
,
.
,
.
, ,
() .
,
,
.
8.2.2

,
(impulsive), (dynamic) (quasi static).
25%

, .

, .
,
,

.
,

,

, .
,

-

 8-

8-3

. - (P-I)
8.1.

.
,
.

8.1

- (P-I).

, ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
, (,
) .

8-4

. , ,
.
, tof
tof=2i/P, i
, P .

, 8.2.
,

( 8.2).

.

,
.

8.2

,

, .

 8-

8-5

,
,
.
8.2.3

4 5
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
(. 10), ,
,
.


.

,
. ,
,
.
(
, )
75% .
,
. ,
.

.
8.1:

8-6

Pe (t)=K L P(t)

(8.1)

Pe (t) , P(t) , K L
,
, :

p ( x, y, t ) ( x, y )dA

KL = A

(8.2)

p ( x, y, t ) dA
A

p ( x, y, t ) t
(x,y), dA
8.2, ( x, y )
,
. ,
1.0 ,
.
K L ,

.
10.

, 4 5,
L. ,
, (..
), ,
. ( 8.3)
LU 8.3,
:
L U =a L

(8.3)

L , a :

a=0.5 1+

Pmin

Pmax

(8.4)

Pmin , Pmax , .

 8-

8.3

8-7

LU
,
.
, LU.
( 8.4).

L Ux L Uy , LUx LUy
x y , :
L Ux =a L x

(8.5)

L Uy =a L y

(8.6)

a
:

Pmin

Pmax

(8.7)

a=0.6+0.4

Pmin , Pmax x ( , .
8.4) .

8-8

Lx
LUx

Ly

LUy

8.4

, ,
, ,
.

.
8.2.4

,
, 4
. , -
,
,
. ,
:
(incident), (reflected) (drag),
. ,

, ,
,
.

 8-

8-9

.
,
8.2.2
,
.

, ,
.

, ,
, Friedlander (. 4)
,
.
,
, (. 8.5): )

, ) , )
.
,
, .
8.2.4.1
,
0.1m/kg0.333, ,

(breach-type failure).
,

.
,
0.1m/kg0.333.

8-10

8.5

,
.

8.2.4.2
,

.
,
( 8.2.4.4). ,
,
8.2.3. ,
, 25%.

 8-

8-11

,

, ,

.
8.2.4.3

,
( 1.5MPa)
(. 4.6).
,

. ,
,
. , ,
,
.
8.2.4.4 .
8.6
.
,

Friedlander:
bt
Ps (t) + q(t) = ( Pso + q o ) 1 t e t o
to

(8.8)

Pr, Pso,
to ta
4 (. 4.4).
qo 8.7
b 8.8,
. , , tcp :

8-12

t cp =

3 Sp

(8.9)

Us

Sp

, Us (. 4.4).

Ps(t)+q(t)

8.6 .

qO (MPa)

qO = ME

, PSO (MPa)

8.7 q
.

 8-

, b

8-13

, PSO (MPa)

8.8 b
.
8.2.5

5
.

- ,
,
.

, 0.4
m/kg0.333. ,
(breach-type failure)
.

,

0.4 m/kg0.333.

,

8-14

-. 1-
, i ff
( ) , r
, :
i = ff + r

(8.10)

, :
r = c ( Vff Vs )

(8.11)

: c =
=
Vff = (. 5),
Vs =
() ,
(
).
,
,
, . ,
,
.
8.2.6

,
(. 6 7),
.
,
.
(soft impacts),
,
.

 8-

8-15

,
,
(. )
.
, ,
,
.

.
, ,
, .

.
, ,
, Fp (MN)
tp (msec) :
FP =

mVs2
2P

(8.12)

2P
Vs

(8.13)

tP =

= (m),

= (kgr)

Vs

= (m/msec).

P
6 (.. 6.13),
15% ,
.
,
,
8.2.2.
, 6.13
, 8.9 8.10
GP500. (FP

8-16

) (tp msec)
C30 C60,
25 45mm 100 250 m/s.
16

c=25mm

Fp (MN)

14
12

Vs=250m/sec

10

Vs=200m/sec

Vs=150m/sec

Vs=100m/sec

4
2
0
20
16
14

40

60
fc (MPa)

100

c=45mm
Vs=250m/sec

12
Fp (MN)

80

10

Vs=200m/sec

Vs=150m/sec

Vs=100m/sec

4
2
0
20

8.9

40

60
fc (MPa)

80

100

GP500.

 8-

8-17

c=25mm

tp (msec)

6.5
6
5.5

Vs=100m/sec
Vs=150m/sec
Vs=200m/sec
Vs=250m/sec

5
4.5
20
7

40

60
fc (MPa)

80

100

c=45mm

tp (msec)

6.5
6
5.5
Vs=100m/sec
Vs=150m/sec
Vs=200m/sec
Vs=250m/sec

5
4.5
20

8.10

40

60
fc (MPa)

80

100

GP500.

. ,
, ,
.
,
.
8.3

8.3.1

,
,

8-18

(. 1.6).
,
,
. ,
, ,

.
,
.
1.6.
8.3.2

, :
-

: ,
,
..

: / ,
..

: ..
.

,

, .

.
.
( 8.11):
= 0 z

(8.14)

0
.

 8-

8-19

=0..z
8.11 .

,

, Lx x Ly, b.
3 :
8.3.2.1

(
8.12).

h,
.
45, :

(8.15)

( L x +2 h ) ( L y +2 h )

45o

45o

8.12
.

8-20

8.3.2.2

( 8.13).

,
2 ,
.
:

4 Q 2
( 2 + 2 )

4 Q '2
( '2 + 2 )

(8.16)

Q
.

'.

8.13
.

8.3.2.3

(
8.14).

,
, 2
, .


, 8.14.

 8-

45o

8-21

,1

,2

8.14
.
8.3.3

5.3 ,
,
(, 2005).
,
,

/ .
,

1.5,
,
0.5 .
, 1.5

(. 8.15).
,
(, 2005).

8-22

sad

1.5..

0.5..

8.15

(..
, ),

,
- .

,
(4) .
,
, 8.16.
,
-, ,
. ,

,
(flexibility ratio).
8.17 :
F=

GmL
S1H

(8.17)

Gm , S1
( x, kPa)

 8-

8-23

, (
-. 8.17), L H
8.16.

8.16
.

F -,

,
. F,
8.18 8.19 R ( 8.18)

.
.
R=

(8.18)

,
8.17,
.

8-24

()

()

8.17

- : ()

()
,
.

Poisson 0.4

0.5

R=

, F

8.18
(
R), F.

 8-

8-25

R=

Poisson 0.4

0.5

, F

8.19
(
R), F-.
8.4

,

(. 1.6).

, :
-

(
, , , )
( 1.0).

(..
)
( 1.0).

(..
, , ), (..
),
,
.

8-26

(,
, ),
.
8.5

,

, .


.

, .

,
.
,
.
, :
()

,
3.

,

1.2 .

()

.
, , ,

.

,
.

9.1 -
, (3)
:
( 9.1)
,
.
( 9.2)
, (cut-and-cover) ,

,
/ .

9.1
( ).
, ( 9.3)
.
,
,
-
.

9-2

9.2
( ).

9.3
( ).

,
9.1.

 9-

9-3

9.1 .

-
-

-
- (
)

-
-
-
-
,

-
-
-
(..
)

- ,

--,
/
-

-

-

,

-
/

9.2

,
- ,
,
.
9.2.1

, ,
1 (
, , -)
. ,

,

9-4

,
.
9.2.2

,
.
9.2.3

,
, (..
). ,
, ..
.
9.2.4

,
, .
..
, .
9.2.5

, ,
6m
.
, .
9.3

. ,
,
.

 9-

9-5

,
. ,
,
.

- (. 1.2),

. ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
/.
9.4

,
( / )
.

,
.
,
.
9.4.1

9-6

9.4.1.1
, ,
( 9.2)
,
. (
30 MPa)
- . /

, ,
.
9.4.1.2

20-30%
,
.
-
,
, . ,
- ,

.
9.4.1.3

( 9.2)
3 7. ,
,
. ,
. ,

.

 9-

9.4.2

9-7

. ,
(. 6),
- ( 9.4),

0.4m/kg0.333 ,
8.

,
.
,
.
(, 9.4)
(, 9.4),
( ) ,

( 9.5).
, ,
9.5, , Mark (.. GP500) J-hook (. 6)

.
2-
, 6 .

( 9.2).
,
,
.

9-8

(#10) 5.3 .

9.4

,
.

9.5

,
(.. ),

 9-

9-9

,
.
,
, .
.
( 9.2)

.
9.5

III

, .
, ,
( 9.3) .
,
,
,
.
, ,
( 9.6).
.
9.5.1

,
.

. ,
,
, .

, (.
9.6). ,

9-10

( ,
).

II

9.6
9.5.2

().

1

.
,
.
,
.

 9-

9-11

6
.
9.5.3

, ,
,
.
.


,
.
9.6

9.6.1

,
,
.
,
, ,
,
( 9.7). ( 4m 6m
) ,
,
/ ,
. ,
,
. .
,
9.2,
1.5x1.5m,
.

9-12

,
,
2
.

9.7

()
, ,
2 ( 9.6) .
,
,
.
9.6.2

/
. ,
, .
,

.

 9-

9-13

8,
,
10.
,
( 9.8):
i)

ii)

iii)

, 2

iv)

, 3,

(.. )
1 2, (
) . 2
,
.
3 (..
). ,

. 4,
, 130 kPa.

4.5mm,
(spot welding).
,
, .

,
.

9-14

1.

2.

3.

4.

9.8

 10

10.1

.
,
.
3 , 8
11
(resistance functions) .
,
3- -

,
,
.
, .

,
. ,
,
,
,
.
,
.

10-2

10.2

10.2.1
,
,
, ,
( 11).

,
.
,
:
-

,
(, , -. 8).

- .

-
,
(strain rate effects)
(strain hardening effects).

-,
.

,
. ,
(. 12)
.
10.2.2


.
, .

 10-

10-3

,
,
. ,
,
.

10.1.

( )

10.1

10-4

10.2.2.1

10.1.
, , :
M e &&
u ( t ) + R e ( u ( t ) ) = Fe ( t )

(10.1)

:
e

(t)

Re(u) =
u(t)

Fe(t)

= o

, -
(. 10.1), 10.2-10.4:

R e (u ) = ke (u us )

(10.2)

u yn < u < u yp

R e ( u ) = k e ( u yp u s )

(10.3)

u < u yp

R e ( u ) = k e ( u yn u s )

(10.4)

u < u yn

(. 10.1):
ke

us

= ()

uyn

uyp

 10-

10-5

H ,

, , :

Me = K M M t
Fe = K L Ft
ke = KR k

(10.5)

:
t

Ft

KM

KL

KR

R=KL,
:
K M M t &&
u ( t ) + K L k u ( t ) = K L Ft ( t )

(10.6)

K LM M t &&
u ( t ) + k u ( t ) = Ft ( t )

(10.7)

:
KLM

= - (=/L)

10.7,
Newmark-,
,
, .
10.2.2.2

,
,
.
,
(x,y),

10-6

. ,
,
,
. 10.1,
. ,
(--)
.
10.1

, .

LM

, V

0.53

0.41

0.70

0.36R+0.14P

0.64

0.50

0.78

0.39R+0.11P

0.50

0.33

0.66

0.38Rm+0.12P

0.64

0.50

0.78

0.39R+0.11P

0.50

0.33

0.66

0.38Rm+0.12P

0.58

0.45

0.78

0.43R+0.19P

0.64

0.50

0.78

0.39R+0.11P=Mps/L

0.50

0.33

0.66

0.38Rm+0.12P=Mps/L

0.40

0.26

0.65

0.69R+0.31P

0.50

0.33

0.66

0.75Rm+0.25P

, ._

.
,
,
. , :
2

M e = K M M t = m ( x, y ) dxdy

(10.8)

:
2

m ( x, y ) dxdy
K M =
mdxdy

(10.9)

 10-

10-7

:
=

10.1-10.8.

, .

10.2

LM

1.0

1.0

0.37

1.0

0.37

0.71R+0.21P

1.0

1.0

0.33

1.0

0.33

0.75Rm+0.21P

1.0

1.0

0.49

1.0

0.49

0.78R-0.28P

1.0

1.0

0.33

1.0

0.33

0.75Rm-0.25P

1.0

1.0

0.43

1.0

0.43

V1=0.54R+0.14P
V2=0.25R-0.07P

1.0

1.0

0.49

1.0

0.49

0.78R0.28P=Mps/L

1.0

1.0

0.33

1.0

0.33

0.75Rm0.25P=Mps/L

1.0

1.0

0.24

1.0

0.24

1.36R-0.36P

1.0

1.0

0.33

1.0

0.24

1.50Rm-0.5P

, V

, L._

,

. ,
10.10 10.11:
Fe = L Ft = i =1 Fi i
j

F
KL =
F

(10.10)

i =1 i
j

(10.11)

i =1 i

:
Fi

= i-

10-8

= i-

,
10.12 10.13:
Fe = L Ft = p ( x, y, t ) ( x, y )dxdy

(10.12)

p ( x, y, t ) ( x, y )dxdy
p ( x, y, t )dxdy

(10.13)

KL =

:
p(x,y,t) =

L .

10.1-10.8.

,
( Poisson v=0.3).

10.3

Ly/Lx
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

L
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.42

M
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25

LM
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.51
0.51
0.54
0.58
0.58
0.59

VA

VB

0.07P+0.18R
0.06P+0.16R
0.06P+0.14R
0.05P+0.13R
0.04P+0.11R
0.04P+0.09R
0.09P+0.16Rm
0.08P+0.15Rm
0.07P+0.13Rm
0.06P+0.12Rm
0.05P+0.10Rm
0.04P+0.08Rm

0.07P+0.18R
0.08P+0.20R
0.08P+0.22R
0.08P+0.24R
0.09P+0.26R
0.09P+0.28R
0.09P+0.16Rm
0.09P+0.18Rm
0.10P+0.20Rm
0.10P+0.22Rm
0.10P+0.25Rm
0.11P+0.27Rm

 10-

10-9

,
( Poisson v=0.3).

10.4

Ly/Lx
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

L
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.43
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.42

M
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25

LM
0.63
0.68
0.69
0.71
0.71
0.72
0.67
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.51
0.51
0.54
0.58
0.58
0.59

VA

VB

0.10P+0.15R
0.09P+0.14R
0.08P+0.12R
0.07P+0.11R
0.06P+0.09R
0.05P+0.08R
0.07P+0.18R
0.06P+0.16R
0.06P+0.14R
0.05P+0.13R
0.04P+0.11R
0.04P+0.09R
0.09P+0.16Rm
0.08P+0.15Rm
0.07P+0.13Rm
0.06P+0.12Rm
0.05P+0.10Rm
0.04P+0.08Rm

0.10P+0.15R
0.10P+0.17R
0.11P+0.19R
0.11P+0.21R
0.12P+0.23R
0.12P+0.25R
0.07P+0.18R
0.08P+0.20R
0.08P+0.22R
0.08P+0.24R
0.09P+0.26R
0.09P+0.28R
0.09P+0.16Rm
0.09P+0.18Rm
0.10P+0.20Rm
0.10P+0.22Rm
0.10P+0.25Rm
0.11P+0.27Rm

, R._

,
,
.

. ,
R KL, :

K R = R me R = k e k = K L

(10.14)

:
Rm

Rme

10-10

10.14
, .


, ( Poisson
v=0.3).

10.5

Ly/Lx
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

10.2.2.3

L
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.42

M
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25

LM
0.67
0.68
0.68
0.72
0.73
0.73
0.67
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.51
0.51
0.54
0.58
0.58
0.59

VA

VB

0.09P+0.16R
0.08P+0.14R
0.08P+0.12R
0.07P+0.11R
0.06P+0.09R
0.05P+0.08R
0.07P+0.18R
0.06P+0.16R
0.06P+0.14R
0.05P+0.13R
0.04P+0.11R
0.04P+0.09R
0.09P+0.16Rm
0.08P+0.15Rm
0.07P+0.13Rm
0.06P+0.12Rm
0.05P+0.10Rm
0.04P+0.08Rm

0.07P+0.18R
0.08P+0.20R
0.08P+0.22R
0.08P+0.24R
0.09P+0.26R
0.09P+0.28R
0.07P+0.18R
0.08P+0.20R
0.08P+0.22R
0.08P+0.24R
0.09P+0.26R
0.09P+0.28R
0.09P+0.16Rm
0.09P+0.18Rm
0.10P+0.20Rm
0.10P+0.22Rm
0.10P+0.25Rm
0.11P+0.27Rm

-

.
:
Fe ( t ) = I ( t ) ( x, y )dxdy = ff ( x, y, t ) + 1 c1 Vff ( x, y, t ) ( x, y ) dxdy
1 c1 u& ( x, y, t ) ( x, y )dxdy

(10.15)

 10-

, ( Poisson
v=0.3).

10.6

10-11

Ly/Lx
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

L
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.36
0.40
0.42

M
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25

LM
0.67
0.70
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.72
0.67
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.74
0.74
0.51
0.51
0.54
0.58
0.58
0.59

VA

VB

0.07P+0.18R
0.06P+0.16R
0.06P+0.14R
0.05P+0.13R
0.04P+0.11R
0.04P+0.09R
0.07P+0.18R
0.06P+0.16R
0.06P+0.14R
0.05P+0.13R
0.04P+0.11R
0.04P+0.09R
0.09P+0.16Rm
0.08P+0.15Rm
0.07P+0.13Rm
0.06P+0.12Rm
0.05P+0.10Rm
0.04P+0.08Rm

0.09P+0.16R
0.10P+0.18R
0.11P+0.19R
0.11P+0.21R
0.12P+0.23R
0.12P+0.25R
0.07P+0.18R
0.08P+0.20R
0.08P+0.22R
0.08P+0.24R
0.09P+0.26R
0.09P+0.26R
0.09P+0.16Rm
0.09P+0.18Rm
0.10P+0.20Rm
0.10P+0.22Rm
0.10P+0.25Rm
0.11P+0.27Rm

u& ( x, y, t ) = u& o ( t ) ( x, y ) :
Fe ( t ) = Feff ( t ) FeSMI ( t ) = ff ( x, y, t ) + 1 c1 Vff ( x, y, t ) ( x, y ) dxdy
2

1 c1 u& o ( x, y ) dxdy

(10.16)

= -

ff(x,y,t)

c1

Vff(x,y,t) =
u&

u& o

10-12

Feff(t)

FeSMI(t)

=


, ( Poisson
v=0.3).

10.7

Ly/Lx
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

L
0.56
0.56
0.55
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.47
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.51
0.50
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.44
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.33

M
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.37
0.36
0.34
0.31
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.17

LM
0.79
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.74
0.73
0.71
0.69
0.66
0.77
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.68
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.59
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.50

VA

VB

0.14P+0.33R
0.14P+0.32R
0.14P+0.31R
0.13P+0.30R
0.13P+0.29R
0.13P+0.27R
0.12P+0.25R
0.12P+0.23R
0.12P+0.21R
0.11P+0.18R
0.11P+0.15R
0.14P+0.33R
0.14P+0.32R
0.14P+0.31R
0.13P+0.30R
0.13P+0.29R
0.13P+0.27R
0.12P+0.25R
0.12P+0.21R
0.12P+0.21R
0.11P+0.18R
0.11P+0.15R
0.11P+0.29Rm
0.11P+0.28Rm
0.11P+0.27Rm
0.11P+0.26Rm
0.10P+0.25Rm
0.10P+0.21Rm
0.10P+0.21Rm
0.10P+0.21Rm
0.09P+0.20Rm
0.09P+0.18Rm
0.09P+0.17Rm

0.07P+0.04R
0.08P+0.04R
0.09P+0.04R
0.10P+0.06R
0.12P+0.08R
0.13P+0.10R
0.14P+0.11R
0.16P+0.13R
0.17P+0.15R
0.19P+0.19R
0.21P+0.24R
0.07P+0.04R
0.08P+0.04R
0.09P+0.04R
0.10P+0.06R
0.12P+0.08R
0.13P+0.10R
0.14P+0.11R
0.17P+0.15R
0.17P+0.15R
0.19P+0.19R
0.21P+0.24R
0.07P+0.13Rm
0.07P+0.14Rm
0.08P+0.16Rm
0.09P+0.17Rm
0.10P+0.20Rm
0.12P+0.24Rm
0.12P+0.24Rm
0.13P+0.26Rm
0.14P+0.28Rm
0.15P+0.30Rm
0.17P+0.33Rm

 10-

, ( Poisson
v=0.3).

10.8

10-13

Ly/Lx

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.40
0.42

M
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25

LM
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.50
0.52
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60

VA

VB

0.22P+0.28R
0.21P+0.25R
0.20P+0.23R
0.19P+0.21R
0.17P+0.18R
0.15P+0.15R
0.22P+0.28R
0.21P+0.25R
0.20P+0.23R
0.19P+0.21R
0.17P+0.18R
0.15P+0.15R
0.17P+0.33Rm
0.16P+0.32Rm
0.15P+0.30Rm
0.14P+0.28Rm
0.13P+0.26Rm
0.12P+0.24Rm

0.22P+0.29R
0.23P+0.30R
0.24P+0.32R
0.25P+0.36R
0.26P+0.40R
0.26P+0.45R
0.22P+0.29R
0.23P+0.30R
0.24P+0.32R
0.25P+0.36R
0.26P+0.40R
0.26P+0.45R
0.17P+0.33Rm
0.17P+0.35Rm
0.18P+0.37Rm
0.19P+0.39Rm
0.19P+0.42Rm
0.20P+0.45Rm

, :
M e &&
u ( t ) + R e ( u ( t ) ) = 0; Feff ( t ) FeSMI ( t ) < 0
Feff ( t ) FeSMI ( t ) ;

Feff ( t ) FeSMI ( t ) 0

(10.17)

- -
10.17
. ,
, :
K M M t &&
u ( t ) + K L k u ( t ) = K L F ( t ) K SMI FtSMI ( t ) ; FeSMI ( t ) = K SMI FtSMI ( t )

(10.18)

:
SMI

10-14

FtSMI(t)

,
:
K SMI =

FtSMI
FeSMI

(10.19)

:
2

FeSMI = 1 c1 u& o ( x, y ) dxdy

(10.20)

FtSMI = 1 c1 u& o ( x, y )dxdy

(10.21)

SMI :
2

( x, y ) dxdy
K SMI =
( x, y )dxdy

(10.22)

SMI L M LM. ,
, SMI = LM.
,

, ,
.
10.2.2.4

. ,
. ,

,
. ,
:
VR ( t ) = C R R ( t ) + C F F ( t )

(10.23)

:
VR(t)

R(t)

 10-

F(t)

CR

CF

10-15

CR CF
.
10.23 -
10% ,
,
, .
10.1-10.8.
10.2.2.5

,
, :
-

.
,

, .

,

10.1-10.8,
.

,
,
, (. 11). ,
, ,

.

,

10-16

-- 6,
. 11

,
,
.

,

.

.
.
10.2.3

10.2.2.5,
- , ..
.

10.2

-.

 10-

10-17

. ,
, :
-

-,
(..
)
.

3- - (. 10.2) ,
(..

). ,

5,
,
.

-
.
(.
Mohr-Coulomb Drucker-Prager )

.

,
,
. (hydrocodes),
( ,
),
.

10-18

- ,
.

10.3

,

, ,
(. 1.6).
,
8,
. ,
,
,
.
,
.

:
-

,
.

,
.

,
, 3.5.3.

 11


11.1

.
,
,
, .
,
,
.
,
( )
, )
) ,
.
,
(, 2000).
11.1.1

, ,
, .
,
,
. ,
,

11-2

q 2000),
.
, ,
,
:
-

( )
, .

,
, ,
.
11.1.2
:
-

,

.
,
,

(, ).

,
, (
) (
),
( ,
, ,
) .

 11-

11 -3

(
2000),
,
.

/
)
)

1.
.
11.2

11.2.1
11.2.1.1



.

.


,
.
,
() ,
6 60
m/sec. ,
/
(. 11.2.1.2)
,
.

11-4

... -
... -
-

..

..

..

h
R

(...)

..

(..)

(..)

, W




, Wadj

: m, Kg, MPa

11.1

/
,
,
.

, ) /
,
6, ) ,
7.
11.2.1.2
, ,
,
,

 11-

11 -5

.
,
, : ) , )
) (. 11.1).
, R,
h W,
,
11.1.
h/R
(11.1):

h
1
=
R a + b + c 2 + d3

(11.1)

:
h

(m),

(m),

a = 0.01633, b = 0.98009, c = -0.64804, d = 2.21259.

,
:

h
1
=
R a + b + c 2

(11.2)

a = 0.01526, b = 1.41191, c = 3.42685.

, :

=R

0.296 0.266
c

0.353
adj

Wadj

W
m
+
adj
c

0.333

(11.3)

:
0.341
= 0.647R 0.972fc0.308 Wadj

(11.4)

11-6

Wadj,
:
Wadj = Bf C f W

(11.5)

f ,
f = 1.0 f = 0.5
. , Cf :

LD
R
1

Cf = 1 + 2
1

0.667
0.333
( 3LD 2 /16 )
0.793W

(11.6)

:
L

(m) : 0.0203 < L < 1.52 m

(m) : 0.0203 < D < 0.457 m

(m), : 0.051 < h < 2.13 m

(m), : 0.0025 < R < 9.14 m,

fc

(MPa)
,
(. 3.2.5), : 10.6 < fc < 95.2 MPa,

mc

(kg), : 0. < mc < 38.9 kg,

(kg) ( 3)

Wadj (kg).
11.6 L>D

R
< 0.793. Cf = 1.0
W0.333

W
0.013 < W < 1043.0 kg R/W0.333
0.0032 < Wadj < 4.8 m/ kg0.333.
11.2.1.3
:
-

, .

 11-

11 -7

( ),
(. 7
).

, .

.

(11.1) (11.6) . ,
:
i)

,
.

ii)

,
,
.

11.2.2

11.2.2.1
._
( 11.2.3, 11.2.4)
,
:
i)

L/h > 2 ,
.

ii)

L/h > 2.5 ,

.

iii)

L/h 5 .

11-8

L h ,
, .
11.2.7.
Mdu._
:
i)

Mdu,

(. 11.4).

ii)

,
.

iii)

(. 10),
(
) .

,
, ( 2000),

.
(Mdu),

( , )
,
(2000), :
i)

, ,
11.2.2.2

ii)

,
,
.

._
,

 11-

11 -9

,
(Mdu), (ru)
,
. ,
, ( 11.2.6.2)

(ruc), ,
.
11.2.2.2
,

(2000),
,
:
i) ,
1991-1.
, ,
mc ms 1.00.
ii)
C30/37.
S400, fu/fy
.
,
.
iii) (
, u , s, )

( -1, 1992-1-1
.3.2.1 ).
iv). fc (2000),
,

11-10

fdc,
(11.7):
fdc = fc Ka Ke (cc)

(11.7)

:
cc

,
(. 3),

28 (
) .
a = 1.10
6 , a = 1.15 12 .

.

, .
e = 1.10,

.

v) fct
(2000),
( 11.2.4),
fdt, ,
(11.7):
fdt = fct Ka Ke (ct)

(11.7)

:
ct

,
(. 3),

vi) , fy
fu, ,

 11-

11 -11

fdy fdu, ,
, (11.8) (11.8), :
fdy = fy Ke (sy)

(11.8)

fdu = fu Ke (su)

(11.8)

:
sy, su,

, , (.
3),

10%
, .

:
-
(Ecm),
(2000).
cc,
, 2.5, =
0.0025/cc.
-
s ,
.
-

,

. (
),
,
.

11-12

( iv, 3).
,

( ), cc,t = 1.00.
- ,
,
(

- i-iii,
3),
3.
- ,
( iv, 3),

.
- ,
,

,
. ,
ty
(
, ),
& c , & s :
& c =

c
, c 2.5 , ,
ty

& s =

f ds
s , 200000
Est y

Pa, fds ( 11.1).

 11-

11 -13

11.2.3
,
,
11.2,
:
i) ,
ii) ,
iii) ,

()

11.2 .
ru

fds,
. ,
rd , ds
(2000):
ds = As fds z Mdu

(11.9)

:
As (m2),

11-14

fds

,
11.1 (MPa),

(m).

ru ( ) L/h,
, fds,

, 11.1.
11.2.3.1

( 11.3),

.
:
._

2 (0.035 rad).
,
(2000), fdc fds.

,
:

M du =

As f ds
b

0.4As f ds
d

0.8 0.85bf dc

(11.10)

:
Mdu

(N-mm/mm),

As

(mm2),

fds

( 11.1)
(MPa),

(m) ( 11.3)

 11-

11 -15

(m).

- ,
.
(.. ),
. .

11.3 , .
._
. 2 (0.035
rad),
,
:
M du =

A sII f ds d c
b

(11.10)

:
Mdu

(N-mm/mm),

AsII

:
(mm2),

fds

( 11.1)
(MPa),

dc

(m) ( 11.3)

(m).

11-16

11.1 (ASTM 615 S400)

.

rad (o)
1,3,5

2,3,4,5

. .
fds = fdy

0 (0) m 0.0524 (3 )

0 (0 ) m 0. 0873 (5 )

fds = fdy + 0.25 (fdu fdy)

0.0524 (3 ) m 0.0873 (5 )

0. 0873 (5 ) m 0.1400 (8 )

fds = fdy + 0.50 (fdu fdy)

0.0873 (5 ) m

0.1400 (8 ) m

.
fds = fdy6
1

- L/h 10
- L/h 6

- 10 L/h 15
- 6 L/h 10

, .

L/h , fds = fdy

0.015. , fds = fdy.

,
, fds = fdy.

:
i)

( ) = .

 11-

11 -17

, .
ii)

. ,
,
( ).
1.0d 500 mm.

iii)

0.002 0.025, .

iv)

,

25% ( ).

11.2.3.2
,
.

.
,
,

(, ), :
At = Nt / fds

(11.11)

:
At
(mm2/mm),
Nt ,
(N/mm),
fds ,
(MPa).

11-18

11.2.4 ( )

, vcr (MPa), :
v cr =

Vcr
d

(11.12)

Vcr (N/mm) d
(mm).
, ,
,
.
, :
i)

d ,
,

ii)

,
, (.
2000).

, ,
,
, ru,
.
,
,
.
11.2.4.1
(2000), vu (MPa)

vc (MPa)
, vs (MPa):
vu = vc + vs

(11.13)

 11-

11 -19

,
( ),
(
).
._ , vc
(MPa), ,
:
ct
(K a K e f ck )0.5
vc =
6

( )

(11.14)

ct
vc =
6

0.3N u
1 +

Ag

(K a K e f ck )0.5 ( )

(11.15)

ct
6

1 + N u
14 A
g

(K a K e f ck )0.5

(11.15)

vc =

( )

:
Nu

,
(),

Ag

(mm2),

fc

(MPa)

Ka, Ke, ct ,
( , . 11.7,
11.2.2.2).
,

Vcr.
._
(vcr > vc),

11-20

. , vs (MPa),
(11.16), (2000):
vs =

0.90 A v f dy

(11.16)

bs

:
Av s b (mm2),
fdy (MPa),
b

(m)

(m).

._ , vu (MPa),

, vc2 (MPa), . (11.17):
v u < v c2

0.25 ( ct ) (K a K e f ck ) 0.9
=
bd

(11.17)

:
d

(m),

(m)

Ka, Ke, ct ,
( , . 11.7,
11.2.2.2).
11.2.4.2
Avmin (mm2):
A vmin =

bs
3f y

(11.18)

:
b

(m),

(m)

fy

(MPa).

 11-

11 -21

11.4 .
:
-

18.1 (. 18, 2000).

, d/2 600 mm,
.

( 11.4).

, smax
(mm) d/2 600 mm.
,
.
0.21 rad (12),
d/4 200 mm.

smax (mm)
0.21 rad (12)
. 18.3.4 2000,

11-22

Vrd2,
(ct)fc.
,

,
d .
11.2.4.3
, .. ,

, d/2 .
vcr (MPa) . (11.19) :
v cr =

Po
bod

(11.19)

vc (MPa) :
vc =

ct
(K a K e f ck )0.5
3

(11.20)

:
b

,
d/2
(.. ) (m),

(m),

fc (MPa)
Ka, Ke, ct ,
( , . 11.7,
11.2.2.2).

<2.0. =2.0, vc (MPa)
0.5+(1/).

 11-

11 -23

, vcr > vc ,
vs=vcr(0.50vc), (11.16),
50%.
11.2.4.4


, .
, .

,
. vd (MPa)
:

vd =

V
d

(11.21)

V (N/mm) (
. 10) d (m) ( ).
._
vdc (MPa),

:
v dc = 0.16 c f ck

(11.22)

cfck
(MPa). vdc < vd,
,
(.
-, . 11.3). ,
vdu (MPa),
, ,
:

v du = 0.14 c f ck +

1.2
(N c + A vf f dy ) 0.6 c f ck
d

(11.23)

11-24

:
Avf

(mm2/mm),

Nc

(N),

cfck
(MPa),
fdy

(MPa).

._
( ),
, -
. ,
.
,
5 mm ,
, (..
) , , .
, .
vdu (MPa),
, (
) , :

v du = 0.12 c f ck +

1.1
(N c + A vf f dy ) 0.6 c f ck
d

(11.24)

, vdu (MPa),

, :

v du =

1.0
(N c + A vf f dy ) 0.4 c f ck
d

(11.24)

:
Avf

(mm2/mm),

Nc

(N),

c fck
(MPa),
fdy

(MPa).

 11-

11 -25

.
11.2.5

,
,
, ,
. ,

.
,
, a, :
i) :
Ia =

Ig + Ic

(11.25)

ii) ( ),
:
a = Ic

(11.26)

:
Ia

(mm4/mm),

Ig

(mm4/mm),

Ic

(mm4/mm),
.

, Ic (11.27) :
I c = F d3

(11.27)

:
F

, 11.5
11.5

11-26

, n = Es/Ecm, ,
(
= ),
= As/bd, = As/bd, ,
,
As, As ,
(mm2),
b

(mm),

(mm),

Es

, 200000
MPa

Ecm

, (2000),
fdc.

:
i)

Ic .
ii)

, Ic (
) x
y, :

Ic =

I cx L y + I cy L x

(11.28)

Lx + Ly

:
Ic

(mm4/mm),

Icx, Icy
x y (mm4/mm),
Lx, Ly x y (mm).
iii)

( iii iv, 3),

.

 11-

11 -27

, Es=200000

MPa Ecm (2000), fdc.

=As/bd

11.5
.

=As/bd

11.5
= .

11-28

()

()

()

11.6 : ()
, ()
()
.
11.2.6

11.2.6.1
2 L/h 30
( ), .
, ( 11.6)
,
(
). ,
( C, 11.6),
(
).

 11-

11 -29

( )

, ,
,
.
,
,
.
11.2.6.2


,
11.7. ,
, .
)
:
i) ,
ii) ( ),
iii) ,
.
, 0.21-0.35 rad (12 20),
.
)
,
:
i)

ii) .

11-30

-
( )
- Lx/Ly 1,

-
( )

11.7
.

, :
-

, ,
,

,
,

 11-

11 -31

L,
, .

, /
.

, 11.7,
.

, .
,
, .
.
11.2.6.3
._

11.8,
,
(11.29 ,) :

ruc =

8
(
M 'uc + M uc N uc uc )
2
L

h 1 uc
8
L2
(
)
(1 1) + 2t
+

0.85
f

h
1

dc 1
1

2
L
2 4
4 uc
L

2
+

2
2uc
1 L2 1
2t 1 2 L4
2t

+
2
1

8h
2 4h
2
L 16H 2uc
L

2

1
h
h

(
T ' T C s' + C s ) + (C s' + C s ) d' uc + (T ' + T ) d + uc
3.4 f dc
2
2
2
2

(11.29)

h uc T' T C's +C s
+ C s T

0.85 f dc1
4
1.7f dc1
2t 1
2
2

(11.29)

+
+ =
2
L
hE
LS

f L
1
2

1 + 0.2125 dc 1
+
uc
hE
LS
c

11-32

1000 mm
.
.

fc

11.8
1.00m,
(T , Cs
Cc
, mm ).

:
ruc

,
(MPa),

Muc, Muc
ruc,
, (Nmm/mm),

 11-

uc

11 -33

ruc (N/mm),

(mm),

fdc

(MPa),

, d (=0.80
fdc 30 MPa, 0.008 1 MPa 1 0.65),

L, 0.50
,

Ec

(MPa),

(N/mm/mm)

(mm),

uc

,
ruc, 0.033 L ( 0.5h), 2 L/h 30.

T, T ,

,
fds (N/mm),
Cs, Cs ,

,
fds (N/mm),
d

,
(mm),

11-34

,
(mm)

ruc.

S ,
,
. (
11.7) S = 0.20 Ec.
, uc,
ruc, :
N uc = C c + C s T

2t T ' T Cs' + Cs
L2
= 0.85 f dc1 h uc +
+ Cs T
+
L
1.71 f dc
4
4 uc
2

(11.30)

:
uc

(N/mm),

T, T ,

,
fds (N/mm),
Cc, Cs
, , (N/mm),
Cs

(N/mm),

, d (=0.80
fdc 30 MPa, 0.008 1 MPa 1 0.65),

(mm),

 11-

uc

11 -35

,
ruc, 0.033 L ( 0.5h), 2 L/h 30.

(mm),

fdc

(MPa)

ruc.

0.785 rad
(45o)

0.785 rad
(45o)

0.785 rad
(45o)

0.785 rad
(45o)

11.9
( ,
).
._ ( )

45 ( 11.9),

, ruc , Lx Ly, :

ruc

2
=
0.85 f dc1 h
L

L2y 3 x 1
L

Lx

L y

24

1 3 uc
1 uc
2uc
2uc

+
+

1
2
2
2
4h
4h
4
4h
16h

1
1
2
2
uc2 1 uc2
2 12h

4 48h

11-36

'
+ x
16

2h
Ly Lx
1
2h
1

h
L

y
uc
uc

' y L y

+
16 h

2L x

L
y

1 h 2 L x L y

64 2uc L y h

((

h
h
1 + 1 1
+ (0.51 1)

uc
2 uc

(' x )2 L x + (' y )2

Ly

1
'
'
Tx Tx C sx
+ C sx
3.4 f dc

Lx
'
'
Ty Ty C sy
+ C sy
Ly

))
2

h
h

'
'
+ (C sx
+ C sx ) d 'x uc + Tx + Tx d x + uc
4
2
4
2

L h

h

'
'
+ (C sy
+ C sy ) x d 'y uc + uc + Ty + Ty d y + uc uc
2
4
2
2
4

L y 2

(11.31)
' x = x +

' y = y +

2t x
Lx

(11.32)

2t y

(11.33)

Ly

d, d (mm)
, ,
.
x y, ,
x = y = 0 (
11.7) L/h 20. :
i)

L/h 10,

ii)

10 < L/h 20, .

iii)

20 < L/h,

(
).

 11-

11 -37

20<L/h30 ruc
( x = y = 0),
1 ( L/h = 20) 2/3
( L/h = 30). ruc ru,

.
, uc,
ruc, :

N ucx
N ucy

7
' x L x L2y 1
'
'

+
= 0.85f dc1 h

Csx
+ Csx - Tx Tx
2
16
4L y h 2

3
Ly
' y L2y 1
'
'
+

Csy
+ Csy - Ty Ty
= 0.85 f dc1 h
+

2
8 16L
4h 2
x

(11.34)

(11.35)

:
ucx

x (N/mm),

ucy

y (N/mm),

.

:
, x = y = 0,
14%.
11.2.6.4
,
, T
, rT :

rT
=
T

Tty 3

n 1
1

4L 3 ( 1) 2 {A}

n =1,3,5.. n
2
y

: T

(mm),

(11.36)

11-38

rT

(MPa),

Tt

,
50%
, , Tt = 0.5 fu Atot
(N/mm),

Atot

(mm2/mm),

fu

(
) (MPa),

(mm),

x, y

, Lx > Ly

A,

(11.37).
A = 1

L
cosh n x
2L y

Tty

T
tx

0.5

(11.37)

, (11.36) :
8T
rT
= 2t
T
L

(11.38)

.
,
.
11.2.7

,
. ,

. ,
,
.

 11-

11 -39

11.2.2.1.
.
11.2.7.1

11.2.6.2 ,
. ,
2 (0.035 rad)
. ,
11.2.3.
,
.
._

(Le/h) 2 , 2.5
.
. (Le)
, , 1.15
.
.

/
(), z/h

/ (), Le/h
11.10
, z/h Le/h,
.

11-40

,
z, (11.39) (11.42) (
11.10):
i)
Le
2
h

z = 0.2(L e + 2h )

z = 0.6 L e

Le
<1
h

(11.39)
(11.40)

ii)
z = 0.2(L e + 1.5h )

Le
2.5
h

Le
<1
h

z = 0.5 Le

(11.41)
(11.42)

:
z

(m),

() (m),

Le

(m).

z (m),
, Mdu (N-mm/mm )
:
Mdu = As fds z / b
: As

(11.43)

, (mm2)

(mm)

fds

(MPa).

._

,
11.2.6.3. ,

.

 11-

11 -41

11.2.7.2 ( )
,
, L/h 5,
.
, 11.2.4.

, ( 10),
ru .
, .
0.15L
( ) 0.5 s
, 1.0d
.
vu (MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa):
vu = vc + vs

(11.44)

vc, vs , ,
, :
i)
, vc (MPa),
:

vc =

1
7

M
M
3.5 2.5 cr ct (K a K e f ck )0.5 + 120 cr
Vcr d
Vcr d

(11.45)

:
ct
(K a K e f ck )0.5
vc
2

1.0 3.5 2.5

M cr
2.5
Vcr d

:
Mcr

,
, (N-mm/mm),

11-42

Vcr

,
, (N/mm),

(mm),

fc

(MPa),

Ka, Ke, ct ,
( , . 11.7,
11.2.2.2).
,
, vs (MPa), :

A
vs = v
s

1+ A
d + vh

12 s h

11 f
d dy

12 b

(11.46)

:
Av

s
b (mm2),

Avh

sh b
(mm2),

(m),

(m),

(mm),

(m),

sh

(m),

fdy

(MPa).

,
vu (MPa) :

 11-

2 ct
(K a K e f ck )0.5
vc
3

vc

L
2
d

ct
L
0.5
10 + (K a K e f ck )
d
18

11 -43

(11.47)

2<

L
<5
d

(11.47)

ii)

,
,
11.2.7.2,
11.2.7.2(i),
.
iii)

,
, .
,
, , ,
, vs
(. 11.16).
11.2.7.3

,
11.2.4.4.
11.2.8

,
( ),
, ru.
,
, ,
.

11-44

,
,
,
.
( )
, .
(
3)
,
, 120%.
,

11.10, tr
ru,

ru,
. ,
(.. ).

11.10 .

11.2.8.1
,
(
)

 11-

11 -45

,
11 ,
(2000) (2000) ,
(q 1.5 3.5, ).

Pdw, :

Pdw = 0.55fdc A g 1

kLu

32L w

(11.48)

:
Pdw

(N),

Ag

(mm2),

fdc

(. 11.7)
(MPa),

, 1.0
, 2.0,

Lu

(mm),

Lw

(mm).

0.04 200 mm.
(2000)
18 (2000) :
i) ,
ii) ,
iii) ,
iv) ,
v) ,
vi) .

11-46

,
fcd fyd (2000) 2 (1992-1),
11.2.2.2, fdc
fdt , fdy.
11.2.8.2
,
( ),
( ,
, /),
,
(2000) (2000)
, (q 1.5 3.5, ).

(2000).
, Pdu, :

b h f

A s f dy
c c dc
+
Pdu =

3h c e

+ 0.5
d 2 + 1.18
2d h
c

(11.49)

:
Pdu

(N)

As

(
) (mm2),

(mm),

(= /) (mm),

hc

(mm),

bc

(mm),

 11-

fdc

11 -47

(. 11.7)
(MPa),

fdy

(.

11.7) (MPa).
, :

A f
A g f dc
st dy

+
Pdu =
9.6De

e + 1.0
+ 1.18
(0.8D + 0.67D )2
D

s
s

(11.50)

:
Pdu

(N)

Ast

(mm2),

(mm),

Ds

(mm),

(= /) (mm),

Ag

(mm),

fdc

(. 11.7) (MPa)

fdy

(.

11.7) (MPa).
(2000)
18 (2000) :
i) ,
ii) ,
iii) ,
iv) ,
v) ,

11-48

vi) .
,
fcd fyd (2000) 2 (1992-1),
11.2.2.2, fdc
fdt , fdy.
11.2.8.3
._

i) (
)
.
ii) 10 (
22), 12 ( 30) 16 (
30).
iii)
.
iv)
(2000) ,
.
v) ( ,
, .)
2000
,
.
vi)
(2000) ,
. ,
:
f Ag

1
A sh 0.3sh c dc
f dy A ch

(11.51)

 11-

A sh 0.9sh c

f dc
f dy

11 -49

(11.51)

:
Ash

(
) s, hc (mm2),

(mm),

hc

,
(mm),

Ach

(mm2),

Ag

(mm2),

fdc

(. 11.7)
(MPa),

fdy

(. 11.7)
(MPa).

._

10. .
1.5
. -
1.5 .
.
80 mm 25
mm, .
11.2.9

, .
/ ,
11.11.

11-50

,

. ,
,
,
,
( ) .

( ),

. ,
.

11.11 .

11.3

11.3.1

, 3.3.4 ,
,
. 3.4, 3.5 3.5
.
10%

 11-

11 -51

, ,
Ke,

K e =1.10 f y 345MPa

(11.52)

K e =1.0 f y > 345MPa

(11.53)

, ,
3,
3.18, .
,
, s, s
=1.10.
, fdy, fdu,
:
f dy =f y K e s

(11.54)

f du =f u K e s

(11.55)

fy, fu, ,
.
11.3.2

, fds,
,
. ,
,
3.16.
,
20.
, ,
:

11-52

(11.56)

,
:
(11.57)

f ds =f dy

(11.58):

f dy,

f ds =
f du f dy
,
f dy +
4

0<<20

20<

(11.58)

, , fdv,
:
f dv =

f dy

(11.59)

11.3.3

. 1.5.
,

, 11.12,
( ) (
). ,
, , 7.
, M c, Rd (N-mm/mm)
:
f ds

M c, Rd =
f ds

Wel +Wpl

,
2

Wpl ,

k 7

k >7

(11.60)

 11-

Wel

11 -53

(mm3/mm),

Wpl

(mm3/mm).

11.12

-
.

Vpl, Rd
(/mm) :
Vpl, Rd =

f dv A v
0

(11.61)

v (mm2/mm) fdv
MPa, (11.59).

0.50Vpl,Rd)

, ,
3:
M v, Rd =

(1-) f dy

Wpl

(11.62)

M v, Rd M c, Rd , :

11-54

= 2 sd 1
V

pl,Rd

(11.63)

(11.63), Vsd
(N/mm) Vpl,

Rd

(N/mm),

(11.61).
11.3.4

3, (-)
(1 4),
. 1
,
(>20),
.

, , ( 11.12). ,
, ,
3. , M c,Rd
:

f ds Wel +Wpl

,
2
0

M c, Rd =
f ds W ,
pl
0

k 3

k >3

(11.64)

11.64 11.60.
,
, 3,
(11.61) (11.62),

..
,
,
.
3, ,

 11-

11 -55

. , ..
, k
1,
3,
. , ,
( ) ,
. 11.13
k,
.

11.13 .

11.4

11.4.1

.

,
,
.
(.
10).

11-56

,
(. 11.2.8),
(.. ).
, M
.
11.4.2

( ). ,

, , 11.2.
, ru, ,
m
, 11.2.3.
, ru,
11.2
. ,

11.3. 11.3 ru
,
45,
10%,
.
,
5%. ,
11.3 11.4,
,
.

, ,
.
, ,

 11-

11 -57

11.2 ,
.

12M
re = 2 n
L

ru =

8 Mn + Mp

1,2
ke =

kE =

re =ru

re =

8M n
L2

ru =

ru =

8M n
re =
L

ru =

ke =

2M n
L2

4 Mn + Mp

16M n
re =
3L

ru =

ru =

4M p
L

5L

2 M n + 2M p

ke =

M
ru = n
L

V=

ru L
2

V=

ru L
2

0.35L

ke =

hE
2

0.35L

k e =k ep
=

160EI

5ru L
8
3ru L
V2 =
8
V1 =

hE
2

0.35L

L4
8EI
4

5L

ke =

hE
2

1.4L

V=ru L

192EI
L3
48EI
3

L
192EI

k e =k ep
=

hE

V=

Ru
2

V=

Ru
2

0.7L

L3

k e =k E =

48EI
3

ke =

hE
0.7L

107EI

k ep =
kE =

re =ru

5L

L4
384EI

k ep =

hE

L4
384EI

k e =k E =
ke =

185EI

k ep =

L2

k e =k ep

307EI

kE =

re =ru

5L

4 M n + 2M p

ru =

L4
384EI

k e =k E =

8M p

kE =

re =ru

384EI

k ep =

L2

L3
48EI

L3
106EI

k e =k ep
=

hE
0.7L

11ru
16
5ru
V2 =
16

V1 =

k e =k E =

3EI
3

ke =

hE
2.8L

V=ru

: , kep,
: , k, n=p
3
: . (L/h<5),
(kb) (ks) : k=1/(1/kb+1/ks)
k=
L= (m)
= ()
(MPa/mm /mm/mm)
Mn=
re= . (MPa
V=
( . , -mm/mm)
/mm)
(/mm)
Mp=
ru= . (MPa
h= (mm)
( . , -mm/mm)
/mm)
ke=
= (Pa)
p= (/mm)
(MPa/mm /mm/mm)
kep=o
I= .
(mm4/mm) (Ia -. . 11.2.5) (MPa/mm /mm/mm)
2

11-58

11.14

, .

11.14.
,
.
,
,
.

, ,

. , 11.15

. ke , re e

kep

o , u .
,
k,
11.15. kE

 11-

11 -59

,
,
ru . ,

.

()

11.15

,
. ,
,
, .
ru, 11.2 11.3

(.. ke, kep, re). ,
kE
(Mp=Mn).

 11.3 ,

0.785 rad (45o)1

Ly

1,2
Lx

1.3

k e EI L X L y
3

k ep EI L

re

ru

1.0

(12.0 L x L y )(M px + 1.00M py )

252

0.9

(12.0 L x L y )(M px + 1.02M py )

230

0.8

(12.0 L x L y )(M px + 1.07M py )

212

0.7

(12.0 L x L y )(M px + 1.17M py )

201

0.6

(12.0 L x L y )(M px + 1.29M py )

197

0.5

(12.0 L x L y )(M px + 1.50M py )

201

1.0

29.2M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.00(M ny + M py )]

810

252

0.9

27.4M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.02(M ny + M py )]

740

230

0.8

26.4M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.07(M ny + M py )]

700

212

0.7

26.2M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.17(M ny + M py )]

690

201

0.6

27.3M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.29(M ny + M py )]

730

197

0.5

30.2M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.50(M ny + M py )]

810

201

1.0

20.4M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M px + 1.00(M ny + M py )]

530

252

0.9

19.5M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M px + 1.02(M ny + M py )]

540

230

0.8

19.5M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M px + 1.07(M ny + M py )]

560

212

0.7

20.2M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M px + 1.17(M ny + M py )]

600

201

0.6

21.2M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M px + 1.29(M ny + M py )]

670

197

0.5

22.2M ny L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M px + 1.50(M ny + M py )]

790

201

1.0

20.4M nx L x L y

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.00M py ]

530

252

0.9

(10.2 L x L y )(M nx + 1.20M py )

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.02M py ]

440

230

0.8

(10.2 L x L y )(M nx + 1.26M py )

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.07M py ]

360

212

0.7

(9.3 L x L y )(M nx + 1.49M py )

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.17M py ]

300

201

0.6

(8.5 L x L y )(M nx + 1.82M py )

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.29M py ]

260

197

0.5

(7.4 L x L y )(M nx + 2.43M py )

(10.8 L x L y )[M nx + M px + 1.50M py ]

240

201

2.0

27.1M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 2.80(M nx + M px )]

3410

564

1.8

24.8M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 2.54(M nx + M px )]

2090

409

1.6

22.3M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 2.27(M nx + M px )]

1320

288

1.4

19.9M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 2.01(M nx + M px )]

838

196

1.2

17.5M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 1.75(M nx + M px )]

521

128

1.0
0.9

15.1M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 1.50(M nx + M px )]

14.3M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 1.38(M nx + M px )]

310
233

79
61

0.8

13.5M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 1.26(M nx + M px )]

171

46

0.7

13.1M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 1.15(M nx + M px )]

121

34

0.6

13.4M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 1.05(M nx + M px )]

82

25

0.5

14.6M nx L x L y

(5.4 L x L y )[M ny + M py + 1.00(M nx + M px )]

52

18

 11-

11 -61

11.3 ,
().
:
1
ru, Vx Vy 45
. re, ke kep ,
, re .
kep ,
(2) (5) .
2
ru { (2) (5)}
10% .
3
Poisson 0.15 (). Poisson
0.3 (), 7% .
:
Lx Ly
= x- y- (mm)
Mnx Mny = , , x- y- (-mm/mm)
Mpx Mpy = , , x- y- (-mm/mm)
E
= (Pa)
I
= (mm4/mm) (a -. 11.2.5)
r
= (MPa)
ru
= (MPa)
ke
= (MPa/mm)
kep
= (Pa/mm)
Vx Vy
= x- y- (/mm)

11.4.3

(.
11.2.6)
. 11.16

11.6.
,
-.
11.16 ru
11.4.2, uc, ruc, st rT/
11.2.6.
,
11.2.6.2.
11.4.4

11.4.2
.

11.2.7.1. ,
,

11-62

. 11.17
.

ruc

uc

ruII

rT/

( 11.2.6.3)
ruc (
11.2.6.3)


/

,

st

ru

(snap-through)


ruII (1 st)

,
.

11.16

11.17

( 11.16).

 12


12.1

,
() .
,

(. 11). ,


,
.
,

( . 18 2000
) , :

, ,

(2000).
, ,

(2000),
8 (1998-1, 2005)
( ).

12-2

(
11),
8
(1998-1, 2005) H (),
(2000).

,
11.

2000 2000.
,

.
12.2

12.2.1
i)

(2000) , , .
5cm
.

ii)

/

,
:
fs = fu DF

(12.1)

(2000),
.
().
iii)

.
()

 12-

12 -3

.
.
,
( ) ,
25% .
iv)

100%
. 50%.

v)

. ,
.

vi)

(
) ,
.

25% .
( )

()

0 mm
0.5h

()

50% ,

12.1 ()
() .

12-4

0 mm

90

.
()

12.2 .
25%

0 mm ()

0mm ()

0 mm

()
. . 12.1

0.05 m,

().

12.3
.

 12-

vii)

12 -5

(. 11).
12.2.2
i)

,
12.1. ,
.

ii)

(
) .. ,
(. 12.1) .
,
,
.

iii)

, 12.2.

iv)

(. 12.3).

12.2.3
i)

200mm,
.
300 mm.

ii)

,

( 12.3).

iii)

2 (0.035
rad), =
( ,
, ),
. .

12-6

( ,
), .
iv)

,
. ,
,
.

v)

18.1.4 (2000).

vi)

20%
812/m (
300 mm) 510/m (
200 mm), .

150mm 200mm, 200mm
.

vii)

(2000) 11
. .

viii)

,
18.5 (2000).

12.2.4
i)

bw 300mm.

ii)

(2000) 11
. .

iii)

, ,
, (=
) ,
.

iv)

316 S500s.

 12-

12 -7

12.2.4
i)

,

(. .11.2.6), :
d =

N sd
0.65
A c f ck

: Nsd

(12.2)

(N/mm)

.

fc

(MPa),
Ac (mm2),
ii)

(2000), . 18.4.4.2.
Ash, :
A sh = 0.09 sh c

f dc
f dy

(12.3)

: Ash
(mm2),
s

(mm),

hc

(mm),

fdc

(MPa),

fdy
iii)

(MPa).

, 1998-1 (2005)
.

iv)

1998-1 (2005) .

v)

1998-1 (2005)
.

12-8

vi)

8 (2005) .

 13

13.1

, : )
()
, )
/ ) - ,
.
,
, .
:
,

, ,
.


,

.
, ,
,
.


,
.

13-2

,
,
.
,
( 3 11),
.

, :
i)

ii)

,

(, ) .

iii)

,
.

iv)

,
.

v)

,
,
.

13.2

, .
( ), ,
(.. ).
, ,
.
13.2.1

( )
,
, 1990. ,

 13-

13-3

(ICBO, 1997, FIB-TG 9.3, 2001 ACI Committee 440, 2002),
.

Mirmiran and Shahawy (1997), Spoelstra and
Monti (1999), Toutanji (1999), Vintzeleou (2001), Fam and Rizkalla (2001), Xiao and
Wu (2000), Moran and Pantelides (2002), Mukherjee et al. (2004) Marques et al.
(2004).
(.. Mander et al., 1983,
Saadatmanesh et al., 1994, Samaan et al., 1998, Harries and

Kharel,

2003),

:
, , ,
, ,
, .

(fc-c)
13.1 (. 13.1):

fc =

(E1 E 2 ) c
1/ n

(E E ) n
2
c
1 + 1

f

o

+ E 2 c

(13.1)

f = f c + 6.0f r0.7 [MPa]

'
cu

fr =

2f j t j
D

E1 = 3950 f c'
E 2 = 245.6f c' 0.2 + 1.3456

E jt f

D
f o = 0.872f + 0.371f r + 6.258[MPa]
'
c

cu =

f cu' f o
E2

n = 1.50
: fc , c (MPa, mm/mm),
fr

(MPa),

13-4

fj

(MPa),

fc

(MPa),

Ej

(MPa),
(m),

(m).

tf

13.1
(Samaan et al., 1998).

(Seible et al., 1997, Pessiki et al., 2001, Wang and

Restrepo, 2001) ,
.
13.2.2

(, ,
). ,
Bonacci and Maalej (2001), Bousselham and Chaallal (2004), Triantafyllou and
Antonopoulos (2000),
(
,
,

 13-

13-5

).
Bencardino et al. (2002),
Pellegrino and Modena (2002), Vougioukas et al. (2005), Chaalal and Shahawy
(2000), Bousias et al. (2004) Iacobucci et al. (2003).
13.2.3

,
,
(Findik and Tarim, 2003, Walley et al., 2004, Ochola et al., 2004),
(Muszynski and Purcell, 2003, Her

and

Liang, 2004, Naik and Shrirao, 2004),

. ,

Kevlar (Erki and Meier 1999, Tang
and Saadatmanesh 2003).

,
. ,
.

.
,
.

,
, . ,

.
,
,
. ,
,

13-6

, .
13.3

13.3.1

,
.
,
( ) ,
. , ,
(, , ,
), , ,
.
,
,

,
/ .

,
,
.
-

, .
, , ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
(Harajli et al., 2002)
(Chen et al. 1995 Padmarajaiah and

 13-

13-7

Ramaswamy, 2002).
13.3.2

RILEM 162-TDF
(RILEM, 2003),
feq ( )
fR ( ), :
f
3 D BZ, 2 L
f eq , 2 =
2
2 0.50 bh sp

f R ,1 =

3 FR ,1 L
2
2 bh sp

f R ,4 =

f
3 D BZ,3 L
f eq ,3 =
2 2.50 bh sp2

(13.2)

3 FR , 4 L
2 bh sp2

(13.2)

,
( ),

( 13.2), (Barros et al.
2005).

()

()

13.2
RILEM 162-TDF.

13-8

13.3.3

Lok and Xiao (1999)

2 (1992-1, 2002), .
13.3, (. 13.3),
cu 0.0038,
(13.4-):

f
= 2
fc
co co

, co

f = f c , co cu

f
= 2
ft
to to

(13.3)
(13.3)

, 0 to

f f tu to

= 1 1
f t
f t t1 to

, to t1

f = f tu , t1 tu

(13.4)

(13.4)
(13.4)

:
fc , , cu

(2000),
30. MPa fc 50. MPa,

ft

,
(MPa),

to

ftu

(MPa),

t1

f tu = Vf d L / d
t1 = d

L 1
d Es

(13.5)
(13.5)

Vf ,

 13-

13-9

0.5% Vf 2.%, d
(MPa), 3.0 MPa d 7. MPa, Es
(MPa) L/d
, 30 L/d 100.

,
0.405 0.50 .

13.3 (Lok and Xiao,

1999).
13.3.4

,
. ,
, () , ,
. ,
,
Poisson.

Ramesh et al. (2003).

13-10

, Mander et al. (1988) (.

3), 13.6.
Ci,
(RI),
,
( ). :

A1
f
o
=
2
f cu

1.0 + B1 + C1
o
o

(13.6)

:
1 = 2.1128, 1 = 0.1128, C1 = 1.0

1 = 1.6333, 1 = -0.3666, C1 = 1.0

>

fcu (MPa)
:
fcu = (1+0.55 Ci)(1.0228+0.1024 (RI))
= (1+5.2 Ci)(0.99+0.2204 (RI))(0.002),
:
Ci = (b-bb)(fv/fc) (b/s)1/2
b

bb

1.5 b,

(mm),

(mm),

fv= Es v (MPa), Es

(MPa)

0.0015+0.00067(b-bb)(b/s)1/2 .
fc

(MPa).

 13-

13-11

13.6 :
0.5, 75.
20 25 MPa, N/T 0.55
0.50, .
(RI) 0.0 2.96.
,

cc,t ( 10).
13.3.5 SIFCON SIMCON

, ,
. ,
(SIFCON),
, (SIMCON) (Bayasi and Zeng, 1997).
,
,
.
( 13.4)
SIMCON , ,
0.5-1.0% .
,
.
,
,
.
13.3.6

,
,
.

13-12

Pantazopoulou and Zanganeh (2001)

.
,
, (

(MPa)

, 25mm 1mm, ),

(MPa)

(0.01mm)

(MPa)

(mm)

(mm)

13.4 ) )
SIFCON )
SIMCON.

 13-

13-13

, ,
.
58 MPa ( , /
0.45, 660 Kg/m3).

-,
,
. ,
,
.

13.5

() -
(SFHSC, HSC
), ()
(SFHSC, HSC
).

13-14

Xiaobin Lu et al. (2006),

, .
1.0% ,
0.5 mm 60.
70 MPa.

( 13.5-) ,

,
,
.
, ,
.
(. 13.3.8),
,
.
, Xiao Dong Hu et al. (2003)
13.6 ,

( (iv) 3).
,
.

:

0.5% ..
1.0% ..
1.5% ..

13.6
(Xiao Dong Hu et al.
2003).

 13-

13-15

13.3.7

Lok and Zhao (2004)

Hopkinson.

20 100 s-1. , ,

,


. ,
,
50 s-1, , ,
,
.
Song et al.
(2005). ,
150/300 mm, 3.5mm 1%
. ,
40. 28 66 MPa (HSC) 76 MPa
(, HSFRC). ACI Committee 544
(Measurement of Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete)
,
.
HSFRC HSC,
390%, 420%.
,
.
13.3.8

Wang et al. (1996)

, .
, (30mm)

13-16

(50mm), 0.25% - 1.50%, .

102/102/356 mm,
10mm / 0.40.
,

.
,
, .
.
,
0.5% 0.75% ( ),
143%
.
:
,
, ,
,
.
Dancygier A.N. and Yankelevsky (1996)
(35 MPa) (110
MPa) , , ,
.
, 120 gr
85 230 m/s.
:
, ,
,
,

,
,
.

 13-

13-17

13.7.

(mm)

.
.
..
5

(m/sec)

13.7
(Dancygier and Yankelevsky, 1996).

(116
MPa 28 ) (72
MPa) , Luo et al. (2000).
, 300 mm,
400x400mm 500x500mm . ,
, 31 21 mm,
365 380 m/s.
. ,

,
.


, .

13-18

Zhang et al. (2005)

12.6mm 700 m/s
45 235 MPa.
().
/ ( 0.18) ,
10mm.
. , 150
MPa, ,

( 13.8).

(mm)

US ASE
(V=600m/sec)
US ASE
(V=700m/sec)
. NDRC
(V=600m/sec)
. NDRC
(V=700m/sec)

(MPa)

13.8
(Zhang et al., 2005)

,
P. ,
,
100 MPa
.
, Dancygier et al. (2007)
800/800/200 mm,
.

 13-

13-19

, 49mm, 120 gr
85 230 m/s.
40 MPa ( 22mm,
290 kg/m3), 8/200 8/100 .
:

( 120 MPa ,
, 100 MPa),

, 30 mm 60 mm (
60 67, )
: (
8/100mm 8/50mm ),
(4 6/100mm), .
, :
i)

,
,
. ,
,

.
, fc,
. ,
.

, ,
.

ii)

,
.

iii)

13-20

.
.
iv)

( )
,
, .

,

.
,

Hughes and Al-Dafiry (1995), lmansa and Cnovas (1999),
Nataraja (1999) Banthia et al. (2006).
,

.

. ,
,
,
.

 14

1.

ACI Committee 440, Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening

Concrete Structures (ACI 440-2R.02), American Concrete Institute, Farmington

Hills, Michigan, 2002, 45 pp.
2.

Adeli H. and A.M. Amin (1985), Local effects of impactors on concrete

structures, Nuclear Engineering Design, vol.88, pp. 301-17.

3.

Agardh L. and L. Laine (1999), 3D FE-Simulation of high-velocity fragment

perforation of reinforced concrete slabs, International Journal of Impact

Engineering, vol. 22, pp. 911-22.
4.

Al Oraimi S.K. and A.C. Seibi (2002) Mechanical characterization and

impact behaviour of concrete reinforced with natural fibers Composite Structures,

Vol 32, pp. 165-71.
5.

Almansa E.M. and Cnovas M.F. (1999), Behaviour of normal and steel

fiber-reinforced concrete under impact of small projectiles, Cement and Concrete

Research, 29. pp.18071814.
6.

Anderson C.E. (2004), From fire to ballistics: A historical perspective,

International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol.29, pp. 13-67.

7.

Antoun T., Lomov I. and L. Glenn (2003), Simulation of the penetration of

bombs into granitic rock, International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol.29, pp.
81-94.
8.

Banthia N., Mindess S., Bentur A. and Pigeon M., (2006), Impact testing of

concrete using a drop-weight impact machine, Experimental Mechanics, 29, 1, pp.

63-69.
9.

Barr P. (1990), Guidelines for the design and assessment of concrete

structures subjected to impact, Atomic Energy Authority.

14-2

10.

Barros J.A.O., Cunha V.M.C.F., Ribeiro A.F. and Antunes. (2005), Post-

cracking behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete, Materials and Structures, 38,
pp. 47-56.
11.

Bayasi Z. and J. Zeng, (1997). Flexural Behavior of Slurry Infiltrated Mat

Concrete (SIMCON), Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 9, 4, pp. 194199.

12.

Bencardino F., Spadea G. and R. Swamy (2002), Strength and Ductility of

Reinforced Concrete Beams Externally Reinforced With Carbon Fiber Fabric, ACI
Structural Journal, vol. 99, No. 2, pp. 163-71.
13.

Biondini F., Bontempi F., Frangopol D.M. and P.G. Malerba (2004),

Reliability of material and geometrically non-linear reinforced and prestressed

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14.

Boguslavskii Yu, Drabkin S, Juran I and Salman A. (1996) Theory and

practice of projectiles penetration in soils Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,

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15.

Bonacci J. and M. Maalej (2001), Behavioral Trends of RC Beams

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ASCE, vol. 5, No. 2, pp.102-13.
16.

Bousias N., Triantafyllou T., Fardis M., Spathis L. and B. OReagan (2004),

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With or Without Corrosions, ACI Structural Journal, vol. 101, No. 4, pp. 512-20.
17.

Bousselham A. and O. Chaallal (2004), Shear Strengthening Reinforced

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Brenner C.E. and C. Bucher (1995), A contribution to the SFE-based

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CEB (1988), Concrete structures under impact and impulsive loading,

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 14-

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Century Dynamics, Inc. (1997), AUTODYN. Interactive Non-linear Dynamic

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21.

Chaalal O. and M. Shahawy (2000), Performance of Fiber-Reinforced

Polymer-Wrapped Reinforced Concrete Column Under Combined Axial-Flexural

Loading, ACI Structural Journal, vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 659-68.
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Chen W.F. Plasticity in reinforced concrete. Mc Graw Hill. 2nd Edition.

23.

Chen X.W. and Li QM. (2002) Deep penetration of a non-deformable

projectile with different geometrical characteristics International Journal of Impact

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Dancygier A. N., D. Z. Yankelevsky and C. Jaegermann. (2007), Response of

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(rad[deg])

(m)

TAXYTHTA (m/sec)

.11 -
309 m/sec (600 KTAS).

(rad[deg])

(m)

-7

.12 -
309 m/sec (600 KTAS).

TAXYTHTA (m/sec[KTAS])

(m)

TAXYTHTA (m/sec)

.13 -

51.4 309 m/sec (100-600 KTAS).

-8

TAXYTHTA (m/sec[KTAS])

(m)

.14 -

51.4 309 m/sec (100-600 KTAS).

-9