MC LC

Li ni u
Phn th nht
Chng 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Chng 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
Chng 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Chng 4

My bm
M u
nh ngha
S lc v lch s my bm
Phn loi my bm
Nhng thng s c bn ca my bm
Phm vi s dng cc loi bm
Bm ly tm
Phn loi bm ly tm
S cu to v nguyn tc lm vic ca bm ly tm
Trang b ca t my bm ly tm
Nhng b phn ch yu ca bm ly tm
Chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bnh xe cng tc ca bm ly tm
Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm
nh hng ca kt cu cnh dn n ct p ca bm ly tm
Lu lng ca bm ly tm
Chiu cao ht
Ct p ca my bm
Cng sut v hiu sut ca my bm
Lut tng t trong bm ly tm
Quan h tng t trong mt bm ly tm
Xc nh im lm vic v ng c tnh khi ch lm vic thay i
ng c tnh ca bm ly tm
c tnh ng ng v im lm vic ca my bm
S lm vic khng n nh ca my bm trong h thng
S lm vic song song ca cc my bm ly tm
S lm vic ni tip ca cc bm ly tm
Hin tng xm thc
Lc hng trc v phng php cn bng
Cc phng php iu chnh bm ly tm
Khp ni thy lc
Cc phng php mi bm ly tm
Kt cu ca mt s bm ly tm
Vn hnh bm ly tm
Bm hng trc
S cu to v nguyn tc lm vic
Li thng ca propin
Phng trnh c bn ca bm hng trc
Lu lng ca bm hng trc
ng c tnh ca bm hng trc
Kt cu ca bm hng trc
Bm di su

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Chng 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
Chng 6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Chng 7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Phn th hai
Chng 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
Chng 9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

Bm ging khoan kiu nhng chm

Bm ging khoan kiu na chm
c tnh tnh ton lu lng bm ging khoan
Bm kh p
Bm phun tia
Mt vi nhn xt v cc loi bm di su
Bm nc va Bm xoy Bm chn khng
Bm nc va
Bm xoy s cu to v nguyn tc lm vic
Bm chn khng
Bm pt tng
Nguyn tc lm vic v phn loi bm pt tng
Lu lng ca bm pt tng
Cc thng s lm vic khc ca bm pt tng
Chp khng kh ca bm pt tng
Qut gi v my nn kh
Qut gi ly tm
Qut gi hng trc
My nn kh pt tng
My nn kh rto
My nn kh ly tm
Trm bm
Trm bm cp nc
Phn loi trm bm cp nc
Lu lng v ct p ca cc my bm cp mt
Lu lng v ct p ca cc bm cp hai
Lu lng v ct p ca bm cha chy
Mt s s b tr my bm trong trm bm
ng ht v ng y
c im xy dng cc loi trm bm
D tr thit b cho trm bm
Thit b o lu lng
Thit b o p lc
Cc thit b ph ca trm bm
Hin tng nc va v cch khc phc
Cc v d v kt cu trm bm cp nc
Trm bm thot nc
Khi nim chung v phn loi trm bm thot nc
Lu lng my bm v th tch b thu
Ct p ton phn ca my bm
Kt cu v cc trang b ca b thu
Cc loi my bm thot nc
B tr my bm v ng ng
c im kt cu trm bm thot nc
c im qun l trm bm thot nc
Mt s v d v trm bm thot nc

9.10
Chng 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
Chng 11
11.1
11.2
Chng 12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
Chng 13

Trm bm nc thi dng kh p

Lp rp v qun l my bm trong trm bm
Lp rp my bm
Lp ng ng
Vi nt v qun l trm bm
Cp in cho trm bm
ng c in
My bin p v thit b phn phi
T ng ha trm bm
Khi nim chung v cng tc t ng ha trm bm
Nhng b phn chnh ca h thng iu khin t ng
S cu to v nguyn tc lm vic ca mt s rle
Th d v s iu khin t ng trm bm
Tnh ton cc ch s kinh t k thut ca trm bm

PHN TH NHT

MY BM

1-1

CHNG 1.

M U
1.1 NH NGHA
Nguyn l lm vic ca my bm l da trn c s ht v y nc. Trong mi my th k qua, bm
c s dng rng ri v a dng. Trc ht, bm c dng vn chuyn nc, nhng nu hiu
bm l mt loi my vn chuyn nc th qu l phin din v qu n gin. Ngoi vic s dng
cp, thot nc sinh hot v sn xut, bm cn c s dng rng ri tiu, ti trong nng nghip,
tch thy nng, giao thng vn ti. C nhng loi bm sn xut chuyn dng cho cng nghip ha
cht, ch bin du m, giy, than bn, sa, Nu nh ngha bm theo chc nng ca n th kh m
c c mt nh ngha chung nht v su sc nht.
Hin nay nh ngha chung nht ca bm l nh ngha theo quan im nng lng. Bm l mt loi
my dng bin c nng nhn c t ng c thnh nng lng chuyn ng ca dng cht lng.

1.2 S LC V LCH S MY BM
Nhng thit b dng nc th s nh gu mc nc c cn ging, bnh xe trc xut hin t cc
th k trc cng nguyn. Vo th k th II trc cng nguyn, ngi ta ngh ra bm pt tng c
hai xi lanh. Ni chung, trc th k 17, cc loi my bm rt th s v t c nghin cu. T th k
18 tr li y lnh vc nghin cu, thit k, ch to bm mi c pht trin mnh m v ngy cng
hon thin. Nm 1640 nh vt l t ta hen rch (c) sng ch ra bm pit tng u tin. Nhng
nm 1751-1754 k lp ln l thuyt c bn v bm. Nm 1838 Xablukoy (Nga) sng ch ra
bm ly tm u tin.
V sau nhiu nh bc hc nh Giu-cp-xki, Troplughin, Prsnua lp nn l thuyt v dng chy
bao quanh h thng cnh dn, hon chnh l thuyt v bm cnh dn. Ngy nay trn th gii ngnh
ch to bm pht trin v cng mnh m. Cc bm c cng sut ti 4.000 kw v tc quay ti
40.000 v/g c ch to.
T ha bnh lp li ti nay nc ta, ngnh ch to bm cng ngy cng c pht trin. Vit Nam
c nhng c s chuyn nghin cu v bm Vin thit k thy li, thy in, Vin thit k b c kh
luyn kim, t my thy lc trng i hc Bch Khoa. Chng ta c nhng c s sn xut bm nh
nh my bm Hi Hng, c kh Nguyn Vn C (H Bc), c kh Hu Ngh (Hi Hng), c kh Mai
ng, Trn Hng o (H Ni), c kh Kin Thit (Hi Phng),
Ngnh ch to bm l mt phc tp v rt quan trng trong lnh vc ch to my, n c c trng
vi s lng cc kiu bm khc nhau. Nhim v quan trng ca ngnh ch to bm nc ta hin nay
l thng nht ha v nh hnh ha vi mc cao nht cc bm, xy dng c biu h loi bm
ca Vit Nam. M rng danh mc cc loi bm ly tm trc ngang, bm hng trc, bm ging v ch
to c bm ly tm trc ng cng sut ln, bm nc thi, bm ging loi nhng chm bm du,
bm bt giy.

1.3 PHN LOI MY BM

Bm c th phn loi theo nhiu cch. Cch phn loi ph bin nht l theo cu to v nguyn tc lm
vic.

Bm cnh: b phn lm vic chnh l bnh xe cng tc c cc cnh dn. Cc bnh xe cng
tc l b phn ch yu trao i nng lng vi cht lng. Loi bm ny gm bm ly tm,
bm hng trc v bm xoy.

1-2

Bm th tch: vic trao i nng lng vi cht lng c tin hnh theo nguyn l nn cht
lng trong mt th tch kn di mt p sut thy tnh. Loi bm ny gm bm pt tng v
bm rto.

Bm phun tia: loi bm ny khng c chi tit chuyn ng. Vic truyn nng lng cho cht
lng bm thc hin nh mt dng cht lng khc (hoc kh) c nng lng cao hn.

Bm kh p: loi ny cng khng c chi tit chuyn ng. Vic dng nc c tin hnh
nh cch dng mt dng kh p ha trn vi nc thnh mt hn hp kh nc c trng
lng ring nh hn nc.

Bm nc ra: li dng nng lng nc v vn chuyn cht lng.

Bm chn khng: cng thuc loi bm th tch nhng lm vic theo nguyn l thay i p
sut.

1.4 NHNG THNG S C BN CA MY BM

Theo chc nng ca n, bm c c trng bi ba thng s: lu lng, ct p (ct nc), cng sut.
Lu lng: lu lng ca bm l lng cht lng cp c trong mt n v thi gian, k
hiu: Q

Q = n v th tch / n v thi gian, m3/h, m3/s , l/s, v.v...

Ct p ca bm: ct p ca my bm l gia c nng ca mt n v trng lng cht lng
nhn c t khi vo n khi ra khi my bm.

H = Era - Evo
Era =

Pr

Ev =

r Vr2
+ Zr
2g

vVv2
+
+ Zv
2g

Pv

Trong
r, v
Pr, Vr, Zr
Pv, Vv, Zv

H s vn tc
p lc, vn tc v cao trnh dng chy khi ra khi bm.
p lc, vn tc v cao trnh dng chy khi vo bm.
Trng lng ring
Gia tc trng trng

Vy c
H=

(Pr - Pv)

(r Vr2 - vVv2)
2g

+ (Zr Zv)

(1 - 1)
1-3

Hnh 1.1

S o ct p ca bm

Gi thnh phn th nng l ct p tnh: Ht

Vr
P1
Zr
Zv
Pv

Vv

Ht = (Pr - Pv) + (Zr - Zv)

(1 2)

v thnh phn ng nng l ct p ng: H

H =

Th

(r Vr2 - vVv2)

(1 3)

2g

H = H + Ht

(1 4)

Cng sut: l gia nng lng mi n v trng lng cht lng nhn c khi qua bm (tnh
bng Nm hay km) bng ct p H. Ton b gia nng lng m dng chy nhn c khi qua
bm trong mt n v thi gian gi l cng sut hu ch: Nh

Nh = GH (kgm/s) = QH / 102 (kw)

(1 5)

Trong
H Tnh bng
G Tnh bng kg/s hay N/s
Q Tnh bng m3/s
Tnh bng kg/m3.
T s gia cng sut hu ch v cng sut yu cu gi l hiu sut ca bm

Nh
N

QH

(1 6)

102N

Do , cng sut tiu th ca bm nh sau:

N=

QH
102

(1 7)
1-4

1.5 PHM VI S DNG CC LOI BM

Bm th tch thng c s dng vi ct p cao v lu lng nh. Bm pt tng c th s dng vi
ct p n 1000 w v cao hn. Bm rto, ren vt, rng kha gp nhiu kh khn trong ch to trc
khi cn p lc cao nn khi s dng khi ct p khng qu sot.

Hnh 1.2

Khu vc s dng cc kiu bm khc nhau

Bm cnh c kt cu gn nh c dng rng ri khu vc ct p thp v trung bnh, lu lng ln.

Khu vc s dng cc kiu bm xem th Hnh 1.2 trong ta lgart Q-H.

1-5

CHNG 2

BM LY TM
2.1 PHN LOI BM LY TM
Ty thuc vo mc ch s dng, bm ly tm c rt nhiu loi khc nhau. S khc nhau c
bn gia cc loi bm l v kt cu v cch qun l. V vy, phn loi bm ly tm cng c
nhiu cch khc nhau. Bm ly tm c th c phn loi theo ct p, s bnh xe cng tc,
theo v tr trc v mt s cch khc.
2.1.1 Phn loi theo ct p ca bm
- Bm ct p thp
H < 20 mt ct nc.
- Bm ct p trung bnh H = (20-60) mt ct nc.
- Bm ct p cao
H > 60 mt ct nc.
2.1.2 Phn loi theo s bnh xe cng tc
- Bm mt cp: trn trc bm ch lp mt bnh xe cng tc.
- Bm nhiu cp: trn trc bm lp t hai bnh xe cng tc tr ln. Ty thuc vo gi tr
ct p yu cu trn trc bm c th c hai, ba hoc bn bnh xe..., khi y tng ng ta
c bm hai cp, ba cp hoc bn cp... nhng bm ny, cht lng sau khi qua bnh
xe ca cp th nht li vo bnh xe ca cp th hai v c tip tc nh vy cho n ht.
Ct p do bm to nn bng tng ct p ca tng bnh xe.
2.1.3 Phn loi theo cch dn cht lng vo bnh xe
- Bm nc vo mt pha (Hnh 2.1)
- Bm nc vo hai pha (Hnh 2.58). Nu c cng gi tr ct p vi bm nc vo mt
pha th loi bm ny cho lu lng ln hn.
2.1.4 Phn loi theo v tr trc bm
- Bm trc ng
- Bm trc ngang
2.1.5 Phn loi theo h s t tc
- Bm t tc thp: h s t tc ca bm nm trong khong 50-80 (50 < ns 80)
- Bm t tc trung bnh: h s t tc ca bm nm trong khong 80-150 (80 < ns 150).
- Bm t tc cao: h s t tc ca bm nm trong khong 150-300 (150 < ns 300).
- Bm cho: loi bm ny dng chy chuyn ng qua bm nghing vi trc mt gc .
H s t tc ca bm cho nm trong khong 300 - 500 (300 < ns 500).
2.1.6 Phn loi theo mc ch s dng
- Bm nc sch: l loi bm ly tm dng bm nc t cht ha tan; thng t h
thng ct nc, h thng tiu, ti trong nng nghip.
- Bm nc thi: thng t h thng thot nc bm nc thi sinh hot hoc sn
xut, bm nc bn sng rnh, h mng...
- Bm nc nng: dng bm nc c nhit t 800C tr ln.
- Bm ha cht.
- Bm bn t.

2-1

Ngoi ra, c th phn loi theo cch dn nc ra khi my bm, theo phng php dn
ng gia ng c vi bm... Loi bm c kt cu hon thin, hiu sut cao v c s
dng rng ri nht hin nay l bm ly tm ni trc tip vi ng c v c b phn dn nc
ra kiu bung xon.

2.2 S CU TO V NGUYN TC LM VIC CA BM LY TM

Trn Hnh 2.1 trnh by s cu to ca bm li tm trc ngang, kiu cng xn, loi mt
cp.
Hnh 2.1

V li
S cu to bm ly tm mt cp.

B phn chnh v quan trng nht ca bm ly tm l bnh xe cng tc (1), lp c nh trn

trc (2) bnh xe cng tc gm a trc (3), a sau (4). Gia hai a l cc cnh (5), c
chiu cong ngc vi chiu quay ca bnh xe. Bnh xe c t trong bung xon (6).
Cht lng c dn vo bnh xe cng tc qua ng ht (7) v dn ra khi bm, qua ng y
(8). Gia trc bm v v t vng bt (cn gi l cm np bt) ngn khng cho cht lng
y ra ngoi.
Trc khi cho bm lm vic ng ht v thn bm phi c cha y nc. Khi bnh xe
cng tc quay, di tc dng ca bm li tm, cht lng cha y trong knh gia cc cnh
chuyn ng t tm ra chu vi v ra khi bnh xe vi vn tc kh ln, vo bung xon. Ti
y, s chuyn ng ca cht lng iu ha h v theo chiu dng chy, tit din bung
xon tng dn, vn tc chuyn ng ca cht lng gim dn bin mt phn p lc ng
ca dng chy sau bnh xe thnh p lc di dng th nng sau khi ra khi bung xon,
cht lng vo ng y v ra b cha.
Khi cht lng b y ra khi ca ra th ca vo ca bnh xe to nn chn khng. Di
tc dng ca p sut kh quyn ln mt cht lng trong b ht, cht lng dng ln qua ng
ht vo bnh xe cng tc, to nn dng chy lin tc qua bm.
Trong bn ly tm qu trnh ht v y din ra lin tc, v vy s cp cht lng ca bm
cng lin tc v u n.

2.3 TRANG B CA MT T MY BM LY TM
Mt s my bao gm ng c, bm v cc trang b ca bm: ng ht, ng y, van, kha,
cc loi ng h (p k, chn khng k,...) nh m t trn Hnh 4.

Gi chn rc: l mt tm li c un theo hnh tr, c y, trn b mt c l

hoc khe dc ngn khng cho rc ri ln trong nc b men vo thn bm.
Trng hp bm c nh, mi bng cch nc vo thn bm hoc nc ly t
ng y th trong gi chn rc t van mt chiu kiu a.

Nu bm nc sch khng cn t gi chn rc. Khi y ming vo ng ht t phu thu.

ng ht: ng ht nn b tr ngn, chc chn, t thay i hng.

Kha trn ng ht: ch t trong trng hp b tr nhiu bm m ng ht ca chung

ni vi nhau hoc bm t thp hn mc nc trong b ht.

Van mt chiu trn ng y: khng cho nc t ng y quay tr li bm trong

trng hp bm t ngt b dng li do mt in hoc b phn chuyn ng b kt.

2-2

Kha trn ng y: b tr gn my bm ngt bm.

Chn khng k: t trn ng ht, k ming ht ca bm xc nh chiu cao ht

chn khng. Mt chn khng k chia theo mm thy ngn hoc kG/cm2.

p k: t trn ng y, k ming y ca bm xc nh gia p ca cht lng

sau khi ra khi my bm. Mt p k chia theo t- mt - phe hoc kG/cm2.

Lu lng k: t trn ng y o lu lng ca bm.

Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp trn nh thn bm cn t van x kh khi mi bm, trn
ng y t van an ton bo v t my v ng ng khi xy ra sc va thy lc.

Hnh 2.2 S b tr trang b ca mt t my.

1: Gi chn rc; 2: ng ht; 3: kha trn ng ht; 4: van mt chiu
5: Kha trn ng y; 6: chn khng k; 7: p k; 8: lu lng k

2.4 NHNG B PHN CH YU CA BM LY TM

Nhng b phn ch yu ca bm ly tm l bnh xe cng tc, b phn hng dng, trc, v
bm, trc v m mt chng thm.
Bnh xe cng tc l b phn quan trng nht ca my bm. N c nhim v truyn nng
lng nhn c t ng c ca cht lng.
Bnh xe cng tc c ch to vi loi dn nc vo mt pha v loi dn nc vo hai
pha kiu kn hoc kiu h.

Hnh 2.3 Bnh xe cng tc kiu kn, dn nc vo mt pha.

1: a trc; 2: a sau; 3: Cnh; 4: Bc
V li
Hnh 2.4 Bnh xe cng tc kiu h, dn nc vo mt pha.
1: Cnh ; 2: a; 3: Bc
V li
Hnh 2.5 Bnh xe cng tc, dn nc vo hai pha.
Bnh xe cng tc kiu kn, dn nc vo mt pha (Hnh 2.3) gm a truc 1 (hay a
ngoi) v a sau 2 (hay a trong).
2-3

Gia hai a l cc cnh bnh xe cng tc c chiu cong ngc vi chiu quay ca bnh xe.
Ty theo h s t tc thp hay cao m b mt cnh c th c mt hoc hai cong. Gia a
2 c bc 4 lp trc bm.
Bnh xe kiu h (Hnh 2.4), khc bnh xe kiu kn l khng c a trc, cc cnh lp st
vi v bm (c khe h nh). Bnh xe kiu h thng dng vi nhng bm bm cht lng
c ht (bm bn t, bm ct si nh,...) i khi cc bm ging khoan cng s dng loi
bnh xe cnh h.
Bnh xe dn nc vo hai pha (Hnh 2.5), c hai a ngoi, v mt a trong. Bc lp trc
a trong. Bnh xe nc vo hai pha thng dng vi nhng bm lu lng ln n lm
cho c tnh lm vic ca bm tt hn. Vi cnh dn nc vo bnh xe nh vy s khng
gy ra lc hng trc khi bm lm vic v cho php b tr hai gi trc hai pha bnh
xe lm tng cng vng ca bm.
Bnh xe cng tc ca bm ly tm thng c 6-8 cnh. Vi nhng bm dng bm cht
lng bn, bm bn t, s cnh bnh xe t hn, thng c 2-4 cnh.
Kch thc phn dn dng ca bnh xe c xc nh nh tnh ton thy ng. Bnh xe
chu tc dng ca nhiu lc, phn lc dng chy, lc ly tm v nu bnh xe lp cng trn
trc th cn c lc tc dng ti ch lp.
Ngoi vic tha mn cc yu cu v thy ng ca phn dn dng v v bn c kh, vic
thit k bnh xe phi to nn dng thun li cho vic c v gia cng c kh. Cng ngh
c ngy nay cho php ch to bnh xe cng tc c phn dn dng vi chnh xc cao v
b mt cc rnh sch khng cn phi gia cng thm na. Trng hp c bit, i khi
ngi ta dng kt cu bnh xe c kt hp vi hn.
Vt liu ch to bnh xe cng tc ca bm phi p ng c cc yu cu t hp v bn
c hc, dn n, tnh chng n mn v chng mi mn cao.
Tnh cht c hc ca vt liu phi m bo bn ca bnh xe khng nhng trong cc
iu kin lm vic bnh thng m c trong nhng ch c bit c th xut hin khi lm
vic. Vt liu khng nhng bn m cn phi do nu trng hp c vt tri lt vo bm
th khng lm hng bnh xe. Do khe h gia bnh xe v m chng thm rt b, nn bnh
xe c th b chm tc thi vo m. Bi vy, vt liu bnh xe phi c tnh chng mi mn
tt. Ngoi ra, vt liu bnh xe c th b hon r do tnh cht ha hc v vi sinh vt ca nc.
Vn tc dng chy rt ln trong bnh xe v khe h ca m chng thm to nn iu kin
rc ri cho s lm vic ca vt liu v mt n mn v hon r. Vt liu bnh xe phi c tnh
c tt v d dng gia cng c kh.
a s cc trng hp bnh xe cng tc ch to bng gang xm C415-32. Bm dng bm
ha cht bnh xe ch to bng gang silc nhc im ca loi vt liu ny l rt dn.
Nhng my bm ln, p lc cao bnh xe cng tc ch to bng thp khng r.
Nhng bm bm cht lng c cha cht bt (bm no than bn, bm bn t...) bnh xe
ch to bng thp mangan c nng cao cng.

2-4

Trong thi gian gn y, ngi ta bt u s dng cht do v knh hu c l nhng vt

liu c tnh c hc tng i cao v chu c tc dng ca mi trng kh thc ch to
bnh xe cng tc.
ng vo: c nhim v dn cht lng vo bnh xe cng tc vi tn tht thy lc nh nht v
phn b u vn tc dng chy theo tit din t ca ming ht.
Cc bm thng c ch to vi ba loi ng vo: kiu chp hng trc (Hnh 2.6a), kiu
ng cong dn nc vo t pha ng (Hnh 2.6b), kiu na xon (Hnh 2.6c).
ng vo kiu chp hng trc l loi n gin nht v c tn tht thy lc t nht.
Loi ny c p dng khi bnh xe ca bm b tr theo kiu cong xn. Kt cu ng vo
theo kiu ny lm tng kch thc my bm theo chiu hng trc
V li
Hnh 2.6 S b phn dn dng vo bnh xe cng tc bm ly tm.
a. Kiu hng trc
b. Kiu dn nc vo t pha bn
c. Kiu na xon
ng vo kiu dn nc t pha bn tn tht thy lc ln hn c nhng n bo m cho my
bm lm vic chc chn, vic b tr ng ht, ng y thun tin.
ng vo kiu na xon kt cu phc tp v tn tht thy lc ln hn so vi loi hnh chp
hng trc. Nhng ng vo loi ny cho php gim nh kch thc bin dng my bm
theo chiu trc v rt tin li khi s dng cho bm nc vo hai pha, bm nhiu cp.
ng tho dng: nhim v ca n l dn cht lng sau khi ra khi bnh xe cng tc vo ng
y. ng tho dng phi bo m c hai yu cu:
Th nht l bo m dng chy i xng so vi trc khi ra khi bnh xe cng tc, do to
iu kin cho dng chy tng i n nh vng bnh xe cng tc.
Th hai l bin ng nng ca dng chy sau bnh xe cng tc thnh p nng. Bnh
thng phn lc ca ng tho c t 1/4 n 1/3 ct nc ng nng ca bnh xe bin
thnh p nng. ng tho dng l mt b phn rt quan trng ca phn dn dng, n nh
hng ln n s hon thin k thut ca bm
ng tho dng thng c 3 loi chnh: ng tho kiu xon (H-1), ng tho kiu cnh (H-9),
ng tho kiu vng khuyn.
ng tho kiu xon (bung xon) gm mt rnh xon c tit din bt k hoc tit din trn
v ng loe theo chiu dng chy trong rnh xon, din tch tit din tng dn theo s tng
lu lng, cn vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy th li gim dn. S gim vn tc ch yu
xy ra phn ng lc sau rnh xon. ng tho kiu xon c dng chy ln hon thin,
hiu sut thy lc cao, kt cu n gin. N c s dng rng ri khng ch bm mt
bnh xe m c nhng bm nhiu bnh xe.

2-5

ng tho kiu cnh v nguyn tc lm vic cng ging ng tho xon, s khc nhau ch
yu ca chng l v cu to v cng ngh gia cng. Tit din ng tho cnh c dng ch
nht thun tin cho vic gia cng c kh. Trong ng tho cnh c mt s rnh nm theo
vng trn. Mi rnh gm phn xon abc v phn loe hede. V mt thy lc, ng tho cnh
c nhiu nhc im hn so vi ng tho xon. Khi ch lm vic thay i trong ng
tho cnh xut hin tn tht cc b do dng chy vo ng tho b lch hng so vi tnh
ton. V th, ng tho cnh ch dng trong mt s kt cu bm nhiu cp.
ng tho kiu vng khuyn l mt rnh tit din khng thay i nm xung quanh ca ra
ca bnh xe cng tc. Loi ng tho ny dng cho nhng bm bm cht lng bn. Do tit
din rnh vng khuyn khng thay i nn vn tc chuyn ng trung bnh ca cht lng
cc tit din khc nhau s khc nhau, tnh cht i xng ca dng chy y b ph v, dn
n s tng tn tht thy lc v c th xut hin lc ngang lm cong trc bm.
V li
Hnh 2.7 S ng tho kiu cnh.
Trc bm: thng ch to t thp CT35, CT45. Nu bm lm vic vi cht lng c cha
cht n mn, trc ch to bng thp khng r. Kch thc trc xc nh t iu kin bn, t
bin dng cho php di tc dng ca cc ti trng ng v tnh, v t gi tr ti hn ca
s vng quay.
Bnh xe cng tc c c nh trn trc nh then v ai c nh v. Trong nhiu trng
hp, trn trc lp bc bo v chng s n mn v s mi mn. mt u trc c lp
bnh ai hoc na khp ni ni vi trc ng c in.
trc: c th cng ln hoc trt chu ti trng, trc no ph thuc vo vn tc
quay ngng trc ph ti v cng d tr bm lm vic. ln kch thc nh gn, lp
rp n gin, thay th d dng nhng tui th km trt. Nhng bm c ln, quan trng
l quay nhanh, thng dng trt c trng mt lp batt. Trong nhiu trng hp khi bm
lm vic vi nc lnh, ngi ta dng trt cao su hay g.
V bm: ty thuc vo ng sut c hc, v bm c th c ch to bng gang hoc thp
cacbon. V bm bao gm nhng b phn dn v tho dng chy ra khi bnh xe v cng
ni tt c cc chi tit khng chuyn ng thnh mt khi chung. Phn dn dng bm
c ng tho kiu xon thng c ch to lin vi v c. iu lm rnh c dng
thun li v mt thy ng v vic gia cng c kh n gin c n mc ti a. Bm loi
v xon c mt ghp ca v thng gc vi trc (H-10) hoc nm ngang (H-11). Bm nhiu
cp vi ng tho kiu cnh do c s lp li ca cc chi tit cng kiu trong v bm nn to
iu kin thun tin cho vic t chc sn xut hng lot. Trong trng hp kt cu v
thng c ch to tng phn ring bit (H-12) ghp li theo cc mt phng vung gc
vi trc bm. iu o m bo c s kht kn gia cc phn ghp ca v nhng gy kh
khn cho vic lp rp ton b v vic lp v v rto phi tin hnh ng thi.
V li
Hnh 2.8
Hnh 2.9
Hnh 2.10

2-6

Photo
Photo

Trn u ni ng ht v ng y c gia cng l lp chn khng k v p k. Ngoi ra,

phn trn cng ca v bm cng c mt l s dng khi vn chuyn v mi khi cho
bm lm vic; phn thp nht cng c mt l tho sch nc trong thn bm khi sa
cha hoc dng bm lu di.
m chng thm: gia ca vo ca bnh xe v v bm c mt khe h nh trnh s c
xt ca bnh xe vo v. Do s chnh p lc, c mt phn cht lng sau khi qua bnh xe li
quay li ming ht hoc cp trc ( bm nhiu cp) qua khe h ny. gim nh lng
cht lng ny, ti y ngi ta t nhng vng m chng thm bng gang hoc ng c
th thay th c khi h hng. m c nhiu kiu: kiu khe h n gin, kiu dch dc
hoc kiu rng ca. Trn H-13 trnh by s b tr m chng thm kiu khe h n gin.
Khe h gia cc vnh m chng thm thng nm trong khong 0,2 - 0,25 mm (xem hnh
13)

Hnh 2.11 S t m chng thm

2.5 CHUYN NG CA CHT LNG TRONG BNH XE CNG TC

CA BM LY TM
kho st chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bnh xe cng tc ca bm ly tm t khi vo
n khi ra khi bnh xe ta a ra gi thit: Bnh xe c s cnh nhiu v hn v cht lng l
cht lng l tng. Nh vy, c ngha l qu o chuyn ng ca cc phn t cht lng l
nhng tia song song v c dng cong trng vi dng cong ca cnh.
nhn c s chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bnh xe cng tc ng vi thc t, cn
c s hiu chnh hp l.
Gi s bit cc kch thc hnh hc ca bnh xe, lu lng l thuyt Qlt, tc quay n.
Cht lng vo bnh xe cng tc vi vn tc tuyt i C1. Gi tr vn tc khng ngng c
tng ln khi cht lng chuyn ng qua cc rnh ca bnh xe cng tc v t n gi tr C2
ti ca ra. Khi chuyn ng qua bnh xe cng tc phn t cht lng ng thi tham gia cc
chuyn ng: chuyn ng quay theo bnh xe cng tc vn tc vng U, chuyn ng tnh
tin dc theo b mt cnh vi vn tc tng i...
S vo bnh xe ca dng chy
Trc khi vo bnh xe, dng chy chuyn ng theo chiu hng trc. Khi bt u vo
bnh xe, dng chy c s i chiu t hng trc sang hng tm.

2-7

Hnh 2.12 S tam gic vn tc

Ti ca vo ca bnh xe, vn tc vng ca cc phn cht lng
U1 =

D1n
60

= R1

(2 - 1)

Vn tc tng i w1 c phng tip tuyn vi cnh ti mp vo, to vi tip tuyn vng

trn bn knh R1 mt gc 1 c hng ngc vi vn tc vng U1 (H-14). Vn tc tuyt i
C1 bng tng hnh hc vn tc tng i vect w v vn tc vng vect U
C1= U1 + W1

(2 2)

th vn tc ca cht lng khi bt u vo v ra khi bnh xe cng tc c biu din

trn H-14 vi cc k hiu

CR
CU

gc gia C v U.
thnh phn vn tc hng knh (cn gi l vn tc kinh tuyn).
thnh phn quay ca vn tc tuyt i.

Gi tr vn tc hng knh xc nh theo cng thc

Trong
C1r =

Qlt
D1b11

(2 - 3)

1 l h s co hp do tnh n chiu dy cnh ti ca vo, c th ly t 0,75 i vi nhng

bm nh n 0,83 i vi nhng bm ln.
Ti mp vo ca cnh, tr s vn tc dng chy c th b mt lin tc - chuyn tip t ngt
t gi tr ny sang gi tr khc, gy hin tng va p khi chy vo cnh. Khi s lm
gim gi tr ct p do bnh xe to nn. ngn nga hin tng va p khi cht lng chy
vo bnh xe khi thit k ch to phi m bo cho C1R = 0, hng ca vn tc w1 phi tip
tuyn vi phng ca vn tc tng i w1 mt gc = 3-80 ch tnh ton, cn
nhng trng hp c bit c th ly ln hn (n 150)

2-8

S ra khi bnh xe ca dng chy

Khi ra khi bnh xe, cc thnh phn vn tc ca dng chy cng tng t nh khi vo.
Thnh phn quay ca vn tc tuyt i C2r khi chuyn t vng trong ra vng ngoi bnh xe
khng c tr s gin on v ng i ca dng chy khng b tc dng ca ngoi lc no
v n chuyn ng t do theo qun tnh. Thnh phn hng knh ca vn tc tuyt i.
Trong
C2R =

Qlt

(2 - 4)
D2b22
2 h s co hp do cc cnh ca ra. Gi tr 2 c th ly t 0,9 vi nhng bm nh n
0,95 i vi nhng bm ln.
Vn tc tng i w2, theo s s cnh nhiu v hn cng c hng tip tuyn vi mp
ra ca cnh, to vi phng vn tc vng U2 di mt gc 2 theo chiu ngc vi chiu
vn tc U2. T th vn tc (H-14)

w2 =

C2r
sin
D2n2
60

= R2

(2 - 5)
(2 - 6)

V vn tc vng
Tng vn tc tng i vect w2 v vn tc vng vect U2 ta c vn tc tuyt i vect C2.
Vn tc tuyt i vect C2 ln phng vn tc quay U2 ta c thnh phn quay ca vn tc
tuyt i C2u.
Trong tnh ton ta coi nh bnh xe c s cnh nhiu v hn v gi thit l hng ca vn
tc tng i khi ra khi bnh xe trng vi phng tip tuyn ti mp ra ca cnh cn gi
tr C2r l hng s mi im ti ca ra. Nhng tong iu kin s cnh hu hn, vn tc
tng i ca ra s khc nhau v gi tr trung bnh ca n s chnh khi hng tip tuyn
vi cnh v gi tr gc 2 nh hn. iu lm gim thnh phn quay ca vn tc tuyt i
C24 so vi C2400 (H-15)

Hnh 2.13 th vn tc dng chy khi ra khi bnh xe vi s cnh hu hn.

2-9

2.6 PHNG TRNH C BN CA BM LY TM

Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm chnh l phng trnh ct p l thuyt.
lp phng trnh ny ta a ra gi thit: Cht lng l cht lng l tng v bnh xe cng
tc c s cnh nhiu v hn. iu c ngha l dng chy trong bnh xe cng tc gm cc
dng nguyn t song song vi nhau v song song vi b mt cnh bnh xe, cn vn tc ca
chng ti mi im cch tm khong nh nhau th nh nhau.
ng dng nh l c hc v bin thin m men ng lng i vi dng cht lng chuyn
ng qua bnh xe cng tc, c th pht biu nh sau:
Bin thin m men ng lng ca khi cht lng chuyn ng qua bnh xe cng tc trong
mt n v thi gian i vi trc quay ca bnh xe bng tng m men ngoi lc tc dng
ln khi cht lng i vi trc quay, tc l bng m men xon trn trc bnh xe cng
tc.
Xt mt dng nguyn t chuyn ng dc theo cnh bnh xe cng tc ca bm ly tm (H16). Xc nh bin thin m men ng lng ca khi cht lng gia hai tit din vo
(1-1) v ra (2-2) i vi trc quay O. Nu dng nguyn t c lu lng dQ th ng lng
ca n ti tit din 1-1 l:
dK1 = dmC1 = /g dQC1
m khilng cht lng
V ti tit din 2-2:
dK2 = dmC2 = /g dQC2
M men ng lng ca dng nguyn t i vi trc quay ca bnh xe cng tc ti tit din
1-1 v 2-2:
dM1 = dK1l1 = /g dQ C1R1cos1
dM2 = dK2l2 = /g dQ C2R2cos2
Bin thin m men ng lng trong mt n v thi gian ca dng nguyn t cht lng
bng hiu m men ng lng ti ca ra; ca vo ca bnh xe cng tc:
M = dM2 - dM1
M = /g dQ (C2R2cos2 - C1R1cos1)

(2 8)

V a ra gi thit nh trn, bin thin m men ng lng ca ton b khi cht lng
chuyn ng qua bnh xe cng tc trong mt n v thi gian bng tng bin thin m men
ng lng ca tt c cc dng nguyn t:
M = /g dQ (C2R2cos2 - C1R1cos1)
= /g Qlt (C2R2cos2 - C1R1cos1)

2-10

(2 9)

Gi Mx l m men ngoi lc, tc l m men xon trn trc bnh xe cng tc th:
Mx = M
Mx = /g Qlt (C2R2cos2 - C1R1cos1)

(2 10)

Nhn hai v phng trnh vi vn tc gc , nhn c:

Mx = /g Qlt ( C2R2cos2 - C1R1cos1)

(2 11)

y, Mx chnh l cng sut (tnh bng kGm/s) s dng bin thnh nng lng ca
cht lng.
Mx = Qlt Hlt

(2 12)

Trong
Qlt
lu lng l thuyt ca my bm
Hlt
ct p l thuyt vi s cnh bnh xe nhiu v cng.
T Phng trnh (2 11) v (2 12) rt ra:
Hlt =

( C2R2cos2 - C1R1cos1)
g

(2 - 13)

M
R1= U1
R2 = U2
C2cos2 = C2U
C1cos1 = C1U
Thay cc gi tr vo phng trnh (2.13)

Hlt =

(U2C2U - U1C1U)

(2 - 14)

Phng trnh (2 14) l phng trnh l thuyt c bn ca bm ly tm do nh bc hc Ok

tm ra.
Trong hu ht cc my bm, ngi ta c gng m bo cho thnh phn vn tc C1U = 0.
Khi
Hlt =

U2C2U

(2 - 15)

g
T phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm ta thy mun tng ct p ca bm th tng vn tc
U2 bng cch tng ng knh bnh xe cng tc hoc tng tc quay ca bnh xe, tng
thnh phn vn tc C2U nh tng gc 2 v gim gc 2.

2-11

Ct p thc t ca bm ly tm nh hn ct p l thuyt xc nh theo phng trnh c bn

(2 14) hoc (2 15). Do:
a. Bm lm vic vi cht lng thc nn tn ti sc cn thy lc, khc phc sc cn ny
mt phn p lc ca bm b tiu hao i.
b. Khi lp phng trnh c bn, ta coi bnh xe cng tc c s cnh nhiu v hn. Thc t,
s cnh bnh xe l hu hn. V vy, qu o chuyn ng ca mt s phn t cht lng
b lch i so vi dng cnh lm gim nh vn tc tuyt i hoc thnh phn quay ca
vn tc tuyt i. iu lm cho p lc my bm b gim i.
Theo kt qu cng trnh nghin cu ca S.S.Rudnhiev v G.F. Poxcuno, k n nh
hng ca s cnh hu hn v s lm vic ca bm vi cht lng thc, ct p thc t ca
bm c xc nh theo cng thc:
H = K TL Hlt
Trong
H
TL
K

ct p thc t ca bm tnh bng m.c.n

hiu sut thy lc ca my bm. Ty thuc vo kt cu, cht lng ch
to m gi tr ca n nm trong khong 0,8-0,95.
h s tnh n s cnh hu hn

Theo kt qu nghin cu ca vin s G.F. Paxcuna nm 1931 th:

K = 1 / [1+(2 /Z)(1/1-[R1/R2]2)]

(2 17)

Trong : h s tnh theo cng thc

= (0,55 - 0,65) + 0,6 sin 2
H s nh ly i vi bm c t tc thp. H s ln ly i vi bm c h s t tc cao. H
s hiu chnh ny cn ly ph thuc vo nhm b mt phn dn dng ca bnh xe,
nhm ln th ly h s hiu chnh ln.
tnh gn ng gi tr ct p do bm ly tm to ra, c th dng cng thc:
H = U22 / g
Hay
H = 0,00028 D2n2

(2.18)

Trong

D
n

h s ct p; cc bm c b phn dn nc ra kiu xon = 0,35-0,5,

bm c b phn dn nc ra kiu cnh = 0,45- 0,55.
ng knh ngoi ca bnh xe tnh bng m.
tc quay ca bnh xe tnh bng v/ph.

2-12

2.7 NH HNG CA KT CU CNH DN N CT P CA BM LY

TM
Kt cu ca bnh xe cng tc ni chung v cnh dn ni ring c nh hng quyt nh n
ct p ca my bm ly tm. Hnh dng cnh ch yu ph thuc vo gc vo 1 v gc ra 2.
Nh kho st 2.6, trng hp li nht v ct p ca bm khi tam gic vn tc ca
vo l tam gic vung (1 = 900). Theo phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm (2.15) th gc
1 khng nh hng trc tip n ct p ca bm. Tuy vy, nu tr s ca 1 khng hp l
s gy hin tng va p dng chy vi cnh ti ca vo, lm gim hiu sut v ct p ca
bm. Thng th 1 = 15-300.
HL = U2C2U /g
T tam gic vn tc (H-16) c:
C2U = U2 - C2R cotg 2

(2.19)

Nh vy, gi tr 2 c nh hng trc tip n tr s v phng cc thnh phn vn tc ca

dng cht lng ti ca ra ca bnh xe, do nh hng quyt nh n ct p ca my
bm.
Gi tr gc ra 2 quyt nh kiu bnh xe (H-17).
Khi 2 < 900 c cc cnh cong sau (H-17a); 2 = 900 cnh c mp ra hng tm (H-17b); 2
> 900 cnh un cong v pha trc (H-17c). Ta s ln lt nghin cu cc loi bnh xe vi
nhng kiu cnh nh vy.
Theo cng thc (1.3) c th vit c phng trnh ct p ng do bnh xe cng tc ca
bm ly tm to nn:
H = (C22 - C12) / 2g

(2.20)

Trong
C2: vn tc dng chy ti ca ra ca bnh xe.
C1: vn tc dng chy ti ca vo ca bnh xe.
Bm ly tm thng c ch to c gc 1 = 900 nn:
C1 = C1R
V ngi ta c gng m bo cho thnh phn vn tc hng knh Cr hu nh khng thay
i t ca vo n ca ra ca bnh xe. V th:
C1 = C1R = C2R

(2.21)

Theo (2.10) c ct p ng:

2-13

H = (C22 - C2R2) / 2g
T tam gic vn tc (H-16) c:
C22 - C2r2 = C2U2
Nn
H = C2U2
Theo phng trnh c bn c:
H = Ht + H = U2C2U / g
Ta kho st tng loi bnh xe cng tc to nn vi cc kiu cnh dn trn.
Trn hnh -18, cc tam gic vn tc xy dng cho ba kiu bnh xe nu trnb vi iu
kin: chng c gc 1, kch thc ca vo, lu lng, s vng quay lm vic n, ng
knh ngoi ca bnh xe D2 l nh nhau. Nh vy c ngha l chng c tam gic vn tc
ca vo nh nhau, c vn tc vng C2 bng nhau.

Hnh 17

V li
Cc kiu b tr cnh dn

Khi 2 < 900 ; C2U < U2

Nn C2U2 < U2C2U v C22U / 2g < 1/2 U2C2U / g
Do
H < Hlt / 2

(2.22)

Nh vy, bnh xe cng tc ca my bm c cc cnh sau, to nn ct p ch yu l ct p

tnh.
* Khi 2 = 900 ; C2U = U2
C2U2 = U2C2U v C22U = 1/2 U2C2U / g
Do
H = Hlt / 2

(2.23)

2-14

V li Hnh 18
Nh vy, khi cnh c mp ra hng tm, ct p ton phn do bnh xe cng tc to nn gm
hai thnh phn ct p ng v ct p tnh bng nhau.
* Khi 2 > 900 C2U > U2
Nn C2U2/ 2g > 1/2 U2C2U / g
Do
H > Hlt / 2

(2.24)

Nh vy, khi cc cnh cong trc, ct p ton phn do bnh xe bm to nn ch yu l ct

p ng. Trong trng hp C2U = 2U2, ct p tnh s bng 0
Ht = Hlt = 1/g 2U2C2U - (2U2)2 / 2g = 0
Nu tip tc tng gc 2 ln na th C2U > 2U2, lc ct p tnh s c gi tr m.
Trong thc t bm khng th lm vic c vi ct p tnh Ht 0, v khi chc nng
y cht lng ca bm hon ton khng c.
th (H-19) biu th mi quan h gia ct p l thuyt ca bm v gc 2 cho thy: gc
2 cng ln th ct p l thuyt ca bm cng ln, kh nng truyn c nng cho cht lng
cng nhiu. Nhng trong k thut phi ch gii quyt lm th no c nng truyn cho
cht lng c li nht v p ng c cc yu cu lm vic khc nhau v ct p ng v ct
p tnh. Bm ly tm thng lm vic trong phm vi c quan h ct p tnh v ct p ton
phn.

V li Hnh 19 Quan h ca Hlt vi gc 2

Ht = (0,7 - 0,8) Hlt

(2.25)

ng vi gc ra 2 = 15-300, trng hp c bit c th ly 2 = 500. Tc l cnh bnh xe

ca bm ly tm bao gi cng c dng cong sau.

2-15

Nhim v ca my bm l to nn ct p di dng ct p tnh l ch yu. Bnh xe cng

tc vi cc cnh cong sau cho php nhn c trc tip phn ln ct p di dng ct p
tnh. Knh gia cc cnh cong sau bin i u hn so vi cc cnh cong trc nn tn tht
thy lc khi cht lng chuyn ng qua cc knh nh hn, vic a cc cnh cng d dng
hn. Nu s dng cc cnh cong trc, phi bin i ct p ng thnh ct p tnh. iu
gy kh khn, phc tp cho vic ch to gy tn tht thy lc kh ln khi bm lm vic.
V nhng l do trn, trong lnh vc ch to bm u dng kiu cnh cong sau. Kiu cnh c
mp ra hng tm v cong trc c s dng rng ri trong my nn kh v qut gi.

2.8 LU LNG CA BM LY TM
Lu lng l thuyt
Theo phng trnh lu lng, lu lng l thuyt ca bm ly tm c xc nh theo cng
thc:
Q lt = F Ctb

(m3/s)

(2.26)

Trong
F
Ctb

din tch tit din t ca dng chy

vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy, thng gc vi tit din F.

Din tch tit din t ca dng chy khi ra khi bnh xe cng tc bm ly tm chnh l din
tch ca ra ca bnh xe. Nu cho rng bnh xe cng tc c s cnh nhiu v cng v mng
v cng th din tch ny c th tnh nh din tch mt mt tr (H-5), c ng knh D2,
chiu cao b2:
F = D2b2
Vn tc thng gc vi tit din dng chy ti ca ra ca bnh xe chnh l thnh phn vn
tc hng knh:
C2r = C2 sin2
Theo s s cnh nhiu v hn thnh phn vn tc ny c gi tr nh nhau ti mi im
ca tit din dng chy ca ra bnh xe.
Lu lng l thuyt ca bm ly tm c xc nh theo cng thc:
Qlt = D2 b2 C2r

(2.27)

Hoc tnh ti tit din vo ca bnh xe

Qlt = D1 b1 C1r
Lu lng thc t

2-16

Do bnh xe cng tc c s cnh hu hn, do c tn tht trong qu trnh lm vic nn lu

lng thc t ca my bm nh hn lu lng l thuyt. Nhng tn tht lu lng ny
c k n qua mt i lng gi l hiu sut th tch TT. Lu lng thc t ca my
bm xc nh theo cng thc:
Q = TT Qlt

(2.28)

Gi tr ca hiu sut th tch thng nm trong khong 0,95 - 0,97 (xem 2.11)

2.9 CHIU CAO HT

Chiu cao ht l c tnh v mt xy dng ca my bm, n quyt nh cao trnh b tr t
my trong trm bm. V th n c nh hng n gi thnh xy dng nh trm. V chiu
cao ht c hai khi nim: chiu cao ht a hnh v chiu cao ht gii hn.
Chiu cao ht a hnh l hiu cao trnh trc bm v cao trnh mt thong t do trong thc
t m bm ht cht lng (H-20)
Hhh = Z1 - Z0
Cht lng chuyn ng t mt thong t do c p sut Pa / vo n bnh xe ca bm l do
th nng ban u. Cng nng nc ln chiu cao Hhh v khc phc sc cn ca ng ht
hh s lm gim tr nng trong cht lng co p sut trong cht lng ti ca vo bnh xe
gim n P1/ . chnh gia p sut kh quyn trn mt ht v p sut tuyt i ti ca
vo bnh xe cng tc gi l gim chn khng hay chiu cao ht chn khng c o
bng chn khng k.
Hcktc = (Pa - P1) /

(m)

Trong
Pa
P1

Hcktc

p sut kh quyn, o bng kG/m2

p sut ti ca vo bnh xe, o bng kG/m2
trng lng ring ca cht lng, o bng kG/m3; (vi nc = 1000kG/m3)
chiu cao ht chn khng, o bng m.c.n

Chiu cao ht chn khng cho php ca cc loi bm khc nhau th khc nhau, n c th c
gi tr m hoc dng v do nh my ch to xc nh, cho trong l lch bm.
Cc gi tr ny c th xc nh bng phng php tnh ton.
Vit phng trnh Bcnuli cho mt ct 1-1 v 0-0 (H-20) c

2-17

V li Hnh 20 Xc nh chiu cao ht

Pa/ + V02/2g = P1/ + Z1 + V12/2g + hh
Trong
V0
hh
V1

vn tc dng chy mt thong t do trong b, o bng m/s.

tn tht thy lc trong ng ht, o bng m.
vn tc dng chy ti ca vo bnh xe, o bng m/s.

Gi tr V0 rt nh nn c th b qua thnh phn V02/2g.

Do
Hhh = Z1 = (Pa - P1) / - hh - V12/2g
Hay

Hhh = Hckh - hh - V12/2g

(2.29)
(2.30)

T c cng thc tnh chiu cao ht chn khng gii hn

Hckh = Hhh + hh + V12/2g

(2.31)

khng xy ra hin tng xm thc, chiu cao ht chn khng gii hn ca my bm

phi lun lun nh hn gi tr tnh theo cng thc (2.29) mt lng d tr xm thc: hk.
Hckgh = Hckh - hk

(2.32)

Gi tr chiu cao ht gii hn cho trong l lch bm hoc s tay my bm thng c xc

nh theo iu kin p sut kh quyn bng 10 m.c.n v nhit cht lng bng 200C. Khi
p sut kh quyn v nhit cht lng khc i th d tr xm thc cng khc i. Lc
, chiu cao ht gii hn ca my bm c xc nh theo cng thc:
Hckgh = (Hckgh)s - 10 + Pa / + 0,24 - kt

(2.33)

Trong
(Hckgh)s chiu cao ht chn khng gii hn tra theo s tay my bm.
Pa / p sut kh quyn tng ng vi cao trnh b tr my bm, tra bng (2 -1)
0,24 p sut ha hi ca nc nhit 200C.
kt
p sut bc hi bo ha ca cht lng nhit t, tra theo bng (2-2)
10
p sut kh quyn iu kin bnh thng.
Bng 2-1 Gi tr p sut kh quyn Pa/ theo cao trnh mt t
Cao trnh
mt t
(m)
Pa /
(m.c.H)

800

10
0

20
0

30
0

11,
3

10,
3

10, 10, 10
2
1

40
0

800

90
0

100
0

1500

2000

9,8 9,7 9,6 9,5 9,4

9,3

9,2

8,6

8,4

2-18

50
0

60
0

70
0

Bng 2-2 Gi tr p sut bc hi bo ha ht theo nhit nc

t (0C)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

ht
(m.c.H)

0,09

0,12

0,24

0,43

0,75

1,25

2,02

3,17

4,82

7,14

10,33

Tn tht ct p trong ng ht gm tn tht dc ng v tn tht cc b, c xc nh

theo cng thc:
hh = il + V2 / 2g

(2.34)

Trong
i
l

tn tht ct p n v tnh theo chiu di ng, c th tra theo bng tnh

ton thy lc ca Ph--rp v Vn-kp hoc S-v-lp.
chiu di ng ht.
tng h s tn tht cc b.
vn tc chuyn ng ca nc ti nhng ch gy ra tn tht cc b.

Cng thc (2.30), (2.23) v (2.24) cho php xc nh c cao trnh b tr trc bm vi y
chnh xc cn thit.

2.10 CT P CA MY BM
Trong 1.4 c nhng kho st s b v ct p ton phn ca bm
Ct p ton phn ca bm ly tm l nng lng n v nng lng ca 1 kg cht lng, do
my bm truyn cho. Gi tr nng lng ny c o st ca vo, ca ra ca bnh xe bm,
n v o l mt ct nc v k hiu l H.
Vi s H-21, theo cng thc (1-1) ta c
H = E2 - E1 = (P2 - P1) / + (V22 - V22) / 2g

Hnh 21 S xc nh ct p my bm
C: chn khng k; A: p k
chn khng ca vo my bm c o bng chn khng k C, thng c thang chia
theo kG/cm2. Ap sut tuyt i ca cht lng khi vo my bm tnh theo cng thc:
P1 / = (Pa - Pc) / * 104 m.c.n
Thay gi tr P1, P2 vo cng thc tnh ct p trn c:

2-19

H = (Pa + Pc)/ *104 + (V22 - V12)/2g (m)

Vi nc = 103 kg/m3 nn
H = 10Pa + 10Pc + (V22 - V12)/2g

(m)

(2.35)

Nu s o ca chn khng k v p k tnh bng m.c.n v c gi tr l MC , MA th cng

thc (2.35) c dng:
H = MA + MC + (V22 - V12)/2g

(m)

(2.36)

Nh vy, ct p ton phn ca my bm khi p k v chn khng k b tr trong mt mt

phng nm ngang (H-21) bng tng s o ca p k, chn khng k v hiu s ct p lu
tc ca ra, ca vo ca my bm.
Khi thit k trm bm, ct p ton phn ca my bm xc nh theo cng thc:
H = Hhh + Hh + hh + h

(m)

(2.37)

Nh vy, ct p cn thit ca my bm bng tng chiu cao ht v chiu cao y a hnh

cng vi tng tn tht ct p khi cht lng chuyn ng t b cha vo ng ht n khi ra
khi ming ng y.
Trn H - 22a, 22b, 22c gii thiu mt s s mc ng h o p lc.
Khi p k v chn khng k b tr nh H-22a, ct p ca bm tnh theo cng thc:
H = MA + MC + + (V22 - V12)/2g

(m)

(2.38)

(m)

(2.39)

H -22c
Theo s H-22b c cng thc tnh:
H = MA + MC - + (V22 - V12)/2g

Nu trc my bm t thp hn mc nc trong b ht th trn u ni ng ht t p k

(H-22c). Khi :

2-20

H = MA2 - MA1 + + (V22 - V12)/2g

(m)

(2.40)

Trong
MA2
MA1

ch s ca p k trn u ni ng y, o bng m.c.n

ch s ca p k trn u ni ng ht, o bng m.c.n
khong cch lp t gia hai p k theo chiu thng ng, o bng m.

2.11 CNG SUT V HIU SUT CA MY BM

Theo (1-5) c cng thc tnh cng sut hu ch ca my bm.
Nh = QH / 102 kw

(2.41)

Hay
Nh = QH / 75 m lc
Trong
Q
H

lu lng ca my bm, tnh bng m3/s.

ct p ton phn ca my bm, tnh bng m.c.n
trng lng ring ca cht lng, tnh bng kG/m3. (vi nc nhit
5-400C th = 103kg/m3).

Nu trng lng ring tnh bng N/m3 th

Nh = QH / 103 kw.
Do c mt phn nng lng b tn tht trong qu trnh lm vic nn cng sut trn trc bao
gi cng ln hn cng sut hu ch.
N = QH / 102

kw

(2.42)

hiu sut ton phn ca my bm

m bo cho t my lm vic chc chn, tin cy th cng sut nh mc ca ng c dn

ng phi ln hn cng sut trn trc bm.
Nu trc bm ni vi trc ng c bng khp ni th cng sut ng c c tnh theo cng
thc
Nc = kN = k QH /102 kw

(2.43)

k: h s d tr cng sut. Gi tr ca n ly ph thuc vo loi my bm, ng c v cng

sut lm vic. Nn chn h s k c gi tr ln hn hoc bng cc gi tr nu ra di y:
N2
2 <N5
5 < N 50

1,5
1,5 - 1,25
1,25 - 1,15

2-21

50 < N 100
N > 100

1.15 - 1,05
1,05

Nu trc bm ni vi trc ng c qua b truyn ai hoc bnh rng th cng sut ng c

tnh theo cng thc:
Nc = k QH /102Td
Td

(2.44)

hiu sut b truyn

T (2.42) c cng thc tnh hiu sut ton phn ca my bm

= Nh / N

(2.45)

Hiu sut ca my bm l mt i tng k n cc loi tn tht: th tch, c kh, thy lc

pht sinh khi my bm truyn nng lng cho cht lng. Cc loi tn tht c nghin cu
bng nhiu phng php l thuyt v thc nghim khc nhau.
Tn tht th tch
Theo khe h gia rto v stato bn trong bm, xut hin r r gy nn s tn tht lu
lng ca my bm, i khi cn gy nn tn tht thy lc ph. Ty theo kt cu ca tng
loi bm, tn tht th tch xut hin nhng v tr khc nhau. in hnh l tn tht m
chng thm pha trc bnh xe Qr1. Ngoi ra cn xut hin r r h thng cn bng lc
dc trc Qr2, m chng thm ca bch bnh xe Qr3.
Lu lng r r Qr2 c xc nh khi tnh ton h thng cn bng lc dc trc.
Lu lng r r Qr3 i vi bm mt cp c th b qua, lu lng ny ch ng k trong
bm nhiu cp.
Lu lng r r Qr1 l ng k hn c. Nguyn nhn ca s r r ny l do s chnh lch p
sut ti ca ra P2 v ca vo P1 ca dng cht lng lm xut hin mt lu lng Qr1 quay
tr li ca vo bnh xe (H-23). Xt m chng thm c dng vnh khn (H-23). Coi r r
nh mt trng thi chy qua l vnh khn.
Qri = f 2g (Pi - P1)/ = Dib2g Hpi

(2.46)

Trong
g
tit din ngang ca khe, bng D, b.

h s lu lng
DI
ng knh ca m chng thm
b
chiu rng khe h hng knh ca vng m (thng th b = 0,2- 0,3 mm)
Hpi = (Pi - P1) / . Tn tht ct p trong m chng thm.
p lc pha trc m chng thm.
Pi
P1
p lc pha sau (ca vo bnh xe) m chng thm

2-22

Hnh 23 S tnh ton lu lng r r bnh xe

C th tch tn tht ct p Hpi qua ct p tnh ca bm
Hpi = Ht - U22 /8g * (R2/Ri)2 * [1 - (Ri / R2)2]
Hiu sut th tch ca bm tnh theo cng thc
TT = Q / (Q + Qr)

(2.47)

Tn tht c kh
Cng sut do ng c truyn cho bm ln hn cng sut do bnh xe truyn cho dng cht
lng mt lng bng tn tht c kh NC. Tn tht c kh trong bm phn lm ba loi chnh:
NC = NC1 + NC2 + NC 3
NC1
NC2
NC 3

tn tht do ma st mt ngoi bnh xe vi cht lng.

tn tht do ma st trong cc vng tp chng thm.
tn tht do ma st trong trc.

Cng sut ma st mt ngoi bnh xe vi cht lng gm cng sut ma st ca mt cnh v

phn tr ca vnh ngoi bnh xe (H-23) c tnh theo cng thc:
NC1 = 10-3 (1,13 113D2 + 3,14 10-3/2 L wR4)

(2.48)

Vic nghin cu tn tht cng sut trong cc vng tp chng thm (H-24) cha c
nghin cu nhiu do tnh cht vt l mun hnh, mun v ca vt liu m v mt lm vic
ca trc.

Hnh 24 S cm bch p tp
1 Trc bm; 2 vng tp; 3 v bm; 4 bch p tp
Do tnh do ca vt liu m lt, p lc dc trc bin thnh p lc hng tm tc dng ln
trc v mt trong ca hp chn gy tn tht c kh. Cng sut tn tht c kh y c
xc nh theo cng thc:
NC2 = n /30 * r2s / 102 * 1/2 P0 e22 1/ s (1 - e -22 1/ s) kw (2.49)
Trong
P0
p sut d trong v, tnh bng kG/m3
r
bn knh ngang trc, tnh bng m
s
chiu dy mt lp m tnh bng m
1
h s ma st ng
2 = 1/ k vi k l h s c trng cho tnh cht hiu sut c kh ca my bm.
2-23

CK = (N - NC) / N = (Q + Qr) Hlt / D2 N

(2.50)

Tn tht thy lc
Tn tht thy lc trong my bm c th chia ra lm hai loi: tn tht do ma st ca cht
lng vi b mt knh dn gia cc bnh xe v trong b phn dn dng cnh, tn tht do to
thnh xoy trn b mt cnh khi c chuyn ng khng n nh v i khi quay c trong
chuyn ng n nh (H-25)

Hnh 25
Tn tht ny lm gim ct p ca bm i mt lng h. Ct p thc t ca my bm
H = Hlt - h
Hlt

nng lng dng chy nhn c t bnh xe bm.

hon thin v mt thy lc ca bm c nh gi bng hiu sut thy lc

lt = H / Hlt

(2.51)

T (2.47) v (2.50) c
CK = (Q + Q) Hl t / 102 N = (Q+ Q)Hlt / QH
CK = / TT

(2.52)

Do , hiu sut ton phn ca my bm

= CK tl TT

(2.53)

Cc tn tht th tch, c kh th d nghin cu bng thc nghim cng nh bng tnh ton.
Vn phc tp nht l xc nh tn tht thy lc. Xc nh loi tn tht ny bng thc
nghim gp rt nhiu kh khn, bng tnh ton th vn cha c c nhng phng php
hon chnh. V hiu sut ton phn , hiu sut th tch TT c th xc nh c bng tnh
ton hoc th nghim nn vic tnh hiu sut thy lc thng c thc hin bng cch tch
ra t phng trnh cn bng nng lng chung (2.53).

2.12 LUT TNG T TRONG BM LY TM

Trong lnh vc kho st thit k, ch to my thy lc ni chung v my bm l tm ni
ring, lut tng t c ng dng rng ri v c hiu qu. Cc my bm ni chung c
ch to theo my m hnh c th nghim. Hai my ny tng t vi nhau theo chun
tng t. S chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bnh xe cng tc ph thuc vo cc yu t
hnh hc, ng hc v ng lc hc. V vy, hai my bm tng t phi tha mn cc tiu
chun tng t tng qut ca hai my thy lc lm vic vi cht lng thc l tng t v
hnh hc, ng hc v ng lc hc.

2-24

Hai my nguyn hnh N v m hnh M tng t v hnh hc, ngha l chng phi c gc t
cnh nh nhau, c cc kch thc tng ng t l vi nhau (k c bng b mt)
M = N
M = N
DM / DN = bM/bN = ....LM/LN = L = const
L

l chun tng t hnh hc

Hai my N v M tng t ng hc khi ch dng chy trong chng nh nhau, ngha l

cc tam gic vn tc tng ng ca chng ng dng
CM / CN = UM / UN = wM / wN = V = const
V

l chun tng t ng hc.

Hai my N v M tng t ng hc khi t l cc lc tc dng ln cc phn t tng ng ca

bnh xe cng tc bng nhau, ngha l trng thi chy ca dng cht lng trong hai my nh
nhau:
RCM = RCN
Thng thng cc my thy lc u c dng chy trong n nm trong khu vc bnh
phng sc cn nn tn tht thy lc khng ph thuc vo s RC m ph thuc vo
bng b mt chi tit, lut tng t i vi my bm ch quy v tng t hnh hc v ng
hc.
lp cng thc tng t dng cho cc my bm, gi thit rng, h s hiu chnh v s
cnh v hiu sut ca hai bm ng dng nh nhau.
V ct p, c quan h
HM / HN = U2MC2UM / U2NC2UN
U2M / U2N = C2UM / C2UN = V
M U = Dn / 60
Trong
D
n

ng knh bnh xe cng tc

s vng quay trong mt pht ca bnh xe cng tc.

V vy c
HM / HN = (DM/DN)2 (nM/nN)2

(2.54)

V lu lng, c quan h

2-25

QM/QN = ( D2b2C2r TT)M / ( D2b2C2r TT)N* D2M/D2N* b2M/b2N* C2rM / C2rN

Theo lut tng t ta c
D2M / D2N = b2M / b2N
V
C2rM / C2rN = (D2M/D2N)* (nM / nN)
V vy

QM / QN = (DM/DN)3(nM/nN)

(2.55)

V cng sut, c quan h

NM / NN = (M / N) * (QM/QN)* (HM / HN)
Hai bm tng t phi lm vic vi cng sut cht lng nn
M = N ; T (2.54) v (2.55) c
NM / NN = (DM/DN)5 * (nM / nN)

(2.56)

Cc cng thc (2.54), (2.55) v (2.56) cho bit lut tng t trong bm ly tm. Lut tng
t cho php tnh ton cc bm mi da trn bm mu c sn vi chnh xc cao, cho
php nghin cu mt loi bm mi da trn bm m hnh c kch thc nh hn nhiu cho
php th nghim my bm vi s vng quay khc nhau.
Lut tng t ch p dng khi cc my bm lm vic vi cng mt loi cht lng v kch
thc ca chng khng ln hn nhau nhiu (c 2-3)

2.13 H S T TC
H s t tc nS ca bnh xe cng tc l s vng quay ca mt bnh xe m hnh tng t vi
bnh xe cng tc ang xt nhng bnh xe cng tc m hnh c lu lng QS = 75 l/s v
ct p HS = 1m.
H s t tc cng l mt chun tng t ca cc loi bnh xe khc nhau. Theo (2.54)
v(2.56) c
QS / Q = 0,075/Q = (nS / n) (DS/D)3
HS /H = 1/H
= (nS/n)2(DS/D)2
T suy ra

nS = 3,65n Q1/2 / H3/4

(2.57)

Trong
n
Q
H

s vng quay ca bm ang xt tnh bng V/ph.

lu lng ca bm ang xt, tnh bng m3/s.
ct p ca bm ang xt, tnh bng m.

2-26

Vi my bm c bnh xe cng tc nc vo hai pha th khi tnh h s t tc theo cng thc

(2.57) lu lng ly bng Q/2.
T lut tng t v cng thc (2.57) d dng nhn thy rng, h s t to1c nS lun lun
khng i vi mi ch lm vic ca my bm, n ch ph thuc vo kt cu ca bnh xe
cng tc. vic tnh ton chnh xc nn ly cc gi tr lu lng v ct p ng vi ch
lm vic ti u a vo cng thc tnh. T cng thc cng thy rng bnh xe cng tc
c h s t tc cng nh th t s Q/H cng nh.
H s t tc l mt thng s tng hp c trng cho bnh xe cng tc ca my bm. H s t
tc c ng dng phn loi v so snh cc nhm bnh xe cng tc khc nhau ca bm
li tm v bm hng trc, nghin cu, la chn my bm c li nht v lu lng v ct
p.
Bng 2-3 Cho cc kiu bnh xe cng tc ph thuc vo h s t tc nS v cc gi tr s b
ca D2/D0.
Bng 2-3

Nhn vo bng 2-3 thy h s t tc cng cao, cng c kh nng gim nh kch thc my
bm v gi thnh ch to. Do , kt cu ca my gn nh hn v vic s dng cng chc
chn hn. Tuy vy, vic tng h s t tc li dn n vic gim chiu cao ht ca my bm.
V th , vic tng h s t tc b hn ch.

2.14 QUAN H TNG T TRONG MT BM LY TM

Ngoi nhng ng dng nu phn trn, lut tng t cn c ng dng trong thc t
s dng bm ly tm nghin cu quan h tng t trong mt my bm. l quan h
gia tc quay n (hoc ng knh bnh xe D, trng lng ring ca cht lng ) vi cc
thng s lm vic khc ca bm Q, N, H khi n (hoc D, ) thay i.
Khi s vng quay n ca my bm thay i s dn n s thay i lu lng Q, ct p H v
cng sut tiu th N ca my bm. Thc nghim chng t rng khi s vng quay nh mc
ca bm thay i t (di 50% s vng quay nh mc) th hiu sut ca my bm thay i
rt t v c th coi nh = const. Hn na, cc thnh phn vn tc u t l vi s vng
quay nn khi tc quay thay i th tam gic vn tc tng ng s ng dng vi nhau.
V vy cc ch lm vic khc nhau ca mt bm khi s vng quay thay i t c th xem
nh l trng hp tng t.

2-27

Gi Q, N, H l lu lng, cng sut, ct p tng ng vi s vng quay n v Q1, H1, N1 l

lu lng, ct p, cng sut ng vi s vng quay n1, T (2.54), (2.55) v (2.56) vi n
khng i c:
H / H1 = (n / n1)2

(2.58)

Q / Q1 = n / n1

(2.59)

N / N1 = (n / n1)2

(2.60)

Khi thay i ng knh ngoi ca bnh xe cng tc (gt bnh xe) cc thng s lm vic
ca bm cng thay i. i vi cc loi bm v xon ngi ta gt bnh xe bng cch tin
nh vnh ngoi bnh xe. Cc bm c b phn hng dng hoc m chng thm vnh
ngoi bnh xe th ch ct bt cnh n ng knh yu cu.
Gi Q, H, N l lu lng, ct p, cng sut ca bm ng vi ng knh bnh xe ban u
l D v Qy, Hy, Ny l lu lng, ct p, cng sut khi ng knh bnh xe gt n Dy.
Quy c rng khi gt bnh xe chiu rng ca ra b1 v s vng quay n khng thay i. Theo
(2.54), (2.55) v (2.56) c:
HY / H = (Dy/D)2

(2.61)

Qy / Q = (Dy/D)2

(2.62)

Ny / N = (Dy/D)2

(2.63)

Vi cc bnh xe bm ly tm c nS < 150 th kt qu tt nht nhn c tnh theo cng thc

Qy/ Q = Dy / D
(2.64)
Khi gt bnh xe, hiu sut ca bm c th tnh li theo cng thc:
g = 1 - [(1-)(D /Dg)0,45

(2.65)

Tuy nhin, khi gt bnh xe trong gii hn cho php th hiu sut ca bm thay i khng
ng k. Qua tnh ton v kim nghim thc t ngi ta a ra c gii hn gt bnh
xe theo tr s t tc nh sau:
50 < nS < 120 . . . . . 15 - 20%
120 < nS < 200 . . . . . 11 - 15%
200 < nS < 300 . . . . . 7 - 11%
nS > 300 . . . . . khng nn gt
Cn nh rng vi bm bm cht lng bn v bm c m ca bnh dn gia cc cnh
bnh xe ln khng nn gt bnh xe.
Cng tng t nh trn lp c cng thc quan h gia Q, H, N khi thay i. Cc kt
qu tnh ton xem bng 2-4 gi l quan h tng t hay quan h t l trong mt bm li tm.
Bng 2-4

2-28

Thng s

Khi n thay i

Khi D thay i

Khi thay i

Khi n, D, thay i

Q/ Q1= n / n1

Q/Q1 = (D/D1)2

Q = Q1

Q/Q1 = (n /n1)(D/D1)2

H/ H1 = (n/n1)2

H/ H1 = (D/D1)2

H / H1 = / 1

H / H1= (n/n1)(D/D1)2(/1)

N/N1 = (n/n1)2

N/N1= (D/D1)4

N / N1 = / 1

N/N1= (n/n1)3(D/D1)4(/1)

2.15 XC NH IM LM VIC V NG C TNH KHI CH

LM VIC CA BM THAY I
Bng cc quan h tng t trong mt bm ly tm c th xc nh c ch lm vic mi
ca bm ng vi mt im cho trc nm ngoi ng c tnh va dng ng c tnh
mi ng vi im lm vic y.
Dng ng biu din ch lm vic tng t
T cc quan h tng t (2.57) v (2.58) c
H / H1 = (Q/Q1)2 hay H / Q2 = H1 / Q12 = K = const
Nh vy, ch tng t quan h gia ct p v lu lng tun theo nh lut paraoon
H= KQ2. Chng hn cc im lm vic A1, A1/ ; A2, A2/ ng vi Q1, H1, Q1/, H1/ v Q2, H2;
Q2/, H2/ (H-26) biu din nhng ch lm vic tng t.
Khi lm vic ch tng t th hiu sut coi nh khng i. Nn ng biu din cc
ch lm vic tng t cn gi l ng cng hiu sut.

Hnh 26
Xc nh s vng quay lm vic ng vi mt im cho trc
Vn t ra l yu cu cho bm lm vic vi lu lng Q1, ct p H1 ng vi im lm
vic A1. im A1 ny li nm ngoi ng c tnh Q-H ng vi s vng quay n1 phi xc
nh c s vng quay n1 bm c th lm vic c vi im A1 v dng ng c
tnh mi ca my bm theo s vng quay n1.
Trc ht phi dng ng cng hiu sut tm im A1/ nm trn ng Q-H (n) tng
t vi im A1 (H-27) . Phng trnh ca ng cng hiu sut.
H = KQ2 ; K = H1 / Q12
ng ny ct ng Q-H (n) ti im A1/ (Q1/, H1/). V vy, tnh c s vng quay n1:
n1 = (Q1 / Q1/ ) n hay n1 = H1/H1/

2-29

Hnh 27
Ch nn cho bm lm vic vi s vng quay nh hn s vng quay nh mc. Nu trng
hp lm vic vi s vng quay ln hn s vng quay nh mc phi c s ch dn ca nh
my ch to.
Bit s vng quay n1, c th dng ng c tnh mi Q - H(n1) ca my bm. Ly cc
im A2/, A3/ ... trn ng c tnh Q-H(n), theo cng thc (2.57) v (2.58) tnh c ta
cc im 2, A3 ... Ni cc im ny li c ng c tnh mi Q - H(n) ng vi s
vng quay n1 ca my bm (H-27)
Xc nh ng knh gt bnh xe ng vi im lm vic cho trc
Gi s phi cho bm lm vic im A1 c lu lng Q1, ct p H1. im A1 nm ngoi
ng c tnh Q -H(0) ng vi ng knh D ca bm. Yu cu phi gt bt ng knh
bnh xe cng tc bm c th lm vic c im A1 v dng ng c tnh Q-H(Dg)
ng vi ng knh bnh xe gt bt i.
tnh c ng knh bnh xe cn gt Dg phi tm c im B1 trn ng Q-H(0)
tng t vi A1. Dng ng cng hiu sut H = KQ2 theo quan h (2.60) v (2.61) (hoc
H =KQ theo quan h (2.60) v (2.63) nh gii thiu phn trn. Giao im ca ng ny
vi Q-H(0) chnh l im B1 c ct p H(Q), lu lng QB1
Theo (2.57) tnh c
Dy = D H01 / HB1
Hay
Dy = D QA1 / QB1
Sau khi tnh c ng knh bnh xe Dy s dng c ng c tnh qQ-H(Dy), ly cc
im B2, B3, ... trn ng c tnh Q-H(0) s xc nh c cc im A2, A3 tng ng vi
theo quan h (2.60); (2.61).
Hy = (Dy / D)2 H
Qy = (Dy / D)2 Q

Hnh 28
Nu cc im A1, A2, ... bng mt ng cong trn (H-28) s nhn c ng c tnh
mi ca my bm Q-H(0y) ng vi ng knh bnh xe Dy gt.

2-30

Cn ch rng ch gt bnh xe nm trong gii hn cho php hiu sut lm vic ca bm

khng thay i.

2.16 NG C TNH CA BM LY TM
Cc quan h H = f(Q) ; N = f = (Q); = f(0) c biu din di dng th gi l ng
c tnh ca my bm. ng c tnh xy dng bng phng php tnh ton l thuyt gi
l ng c tnh l thuyt, xy dng bng cch da vo cc s liu th nghim gi l
ng c tnh thc nghim.
Trong cc ng c tnh th quan trng hn c l ng ct p H = f(Q), n cho bit kh
nng lm vic ca bm v s dng hp l cc ch lm vic khc nhau ca n.
ng c tnh l thuyt
ng c tnh l thuyt c xy dng vi s vng quay ca my bm khng thay i v
da vo phng trnh c bn.
Theo phng trnh (2.15) c
Hlt m = U2C2U / g
w2

C2
Cr
2

2
U2

C2U
Hnh 29 Tam gic vn tc
T tam gic vn tc (H-29) c
C2r = U2 - C2rcotg2
T (2.26) c
C2r = Qlt / D2b2
Do
Hlt = U2/g2 (U2 - C2r cotg2)
Hlt = (U2/g) - [(U2 / D2b2g) (Qlt cotg2)
i vi mt my bm xc nh th U2, b2, D2 l nhng i lng khng i nn phng
trnh c bn c dng:
Hlt = a - b Qlt cotg2

2-31

ng biu din phng trnh ny l ng c tnh l thuyt ca bm ly tm. l mt

ng thng khng i qua gc ta , h s gc ca n ph thuc vo gi tr gc . Trong
trng hp tng qut, c ba dng ng c tnh nh trong hnh 30.

Hnh 30 ng c tnh l thuyt ca bm ly tm

Khi 2 < 900 th cotg2 > 0, c ng I.
Khi 2 = 900 th cotg2 = 0, c ng I/.
Khi 2 > 900 th cotg2 < 0, c ng I//.
Nh phn tch trn, bm ly tm c gc 2 < 900 nn ng I l ng c tnh l
thuyt ca n. ng ny c xy dng ng vi cht lng l tng v bnh xe c s cnh
nhiu v hn.
Ct p l thuyt ca bm khi bnh xe c s cnh hu hn.
Hlt = k Hlt
k < 1 l h s hiu chnh, h s k n nh hng s cnh hu hn.
V vy, ng ct p l thuyt Hlt cng c dng ng thng (ng II) v ct trc tung
im H = kU22 / g.
Bm lm vic vi cht lng thc nn c s tn tht ct p do ma st trong knh dn v sc
khng cc b do thay i tit din, do va p khi chy vo cnh bnh xe v b phn hng
dng. S bin i ca nhng tn tht ny ph thuc vo s bin i lu lng my bm.
Tn tht thy lc do ma st t l vi bnh phng ca lu lng nn c dng l ng
parabn III. Tn tht thy lc do va p cng t l vi bnh phng lu lng. N xut hin
trong bm khi hng dng chy lch khi hng tnh ton v ng vi gi tr lu lng
bng lu lng tnh ton (Q = QTT), my bm lm vic ch chy vo khng ra. Khi y
tn tht do va p s bng 0. Khi ch lm vic ca bm lch khi im tnh ton, s xut
hin tn tht thy lc do va p. Nu gi Qx l lu lng ca bm ch lm vic bt k
th tn tht ny t l vi (Qx - QTT)2. Nh vy, k n tn tht do va p ng c tnh
ca bm ng vi cc gi tr lu lng l thuyt Qlt khc nhau, l ng parabn IV, v tip
xc vi ng ti im tnh ton A.
Khi dng ng c tnh, cha tnh n tn tht th tch v c kh. k n cc loi tn
tht ny, ng c tnh li v bn tri v thp hn mt cht so vi ng IV. ng V, l
ng c tnh l thuyt ca bm li tm.

2-32

ng c tnh dng bng phng php tnh ton l thuyt rt phc tp v khng chnh
xc do s dng nhiu h s kinh nghim. Hn na, cc phng php tnh ton hin nay
cha cho php xc nh c chnh xc cc loi tn tht xy ra trong my bm. V vy,
trong k thut thng xy dng ng c tnh bng cc s liu o c khi th nghim
trn cc my c th gi l ng c tnh thc nghim.
ng c tnh thc nghim
xy dng ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm ly tm ngi ta cho my bm lm vic
trong h thng th nghim theo s H-31.
Mc ch th nghim xc nh c s ph thuc ca ct p, cng sut, hiu sut my bm
vo lu lng v biu din mi quan h trn th.
Trnh t th nghim tin hnh nh sau:
u tin m kha 2 trn ng ht v cho bm lm vic, kha 4 trn ng dn ng. Theo di
cho n khi tc quay ca bm t gi tr nh mc, c cc gi tr o lng trn p k v
chn khng k suy ra c ct p H0 ca my bm ch khng ti (Q = 0). ng thi
tin hnh o p sut trn trc bm ch ny bng lc k l xo hoc ng c in cn
bng. Khi ng c in ni trc tip vi trc bm, c th xc nh cng sut trn trc bm
theo cng thc:
N = c Nc
Nc = 3UI cos / kw

(2.66)

Trong
Nc
c
cos
UI

cng sut do ng c in tiu th

hiu sut ng c in.
h s cng sut ca ng c in.
in p v cng dng in ca cc pha hoc o trc tip bng van k.

Hnh 31 S h thng th nghim bm ly tm

1: B ht; 2: Kho trn ng ht; 3: My bm ly tm; 4: Kha trn ng y;
5: Thit b o lu lng; 6: Chn khng k; 7: p k.
Sau khi xc nh c cc gi tr H0, N0 ch khng ti, m dn kha 4 ng y
tng lu lng ca bm cho n kh t gi tr ln nht ti mi v tr ca kha4, xc nh
c cc s liu th nghim ca bm: lu lng Q, ct p H, cn sut trn trc N.

2-33

Trong qu trnh th nghim, s vng quay ca bm khng c thay i. Trnh t th

nghim cng c th tin hnh ngc li: i t gi tr lu lng Qmax n Q0 = 0.
T cc gi tr Q, H ti mi im lm vic, tnh c cng sut hu ch ca my bm, do
tnh c hiu sut ca my bm.
Nh vy, t cc s liu th nghim, c th xy dng ng c tnh ca my bm H-Q, Q, HCK-Q (H-32).
Hnh 32 ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm ly tm
Nhn chung, ng c tnh xy dng bng phng php thc nghim cng c dng ging
ng c tnh xy dng bng phng php tnh ton nhng chng khng trng nhau. iu
chng t rng bng tnh ton khng tnh c y v hon ton chnh xc cc loi tn
tht xy ra trong bm. V th, vic nghin cu cc loi my thy lc ni chung v my bm
ni ring bng con ng thc nghim l v cng quan trng.
Cc loi my bm khc nhau th ng c tnh ca chng cng khc nhau. V hnh dng,
ng c tnh ca bm ly tm c th chia lm ba loi: dng thoi (ng 1), dng dc
(ng 2) v dng li (ng 3) biu din trn hnh 33.
dc ca ng c trng c th xc nh theo t s.
k = (H2 - Hmax) / Hmax
Hmax: ct p ca my bm ng vi im c hiu sut ln nht (max)

Hnh 33 Cc dng ng c tnh ca bm ly tm

I : ng c tnh dc
II: ng c tnh thoi
III: ng c tnh li
ng c tnh thoi c dc k = 8 -12%. Bm c ng c tnh dng ny thng c
s dng nhng ni ct p t thay i v lu lng thay i tng i nhiu.
ng c tnh dng dc c dc k = 25-30%. Bm c ng c tnh dc thng c
s dng nhng ni yu cu c s thay i ct p tng i ln khi lu lng t thay i.
ng c tnh li c im Hmax khi Q = 0. Bm c ng c tnh dng ny thng lm
vic khng n nh (xem 2.17)
ng c tnh cng tc ca bm c ngha quan trng trong k thut. Da vo ng c
tnh c th chn c ch lm vic hp l ca my bm. bm lm vic kinh t, nn
c gng chn ch lm vic ca n ng vi im c max hoc im nm trong vng
(max 0,07). Thng th vng ny c nh du trn ng c tnh. Mc khc v tr
t bm v ng ht phi c tnh ton a vo ng c tnh HCK = f(Q).

2-34

2.17 C TNH NG NG V IM LM VIC CA MY BM

Khi thit k trm bm v phn tch hiu qu kinh t, s lm vic ca my bm trong trm
bm phi xc nh c im lm vic ca n. Mun vy trc ht phi xy dng c c
tnh ng ng ng vi iu kin lm vic ca my bm.
Theo (2-35) ct p ton phn ca my bm

hay

H = Hhh + Hh + hh + h
H = Hh + h

(2.67)

Trong
Hh
h

chiu cao bm nc a hnh

tng tn tht ct p trn h thng ng ng.

Gi tr h ph thuc vo ng knh, chiu di ng, nhm v s ch xut hin tn tht

cc b, lu lng nc chy qua ng, tc l:
h = (aL + b ) Q2 = SQ2

(2.68)

Trong
a
b
L

sc cn n v dc ng
sc cn n v cc b
chiu di ng
tng h s tn tht cc b
sc khng ton phn ca h thng

Kho st trng hp n gin nht, my bm bm nc vo b p lc (H-34)

Trn cng mt th biu din c tnh ca my bm v c tnh Q - (Hh + h) ca h
thng ng ng, ng c tnh Q-H ca my bm ct ng c tnh ng ng Q (Hh + h) ti A. im A chnh l im lm vic ca my bm trong h thng (H-34).
ng c tnh ng ng c dng nh sau:
K ng pD song song vi trc honh v cch n mt khong Hh. Vi cc gi tr lu
lng Q xc nh c cc gi tr h, ln lt t cc gi tr h ln trn ng pD theo
cc gi tr lu lng tng ng. Ni chng li bng mt ng cong trn. ng ny chnh
l c tnh ng ng.
Theo s b tr my bm H-34, bm lm vic trong h thng ch c mt im lm vic.
Trong thc t, s b tr bm nh vy t gp v n lm vic khng kinh t, thng p
dng s b tr nh H-35. Khi b tr bm cao hn mc nc trong b ht th ng c
tnh cng lm vic ca bm v h thng biu din trn H-35a. Khi bm b tr thp hn mc
nc trong b ht, ng c tnh ca chng biu din trn H- 35b. Theo cc s ny,
ch lm vic ca bm thay i t im A1 n A2 tng ng vi s thay i chiu cao
bm nc a hnh Hh. V vy, mi ch bm u lm vic vi lu lng ln nht,
hiu qu lm vic cao hn trng hp th nht.

2-35

Hnh 34 c tnh lm vic ca my bm v h thng ng ng

Cc s gii thiu trn l nhng s n gin nht. Trong nhng s ny, my bm
cp nc vo thng i m khng c ng nhnh hoc im dng nc dc ng.
Trong thc t trng hp gp my bm lm vic trong mt h thng s b tr phc tp,
bm cp nc vo i qua mng li cp nc c nhiu im dng nc dc ng hoc
cp nc vo i v nc t i chy ra thay i theo mt biu phc tp th vic xy
dng c tnh ng ng phi da vo kt qu tnh ton thy lc mng li theo biu
dng nc.

Hnh 35a

H- 35b

2.18 S LM VIC KHNG N NH CA MY BM TRONG H

THNG
My bm lm vic trong mt h thng chung bm mng li, thng ch n nh.
Tuy vy i khi cng xy ra s lm vic khng n nh. Hu qu ca s khng n nh y
l lu lng, ct p b bin i tun hon v thng km theo nc v trong mng li. V
s n nh ca ton h thng, khng cho php bm lm vic ch khng n nh.
iu kin bm lm vic n nh trong mng li
Cho ng c tnh ng ng c Hh > H0 v ct ng c tnh ca bm hai im: A
nhnh hng xung, B nhnh hng ln (H-36). C hai im ny u c cc iu kin
cn bng v nng lng ca h thng bm mng li. Nu im lm vic nm nhnh
hng xung s cn bng s l n nh, nu nm nhnh hng ln th s cn bng c th
s khng n nh. Gi s do gim tc thi ca ct p, lu lng ti mi im lm vic
trn H-36 tng ln mt lng Q.

2-36

Hnh 36 c tnh cng lm vic ca bm v ng ng

Q - H0: ng c tnh ng ng
Q - H0A: ng c tnh my bm
Ti A, khi lu lng trong h thng tng ln mt lng QA s c gi tr:
H = H = H < 0
S thiu ht nng lng H do bm cp vo h thng so vi nng lng yu cu H ch c
th c b li bng ng nng ca khi cht lng chuyn ng trong h thng. V th vn
tc ca cht lng b gim, lu lng cng gim xung n gi tr cn bng QA, v tr cn
bng c khi phc.
Ti B, khi lu lng ca h thngg tng thm mt lng QB s c gi tr:
H = H = H > 0
S tha nng lng do bm cp H so vi nng lng yu cu H s lm tng ng nng ca
khi cht lng chuyn ng trong h thng. Do vy vn tc ca cht lng tng, lu lng
tng ln, h thng tip tc lch khi v tr cn bng im B.
Ti A v B khi lu lng gim i mt lng Q th hin tng xy ra ngc li. Ti A h
thng cng t khi phc c v tr cn bng cn ti B h thng vn tip tc ri khi v tr
cn bng. Nh vy khi im lm vic nm trn nhnh hng xung ca ng c tnh th
bm s lm vic n nh, cn nm trn nhnh hng ln th khng n nh. Tuy nhin cng
c trng hp h thng s lm vic n nh ti nhnh hng ln ca ng c tnh bm,
nu c H0 > Hh. Trng hp ny c tnh ng ng ch ct ng c tnh bm ti mt
im (H-37) m s xo ng lu lng QB dng s tng ng vi gi tr dng ca H
= H = H v ngc li.

Hnh 37

2-37

Nh vy, iu kin lm vic n nh ca bm trong h thng ng ng l du ca H phi

dng khi s nhiu lon ca lu lng l dng v ngc li. iu kin c th vit
c di dng ton hc:
dH / dQ > dH / dQ

(2.69)

S lm vic khng n nh
Kho st ch lm vic khng n nh trong trng hp n gin. Khi bm lm vic
ring l trong mng li c i (H-38). Nc c bm ln i ri li t i chy vo mng
li. Cho lu lng ca mng li QL nh hn lu lng QK (lu lng ti tip im K ca
c tnh ng ng vi ng c tnh my bm).
Trong vng t lu lng bng 0 n lu lng QK c bt ng thc
dH / dQ > dH / dQ
Bm lm vic khng n nh. V vy lu lng ca bm Q s khc vi lu lng QL. Bm
s lm vic khi Q = 0 hoc Q > QK.
Gi s ban u bm lm vic vi lu lng QA m

QA > QK > QL

Hnh 38 S lm vic khng n nh ca my bm

Do lu lng ca bm ln hn lu lng cp vo mng li nn mc nc trn i nng
dn ln tc l Hh ca c tnh ng ng tng ln.
V vy, c tnh ng ng c nng dn ln song song vi chnh n v im lm vic
ca bm s li dn v pha c lu lng nh. T sau im A1, ng c tnh bm s ct
ng c tnh ng ng ti hai im, theo iu kin (2-66) mc nc trong b vn tip
tc dng ln, im lm vic ca bm vn li li v pha lu lng nh cho n khi ng
c tnh my bm tip xc vi ng c tnh ng ng ti K. Do qun tnh ca cht lng
mc nc trong b vn tip tc dng ln, ng c tnh ng ng nng ln vt qu
ng c tnh bm. Khi , ct p yu cu ca mng li ng ng ln hn ct p lm
vic ca my bm. Bm ngng cp nc vo mng li v chuyn sang lm vic ch
khng ti. Khi cng xut hin hin tng chy ngc li nc t i v b ht qua bm
cho n khi ct nc a hnh ca ng ng gim xung bng ct p H ca bm khi Q =
0. Ngay khi ct p Hh bt u nh hn 0, bm li tip tc lm vic cho lu lng ng vi
im lm vic A1. Do lu lng ca bm ln hn lu lng cp vo mng li QL nn hin
tng trn li xy ra v c lp i lp li nh th mi gi l hin tng lm vic khng n
nh ca my bm trong h thng.
Trong trng hp ang xt khi QL < QK th s lm vic ca bm bao gi cng l khng n
nh. Nhnh hng ln ca ng c tnh bm c cc ch lm vic khng n nh, tr
2-38

trng hp Hh < H0. S lm vic khng n nh ca bm gy nhiu tc hi nh nu

trn. trnh tnh trng lm vic khng n nh, khi s dng nn chn nhng bm m
ng c tnh ch c mt chiu dc.

2.19 S LM VIC SONG SONG CA CC BM LY TM

Trong cc trm bm cp nc cng nh thot nc khi yu cu vn chuyn mt lu lng
nc ln ngi ta thng s dng nhiu bm cng lm vic.
S cng lm vic ca cc bm khi chng c ct p lm vic nh nhau v cng cp nc
vo mt h thng ng ng gi l s lm vic song song.
Trong thc t ngi ta c th ghp hoc nhiu bm lm vic song song trn mt h thng
ng ng, thm ch c nhng trng hp hai trm lm vic song song trn mt h thng
ng ng. xc nh im lm vic ca tng bm phi xy dng ng c tnh tng
cng ca chng khi lm vic song song.
S lm vic song song ca cc bm cng c tnh
Trn H-39 gii thiu hai bm cng c tnh Q-H lm vic song song trn mt ng ng.
Do khi lm vic song song, ct p tng cng Htc ca c h thng bng ct p ca tng bm.
Htc = H1 = H2 = H3 = .....

(2.70)

V lu lng tng cng bng tng lu lng ca cc bm cng lm vic:

Qtt = Q1 + Q2 + ....

(2.71)

Nn khi dng ng c tnh tng cng ch cn nhn i honh (lu lng) cn tung
(ct p) gi nguyn. V d tm im C trn ng c tnh tng cng Q-H(1+2), ch vic ly
ac = 2ab. Tng t nh vy s tm c cc im ca ng c tnh tng cng Q-H(1+2).

Hnh 39 c tnh lm vic song song ca hai bm ging nhau

Giao im 2 gia hai ng c tnh ng ng BF v ng c tnh tng cng Q-H(1+2)
l im lm vic ca hai bm ghp song song, honh cho lu lng tng cng Q(1+2),
tung cho ct p tng cng H(1+2). T im 2 k ng song song vi trc honh, ng
ny ct ng c tnh ca mi bm Q-H1,2 ti im 1 cho lu lng Q1, ct p H1 ca tng
bm khi lm vic song song trong h thng. Nh vy khi hai bm lm vic song song trong
h thng, chng tun theo iu kin (2.70) v (2.71). T th H-39 thy:
H(1+2) = H1 = H2

2-39

Q1 = Q2 = Q1+2 / 2
T im 1 k ng song song vi trc tung c im 3 v 4 cho cng sut v hiu sut
ca tng bm khi lm vic song song trong h thng.
Giao im 5 ca ng c tnh ca tng bm Q-H1,2 vi ng c tnh ng ng xc
nh im lm vic ca tng bm trong h thng cho lu lng Q0, ct p H0. T im 5 k
ng song song vi trc tung c im 6 v 7. Xc nh cng sut v hiu sut ca tng
bm lm vic ring r.
Qua th (H-39) thy:
2Q1 = Q(1+2) < 2Q0
Tc l lu lng tng cng ca bm ghp song song trn mt h thng ng ng nh hn
lu lng ca chng khi lm vic ring r trong h thng y. Nguyn nhn ca s gim lu
lng ny l do khi cc bm lm vic song song, lu lng trong ng ng tng ln s
lm tng tn tht ct p, do ct p ton phn ca bm cng tng ln, im lm vic ca
bm li v pha c ct p ln, v th lu lng ca bm khi lm vic song song b gim i
so vi khi lm vic ring r.
S lm vic song song ca hai bm c li nht trong trng hp im lm vic 1 ng vi
gi tr hiu sut ln nht. iu c th thc hin c khi chn bm hp l, ly lu lng
ca mi bm bng na lu lng tnh ton (khng k n s gim lu lng bng h s
iu chnh), cn ct p ton phn ly ng vi gi tr lu lng tnh ton.
S lm vic song song ca ba bm cng c tnh gii thiu trn H-40. T iu kin (2.70),
(2.71) v tng t trn dng ng c tnh tng cng ca ba bm cng c tnh bng cch
nhn ba honh ng c tnh ca mt bm. Ch lm vic ca tng bm khi ba bm
lm vic song song cng xc nh ging nh trng hp khi hai bm lm vic song song
trn. T ng c tnh (H-40) thy rng s bm lm vic song song cng nhiu th s
gim lu lng ca mi bm so vi trng hp lm vic ring r s cng ln.
Q(1+2+3) / 3 < Q(1+2) / 2 < Q1,2,3

Hnh 40 c tnh lm vic song song ca ba bm ging nhau

Cc bm lm vic song song c li khi ng c tnh ca bm v ng ng thoi. Khi
ng c tnh ng ng, c bit l ng c tnh my bm dc th hiu qu ca s lm
vic song song nh vy thp. Trong trng hp ny s thay i ct p nh hng n s
thay i ti lu lng t hn trng hp bm c ng c tnh thoi.
Mc khc, s bm ghp lm vic song song trong h thng khng nn chn ln qu.
Trn H-41 gii thiu ng c tnh tng cng ca bn bm ghp song song. y, mc
tng lu lng gim dn theo s tng s my bm khi m thm bm theo th t th s
tng lu lng ca h thng khng ng k so vi trng hp hai hoc ba bm cng lm

2-40

vic. Nh vy nu ghp song song nhiu bm qu th hiu qu kinh t thp. Trong nhng
trng hp nh vy, nn chn bm c lu lng ln ghp song song th c li hn.

Hnh 41
S lm vic song song ca cc bm khc c tnh
Trong mt s iu kin xc nh, cc bm c c tnh khc nhau cng c th lm vic song
song vi nhau.
Trn H-42 gii thiu c tnh cng lm vic ca hai bm I v II ghp song song. Bm II to
nn ct p thp hn bm I. V hai bm ch lm vic song song khi chng c ct p nh
nhau, nn t im C bm I v II mi bt u lm vic song song. T C xy dng ng c
tnh tng cng ca chng bng cch cng honh ca nhng im c cng tung trn
ng c tnh ca hai bm.
Hnh 42 c tnh lm vic song song ca hai bm khc nhau
ng c tnh ng ng PD ct ng c tnh tng cng Q-H(1+2) ti A cho lu lng
Q(I+II), ct p H(1,2) khi hai bm cng lm vic. im 1 v 2 l im lm vic ring r ca
bm I v II trong h thng, cho lu lng QI v QII tng ng. im 1/ v 2/ l im lm
vic ca tng bm khi chng lm vic song song trong h thng, cho lu lng ca bm I
l QI/ v bm II l QII/ cng ging nh trng hp hai bm cng c tnh lm vic song
song, t th (H-42) thy:
QI/ + QII/ = Q(I+II) < QI + QII
Tc l lu lng tng cng ca hai bm lm vic song song nh hn tng lu lng ca
hai bm khi chng lm vic ring r cng trong h thng y.
Cng sut, hiu sut ca tng bm khi cng lm vic cng xc nh ging nh trng hp
hai bm cng c tnh ghp song song trn.
Nguyn tc xy dng ng c tnh tng cng ca cc bm khc c tnh ghp song song
cng c s dng xy dng ng c tnh chung ca cc bm cng c tnh khi c
mt trong s chng c iu chnh bng cch thay i s vng quay.
S iu chnh h thng cc bm c c tnh khc nhau tng i phc tp nn ch ghp cc
bm nh vy trong trng hp tht cn thit.
S lm vic song song ca cc bm b tr xa nhau
Trong h thng cp nc c nhiu trng hp ngi ta b tr hai bm xa nhau lm vic
song song.

2-41

Xt trng hp n gin nht: khi bm I v II cng c tnh t cch nhau mt khong L,

hai ni c cao trnh mc nc trong b ht nh nhau (H-43). Hai bm chung nhau on
ng ab. xy dng ng c tnh chung, ta quy i bm I v cng mt v tr vi bm II.
OE l c tnh ca on ng ni L gia bm I vi bm II. T cc gi tr tung trn ng
c tnh Q-HI vi cc gi tr tng ng trn ng DE nhn c Q-H2/ l ng c tnh
quy i v a ca bm I. Dng ng c tnh tng cng ca bm I quy i (Q-HI,II/) v
bm II (Q-HII) theo nguyn tc trn. ng c tnh PD ca ng ng chung ct ng
c tnh tng cng Q-H(I,II)/ ti A cho im lm vic ca hai bm quy i (Q-HI,II/) v bm
II (Q-HII) theo nguyn tc trn. ng c tnh PD ca ng ng chung ct ng c
tnh tng cng Q-H(I,II)/ ti A cho im lm vic ca hai bm quy i ghp song song trong
h thng. im lm vic thc t ca bm I l AI ca bm II l AI.AI.AI/ l gi tr ct p tn
tht trn on ng ni ca bm I.

Hnh 43 c tnh lm vic song song ca hai bm t xa nhau

Trng hp hai bm t hai ni c cao trnh mc nc trong b ht chnh nhau mt
khong Z th ng c tnh ca bm t ni cao trnh mc nc trong b ht thp phi
h xung mt khong Z. Nu trng hp hai trm b tr xa nhau lm vic song song th
dng ng c tnh chung ca tng trm ri li dng ng c tnh tng cng ca hai
trm vi nhau tng t nh trn.
S lm vic song song ca ba bm trn hai ng ng
Cc trm bm ca h thng cp hoc thot nc thng t hai ng y. V vy, trng
hp thng gp l c mt s bm lm vic song song trn hai ng ng. xc nh cc
ch lm vic ca bm cn xy dng c c tnh ng ng trong trng hp lm vic
bnh thng v c h hng.

Hnh 44 c tnh lm vic song song ca ba bm trn hai ng ng

Trn H-44 gii thiu cc ng c tnh khi ba bm lm vic song song trn hai ng ng
PA l c tnh tng cng ca hai ng ng lm vic song song trong trng hp bnh
thng. PB l ng c tnh ca hai ng ng khi h hng ti B. PC l c tnh ca mt
ng ng.

2-42

Giao im 1 ca c tnh hai ng ng PA vi ng c tnh tng cng ca ba bm QH(1+2+3) cho lu lng ln nht ca trm. T 1 k ng song song vi trc honh tm c
im 2 v 3. im 2 cho bit lu lng QI mi ng ti.
QI = Q(1+2+3) / 2
im 3 l im lm vic ca tng bm khi ba bm lm vic song song trn hai ng ng.
T thy rng, dng ng c tnh ca hai ng ng lm vic song song cng tng t
nh dng ng c tnh tng cng ca hai bm lm vic song song. Tc l xy dng bng
cch cng honh (lu lng cc ng ng) cc im c cng tung (ct p) trn
th.
Khi my bm lm vic trong mng li cp nc c th, vic xy dng th cng lm
vic ca bm, ng ng v mng li rt phc tp. Tn tht ct p ton phn lc ny
khng ch ph thuc vo lu lng chung m cn ph thuc vo s im dng nc, thi
gian dng nc v biu cp nc. Trong trng hp ny, vic xc nh ch lm vic
ca bm c tin hnh sau khi hon thnh vic tnh ton thy lc mng li cp nc
mt s ch in hnh.
2.20 S LM VIC NI TIP CA CC BM LY TM
Cc bm gi l lm vic ni tip nu bm ny a nc vo ng ht ca bm kia, ri sau
nc mi c a vo h thng. Nh vy, khi cc bm lm vic ni tip th lu lng
ca chng bng nhau v bng lu lng tng cng ca h thng.
Q1 = Q2 = ... QTC
Cn ct p ca c h thng bng tng ct p ca cc bm
HTC = H1 + H2 + H3 + ....

Hnh 45a
c tnh lm vic ni tip ca hai
bm cng c tnh khi Hh > H0

Hnh 45b
c tnh lm vic ni tip ca hai bm cng
c tnh khi Hh < H0

Trn H-45a gii thiu c tnh ca hai bm ging nhau lm vic ni tip khi ct p do mi
bm to nn khng a nc n cao yu cu. c tnh tng cng ca hai bm c
xy dng bng cch ng vi mi im trn ng c tnh ca mt bm, gi nguyn honh
v nhn i tung . V d im C trn ng c tnh tng cng Q-H(I,II) nhn c
bng cch ly tung OC = 2ab, cn honh gi nguyn. c tnh ng ng CE ct c
tnh Q-H(I,II) ti A xc nh im lm vic ca hai bm trong h thng. T ng c tnh
xc nh c lu lng Q(I+II) v ct p H(I,II) ca hai bm lm vic ni tip, lu lng ca
mi bm QI = Q = Q(I+II) v ct p HI = HII = 1/2 H(I+II) khi cc bm ghp ni tip.
Trn H-45b gii thiu ng c tnh ca hai bm ging nhau ghp ni tip khi c H0 >
Hh. Cch xy dng ng c tnh tng cng cng ging nh trng hp trn. A l im
lm vic ca hai bm ghp ni tip, B l im lm vic ring r ca tng bm cng trong

2-43

h thng y. T th thy, trong trng hp ny khi ghp hai bm lm vic ni tip khng
nhng c kh nng tng ct p m cn tng c lu lng ca h thng.
Trn hnh 46 gii thiu cc ng c tnh ca hai bm khc nhau lm vic ni tip v t
hai v tr cch xa nhau, cc cao trnh khc nhau. Tng t 2.19 quy i bm I v v tr
bm II tm im lm vic ca cc bm khi cng lm vic. ng ED biu din tn tht
ct p trn on ng ni gia hai bm. Tr tung ca cc im trn ng Q-HI vi tung
ca cc im tng ng trn ng EQ nhn c ng Q-HI/ l ng c tnh quy
i ca bm I v v tr bm II. ng c tnh tng cng quy c ca hai bm Q-H(I+II)
nhn c bng cch xy dng t ng Q-HI/ v Q-HII. ng c tnh ng ng chung
c xy dng trn chiu cao a hnh Hh (I+II) ct ng Q-H(I+II) ti A. T A k ng
song song vi trc tung c im 1 v 2 l im lm vic ca bm I v II khi ghp ni
tip trong h thng.

Hnh 46 c tnh ca hai bm khc nhau, t cch xa nhau lm vic ni tip

Cn ch l cc bm ghp ni tip ch lm vic c khi tng ct p khi ng ca cc
bm ln hn tng chiu cao bm nc a hnh:
H0 = Hh
Khi ghp bm lm vic ni tip nn chn nhng bm c ng c tnh dc, v ch cn
tng lu lng t tng c ct p theo yu cu. Khi hai bm cng lm vic nh vy,
bm th hai lm vic vi p sut cao hn bm th nht. Nu khng bn, bm th hai s
b hng. V th phi chn trn ng y ca bm th nht im no khng gy nguy him
cho bm th hai ghp.
Vic m b7m ghp ni tip c tin hnh theo trnh t sau. Cho bm th nht lm vic
n khi no ct p ca bm t gi tr H01 th m kha trn ng y ca bm ny v cho
bm th hai lm vic. Khi no ct p ca bm th hai t gi tr H02 th m kha trn ng
y ca bm th hai cc bm cp nc vo h thng ng ng.
Vic ghp bm lm vic ni tip trong h thng phc tp v khng thun tin, kinh t bng
cch chn bm c ct p cao p ng c yu cu lm vic. Ch nn ghp ni tip cc
bm trong trng hp tht cn thit.

2.21 HIN TNG XM THC

Xm thc l hin tng thng xy ra trong cc loi my thy lc. y ch kho st hin
tng xm thc trong bm ly tm.
Cht lng mt nhit nht nh s si (bc hi bo ha) mt p sut nht nh. Ap
sut ny gi l p sut bc hi bo ha Pbh, vi nc xem bng 2-2. S bc hi ca cht
lng trong qu trnh my bm lm vic s gy nn hin tng xm thc.

2-44

Khi bm ly tm lm vic, nc vo ng ht v bnh xe cng tc chuyn ng qua vng c

p sut thp. Nu v mt nguyn nhn no , p sut trong dng chy gim xung bng p
sut to thnh hi Pbh th nc s si to nn nhiu bt kh trong dng chy. Cc bt kh
c dng chy cun vo vng c p sut cao hn s ngng t thnh nhng git nc c
th tch nh hn nhiu so vi th tch cc bt kh. Do trong dng chy xut hin nhng
khong trng cc b. thi im xy ra ngng t cc phn t cht lng t ngt dng li.
Cc phn t cht lng xung quanh x n ch trng vi vn tc rt ln gy ra hin tng
nc va cc b. Khi y ng nng ca cc phn t bin thnh nng lng n hi. V
bin dng ca nc rt nh (E = 105N /cm2) nn s tng p lc rt ln. Tng p lc tng
ln c th t n vi ngn t mt phe. Do tng p lc nn xut hin sng p lc ngc,.
km theo p lc b gim t ngt v cht lng c th b si tr li ri li ngng t.
S si v sau l qu trnh ngng t trong dng cht lng ni trn c km theo hin tng
nc va cc b gi l hin tng xm thc (cng c khi gi l kh thc).
Nc va xut hin do hin tng xm thc s ph hoi kim loi di hnh thc n mn v
r. chng r ca vt liu ch yu do xut hin mng mng bo v bng cc xt hay cc
lin kt ha hc, thm ch bng cc kh to thnh trong qu trnh in ha ca hin tng
hon r. Do ph hoi ca nc va, cc mng bo v lun lun b ph hy lm cho kim loi b
hon r nhanh hn. Nh vy, hin tng nc va trong qu trnh xm thc ngoi tc dng n
mn cn to iu kin cho qu trnh hon r pht trin nhanh.
Hin tng xm thc lm h hng bnh xe cng tc v cc b phn khc ca bm, khi xut
hin xm thc my lm vic b rung v c ting n nh, cng sut, hiu sut v ct p ca
bm b gim nhanh chng (H-47). Khi xm thc pht trin mnh bm c th b ngng lm
vic hon ton. Hnh 47 trnh by nh hng ca xm thc n ng c tnh my bm,
ng nt t ng vi ng c tnh my bm khi khng xy ra xm thc.

Hnh 47 Anh hng ca xm thc n ng c tnh bm

Xm thc l mt hin tng gy tc hi rt ln i vi s lm vic ca my bm. Nht thit
khng cho bm lm vic lu ngay c trong trng hp hin tng xm thc khng mnh
lm.
khng xy ra xm thc, trc ht khi s dng bm phi xc nh ng chiu cao ht
cho php theo cng thc (2.21). Ngoi ra cn phi k n d tr xm thc theo cng
thc (2.20). Ct p d tr chng xm thc hx xc nh bng thc nghim. C th tnh theo
theo cng thc S.S Rutnhev:
hx 10 (n Q /C)3/4
Trong
n s vng quay trong mt pht ca bnh xe bm.
Q lu lng ca bm tnh bng m3/s
C h s kh thc, ph thuc kt cu bm, nm trong khong 800-1000. Gi tr C cng ln
th chng xm thc ca bm cng tt.
2-45

V mt cu to, cnh bnh xe cng tc phi c mp vo mng v c v trn li. Phn ht

nc ca v bm v bnh xe cng tc phi nhn, c dng chy bao tt. Chiu di ng ht
phi ngn n mc cho php ti thiu, trnh lm nhiu ch un cong hoc un cong t
ngt. ng knh ng ht c chn theo cc gi tr vn tc cho php.
Khi ng knh ng D < 250 mm th V = 1-1,2 m/s.
D > 250 mm th V = 1,2-1,6 m/s.
Trng hp c bit khi chiu di ng ngn v chiu cao ht nh th cho php ly vn tc
V= 1,6-2 m/s.
Nu a hnh cho php th c gng t ng ht thng v c dc hng ln v pha my
bm i 0,005; khng lm nhng ch ni hoc thay i hng c kh nng to thnh nhng
bao kh trnh hin tng tch dng. nhng ch ng ng ht buc phi b tr c
dng vng ln cao th phi t thit b ht kh.
Ngoi ra, trnh hin tng xm thc trong thit k nn chn gi tr cc thnh phn vn
tc dng chy trong bnh xe cng tc hp l. Nu iu kin cho php th c th t b phn
hng dng hoc bnh xe hng trc trc bnh xe ly tm quay chiu dng chy trc
khi vo bnh xe cng tc tng h s kh thc C.
Khi xm thc bt u xut hin, gim rung va n c th cho mt t khng kh vo ng
ht ca my bm. Nhng iu s lm gim lu lng ca bm (c cho vo 1% kh th
lu lng gim 10%) nn phi tnh ton cho vo mt lng kh va .

2.22 LC HNG TRC V PHNG PHP CN BNG

Khi bm lm vic, bnh xe cng tc chu tc dng ca nhiu lc khc nhau. Nhng lc o
c th chia lm hai loi: lc khi lng gm trng lc v lc qun tnh, lc b mt gm lc
tc dng tng h gia b mt bnh xe vi cht lng v phn lc ti ch lp bnh xe vi
trc.
Trng lc ca bnh xe t trng tm ca n. Theo nh lut Ac - si -mt, lc ny c
cn bng bi trng lng th tch cht lng cha trong bnh xe.
Khi ch to bm ngi ta thng tin hnh cn bng ng hc Rto. Do vy, trc qun tnh
chnh trng vi trc quay ca rto v m men qun tnh bng 0.
Nh vy cn li lc b mt xut hin do tc dng ca dng chy ln bnh xe.
Khi bm lm vic, cht lng chuyn ng vo bnh xe theo chiu song song vi trc, c p
sut P1 tng i nh. Sau khi vo bnh xe, dng chy i chiu t hng trc sang hng
tm. Ap sut cht lng tng dn ln v t gi tr P2 ca ra, P2 > P1. Di tc dng ca
p sut P2, mt phn cht lng tr li khe h gia bnh xe cng tc v thn bm, tc dng
ln mt ngoi ca bnh xe mt p sut P. ng thi khi cht lng chy vo bnh xe cng
tc dng ln mt trong ca bnh xe mt p lc. tin nghin cu, chia lc tc dng ln
bnh xe thnh lc tc dng ln mt ngoi ca bnh xe Png v lc tc dng ln mt trong Ptr.
V vy, lc tc dng ln bnh xe:
P = Png + Ptr

2-46

Hnh 48
Mt ngoi ca bnh xe c dng mt quay. Nu b qua lc ma st, p lc thy ng c
hng vung gc vi mt ny. ch tnh ton, s phn b p lc mt ngoi i xng
vi trc quay th thnh phn hng tm ca p lc thy ng s cn bng ln nhau. V vy
tng hp lc ca p lc thy ng ch tnh ton c chiu hng trc P2ng c th xc
nh t tch phn:
Pzng = Fng PdF2

(2.72)

Trong
P
dF2

p sut thy ng
hnh chiu ca din tch dF ln mt phng vung gc vi trc quay Z.

Vi hng trc Z chn, php tuyn ca mt ngoi bn tri to vi trc Z mt gc b hn

900 nn hnh chiu ca din tch nguyn t dF c du dng, ngc li phn phi dF mamg
du m. V vy biu thc (2.69) c th vit c:
Pzng = rbr2 Ph2rdr - rbr2 Py2rdr

(2.73)

Trong : Ph v Py l lc tc dng ln mt ngoi bnh xe pha tri v pha phi.

i lng / Ph v Py ph thuc vo chuyn ng ca cht lng trong khe gia mt ngoi
bnh xe v v bm.
Khi m chng thm (2.11) trng thi bnh thng cht lng hai pha ca bnh xe s
chuyn ng vi cng mt vn tc gc, p lc pha tri v pha phi ca bnh xe trong
khong R n R2 bng nhau, ngc chiu nhau nn chng trit tiu ln nhau. Trong khong
t rb n khi p lc pha tri bng p lc ca vo bnh xe P1 p lc P pha phi xc nh
theo cng thc :
P = [P2 - U22/ 8g (1-r2/r22)]
Thay cc gi tr vo (2.73) c:
Pzng = rbRi P12rdr - rbRi [P2 - U22/ 8g (1-r2/r22)]rdr
Pzng = - (Ri2 - Rb2)[Ht - U22/ 8g (1- (Ri2 + Rb2) /2r22]

(2.74)

Thnh phn lc hng trc ca p lc thy ng tc dng ln mt ngoi bnh xe c th tnh

theo cng thc gn ng:
Pzng = Ht (Ri 2 - rb2)

(2.75)

2-47

Thnh phn lc hng trc tc dng ln mt trong ca bnh xe cng tc c th xc nh

theo phng trnh ng lng khi chng minh phng trnh c bn. Tng t phng trnh
(2.8) c:
Pzr = - Q / g (Cz2 - Cz1)

(2.76)

Cz2 , Cz1 l thnh phn hng trc ca vn tc tuyt i khi dng chy ra vo bnh xe.
Trong phng trnh ng lng, lc tc dng ln dng chy. Phng trnh (2.76) l lc
dng chy tc dng ln bnh xe nn c hng ngc li.
Vi bnh xe bm ly tm th Cz2 = 0 nn
Pz tr = QV01 / g
V01: vn tc dng chy khi vo bnh xe.
Vy lc hng trc tng cng tc dng ln bnh xe cng tc ca bm ly tm:
Pz = Png - Ptr = Ht (Ri 2 - rb2) - QV01/g

(2.77)

v c hng t phi sang tri.

Nu bm nhiu cp c n bnh xe th: Pz/ = nPz

(2.78)

Nu bm trc ng th thnh phn lc hng trc phi k n trng lng G ca rto:

Pz// = Pz G
Ty thuc vo s b tr my bm, lc hng trc thy lc Pz c th cng hoc ngc chiu
vi trng lng G. Biu thc trn s ly du cng (hoc tr) khi lc Pz cng (hoc ngc)
chiu trng lc G.
a s cc trng hp lc hng trc trong bm ly tm c gi tr tng i ln. Lc ny
lm mn cc chn, to nn s sai lch khe h trong bm v lm rto c xt vo v bm
khi lm vic, gy s gim hiu sut v c th dn n h hng my bm.
cn bng lc hng trc trong bm nu dng bi loi chn hoc loi chn l khng
hp l, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php thy lc. Ni dung ca phng php ny l
da trn nguyn tc i xng ca s phn b p lc trn mt bnh xe hoc bng cc h
thng thy lc c bit.
Da vo nguyn tc i xng ca s phn b p lc trn b mt bnh xe, trong thc t
khng th t c s i xng hon ton. V th khi cn bng lc hng trc theo phng
php ny trong kt cu ca bm phi t chn hoc chn chu phn lc hng trc
cn li cha c cn bng. Cn bng theo nguyn tc ny th tt hn c l dng bnh xe
cng tc nc vo hai pha (H-49a). Nhng trng hp ny cng c th xut hin lc
hng trc khi m chng thm mt pha ca bnh xe b hng. Cch th hai theo nguyn
tc trn l t thm mt m chng thm na bnh xe cng tc dn nc vo mt pha
(H-49b). Lc hng trc c cn bng nh cc l gim ti c phn di ca a sau

2-48

bnh xe (s l thng c 3-6). Theo phng php ny, lc hng trc tc dng ln mt
ngoi bnh xe Peng c cn bng. Lc hng trc tc dng ln mt trong Pzh s cn bng
nh bi kiu chn. Phng php cn bng nh vy hay n gin nhng gy s tn tht lu
lng ln nn t c dng. Cch th ba theo nguyn tc trn l t cc bnh xe i xng
nhau tng i mt trong bm nhiu cp (H-49c). Cc bnh xe c kch thc nh nhau, to
nn ct p nh nhau, trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng s gy nn cc lc hng trc c
gi tr nh nhau v ngc chiu nhau. Cc lc s trit tiu ln nhau v lm cho ton b
rto c cn bng. Phng php ny c nhc im l ch to thn bm phc tp, cng
knh.
C cu thy lc c bit thng c s dng cn bng lc hng trc trong bm nhiu
cp l a gim ti (H-50). Khi dng c cu ny trong kt cu ca bm khng cn t
chn v mi ch lm vic ca bm rto u c cn bng. Cu to ca a gim ti
gm mt s bung c bit. Ap lc trong thay i ph thuc vo v tr ca rto theo
chiu trc. V vy khi rto lch khi v tr cn bng do tc dng ca lc hng trc th n
li t quay v v tr cn bng.
Hnh 49 S cn bng lc hng trc theo nguyn tc i xng
Cu to ca a gim ti gii thiu trn (H-50) gm a 1 lp cht trn trc bm sau cp
cui cng bung gian 3, bung cn bng 4. Cht lng t bnh xe 2 ca cp cui cng, chy
qua khe h b0 vo bung trung gian 3 ri qua khe h b1 vo bung cn bng p lc 4; Nh
ng ni 5, t bung 4 cht lng p sut cao s quay v ming ht ca bnh xe cp u tin.
Ap lc trong bung trung gian ln hn nhiu so vi bung cn bng p lc nn a 1 l b
phn gi cho rto lun lun v tr cn bng. Nu do tc dng ca lc hng trc, rto b
y v pha tri th chiu rng khe h hng knh b gim i, p sut trong bung 3 tng ln
v p sut trong bung 4 gim i cho n khi rto c y tr v v tr cn bng. Nu
lcd lng trc y rto v pha phi th hin tng xy ra ngc li v v tr cn bng ca
rto cng c khi phc. Cn bng lc hng trc theo phng php ny lm phc tp
thm kt cu ca bm v ch dng khi bm c t nm cp tr ln.
Hnh 50 Cn bng lc hng trc a gim t

2.23 CC PHNG PHP IU CHNH BM LY TM

Nh trnh by 2.16, khi bm lm vic trong mt h thng nht nh th ch c mt
im lm vic cho mt gi tr ct p H v lu lng Q xc nh. Trong qu trnh lm vic,
do yu cu dng nc, nhiu khi phi thay i im lm vic ca bm v h thng. S thay
i im lm vic ca bm theo yu cu no gi l iu chnh.
nhn c im lm vic mi ca bm c hai cch iu chnh: thay i c tnh ng
ng v thay i c tnh my bm.
Thay i ng c tnh ng ng thng c thc hin nh kha t trn ng y.
Phng php ny cn gi l iu chnh tit lu.
Thay i ng c tnh my bm c thc hin bng cch thay i s vng quay ca
bm hoc ng c dn ng.

2-49

A. iu chnh bng kha

Ni dung ca phng php iu chnh bng kha l thay i ng, m ca kha t trn
ng ng c c lu lng yu cu. Kha thng t trn ng y st gn bm. Kha
ny cng l thit b lp sn trn ng y ngt bm ra khi ngng lm vic hoc cn sa
cha. V th, iu chnh bng phng php ny khng i hi phi c thm mt thit b no
c. Nn ch l ch c php iu chnh bng kha trn ng y, khng c dng kha
trn ng ht v s lm tng tn tht ct p trn ng ht v iu c th dn n hin tng
xm thc.
iu kin lm vic bnh thng (kha m hon ton), im lm vic ca h thng l A
(QA, Hk). Bng cch thay i m ca kha, c th thay i lu lng my bm t QA
n Q = 0. ng vi mi v tr m ca kha c mt ng c tnh mi ca ng ng.
Phng php cn bng nng lng c dng:
H = H + hk
Trong : H: ct p cn thit ca bm khc phc tn tht ct p trong ng ng v
chiu cao bm nc a hnh; hk: tn tht ct p do kha gy nn.
Trn H -51 thy, nhn c lu lng QB phi ng bm kha li. Khi y c tnh
ng ng l ng ED, im lm vic ca h thng l B. Trong trng hp ny cng sut
b hao tn do iu chnh:
N = QBhk / 102 B

Hnh 51 iu chnh lu lng bm bng kha

Cng sut yu cu a nc ln chiu cao a hnh Hh v khc phc tn tht h trn
ng ng:
N = QBHR / 102 B
Cng sut thc t bm tiu th khi iu chnh bng kha:
NB = QBHR / 102 Bc
Hiu sut t my khi iu chnh bng kha:
TH = N/NB = HP / HT B c
Nh vy, khi iu chnh bng kha hiu sut ca t my s b gim i. Mc ng kha
cng nhiu th s gim hiu sut cng ln.
Phng php iu chnh ny n gin, thun tin nhng khng kinh t, thng s dng
nhng trm bm cp mt c dao ng mc nc trong ngun ln hoc nhng trm
bm c nh.

2-50

B.iu chnh bng cc thay i s vng quay

p dng lut tng t trong mt bm ly tm c th iu chnh bm bng cch thay i s
vng quay c c lu lng, ct p theo yu cu (xem 2.18). Khi s vng quay thay
i khng nhiu lm th hiu sut ca bm xem nh khng thay i. V th, phng php
iu chnh ny kinh t hn c.
Trong trm bm thng dng ng c in khng ng b xoay chiu ba pha, i khi dng
tuc bin hi v khi vi cc ng c dn ng ny cch iu chnh s vng quay hon ton
khc nhau.
ng c in mt chiu: nu dng ng c in mt chiu c th d dng thay i c s
vng quay ca ng c bng bin tr. in dng cho sn xut v sinh hot bao gi cng d
dng in xoay chiu ba pha. nhn c dng in mt chiu phi c thit b chnh lu
dng in. iu gy nn vn u t c bn rt ln. V th, v kinh t k thut khng cho
php s dng ng c in mt chiu.
Tuc bin hi v ng c t trong
Hai loi ng c ny cng d dng thay i s vng quay nh thay i lng nhin liu cp
cho n. V khi s vng quay thay i khng nhiu lm th hiu sut ca ng c cng thay
i khng ng k. Tuy vy, ng c t trong v tuc bin hi c kch thc ln, cng
knh v qun l, vn hnh phc tp nn cng t c s dng.
ng c in xoay chiu
ng c in xoay chiu ba pha l loi c s dng rng ri tt c cc loi trm bm.
ng c in xoay chiu c nhiu loi, loi s dng thch hp cc trm bm l ng c
khng ng b ba pha vi hai kiu: lng sc v rto dy qun.
ng c kiu lng sc gi thnh r, c tnh m my tt nhng khng thay i c tc
quay. Vic iu chnh s vng quay ch c th tin hnh c i vi trc bm nh khp
ni thy lc hoc khp ni in t. Nu dng khp ni in t t c s vng quay
yu cu trn trc bm ch cn thay i dng in t trong b phn t ca khp ni. Vic
ch to khp ni in t cn c nhiu hn ch nn thit b ny cha c s dng rng ri.
Khp ni thy lc l thit b thay i s vng quay c s dng rng ri trn th gii hin
nay (xem 2.24)
ng c in kiu rto dy qun, c th iu chnh s vng quay ca n bng cch mc
thm bin tr vo mch rto hoc mc thm cc cun dy vo cc i cc ca ng c. Tuy
thay i c tc quay ca ng c nhng cc phng php iu chnh ny u c
nhng nhc im ng k. Khi mc thm bin tr vo mch rto, kt cu ca ng c s
phc tp hn ln, c tnh c ca ng c xu i v tn tht in nng ln. Khi mc thm
cc cun dy vo nhng i cc khc nhau ca ng c in yu cu phi c cc cun dy
c bit rto. ng c loi ny c th c hai, ba, bn tc quay. Trong nhiu trng
hp loi ng c nh vy lm vic cho hiu qu kinh t, k thut cao nhng c nhc im
l hay b chp mch.
Ngoi ra, c th thay i s vng quay ca ng c bng cch thay i tn s mch in
hoc dng ng c vnh gp. Tuy nhin, cc phng php ny phc tp, t tin nn t
c s dng.

2-51

2.24 KHP NI THY LC

Khp ni thy lc l thit b thng c s dng thay i s vng quay trn trc bm
trong khi s vng quay ca ng c in khng i. Cng nh cc loi khp ni khc, n
dng truyn m men quay t trc dn sang trc b dn m khng lm bin i tr s m
men . Nhng loi khp ni ny dng cht lng (nc hoc du) lm khu trung gian
truyn c nng thc hin vic ni mm cc trc.
Hnh 52 trnh by s cu to ca khp ni thy lc, gm bnh xe bm 1 lp trn trc dn
5 ni vi ng c bnh xe tuc bin 2 lp trn trc b dn 4 ni lin vi trc bm. V 3 ca
khp ni lp vi bnh xe bm to thnh bung lm vic cha cht lng cng tc. Trc dn
v trc b dn tch ri nhau. Cng sut c truyn t trc dn sang trc b dn nh s trao
i nng lng gia cc bnh xe vi cht lng cng tc.
Hnh 52
Khi ng c in lm vic, bnh xe bm quay truyn c nng cho cht lng. Di tc dng
ca lc ly tm, cht lng chuyn ng dc theo cc cnh t tm ra ngoi, bnh xe bm vi
vn tc tng dn sau khi ra khi bnh xe bm, cht lng vo bnh xe tuc bin, truyn c
nng cho n v lm cho n quay cng chiu vi bnh xe bm. Do vy mmen quay c
truyn t trc dn sang trc b dn. Sau khi ra khi bnh xe tuc bin, cht lng li quay v
bnh xe bm. Qu trnh chuyn ng nh vy c lp i lp li mi.
Cc thng s lm vic c bn ca khp ni thy lc l cng sut, hiu sut
Cng sut trn trc dn:
NB = QBHB / 102 B

(2.80)

Cng sut trn trc b dn:

NT = QBHB T / 102

(2.81)

Trong : : trng lng ring ca cht lng cng tc (kG/m3)

Q: lu lng cht lng trong khp ni (m3/s)
HB: ct p do bnh xe bm to nn (m)
B, T: hiu sut ca bnh xe bm v bnh xe tuc bin.
Thay gi tr HB t (2.80) vo (2.81) c:
NT = NB BT
Nu gi = BT l hiu sut ton phn ca khp ni th:
= NT / NB

(2.82)

T s truyn i ca khp ni l t s gia s vng quay ca trc b dn v s vng quay nB

ca trc dn
i = nT / nB

(2.83)

2-52

Do tn tht c nng lng khi truyn t trc dn sang trc b dn nn bao gi cng c I < 1
tc l nT < nB. T s
S = (nB - nT) / nB = 1 - i

(2.84)

Gi l h s trt ca khp ni thy lc.

T (2.82) c:
= NT / NB = MT/MB * nT/ nB
V khp ni thy lc truyn ch khng bin i m men quay nn:
/MB/ = /MT/
Do : = nT / nB

(2.85)

iu kin bnh thng, hiu sut ca khp ni thy lc = 0,97 - 0,98. Gi tr hiu sut
ny ph thuc vo th tch cht lng trong khp ni. Ngng cp cht lng vo khp ni c
th tng s trt ln n 100%, tc l khi bm s ngng lm vic.
Mi quan h gia mmen quay M, cng sut NB, NT v hiu sut vi s vng quay ca
trc b dn khi s vng quay ca trc dn khng i c th hin trn hnh 53, gi l
ng c tnh ngoi ca khp ni.

Hnh 53 ng c tnh thc nghim ca khp ni

T ng c tnh thy rng khi nT = 0 v NT = nB th NT = 0. Nh vy, khi nT = nB v l
thuyt th =1, nhng lc y m men quay gim n mc ch thng ma st trong
trc v ma st vi cht lng cng tc nn khng c s truyn c nng cho trc b dn v
hiu sut nhanh chng gim n 0.
Khp ni thy lc c hai loi: loi khng iu chnh v loi c iu chnh.
Loi khng iu chnh chnh l loi khi s vng quay ca trc dn khng i (nB = const)
th s vng quay ca trc b dn (nT) ch ph thuc vo m men trn trc b dn (H-54).
Loi khp ni c iu chnh s vng quay ca trc dn khng nhng ph thuc vo m
men cn t trn trc b dn m cn ph thuc vo lng cht lng trong khp ni. Hnh 54
gii thiu s nguyn l cu to ca khp ni c iu chnh. Thay i v tr ng iu
chnh c th thay i c lng cht lng trong khp ni.
Hnh 54 S khp ni c iu chnh

2-53

Khp ni thy lc l mt thit b truyn ng c c hiu sut cao, khi ng v tng tc

m, lm vic khng n. N lm vic chc chn, cc bnh xe khng tipc hiu sut cao,
khi ng v tng tc m, lm vic khng n. N lm vic chc chn, cc bnh xe khng
tip xc vi nhau nn khng c s mi mn do b c xt. Mt khc, vic iu chnh khp
ni thy lc c th tin hnh t ng, t xa mt cch n gin. Do nhng u im , n
c ng dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc nh dng cho my bm, qut gi, t, my
ko, xe tng, my bay, my ct kim loi, v.v... Ngi ta ch to nhiu c khp ni thy
lc, c loi truyn c cng sut ti 30.000 kw.

2.25 CC PHNG PHP MI BM LY TM

Trc khi cho my bm lm vic, nu bm t cao hn mc nc trong b ht, th phi
tin hnh mi, tc l lm cho ng ht v thn bm cha y nc.
Ngi ta thng tin hnh mi bm theo mt s phng php sau: ly nc t ng y,
dng bm phun tia, dng bm chn khng.
Mi bng cch ly nc t ng y
Mi bng phng php ny ming vo ng ht phi b tr van thu (H-55a). Qu trnh mi
bm tin hnh cho n khi nc c cha y trong ng ht v thn bm. Khi mi bm,
kha trn ng y ng, kha trn ng ng nhnh 2 m, sau mt thi gian lm vic, nu
bm dng li lu th nc cha trong ng ht c th b r r qua van thu 1. V th ln lm
vic sau ca bm li phi mi.
Mi bng bm phun tia
Phng php ny thng dng cho nhng bm ln hoc trm iu khin t ng. Nc
cng tc cp cho bm phun tia ly t ng y ca bm ly tm (H-55b).

Hnh 55
1. Li chn rc c van thu, 2. ng nhnh, 3. Phu ht
4. Bm phun tia, 5. Bm chn khng, 6. Thng tun hon
ng ht ca bm phun tia ni vi phn cao nht trn thn bm ly tm. Khi mi kha trn
ng y ca bm ly tm ng, kha trn cc ng ng ca bm phun tia m. Bm ly tm
c a vo lm vic khi bm phun tia bt u bm nc ra khi thn bm ly tm.
Trong trng hp nc trn ng y khng p lc th c th dng bm xoy hoc bm
ly tm xoy cp nc cng tc cho bm phun tia.
Mi bng bm chn khng
Phng php ny cng thng s dng cc trm bm ln hoc cc trm bm iu khin
t ng ha. Trong trm bm thng t hai bm chn khng (mt bm d tr) mi cho
tt c cc bm.

2-54

ng ht ca bm chn khng ni vi im cao nht trn thn bm ly tm, ng y ni vi

thng tun hon (H-55c). Thng tun hon c nhim v cp nc mi bm chn khng v
b lng nc trong bm chn khng b hao ht trong qu trnh lm vic, ng thi n
cng l ni tip nhn kh nc do bm chn khng y ra.
Bm chn khng c chn theo chn khng cn thit v lu lng kh. chn khng
nn chn HCK = 7-9 m.c.n. Lu lng ca bm chn khng c th xc nh theo cng thc:
QCK = k (VB + VH)H1 / T (H1 - Hhh)
Trong
k
VB
VH
H1
Hhh
T
cha

h s d tr ly trong khong (0,5-1,1)

th tch kh trong thn bm, tnh bng m3.
th tch kh trong ng ht, tnh bng m3.
ct p ca kh quyn iu kin bnh thng H1 = PH / = 10 m.
chiu cao ht a hnh ca bm ly tm.
thi gian mi bm ly tm, tnh bng pht. Vi bm sinh hot T = 5/ . Bm
chy T 2/.

Trnh t lm vic ca thit b tin hnh nh sau:

Cho nc t thng tun hon vo bm chn khng v m kha trn ng ng dn

kh.
ng ng c in ca bm chn khng.
iu chnh lng nc cp cho bm chn khng bng kha k.
Theo di thc o mc nc trn thng tun hon n khi thy nc trong thng
dng ln n mc qui nh, tc l bm chn khng ht nc trong bm ly tm ra,
bm ly tm c mi. ng ng c in ca bm ly tm.
Khi bm ly tm lm vic bnh thng th ng kha trn ng ng dn kh,
ngt ng c in ca bm chn khng, tho ht nc trong thng tun hon.

Nu trong trm bm b tr nhiu t my th c th mi ln lt tng t my mt.

Bm chn khng ch cho lm vic vi nc sch. Nu dng bm chn khng mi cho
bm ly tm bm nc thi th gia bm chn khng v bm ly tm phi t thng phn ly
phn tch kh v nc bn. T y kh li c bm chn khng ht a vo thng tun
hon.

2.26 KT CU CA MT S BM LY TM
Bm ly tm ngy nay c s dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc ca ngnh kinh t quc
dn. Trn th gii bm ly tm c sn xut vi rt nhiu loi khc nhau. Ngi ta
sn xut cc loi bm ly tm mt cp, nhiu cp, bm trc ng, bm trc ngang, bm dn
nc vo mt pha, hai pha, bm nc sch, bm nc bn bm bn ct v.v...Trong phm
vi gio trnh ny ch gii thiu mt s loi bm thng dng trong ngnh cp, thot nc
v c ch to hoc s dng nc ta.
Bm mt cp, trc ngang
Bm ly tm mt cp, trc ngang c ch to vi ba loi: loi cng xn, loi c khi v
loi dn nc vo hai pha.

2-55

My bm loi cng xn
Hnh 56
1. Np; 2. m chng thm; 3. Bung xon; 4. Bnh xe cng tc; 5. Thn bm; 6. Vng tp
chng thm; 7. Dch p tp; 8. bi; 9. Bung cha du; 10. Trc bm; 11. Khp ni; 12.
Trc ng c.
Trn hnh 56 gii thiu cu to ca mt bm ly tm trc ngang, kiu cng xn. Loi ny
c ch to c ng knh u ni ng vo t 37-200 mm, lu lng t 5-360 m3/h dng
bm cht lng sch c nhit n 800C.
Bnh xe cng tc ch to bng gang hoc ng, lp cng xn trn trc, c nh vi trc nh
then v ai c. Trc bng thp, quay trong hai bi. bi t trong g v ngm trong du.
u ni ng ht nm ngang, dng cn v ng trc vi bnh xe cng tc. u ni ng y
c th t v tr thng ng hoc nm ngang. V bm, m chng thm bng gang. Trn
mt ghp ca bung xon vi np v u ni ng ht. Trc bm c dn ng bi trc
ng c qua khp ni n khi dng b truyn ai.
Hnh 57
1. V bm; 2. ng c in; 3. Bnh xe cng tc
nc ta bm ly tm loi cng xn c sn xut vi 12 loi c ct p t 11-49 m, lu
lng t 17-350 m3/h v k hiu l LT. V d bm OLT25, O l ng knh u ni ng
ht tnh bng mm gim i 25 ln LT l ly tm, 25 l h s t tc gim i 10 ln.
Ngoi ra, chng ta cn dng loi bm ny ca Lin X. V k hiu cng tng t nh vy
nhng ch LT c thay bng K (Koucoo)
Bm c khi
Hnh 57 gii thiu cu to ca my bm c khi. Nhng b phn lm vic ch yu v cc
thng s lm vic ca loi bm ny cng ging nh bm cng xn gii thiu trn.
Bm c khi khng c gi trc, lc dc trc do ca ng c chu bnh xe cng
tc lp trn phn ko di ca trc ng c in v v bm cng c ghp vi mt bch ca
ng c. Loi bm ny u im hn bm kiu cng xn ch kch thc bin dng theo
chiu trc nh.
nc ta, bm c khi cha c sn xut, Lin X ch to bm ny vi k hiu KM,
ngha l bm cng xn kiu c khi.
Bm nc vo hai pha
Hnh 58 m t cu to ca bm ly tm nc vo hai pha, dng bm nc v cht lng
sch c nhit n 800C. Bm c sn xut c lu lng t 120-12000 m3/h, ct p t
10-140 mt v chiu cao ht cho php t 5m tr xung.
Bnh xe cng tc hai pha dn nc vo lp c nh trn trc nh then v bc gang bo v
trc. Bnh xe thng ch to bng gang, nu dng bm nc c cha cht n mn th
ch to bng ng hoc thp khng r. Trc bng thp, quay trong hai bi hai u trc .
bi bi trn bng m. Thn bm ch to bng gang, c mt ghp nm ngang theo hng tm
trc. u ni ng ht v ng y b tr na di ca thn bm. Cu to nh vy rt tin

2-56

li cho vic kim tra, sa cha. Bm thng c dn ng bng ng c in. Trc bm

ni trc tip vi trc ng c bng khp ni n hi.
Hnh 58 Bm ly tm nc vo hai pha
1- Thn bm; 2- Np thn b; 3- Bnh xe cng tc; 4- Trc; 5- Vng m chng thm
6- ng cp nc cho vng tp; 7- bi; 8- Khp ni; 9- Vng tp chng thm
Bm ly tm nc vo hai pha hin nay nc ta cha sn xut. Vi s pht trin ca
ngnh cp nc, loi bm lu lng ct p ln ny s c cng nghip ch to bm ca ta
sn xut hng lot. Hin nay chng ta thng s dng bm nc vo hai pha kiu A. HA
ca Lin X hoc kiu E ca Bungari. Cc ch s v ch ci k hiu trn bm cng tng
t phn trn .V d bm 10A. 6, 10 l ng knh u ni ng ht tnh bng mm gim i
25 ln, 6 l h s t tc gim i 10 ln.
Bm mt cp trc ng
Hnh 59 Bm ly tm trc ng
1- Khp ni; 2- Trc bm; 3- Bnh xe cng tc
4- V bm; 5- u ni ng ht
Bm ly tm mt cp trc ng thng c dng bm nc nhng ni trm bm b
tr su v mc nc trong ngun dao ng nhiu.
Hnh 59 gii thiu cu to ca bm ly tm trc ng. Bnh xe cng tc ch to bng gang,
lp u di ca trc. Trc bng thp, quay trong trt khi chiu su t bm ln, trc
c ni bng nhng on di 1,5-2,5m. u ni ng ht nm ng tm vi tr. u ni
ng y c hng vung gc vi trc. V bm bng gang, gm hai na mt ghp nm theo
chiu thng ng. ng c in dn ng bm t trn mt t.
My bm loi ny ta thng dng ca Lin X, vi cc bm B c lu lng n 65000
m3/h, ct p t 18-105m.
Bm nhiu cp trc ngang
Bm ly tm nhiu cp c sn xut vi hai loi: trc ng v trc ngang. Bm trc
ng thng dng bm nc cc ging khoan (2.36, 39). y ch xt bm nhiu cp
trc ngang.
Trn th gii, loi bm ny c sn xut vi lu lng t 10-1300 m3/h, ct p t 201600 m.
Trong bm nhiu cp, cc bnh xe cng tc c th t i xng nhau tng i mt, cng c
th t ni tip nhau theo cng mt hng. Hnh 60 gii thiu cu to ca bm 5 cp, cc
bnh xe lp trn trc theo mt hng. Trc bm quay trong hai bi v ni vi trc ng c
bng khp ni. V bm bng gang, gm nhiu on ni vi nhau theo mt ghp vung gc
vi trc nh bu tng ko sau cp cui cng t a gim ti.
nc ta ch to hai loi bm nhiu cp: loi hai cp 6LT2*2 c lu lng Q = 110160 m3/h, ct p H= 150m, chiu cao ht 6,5 m, loi 4 cp 4LT9*4 c lu lng Q =
50m3/h, ct p H = 140 m v chiu cao ht cho php 3m. Ngoi ra, ta c th dng cc loi
bm nhiu cp khc ca Lin X kiu M cho lu lng v ct p ln hn.

2-57

Hnh 60 Bm nhiu cp trc ngang

1- Np trc; 2- Cp bm; 3- Bu tng ko
5- u ni ng y; 6- a gim ti
Bm nc bn
Bm nc bn l loi bm c dng bm nc thi sinh hot hoc sn xut, nc c
ln bn ct. Cng tng t nh bm nc sch, bm nc bn thng c ch to vi cc
kiu: cng xn, nc vo hai pha v mt pha, trc ng v trc ngang. Khc vi bm
nc sch, bm nc bn ch to mt cp, bnh xe cng tc c t hai n bn cnh v knh
dn gia cc cnh rng, cho php rc ri hoc nhng hn hp c ht khng ln c th i
qua c.
Cc nh my ch to bm ca ta ch sn xut bm nc thi theo n t hng, phn ln
cc bm loi ny ang s dng nc ta l bm ca Lin X. Di y l mt s loi bm
ca Lin X sn xut v cc thng s lm vic chnh ca n:
Bm H c lu lng
Bm c lu lng
Bm HB c lu lng
Bm B c lu lng
Bm M c lu lng

Q = 45-864 m3/h, ct p
H = 9,7 -30 m.
Q = 215 - 2200 m3/h, ct p H = 50-105 m.
Q = 36 - 150 m3/h, ct p H = 13-70 m.
Q = 1800-9000 m3/h, ct p H = 18-35 m.
Q = 200-400 m3/h, ct p H = 17-40 m.

Hnh 61 gii thiu bm nc bn mt cp cng xn trc ngang k hiu H (H- my bm,

- bn). Bm c bnh xe cng tc kiu kn, mt pha dn nc vo. u ni ng vo v v
p nhng hc c bit ra bm. u ni ng ht c dng cn v nm dc theo trc bm.
u ni ng y vung gc vi trc bm nm theo hng nm ngang hoc thng ng.
Hnh 61 Bm nc bn loi H
1- Thn bm; 2- Ca ra; 3- u ni ng ht; 4- u ni ng y
Hnh 62 gii thiu bm nc bn trc ng; k hiu B. y l loi bm lu lng ln, kt
cu ca n c nhiu im khc vi loi lu lng nh H. V bm bng gang gm np
trn, np di bung xon. Bnh xe cng tc bng gang lp u di ca trc. Trc quay
trong hai trn v di. di nm trong v bm, trn t trong gi trn b, dng
bi chn chu lc hng trc pht sinh trong qu trnh bm lm vic. Vi cc bm lu
lng ln nh 16B-18, 24B-13, 26B-22 th trn cng l trt, lc hng trc do
ca ng c chu. cc bm trc ng ny trc bm ni vi trc ng c in bng khp
ni cng, nu bm t su ln th gia trc bm v trc ng c cn c cc on trc
truyn trung gian. My bm t su cn th cn ng c in t trn mt t.
Hnh 62 Bm nc bn loi B
1- Phn bm; 2- a; 3- ng c in
Ngoi nhng loi bm gii thiu trn cn c bm ly tm t mi bm nc sch, bm
ha cht, bm bn t, l nhng loi bm ly tm dng tng i nhiu trong sn xut v
xy dng.

2-58

Nhn chung, bm ly tm l loi c s dng rng ri nht trong mi lnh vc ca nn kinh

t quc dn c bit l trong lnh vc cp v thot nc. Loi bm ny c kt qu n gin
v chc chn, trng lng nh, kch thc khng ln lm. Bm c th ni c trc tip
vi ng c, vic qun l n gin, tin cy lm vic cao. So vi cc loi bm khc, bm
ly tm c hiu sut cao, cho php iu chnh lu lng v ct p trong mt phm vi ln,
cch iu chnh cng n gin.
Khi chn bm phi da vo mc ch s dng lu lng v ct p yu cu. nhng trm
bm lu lng nh nn dng bm ly tm kiu cng xn, nhng trm bm lu lng ln
nn dng bm nc vo hai pha.

2.27 VN HNH BM LY TM
Vn hnh bm ly tm gm cc vic: m my, theo di v bo qun trong qu trnh lm
vic, tt my.
Cng vic u tin l kim tra, xit cht ai c cc mi ghp mt bch v b my, ng
kha trn chn khng k, trn ng y v cc ng dn nc ph; m kha trn p k. Sau
tin hnh mi bm. Khi qu trnh mi bm kt thc th ng ng c in, chy bm.
Sau khi t s vng quay yu cu v p k ch gi tr thch hp th m kha trn chn
khng k v kha trn ng ng dn nc n cm np bt. Nu trc ca bm lm ngui
bng nc th dn nc n lm ngui . Sau cng, m kha trn ng y bm a
nc vo h thng.
Trong mt s trng hp cho php m my khi kha trn ng y m nu nhng trng
hp ny khng dn n s qu ti ca ng c v trn ng y t van mt chiu.
Trong thi gian bm lm vic phi ch kim tra thng xuyn s lm vic ca cc t my
nh cc dng c kim tra, o lng, bng kinh nghim qun l. Cc b phn lm vic nh
bnh xe cng tc, bi, vng chn l nhng b phn d b n mn, h hng. V vy phi c
bit ch n chng. Thng thng th bm lm vic cn kim tra:

Nhit trc, vi trt, nhit lm vic ca khng trt qu nhit mi

trng xung quanh 450C, nhng cng khng c ln hn 800C; vi bi , nhit
ca khng c ln hn nhit mi trng xung quanh 606C, nhng cng
khng c ln hn 950C.

p lc dn trong h thng bi trn hay mc du trong bung cha du ca trc.

Kim tra cht lng du trong h thng bi trn v nht, axit, v xem xem
du c b bn v c ln nc khng. Nu cht lng du khng bo m phi thay
du mi ngay. Thng thng sau 800-1000h lm vic, cn thay du mi.

S lm vic ca cm np bt; cm np bt cn c nc dn n lm ngui cc

vng tp, lng nc chy qua y khng c nhiu qu (khong 5-10 git trong
mt pht). Nu nc chy ra nhiu qu cn xit cht bch p tp v chy t hoc
khng c nc chy ra, phi lp tc ni lng bch p tp. Lng nc chy qua y
ngoi tc dng trnh cho ngng trc hoc bc bo v trc khng b mi mn, cn
kim tra s lm vic ca m chng thm.

2-59

Ngoi ra, cng nhn vn hnh phi thng xuyn xem xt tnh trng lm vic ca ton b
t my nh bulng cc mi ghp, bulng mng, cc t my phi lm vic m, trc khng
b rung v o, tnh trng khp ni v bch ni, tnh trng cm np bt v vng tp.
Ty thuc vo kt cu my bm v iu kin lm vic ca n, nhng c sau 2500h lm
vic cn kim tra v iu chnh li khe h ca trc, c sau mt thi gian khng qu 800010000h lm vic phi tin hnh kim tra ton b my bm v sa cha ln.
Khi bm lm vic, nc khng ln hoc khng lu lng, ct p nn dng my kim tra
li tt c cc van, kha, ng ht, li chn rc v bnh xe cng tc.
Khi tt my tin hnh ngc li trnh t khi m my, ngha l:

T t ng kha trn ng y (khong 2-3 pht) chuyn dn bm sang lm vic

ch khng ti.
ng kha trn chn khng k.
Ngt ng c in.
ng kha trn p k v cc ng ng dn nc n cm np bt, n bung lm

2-60

CHNG 3

BM HNG TRC
3.1 S CU TO V NGUYN TC LM VIC
Bm hng trc cng l mt loi bm c dng tng i nhiu trong tiu ti v cp nc
khi yu cu lu lng ln, ct p nh. Bm hng trc thng s dng trong phm vi:
Q = 0,1 - 50 m3/s
H = 4 - 22 m.
V c h thng t tc n3 = 600-1200. y l mt loi bm mi c s dng rng ri trong
khong 50 nm li y.

Hnh 63 S cu to bm hng trc

1- Bnh xe cng tc; 2- Trc; 3- B phn hng dng; 4- V
Kt cu ca bm hng trc n gin v chc chn. Phn quay gm trc v bnh xe cng tc.
Bnh xe cng tc gm bu v cc cnh gn trn bu. Cnh bnh xe cng tc c dng cong trong
khng gian, mt trn li, mt di lm. S cnh thng c t 3-6 phn ng yn gm v v b
phn hng dng. B phn hng dng l mt khi tr rng trong c t 6-12 cnh dng cong.
Trong bm hng trc dng chy khng chuyn ng thng gc vi trc, m chuyn ng
trong cc mt tr ng tm vi trc nn khng s dng lc ly tm v gia p lc nhn c
ch nh bin i ng nng. V vy nguyn tc lm vic ca bm hng trc l da vo dng
chy loe.
Khi bnh xe cng tc quay, c nng c truyn cho cht lng. Mi phn t cht lng ng thi
tham gia hai chuyn ng: quay v tnh tin theo chiu trc. Sau khi ra khi bnh xe cng tc,
cht lng vo b phn hng dng, ti y thnh phn chuyn ng quay cas dng chy b
trit tiu. Sau b phn hng dng, dng chy chuyn ng song song vi trc.

2.2 LI THNG CA PRFIN

Ct bnh xe cng tc bng hai mt tr gn nhau v cng v tri ra mt phng s c li
phng thng ca prphin cnh bnh xe cng tc (H-64). Khong cch gia cc prophin l nh
nhau v bng nhau.
t = nD /

3-1

Trong
t

bc ca li
s cnh bnh xe cng tc
ng knh mt ct tng ng vi li.

Khi bnh xe cng tc quay li prophin chuyn ng dc theo trc ca n.

Ti bt k im no ca dng chy trc v sau cng c th dng c tam gic vn tc
tng ng (H-64). Thnh phn vn tc theo:
U=r
Do phn t cht lng chuyn ng trong nhng mt tr ng tm vi trc nn bn knh r ti
mi im ca li l nh nhau v:
U1 = U2 = U

(3.1)

Hnh 64 Li phng thng ca prphin

Gi s mt ct t ca dng chy t li vo n li ra ca bnh xe cng tc nh nhau th thnh
phn vn tc hng trc Cz s l khng i, tc l:
Cz1 = Cz2 = Cz

(3.2)

Do c th lng hai tam gic vn tc vo mp ra ln nhau (H-65)

3-2

Hnh 65 th vn tc kt hp

3.3 PHNG TRNH C BN CA BM HNG TRC

Phng trnh c bn ca bm cnh dn ni chung
Hlt = (U2C2U - U1C1U) / g
Trong bm hng trc
U1 = U2 = U
Nn c
Hlt = [U (C2U - C1U)] / g

(3.3)

Mt khc, theo phng trnh (1.1) c th vit:

Hlt = E2 - E1 = (P2 - P1) + (Z2-Z1) + (C22 - C12)/2g
Vit phng trn bcnuli vi tit din ra v tit din vo ca bnh xe cng tc trong chuyn
ng tng i
P1 / + Z + W12/ 2g = P2 / + Z2 + W22/2g + hbx
y hbx l chiu cao ca bnh xe cng tc c th b qua
(P2-P1) / + (Z2 - Z1) = (W12 - W22) / 2g
V th c
Hlt = (W12 - W22) / 2g + (C22 - C12) /2g

(3.4)

(3.3) v (3.4) l phng trnh c bn ca bm hng trc. T phng trnh c bn thy ct p

ca bm hng trc khng c thnh phn do lc ly tm (U22 - U12) / 2g gy nn. Ct p tnh
c to nn do m rng ca knh n bnh xe cng tc (W1 W2)
T tam gic vn tc (H-65) ta thy
C2U = U - Cz cotg 2
C2U - C1U = (U - Czcotg2) - (U - cotg1
Do phng trnh (3.3) c th vit di dng:
Hlt = U/ g Cz (cotg2 - cotg1)

3-3

(3.5)

Nh vy to nn ct p bm hng trc phi c 1< 2, iu lm cho cnh bnh xe bt

i. Nu hai bm c ct p nh nhau th bm no c s vng quay ln, cnh bnh xe s vnh
hn. Cp trc s 1, 2 khng phi c nh m thay i theo bn knh. K t bu ra chu vi,
cong ca cnh gim dn.
Cng nh bm ly tm, do c tn tht nn ct p thc t ca bm hng trc theo cng thc:
H = 1/KH2* U2/2g
(3.6)
Trong KH l h s ct p ph thuc h s t tc
KH = 0,0244 nS3/4

3.4 LU LNG CA BM HNG TRC

Lu lng ca bm hng trc
Q = Cz f
Vi F l din tch mt ct li ra ca bnh xe cng tc ( sau bnh xe)
F = /4 (D2 - d2)
Nn
Trong
D
d

Q = /4 Cz(D2 - d2)

(3.7)

ng knh ngoi ca bnh xe cng tc.

ng knh bu

Trong tnh ton c th ly s b

D = (5-5,5) 3 Q/n
d = (0,4 - 0,6)D
Cz = 0,006 n32/32gH
Vi H l ct p ton phn ca bm

3.5 NG C TNH CA BM HNG TRC

Cng nh bm ly tm cc c tnh v kh nng lm vic ca bm hng trc c th hin
bng cc ng c tnh thc nghim. Bm hng trc c hai loi c tnh: ng c tnh
cng tc v ng c tnh tng hp.
ng c tnh cng tc
Biu din mi quan h gia lu lng, ct p , cng sut, hiu sut vi s vng quay khng i
v gc t cnh nht nh (H-66)

3-4

Hnh 66

ng c tnh cng tc ca bm hng trc

So snh vi ng c tnh ca bm ly tm thy ng c tnh Q-H c dc ln nht l

hai u. Ct p cng tng khi lu lng cng gim v ln nht khi ng kha trn ng y.
Thng thng th: H0 = (1,5-2)H/ (H/ l ct p ng vi im c max). ng c tnh Q-N
cng c dng tng t nh ng c tnh Q-H. Cng sut cng c gi tr ln nht khi lu
lng Q0 = 0 v gp 1,5 - 2 ln cng sut lm vic ca bm. T gi tr max tr i hiu sut bm
gim nhanh. Nguyn nhn s khc bit ca ng c tnh bm hng trc nh vy l do xut
hin dng chy ph trong vng bnh xe cng tc khi bm lm vic. M nguyn nhn gy nn
dng chy ph l do trong thc t, bm hng trc lm vic vn c s xut hin ca lc ly tm
lm chiu chuyn ng ca dng chy b lch i, trn b mt cnh c lp bin vi vn tc chy
bng 0, khi bnh xe cng tc quay lp bin bn ra ngoi sinh dng chy ph, hn na s
chnh p sut gia mt trn v mt di cnh cng gy dng chy ph ngc t trn xung
di.
T ng c tnh thy vng lm vic c li ca bm nh. khc phc nhc im ny,
ngi ta ch to bm cnh quay, gc t cnh c th thay i c.
ng c tnh tng hp
c dng vi gc t cnh thay i (H-67). ng c tnh tng hp c dng trnb c s
ng c tnh cng tc.
T cc c im trn ca ng c tnh bm hng trc (Q = 0 th c Nmax) nn khi khi
ng bm khng c ng kha trn ng y; khng iu chnh lu lng bng kha trn ng
y m iu chnh bng cch thay i vng quay hoc thay i gc t cnh.

3.6 KT CU CA BM HNG TRC

So vi bm ly tm, bm hng trc c kt cu n gin

3-5

Hnh 67 ng c tnh tng hp ca bm hng trc

Trm bm b tr bm hng trc, kch thc nh trm cng nh gn. Bm hng trc c th
t thng ng, nm ngan hoc xin.
Tuy nhin, bm hng trc li c chiu cao ht m. iu gy tr ngi cho vic thi cng nh
trm v lp t t my. H - 68 gii thiu kt cu ca bm hng trc.
Phn quay ca bm gm bnh xe cng tc v trc bnh xe cng tc gm bu 17 v cnh 3. Bu
c dng tr c bng gang. Bnh xe cng tc c t 3 n 6 cnh. Cnh c dng cong trong
khng gian, mp vo dy, mp ra mng. Cnh thng c c bng thp hp kim, lp vi bu
bng butng hoc c lin vi bu. Vi cc bm cnh quay, trong bu t c cu quay cnh.
Trc bm ni vi trc ng c bng khp ni 14. Trc bm quay trong hai hng 11 v 5 lt
g p hoc cao su, bi trn bng nc sch.

Hnh 68

Bm hng trc

1- Chp vo; 2- ng vo; 3- Cnh bnh xe cng tc; 4- Thn di; 5- Lt : b lt c hng
hng dng; 7- Trc; 8- Khy cong; 9- ng bo v trc; 10- Thn trn; 11- Lt ; 12- Cm
np bt; 13- V cm vng bt; 14- Khp ni; 15- Ong ra; 16- Cnh hng dng; 17- Bn bnh
xe cng tc
Lc hng trc pht sinh trong qu trnh lm vic do bi ca ng c in chu. Trong qu
trnh lm vic hng s b mi mn. Phi thay lt ng lc trnh tnh trng trc b lch
tm, bnh xe cng tc c xt vo v bm gy h hng. Khe h gia bnh xe cng tc v v
thng bng 0,001D. Nu khe h ny ln qu, hiu sut ca bm s b gim.
V bm gm bung cng tc 2, dng tr, vi bm cnh quay th c dng cu m bo khe
h gia bnh xe cng tc v v b. B phn hng dng c t 6-12 cnh cong trong khng gian
16. Khy cong v ng ra i chiu dng chy. Tt c cc b phn ca v u c bng gang.
Bm hng trc l loi c s dng v sn xut tng i nhiu nc ta. Ta ch to
bm hng trc cnh quay 24HT-90, 30HT-90 v bm hng trc cnh khng quay 10HT-70,
14HT-90 lu lng Q= 295 - 8000 m3/h v ct p H = 2,3-7,5 cm.

3-6

Ngoi ra ta cn s dng cc loi bm hng trc ca Lin X, k hiu cng tng t nh trn
nhng ch HT c thay bng ch o , p (cnh khng quay)
24HT-90 ngha l : 24- ng knh ng vo tnh bng mm gim i 25 ln, HT- hng trc;
90- h s t tc gim i 10 ln.
Hoc on (bm cnh quay) so vi bm hng trc ca ta, bm hng trc ca Lin X c
nhiu loi hn v c dng trong mt phm vi rng hn. Vi s pht trin ca nn nng
nghip, trong tng lai chng ta s ch to nhiu loi bm hn dng trong cc lnh vc ca
nn kinh t quc dn.

3-7

CHNG 4

BM DI SU
bm nc cc ging su (thng l ging khoan) ln mt t, ngi ta thng dng cc thit b nh
bm ging khoan (loi chm v loi na chm); bm p kn, bm phun tia. Nhn chung, cc bm di su
c cng sut khng ln nhng n chim mt v tr v cng quan trng trong cp nc, h mc nc
ngm, lm kh nn mng cc cng trnh v hm m.

4.1 BM GING KHOAN KIU NHNG CHM

y l mt loi bm m ton b t my (gm bm v ng c in) nm di mc nc ng trong
ging. Bm nhng chm c s dng trong phm vi lu lng t 5 n 470 m3/h v ct p n 600 m.
Hnh 69 gii thiu mt t my bm ging khoan kiu nhng chm. T my gm bn phn chnh: bm,
ng c, ng y v bng iu khin. ng c in 1 t di cng v ni trc tip vi bm.
Hnh 4.1 Bm ging khoan kiu nhm chm
1 ng c in
2 Bm
3 Dy cp dn in
4 ng y
5 Bng in
6 p k
7 Van mt chiu
8 ng vch
9 Li chn rc
Phn bm 2 gm cc bnh xe cng tc v b phn hng dng loi cnh. Bnh xe cng tc v b phn
hng dng lp lng vo nhau tng i cnh mt cp bm, s cp ph thuc vo ct p yu cu. Gia
bm v ng c c li chn rc, nc c ht qua vo bm. Trong phn di chn rc thng t
vo mt chiu kiu a. Van c tc dng chng hin tng quay ngc khi bm dng li v gim ti cho
ng c in khng phi chu p lc ct nc trong ng y. Cp cui cng ca bm ni vi ng y.
ng y l ng thp gm nhiu on ni vi nhau bng khp ni ren. Bng iu khin gm cu dao, cng
tc v c th c mt s n tn hiu.
Ton b t my c h xung ging cng vi cp dn in. T my cn phi t sao cho mt bch trn
cng ca bm nm di mc nc ng t nht l 2 3 cm.
Bm ging khoan vi ng c t chm c cc u im

Khng c trc truyn ng di

Kt cu gn nh, chc chn
Lp rp, sa cha, qun l thun tin v n gin
Khng cn phi xy dng nh trm trn mt ging khoan
iu khin t ng ha n gin
C th t bm cc ging nghing hoc cong

Chnh v c nhiu u im nh vy nn bm nhng chm c s dng rng ri lp t cc ging

khoan c ng knh ln hn 100 mm v c nhiu loi khc nhau vi ng c in kiu kh, kiu ngm
trong du, kiu na kh v kiu t.
Bm c ng c kiu kh, v ng c phi kht kn, trong ng c c kh nn. Nc r r vo ng c s
ng li trong mt bung di cng v c bo ln bng iu khin nh cc r le phao. My nn kh
t trn mt t tng thi k a kh nn vo ng c y nc ra ngoi. T my ng c kiu kh
hiu sut cao nhng kt cu phc tp v c th ko nc thm vo dy qun ca ng c.

4-1

Bm c ng c kiu ngm trong du, trong ng c c cha du v mt lng nc nh bung pha

di ng c. Du chuyn ng tun hon t di ln mt trn ca rto v stato bi trn bi v lm
ngui dy qun ca ng c. Bm c ng c kiu ny c dng khi yu cu ct p n 200 300 m v
ln hn. ng c kiu ngm trong du kt cu phc tp, lp rp v sa cha kh khn, tin cy vn
hnh khng cao. V th, loi bm vi ng c ngm trong du t c s dng.
Bm c ng c kiu na kh, rto ng c quay trong nc cn stato th c bo v tch khi mi
trng nc. Bnh xe cng tc v b phn hng dng ch to bng gang hoc ng, hng bng cao
su hoc ng bi trn bng nc. Bm vi ng c in na kh c kt cu n gin v tin cy vn
hnh cao hn cc loi bm ging khoan kiu chm khc. V th, n c s dng rng ri v kt cu ngy
cng c hon thin hn.
Bm c ng c in kiu t c rto v stato u lm vic trong mi trng nc. Loi ng c ny c
kt cu cng knh trng lng ln gi thnh cao nn cng t dng.
Vi bn kiu bm nh trn, bm ging khoan kiu chm c ch to vi nhiu loi khc nhau. Do hn
ch ca vic ch to ng c lm vic di nc nn nc ta bm ging khoan kiu chm cha c
ch to, ta thng dng bm ca Lin X. Cc loi bm c dng l IIMH, AII T, AIIII T, AII,
AIIB, AHII,
Bm ging khoan kiu chm c rt nhiu loi, chn loi no phi da vo ng knh ging, lu lng,
ct p yu cu v cc yu t lm vic khc.
C th theo Bng 4.1 tnh ton cc ch s cn thit khi chn bm.
Bng 4.1 Cc ch s chnh
Cc ch s chnh
Tnh cht ca nc
Hm lng ct %
Hm lng mui %
Hm lng axit %
Nhit
Lu lng yu cu
ng knh trong ca ging
Chiu su ca ging k t mt t n y ging
su mc nc tnh
su mc nc ng
Chiu cao bm nc a hnh
Chiu cao ng y
S on ni ng
Phng php iu khin trm bm
Loi dng in
Cng sut ng c

K hiu

Q
D
Hg
HT
H
Hh
L
n
N

4.2 BM GING KHOAN KIU NA CHM

Bm ging khoan kiu na chm l mt loi bm ly tm nhiu cp, trc ng, t cc ging khoan
ng knh 200 600 mm. Hnh 4.2 gii thiu dng chung ca mt t my bm loi ny. T my c
ng c t trn mt t, phn bm t di ging.
V kt cu t my gm 3 phn chnh

Phn bm, t trong ging sao cho cp u tin nm thp hn mc nc ng trong ging t nht l 2
m. Phn bm c cu to tng t nh bm chm. Di cng l li chn rc dng tr c bng sang,
c l hoc dng khung qun dy. Cc cp bm lp ni tip vi li chn rc v vi nhau nh vt
cy, ai c v ai c lm. S cnh bnh xe cng tc c th thay i theo ct p yu cu.
Trc truyn ni gia ng c in v bm. Trc gm nhiu on c chiu di 1,75 - 3,0 m ni vi
nhau bng khp ni ren tri. Trc lng trong ng dng nc v quay trong cc hng trung gian.
4-2

Ty theo kt cu bm m trc c th quay trong nc hoc trong du (khi y c ng bc trc). ng

dng cng gm nhiu on c chiu di tng ng vi on trc, ni li vi nhau. cc ch ni ny
b tr hng trung gian lt bng cao su g p hoc ng, bi trn bng nc hoc du.
ng c in v gi , b tr trn ming ging. Gi c bng gang, dng tr v c khot cc ca
dng ch nht c th quan st pha trong. Trong gi l ng ra ca bm dng khuu cong. Phn
trn ca gi b tr bi chu lc hng trc pht sinh trong qu trnh lm vic. Trn mt gi t
ng c in trc ng, khng ng b, ba pha. Trn nh ng c b tr khp chng quay ngc
khc phc hin tng quay ngc ca bm khi t my t ngt dng li.

Hnh 4.2
So vi bm chm, bm kiu ny kt cu cng knh, lp rp vn hnh phc tp hn. u im chnh ca
loi bm ny l d dng sa cha, kim tra ng c in. Bn thn bm c cht lng nng lng tng
i cao, hiu sut c th t ti 80%. Do truyn ng di, nhiu cp, nhiu v trc quay trong nc nn
hiu sut chung ca t my rt thp, ch t khong 45 55%.
Bm ging khoan na chm c sn xut tng i nhiu trn th gii. Khong 15 nm tr li y,
nc ta sn xut loi bm ny t ging ng knh 200 350 mm, k hiu BG (Bm ging
khoan).
Bng 4.2 Cho mt s thng s chnh ca loi bm ny
K hiu bm
S cp
H (m)
Q (m3/h)
BG 8 I 2
2
24
30
BG 8 I 3
3
36
//
BG 8 I 5
5
60
//
BG 8 I 7
7
64
//
BG 8 I 9
9
108
//
BG 10 I 2
2
24
70
BG 10 I 3
3
36
//
BG 10 I 4
4
48
//
BG 10 I 5
5
60
//
BG 10 I 10
10
120
//
BG 18 4
4
48
//
BG 12 6
6
72
//
BG 12 8
8
96
//
BG 12 10
10
120
//
BG 14 4
4
64
200
BG 14 5
5
60
//
BG 14 6
6
96
//

n (v/g)
1470
//
//
//
//
1470
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
1470
//
//

Dmax(mm)
130
//
//
//
//
173
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
260
//
//

Dging(mm)
200
//
//
//
//
250
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
350
//
//

Ngoi ra, ta thng dng cc bm ging khoan na chm kiu A v HA ca Lin X t cc ging
ng knh 300 600 mm.
Bm HA c cc loi 12HA*3, 12HA*4, 12HA*5, lp ging ng knh 300 mm, cho lu lng 150
m3/h v ct p 33, 44, 55 m.
Bm A c loi 12A, 20A, 24A lp cc ging ng knh 300 600 mm, cho lu lng t 150 n 1200
m3/h v ct p t 28 110 m.
Gia hai loi bm ging khoan kiu chm v na chm r rng bm chm c nhiu u im hn. V th
bm chm c kt cu ngy cng hon thin hn v ang c dn dn thay th cho bm kiu na chm.
4.3 C IM TNH TON LU LNG BM GING KHOAN
c im tnh ton lu lng ni ring v cc thng s lm vic ni chung ca bm ging khoan ph
thuc vo c tnh bm v dng nc chy vo ging.
ng c tnh cho trong l lch bm v s ph thuc gia H, , N v Q, y H l gi tr ct p ca
bm tnh sau cp cui cng (ng vi mt ct A A trn Hnh 70).

4-3

 nhn c c tnh ng ng khng nhng phi tnh c tn tht trong on ng dng AB (Hnh
70). Gi tr tn tht hg ny tnh theo cng thc:
hg = nSQ2
Trong
n
S
Q

(4 - 1)

s on ni ng
Sc cn ca mt on ng ni
lu lng nc chy qua ng tnh bng m3/h.

Vi bm ging khoan kiu chm, gi tr S ch ph thuc vo ng knh ng.

ng
knh
50
75
100
125
ng dng (mm)
S10 (trn chiu
0,01
0,0015
0,00025
0,000075
di 10 m ng
dng)

150
0,000028

12HA*3: 12 ng knh nh nht ca ging tnh bng mm gim i 25 ln.

HA : bm ging khoan, 3 s cp bnh xe cng tc.
Vi bm kiu na chm, gi tr S cn ph thuc c vo kt cu bm. Tnh n tn tht dc ng v cc
b do trc c khp ni quay trong nc gy nn. th Hnh 71 cho s ph thuc ca S vo Q ng vi
bm BG 8 (hay ATH 8), ATH 10, ATH 14.
Hnh 71S ph thuc ca gi tr S vo lu lng Q
xc nh c im lm vic ca bm, phi xy dng c ng c tnh lm vic ca bm, ng
ng v ging (Hnh 72).
Khi bm cha lm vic, mc nc trong ging l mc nc tnh 0 0. Khi bm lm vic, mc nc
trong ging s h dn n mc nc ng . Trn th, ta 0 0 ng vi mc nc tnh 0 a,
chiu cao bm nc a hnh a 2, c tnh ging biu th mi quan h gia h mc nc trong ging
v lu lng bm i a 4. ng c tnh tng cng ca ng ng v ging, ng ny nhn c
bng cch cng tung ca ng a 3 vi tn tht trn ng ng cng mt gi tr lu lng.
b c l ng c tnh ca bm. thi im u tin, ngay sau khi m my, bm cho lu lng Q. Sau
khi mc nc trong ging h xung n mc nc ng, ch lm vic ca bm c xo trn, bm
cho lu lng Q.
Trong thc t thng gp mt s bm ging khoan lm vic song song hoc ni tip. Trong trng hp
ny, tm im lm vic ca bm ging khoan cng lm vic cng ging nh i vi cc bm ly tm thng
thng.
Hnh 72 ng c tnh cng lm vic ca bm ging khoan v ng ng.
4.4 BM KH P
Bm kh p l mt thit b bm nc di su c cu to rt n gin. Cch y khng lu bm kh p
l mt thit b bm nc di su c s dng kh rng ri. Ngy nay, hu nh n c hon ton
thay th bng cc bm ging khoan, ch mt vi trng hp ngi ta dng loi bm ny bm bn
bm bn trong h thng thot nc, bm mt lng nc thi nh, bm nc cc cng trnh a cht,
bm th cc l khoan thm d nc, bm dung dch ha cht cng trnh lm sch ca h thng cp
nc.
Hnh 73 gii thiu s cu to ca bm kh p b tr trong ging khoan 1. Kh nn t thng cha theo
ng dn kh 4, qua vi phun 2, vo ng dng 3, ha trn vi nc c trng lng ring nh hn nc
nhiu. Do p lc ca nc trong ging, hn hp kh nc dng ln trong ng dng 3 vo thng 5, p vo
4-4

chp chn nc 6. Ti y, kh v nc c tch ring. Kh theo vi 8 ra ngoi, nc theo ng 7 chy v

b cha.
Tnh ton bm kh p l i xc nh ng knh ng dng v ng dn kh, su nhng chm vi phun,
lu lng, cng sut v p sut ca my nn kh.
Lu lng my nn kh
Lu lng khng kh tnh theo cng thc:
WK = W0Q / 60 m3/h

(4 - 2)

Trong
Q
W0

lu lng nc cn bm ln tnh bng m3/h

lu lng ring ca kh tc l lng kh cn thit trng thi bnh thng bm 1
m3 nc.
W0 = h / 23 klg[h(k-1)+10] / 10

(4 - 3)

Trong
h
k
k

su mc nc ng k t ming ra ca ng dng tnh bng m

h s nhng chm vi phun, tra Bng 4.3
hiu sut bm kh nn, tra Bng 4.3

Hnh 7.3 S bm kh p
Bng 4.3
cao bm 15
nc h (m)
k
35
0,59 0,57
k

15 30

30 60

60 90

90 120

2,5 2,2
0,57 0,54

2,2 2,0
0,54 0,50

2 1,75
0,50 0,41

1,75 120
0,41 0,4

Cng thc (4.2) lp trong iu kin p sut kh quyn bnh thng v nhit khng kh bng 150C, khi
nhit p sut kh quyn khc i, phi xc nh lng kh cn thit theo cng thc:
Wk1 = 1 2 w

(4 - 4)

Trong
1
2

h s k n nh hng ca nhit khng kh, tra Bng 4.4

h s k n nh hng ca p sut kh quyn, tra Bng 4.5

Bng 4.4
Nhit
15
khng
kh
(0C)
1
1
Bng 4.5
Cao trnh so 0
vi
mc
nc bin
1
2

20

25

30

35

40

0,983

0,966

0,948

0,934

0,920

200

500

900

600

1500

0,96

0,86

0,89

0,86

0,82

4-5

p sut ca my nn kh
My nn kh cn cung cp kh c p sut bm kh p, m my v lm vic c.
p sut m ma nn kh xc nh theo cng thc
PM = 0,1 (H h0 + z) kg/cm2

(4 - 5)

p sut kh lm vic
P2v = 0,1 (H h0 + hk) kg/cm2

(4 - 6)

Trong
h0
H
hk

su mc nc tnh trong ging (Hnh 73) tnh bng m

su nhng chm vi phun tnh bng m
tng tn tht ct p trong ng dn kh t my nn kh n vi phun tnh bng m.

Cng sut my nn kh
Cng sut yu cu trn trc my nn kh
N = N0WkP1/v

(4 - 7)

Trong
N0
Wk
P1/v

Cng sut n v trn trc my nn kh, tnh bng kw, tra Bng 4.6
Lu lng my nn kh, tnh bng m3/pht
p sut lm vic ca my nn kh, tnh bng kg/cm2.

Bng 4.6
P1/v (kg/cm2)

W0 My nn kh cp
My nn kh cp

Cng sut ng c in chy my nn kh

Nc = KN
Vi K l h s d tr cng sut
Ngi ta s dng my nn kh pt tng cp kh nn cho bm kh p. khc phc hin tng cp kh
khng u, trn ng ng dn kh t my nn kh n ging t mt thng cha kh nn. Th tch thng
Vt ly theo lu lng my nn kh Wk.
Wk (m3/pht)
Wt (m3)

6
0,2 Wk

6 30
0,15 Wk

> 30
0,1 Wk

ng dng nc v ng dn kh
ng dng nc v ng dn kh l hai b phn lm vic chnh ca bm kh p. ng dn kh c nhim v
cp kh nn vo ng dng qua vi phun 1 (Hnh 73).
nhm chm vi phun H xc nh theo cng thc:
H = k h (4.8)

4-6

H s nhng chm vi phun k tra bng 4.3.

Trong ging, ng dng nc v ng dn kh c th b tr theo hai phng n song song v lng vo nhau.
B tr song song th ng dn kh t cnh ng dng nc. B tr lng vo nhau th ng dn kh t trong
ng dng nc, b tr theo phng php ny, lng kh yu cu tng 10 30% so vi phng php b tr
song song.
Kt cu vi phun ph thuc vo phng php b tr ng, khi ng kh t lng trong ng dng th vi phun
l on cui ca ng dn kh; c l ng knh 4 - 6 mm, trn chiu di 3 4 m, s l c phi tnh sao
cho tng din tch l bng 1,5 2 ln tit din ng dn kh. Mt l trn ng nn b tr dn t di ln
trn.
Khi ng b tr song song th ngi ta khoan cc l ca vi phun ngay trn mt phn ca ng dng, phn
ng ny c bc trong mt hp (Hnh 73) ng dn kh ni vi mt trn ca hp.
Cn ch l b tr ng d theo phng php no th vi phun cng phi cao hn u di ca ng dng 2
3 m.
Theo kinh nghim, nn ly ng dng nc c tit din thay i. Phn ht ca ng (phn ng pha di vi
phun) c tit din t F1, vn tc nc chy vo v1.
v1 = Q/F1
Phn ng dng hn hp (t vi phun tr ln) c tit din t (khng k tit din ng dn kh), F2, vn tc
chuyn ng ca hn hp kh nc v2.
v2 = Q (1 + W0)/F2
Ngi ta khuyn nn ly vn tc nc chy vo ng v1 = 1,5 2,5 m/s, vn tc hn hp ra khi ng v2 =
6 8 m/s. Vn tc v2, trong trng hp bm t su 100 m tr ln, nn ly gim dn t vi phun n
ming ra ca ng dng.
Khi ng b tr song song, ng knh ng dng c th tnh theo cng thc:
D = Q (1 + W0) / 0,785 vk

(4.9)

ng knh ng dn kh tnh theo cng thc:

d = Wk (P1/v + 1) / 0,785 vk

(4.10)

Vn tc chuyn ng ca kh trong ng dn kh vk nn ly trong khong 5 10 m/s.

ng dn kh nn t dc dn v pha ging vi dc i 0,01 kh ngng t trong ng c th chy
xung ging.
chn ng knh ng dng nc v ng dn kh c th dng Bng 4.7
Sau khi tnh s b bm kh p, c th tnh c hiu sut ca ton b thit b.
r = Qh / 102 Nc
Trong
Q
h
Nc

lu lng nc bm ln, tnh bng m3/s.

su mc nc ng, tnh bng m.
cng sut tiu th ca ng c chy my nn kh tnh bng kw.

4-7

u im ca bm kh p l cu to n gin, lm vic tin cy v khng c b phn chuyn ng , c th

t nhng ging nghing, bm nc c ln ct v loi b c kh sulfua hydro c trong nc ngm.
Nhc im ca bm ny l hiu sut thp (0,25 0,35) khng cp nc thng vo mng li c.
Bng 4.7
ng b tr song song
ng dng ng dn ng knh ging Lu
D (mm)
kh
d (mm)
lng
(mm)
(m3/h)
Loi ging

ng b tr lng vo nhau
ng dn ng knh ging Lu
kh
d (mm)
lng
(mm)
(m3/h)
Loi ng

50
65

75
90
100

125

19
25
32
19
25
32
19
25
32
25
32
38
32
38
50
32
38
50

I
150

II
200

8 11

9,5
12,5

75

125

4,6 8,6

150

200

9 16

12,5
19

100

150

10,8
16,2

150
200

250

125

175

13,4
21,6

200

250

19
25
25
32

150

200

15 25

200

250

22 50

32
38

150
200

200
250

20 40

250

300

35 65

32
38

200

250

35 55

14 23
15 30

Loi I: u di ca ng dng cao hn ng lc ca ging.

Loi II: u di ca ng dng ngang hoc thp hn ng lc ca ging.
Khng c t ging c mt lp nc mng v i hi cng nhn lnh ngh qun l my nn kh.
4.5 BM PHUN TIA
Bm phun tia: s lm vic ca bm phun tia da trn nguyn tc truyn trc tip ng nng ca dng
cht lng cng tc c nng lng ln cho mt dng cht lng khc c nng lng nh v bm n ln.
Hnh 74S cu to bm phun tia.

ng ht
ng cp nc
Vi phun
Bung nhn
Bung trn
ng khuch tn
ng y

Nguyn tc lm vic ca bm phun tia

Dng cht lng cng tc c ct p H1 chy vo ng 2 vi lu lng Q1, qua ming vi phun 3 to thnh
dng tia c vn tc rt ln phun vo bung 4, ko khng kh trong bung ny chuyn ng theo. Theo
phng trnh bcnuli:

4-8

P/ + V2 / 2g = const
Nn ti y vn tc dng chy tng ln th p sut P gim xung. Do s chnh p sut, nc t b ht
dng ln bung 4. Ti y, n c cht lng cng tc truyn nng lng cho. Ra khi bung 4, cht lng
vo bung trn 5 n nh trng vn tc, vo ng khuch tn 6 bin mt phn ng nng thnh th
nng. Cui cng, dng cht lng chuyn ng vo ng y 7 vi lu lng Q2 = Q1 + Q0 v ct p H2 ln
hn ct p H0 ca dng chy trong ng ht.
H0 < H2 < H1
Bm phun tia ni chung c kt cu tng t nh nhau, ch khc nhau b phn vi phun.
Bm phun tia c u im l cu to n gin, kch thc nh gn, lm vic tin cy, ch to r tin v c
th bm c cc loi cht lng, k c cht lng c ln hn hp c hc v cht kh.
Nhc im ca bm phun tia l hiu sut thp = 0,2 0,35.
Do c nhiu u im nn bm phun tia vn c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc. Chng c
dng bm nc di su: nc h mng, hm ho; dng cng trnh x l nc thi bm cn
vo b lng ct v khuy trn bn trong b mtan. cc trm bm, bm phun tia c dng mi bm
ly tm v b tr kt hp vi bm ly tm bm nc di su.
Bm phun tia kt hp bm ly tm
Hnh 75Gii thiu s b tr bm phun tia kt hp bm ly tm.
Hnh 75a l s c dng rng ri nht. Bm ly tm 2 cp nc cng tc cho bm phun tia 1, vi lu
lng Q1. Lu lng nc c bm ln khi ging l Q0. Bm phun tia a mt lng nc Q2 = Q1 +
Q0 ln n cao H1 m bm ly tm c th ht c sau khi ln khi mt t, lu lng Q2 phn lm hai
ng, lu lng Q0 theo ng dn ca bm ly tm ln b cha lu lng Q1 li quay li ging.
Trng hp, nc sau khi ra khi bm 2 khng p lc cng tc th t thm bm ly tm 2 c lu
lng nh. Cho lu lng Q1 qua bm ny tng p lc nc cng tc tha mn yu cu lm vic ca
bm phun tia (Hnh 75b).
ng ng ca bm phun tia c th b tr song song (Hnh 75) hoc lng ng y trong ng cp nc
cng tc (Hnh 76).
Vic tnh ton bm phun tia kt hp bm ly tm l i xc nh cc kch thc v cc thng s cn thit b
lm vic. Trnh t tnh ton gm cc bc sau:
Chn bm ly tm c lu lng Qb = Q2 = Q1 + Q0 v ct p Hb = HCT + hCT.
Vi HCT = (H1 hv)
Trong

H1
hv

h s p lc cng tc ca vi phun, = 3 3,5

ct p ton phn ca bm phun tia
tn tht ct p khi ra khi vi phun, thng ly hv = 0,25 H1.

Hnh 76
Trn ng c tnh ca bm ly tm, ng vi Qb, Hb tm c cng sut N, hiu sut v chiu cao ht
chn khng gii hn Hckgh.

4-9

Trong bc tnh gn ng c th ly Hb bng khong cch t trc bm ly tm n mc nc ng trong

ging, lu lng Q1 = (1 1,4) Q0.

Chn ng knh ng dn cng tc D1 v ng knh ng y ca bm phun tia D2 da vo lu

lng Q1, Q2 v vn tc gii hn ca dng chy trong ng (V 5 m/s). Sau tm h s sc cn
s1, s2.
Tnh chiu cao ht a hnh ca bm ly tm Hhh sao cho:
Hhh Hhgh

Tnh ct p y ca bm ly tm
H = Hb (Hhh + hh)

Tn tht ct p trong ng dn nc cng tc h1 v ng y ca bm phun tia h2:

h1 = s1L1Q12
h2 = s2L2Q22

Ct p ca bm phun tia
H1 = Hg Hh + h2

Ct p tng i ca bm phun tia

h = B/2A - (B/2A)2 C/A
A = bH ah1
B = aH + bHz + h1
C = aHz

Trong
a, b
H

cc h s thc nghim, a = 34; b = 16,5

chiu cao bm nc a hnh ca bm phun tia kt hp bm ly tm (Hnh 75).

Lu lng tng i ca bm phun tia

q = Q2/Q1 = [(a bh-) / (ah- - 1)] 1

Lu lng c ch
Q0 = Q2 q / q + 1

Hiu sut ton trm

= Q0Hb / Q2Hb = QH / 102N

Dng th biu din mi quan h -Q0 v q Q0 (Hnh 77). Phi chn cc thng s lm vic
ca bm sao cho ti im lm vic bm c hiu sut ln nht.

Hnh 7.7 ng c tnh ca h thng bm.

Xc nh li cc thng s lm vic ca bm ti im tnh ton.

Lu lng nc cng tc tnh ton:

4-10

Q1tt = Q0 / qtt
Q2tt = Q1tt + Q0

Trn ng c tnh ca bm ly tm ng vi lu lng Qb = Q2tt tm li cc gi tr Hbtt, tt, Ntt v Hh tt.

Tn tht ct p ng vi lu lng tnh ton trn ng dn nc cng tc v ng y ca bm phun tia.
h1 tt = s1 L1 Q1 tt2
h2 tt = s2 L2 Q2 tt2
Ct p y ca bm phun tia
H1 = Hg Hh tt + h2 tt

Xc nh cc kch thc ch yu ca bm phun tia

ng knh ming vi phun

d1 = 1,27Q1/Vv
y Vv l vn tc dng chy ti ming vi phun
V = (0,95 0,97) 2gHCT
Khong cch L0 t ming vi phun n ng trn vi vi phun kiu cn (Hnh 74)
L0 = (2 3)d2
Bung trn c nh hng quyt nh n hiu sut ca bm. Theo kinh nghim nn ly ng knh
bung trn d2:
d2 = 1,8 d1
Vi cc bm phun tia thng thng th ly chiu bung trn.
Lt = (4 7)d2
V gc m rng ng loe
= 60 - 80
T gi tr chn c th xc nh c di ng loe L1
L1 = (D2 d2)/2cotg
y D2 l ng knh ng y ca bm phun tia.
Chiu cao ht ca trm bm phun tia c nh hng ln n hiu sut. Khi chiu cao ht nh hn 3 m hiu
sut c th t 17 25%, khi chiu cao ht l 5 m hiu sut ch t 10 12%.
4.6 MT VI NHN XT V CC LOI BM DI SU
My bm dng bm nc di su c nhiu loi nhng trong chng ny ch xt bn loi dng thng
dng nht.

4-11

Nhn chung, trong cc loi bm di su th bm ging khoan kiu chm l hon thin hn c v c trin
vng pht trin nht. Loi bm ny c hiu sut cao li n gin trong qun l, vn hnh v lp rp, sa
cha; nu iu khin t ng th h thng iu khin cng n gin. N c s dng rng ri bm
nc sch mc su ln.
nhng ging c su khng ln lu lng khng qu 20 m3/h, nhng ni nc ln nhiu bn ct th
nn dng bm phun tia v n lm vic chc chn v khng i hi phi bo dng.
Bm kh p ch nn dng bm nc c ln kh c, c mi cn phi loi b, hoc t nhng ging
lu lng nh, gn trm kh p v nhng ni cp nc tm thi.
Bm ging khoan na chm c ng c t trn mt t v trc truyn ng hiu sut khng cao qun l,
lp rp v sa cha phc tp. Loi bm ny ch nn t nhng ging c lu lng ln v su khng
ln lm.

4-12

CHNG 5

BM NC VA - BM XOY BM CHN KHNG

5.1 BM NC VA
Bm nc va l mt thit b dng nc khng c ng c dn ng, lm vic trn nguyn tc s
dng sc va thy lc. iu kin thit b lm vic c l phi c ngun nc cao hn ch
t bm nc va mt cao no y v cho php tho t ngun ra mt lu lng ln hn lu
lng bm nc va vi ba ln.

Hnh 78 S b tr bm nc va
Hnh 78 gii thiu s cu to ca bm nc va gm ng dn nc 1, van nc va 2, van y 3,
chp khng kh 4, ng y 5.
Khi bm khng lm vic van 2 v 3 trng thi ng. a bm vo lm vic, trc ht phi
khi ng bng cch m van 2. Khi van 2 m, di tc dng ca ct p H1, nc t ngun theo
ng 1 chy xung v ra ngoi qua van 2. Vn tc dng nc chy xung tng dn lm cho p lc
tc dng ln mt trong ca van 2 cng tng ln. Khi dng chy t gi tr vn tc gii hn v p
lc tc dng ln van 2 ln hn trong bn thn ca n th di tc dng ca hiu p lc mt trong
v mt ngoi, van 2 ng li. Dng chy trong ng cp t ngt b dng li, hin tng nc va
xy ra. Lc , u di ng cp, p lc tng ln rt cao, ln hn p lc trong chp khng kh.
Do tc dng ca hiu p lc ny, van y 4 m ra, nc trn vo chp. Di tc dng ca p lc
d trong chp, van 3 ng li v nc trong chp c y ln b cha mt phn.
ng thi din ra vi qu trnh trn do nc trn mt phn vo chp 4 v do sng nc va truyn
ngc ln ngun nn trong ng 1 p sut gim i nh hn p sut kh ngoi van 2 t m ra do
trng lng bn thn hoc l xo v chnh p lc gia mt ngoi v mt trong van. Mt chu k
bm kt thc. Cc chu k sau c din ra mt cch u n v t ng nh vy mi.
Hiu sut ca bm nc va tnh ton theo cng thc:
= Q H / Q0 H1

(5.1)

Gi tr thng nm trong khong 0,45 - 0,65. bm lm vic tt, ngi ta thng ly chiu
di ng cp L = (5-8)H1.
Bm nc va c u im l cu to n gin, khng tiu tn nng lng bn ngoi.
Nhc im ca bm ny l van nc va 2 chng b h hng, trong qu trnh qun l phi thng
xuyn b sung vo chp khng kh lng kh b hao ht do ha trn vo nc v b y ln b
cha.
5-1

 nng cao hiu sut ca bm nc va, hin nay ngi ta dng van nc va kiu tuc bin
ng m theo chu k. Lm nh vy s hn ch c lng nc b hao ph do chy ra ngoi qua
hc van nc va.

5.2 BM XOY - S CU TO V NGUYN TC LM VIC

Hnh 79 gii thiu s cu to bm xoy. Cc b phn chnh ca bm gm: bnh xe cng tc 1
lp cht trn trc 2, t trong v bm 3. Gia v bm v bnh xe cng tc c knh vng hnh
xuyn trn on cung abc. Trn v bm c ming ht 4 v ming y 5. Gia ming ht v ming
y c ngn cch bi cung dc, l phn v bm nm st vi bnh xe cng tc n ni khe h
gia chng ch bnh xe cng tc quay khng c xt vo v bm.

Hnh 79 S cu to bm xoy
Nguyn tc lm vic ca bm xoy cng da trn s tc dng ca lc ly tm. Khi bm lm vic,
bnh xe cng tc v ming ht phi c cha y cht lng. Khi bnh xe cng tc quay, di tc
dng ca lc ly tm, cc phn t cht lng chuyn ng dc l cnh theo chiu hng knh t
trong ra ngoi v ng thi quay theo bnh xe cng tc. Ra knh vng, cht lng gp v bm v
li quay vo knh gia cc cnh bnh xe cng tc. V chuyn ng ca cc phn t cht lng c
lp i lp li nh vy mt s ln cho n khi ra ti ming y. Qu o chuyn ng tuyt i ca
cht lng trong bm theo ng xoy c ABCDEF (H-79). C chuyn ng c mt vng xoy
dc theo knh vng th cht lng li mt ln c nhn thm nng lng. Nh vy, trong qu
trnh chuyn ng ca mt phn t cht lng t khi vo n khi ra khi bm, n lin tc c
nhn thm nng lng. Do , ct p ca bm xoy cao hn bm ly tm rt nhiu. Vi cng mt
kch thc v s vng quay nh nhau th bm xoy to nn c ct p ln hn ct p ca bm
ly tm t 3-7 ln.
Bm xoy c th lm vic c vi cht lng d bay hi hoc hn hp cht lng- cht kh nhng
khng nn dng bm cht lng bn v nh vy bm chng b h hng.
Bm xoy thng c ch to vi
Q = 8 - 10 m3/h.
H = 25 - 250 m.
nS = 4 - 60
n = 750 - 3000 v/ph

nc ta, bm xoy c ch to vi cc loi k di bng 5-1.

5-2

Bng 5-1

Cc
thng s

K hiu
bm

Lu lng Q (m3/h)
Ct p H (m)
S vng quay n (v/ph)
Hiu sut
Cng sut N (kw)

18 - 0,9

1,28 - 1* 2

1,68* - 1,5*4

1
37
1490
0,18
0,815

3
76
1500
0,24

3,6
145
1500
0,24

K hiu bm: v d 1,68 - 15*4 th 1,6. ng knh ming ht v ming y tnh bng mm
gim i 25 ln
8- Bm xoy; 1,5- h s t tc gim i 10 ln; 4- s cp.
Bm xoy thng c ch to vi hai loi: bnh xe cng tc cnh kn v bnh xe cng tc cnh
h.
Bnh xe cng tc cnh kn c hnh dng nh mt a phng, vnh ngoi c phay thnh cc cnh
ngn, phng (H-79a). Mt chu vi bnh xe khng st vi v bm. Bnh xe thng c 18 - 28 cnh.
Bnh xe cng tc cnh h (H-79b) c cc cnh phng, di gn cht trn may thng c 12 - 24
cnh. Mt chu vi bnh xe st vi v chia knh vng thnh hai phn b tr hai mt bn ca bnh
xe cng tc.
* Ct p ca bm xoy
Nguyn tc lm vic ca bm xoy cng ging bm ly tm nn mi ln cht lng chuyn ng
trong rnh cc cnh bnh xe cng tc t R1 n R2 (H-79) cng tun theo phng trnh - le:
Hlt / = (U2C2U - U1C1U) / g
Cng nh bm ly tm, thng th vn tc C1U = 0 nn
Hlt / = U2C2U / g
Do ct p l thuyt vi s cnh nhiu v cng ca bm xoy
Hlt = iU2C2U / g

(5.2)

i : s ln tc dng
Ngi ta thng tnh ct p thc ca bm xoy theo cng thc:
H = U2 / 2g
(5.3)
5-3

Trong
U = D2n / 60 : vn tc vng ca bnh xe cng tc.
= 3- 4,5 : h s ct p ca bm xoy, xc nh bng thc nghim.
* Lu lng
Lu lng ca bm xoy
Q= FV
Trong
F
V

din tch tit din ngang ca knh vng.

vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy qua knh vng.

Vn tc dng chy trong knh vng tng dn t khi vo n khi ra khi knh. Vic xc nh gi
tr ca n tng i phc tp. Bng tnh ton ngi ta tm c cng thc tnh lu lng ti
u ca bm xoy qua vn tc vng U.
Q = 0,5FU
Cng nh cc loi bm khc, cc thng s lm vic ca bm xoy c th hin trn th Q-H,
Q-N, Q- dng bng phng php thc nghim gi l ng c tnh cng tc ca bm xoy (H80).

Hnh 80 ng c tnh bm xoy

T ng c tnh ca bm xoy thy rng cc ng u c dc ln, ct p v cng sut t
gi tr ln nht khi lu lng bng 0, bm xoy c hiu sut thp. Gi tr hiu sut ln nht ca
bm xoy ch t khong 0,3 - 0,45 ng vi im c lu lng Q 0,5FU.
So vi cc loi bm khc, nht l bm ly tm, bm xoy c ct p ln, kch thc v trng lng
b, c kh nng t mi, nhng lu lng nh, hiu sut thp v kh nng chng xm thc km
hn.
c c tnh lm vic tt hn v nng cao kh nng chng xm thc ngi ta ch to loi bm
m trn trc t c bnh xe ly tm v bnh xe xoy gi l bm ly tm-xoy.
* Bm ly tm - xoy
Hnh 81 gii thiu cu to ca bm ly tm - xoy, cc b phn chnh ca bm gm: ng ht 1, v
bm 2, hp y 3, vng chn 4, bnh xe ly tm 5, bnh xe xoy 6, trc 7. Trong thn bm c rnh
xon c a ni vng y ca bnh xe ly tm vi knh vng ca bnh xe xoy. Knh vng b thng
vi hp y 3 bng hai l c v d.
5-4

Hnh 81 Bm ly tm - xoy
Khi bm lm vic ln u tin, phi mt t cht lng vo thn bm (khng cn y). Trc bm
quay, bnh xe ly tm ht v y cht lng vo rnh xon a ri vo knh vng b. Ti y n c
bnh xe xoy truyn thm nng lng v y ra hp y 3. Sau khi ln hp y 3, mt phn cht
lng li quay li knh vng theo l d. Lc bnh xe ly tm vn quay, ht khng kh t ng ht
nn vo knh vng b, to nn hn hp cht lng-khng kh. Bnh xe xoy y hn hp qua l c.
Ti y khng t tch ra v bay ra ngoi, cn cht lng li quay li knh vng. Qu trnh trn c
lp i lp li nh vy cho n khi pa ht ca my bm to nn chn khng cht lng
trong b ht t chy vo thn bm. T lc ny tr i bnh xe ly tm bt u y cht lng sang
knh vng b, c bnh xe xoy truyn thm nng lng v y ra ngoi qua hp y 3.
Bm ly tm xoy c ct p lu lng khng b v c kh nng t mi. Khi bm lm vic ch cn
trong thn bm c mt lng nh cht lng ngn khng cho khng kh hp y quay li.
Lng cht lng ny ch cn vo khi lm vic ln u cn nhng ln sau c sn trong thn
bm nn khng cn vo na.

5.3 BM CHN KHNG

Khi nim v chn khng
Trong khoa hc k thut, chn khng l mt t dng ch trng thi kh m p sut ca n thp
hn p sut kh quyn. chn khng chia ra: chn khng thp, trung bnh, cao, rt cao v
siu cao.
chn khng thp ch trng thi kh c p sut 1-760 mm thy ngn.
chn khng trung bnh ch trng thi kh c p sut 0,01 - 1mm thy ngn.
Trng thi kh c p sut 10-3 -10-6 mm thy ngn l chn khng cao, p sut 10-7 - 10-9 mm
thy ngn l chn khng rt cao, p sut 10-10 mm thy ngn tr ln l chn khng siu cao.
chn khng thng c o bng milimt thy ngn, mt ct nc, t mt phe hoc phn
trm.
chn khng thp thng o bng phn trm v tnh theo cng thc
chn khng (%) = (760 - P0) / 760 * 100
5-5

Vi P0 l p sut tuyt i trong bnh rt chn khng.

Phn loi bm chn khng
Bm chn khng l mt loi my dng ht kh hoc hi ra khi mt thit b, to nn p sut
trong nh hn p sut kh quyn.
Ty theo kh nng to nn chn khng, bm chn khng chia lm hai nhm: nhm to nn
chn khng thp v trung bnh, nhm to nn chn khng cao.
Nhm th nht khng l nhm bm chn khng thp to nn p sut chn khng t 760 - 10-3
mm thy ngn. Nhm ny gm:
a) Bm chn khng kiu pt tng, loi ny c dng tng i rng ri khi yu cu lu lng
ln. N thng cho lu lng khi bm ra t 45 n 3500 m3/h, p sut chn khng n 0,05
mm thy ngn.
b) Bm chn khng kiu rt vi cc cnh trt lu lng t 200 n 5350 m3/h v p sut chn
khng n 0,005 mm thy ngn.
c) Bm chn khng kiu vng nc, nguyn tc lm vic ca n cng ging bm chn khng
kiu rt nhng n ht kh v y ra hn hp kh nc. Loi ny cho lu lng t 0,25 n
465 m3/pht v chn khng t 92 n 99,99%.
Loi bm ny c u im l cu to n gin, ht kh sch. V th n c dng rt rng ri trong
mi lnh vc ca nn kinh t quc dn.
Nhm th hai l nhm bm chn khng cao, to nn chn khng t 10-3 - 10-6 mm thy ngn.
Nhm ny gm cc bm:
a) Bm chn khng rt du, lu lng 0,1 - 350 l/s v p sut chn khng n 10-4 mm
thy ngn.
b) Bm chn khng bnh rng, loi ny dng khi yu cu p sut chn khng 0,1 - 0,81mm
thy ngn.
c) Bm chn khng kiu phun tia, nguyn tc lm vic cng ging nh bm phun tia
(chng 1) nhng y dng cht kh hoc hi lm cht cng tc. Bm ny cho lu lng
n 300 l/s v p sut chn khng n 0,9mm thy ngn. Thng s dng trong cng
nghip luyn kim, ha cht hoc dc.
d) Bm chn khng khuych tn ch lm vic c khi trong bnh c p sut ban u l 1
mm thy ngn. Loi bm ny lu lng t ti 50000 l/s, p sut chn khng n 10-7
mm thy ngn.
Trn y l mt s loi bm chn khng c ch to v s dng trn th gii. Trong nhng
bm th bm chn khng kiu vng nc l loi c dng rng ri nht v c cu to n
gin nht.
Bm chn khng vng nc
Trong cc h thng cp v thot nc bm chn khng vng nc c s dng rt rng ri
mi cho bm tm cc trm bm. Hnh 82 gii thiu s cu to loi bm ny.

5-6

Hnh 82 Bm chn khng vng nc

Bm gm v 1 c dng tr, Rto 2 vi cc cnh bn phng, t lch tm so vi v. Khi bm lm
vic trong v c mt t nc. Khi rto quay, do tc dng ca lc ly tm, nc bn ra xung
quanh bao ly rto. Do rto t lch tm vi v nn gia rto v vng nc to thnh khong
khng gian hnh li lim. Cc cnh chia khong khng gian ny thnh nhng bung 1/, 2/, ... 8/
c th tch khng u nhau. mt bn ca v bm c ming ht 4 v ming y 5 thng vi ng
ht v ng y. Ong ht c tit din ngang ln hn ng y.
Khi bm lm vi;, rto quay theo chiu kim ng h, Rto quay t 1/ n 4/ th tch bung tng
dn, p sut trong gim, khng kh c ht vo cc bung qua ming ht. Rto tip tc quay,
th tch cc bung t 5/ n 8/ gim dn, khng kh c nn li v y ra ngoi qua ming y.
Trong qu trnh lm vic nh vy, p sut ming ht ngy cng gim dn, to nn chn
khng ngng cng cao trong ng ht. Khi bm y kh ra s c mt lng nc c bn theo. V
vy trong qu trnh bm lm vic phi thng xuyn b sung lng nc b hao ht ny y
vng nc ngn cch hon ton, vng ht vi vng y, khng cho kh t vng y (bung 5/,
6/, 7/, 8/) quay v vng ht (bung 1/, 2/, 3/, 4/). Ngoi ra lng nc ny cn c tc dng lm
ngui.
Bm chn khng vng nc c loi mt cp v loi hai cp. mi bm ly tm thng dng
bm chn khng mt cp. Loi bm ny thng to ra chn khng t 9 - 9,6m ct nc.
tnh ton bm chn khng, c nhiu phng php. Phng php Plyerer l phng php
c s dng tng i ph bin hin nay.
Vic tnh ton bm chn khng tc l xc nh lu lng, su nhng chm cnh a v cc kch
thc ch yu ca bm.

Hnh 83 S tnh ton bm ly tm

5-7

Lu lng nc chuyn ng trong bm chn khng tnh vi tit din AB:

Q = [/4(D12 - D22) - zsL1] b n / 60 m2/s

(5.5)

Trong
D1
D2
z
L1
s
b
n

ng knh rto, tnh bng m

ng knh bu rto, tnh bng m
s cnh ca rto
chiu cao cnh, tnh bng m
chiu dy cnh, tnh bng m
chiu rng cnh, tnh bng m
s vng quay ca rto trong 1 pht

Nu b qua tn tht do r r v ma st th lu lng kh l thuyt do bm ht ra khi thit b:

Vlt = {/4[(D1 - 2a)2 - D22] - z(L1-a)s}bn/60

m3/s

(5.6)

Lu lng kh thc t c ht vo qua ng ht:

V = TT Vlt

(5.7)

Vi TT : hiu sut th tch ca bm chn khng thng th TT = 0,7 - 85.

Vn tc ca cc phn t cht lng bin i trong mt vng quay rto. vng ht, vn tc ca n
tng dn ln v t gi tr bng gi tr vn tc vng U1 ( chu vi bnh xe) ti li ra. V vy vn tc
trung bnh ca cc phn t cht lng tit din CD l U1, nhng ti tit din AB n li l vn tc
vng ng vi im gia cnh. Nh vy, khi chuyn ng sang vng y, vn tc ca cc phn t
cht lng b gim i. Do chiu dy vng cht lng pha trn rto dy hn pha di, tc l L1
> L2.
U1 = D1n / 60

m/s

Do tnh c lu lng cht lng cng tc trong bm ng vi tit din CD:

Q = b L2 U1

(5.8)

Gii hai phng trnh (5.5) v (5.8) tm c:

L2 = Q / bU1 = 1/ 4D1 (D12 -D22 - /4 zsL1)

(5.9)

ng knh v bm chn khng

D = D1 + L2 - a

(5.10)

Cc cng thc tnh do Phlayderer c a ra n gin nhng phi da trn mt s gi thit.

5-8

ng cho rng vng cht lng tit din AB dy ngn cch hon ton vng ht vi vng
y. Thc ra vn c lng kh quay ngc t vng y v vng ht nn cn phi k n lng kh
ny.
ng cho rng vn tc cht lng tit din CD bng vn tc dng ngoi chu vi rto. Do ma st,
CD vn tc cht lng thay i t trong ra st v bm. st v bm vn tc cht lng thng nh
hn U1. Chiu su nhng chm vo vng nc a thng ly bng 5,8mm cho mi ch lm vic
ca bm chn khng. Nhng trong thc t, cc ch lm vic khc nhau ca bm th lng
nc tun hon trong bm khc v dn n s thay i ca a.
Mc d kt qu tnh ton gn ng do c s hiu chnh bng cc h s thc nghim nhng
phng php phlayderer vn l phng php c dng rng ri trong thi gian hin nay. Ngoi
ra ngi ta cn dng phng php tnh ca Lixitrkin, Veprirki.
Khi chn bm chn khng cn phi tnh c lu lng kh yu cu theo cng thc (2.83) v
lng nc b sung cho bm ly khong 0,25-0,3m3/h. S b tr v cch lm vic khi dng
bm chn khng mi cho bm ly tm xem phn (2.23).

5-9

CHNG 6

BM PTTNG
6.1 NGUYN TC LM VIC V PHN LOI BM PITTONG
* Nguyn tc lm vic
Bm Pt tng c Ott Henrich (c) ch to ra nm 1640, cho n nay n vn c ng
dng kh rng ri bm nc v nht l trong truyn ng thy lc.
Hnh 84 gii thiu s cu to ca bm tc dng n. Nhng b phn chnh ca bm l pt
tng 1, xi lanh 2, ng y 3, van y 4, bung lm vic 5, van ht 6, ng ht 7, tay quay 9 v
thanh truyn 10.

Hnh 84 S cu to bm pittong tc dng n

Bm c dn ng bi ng c. Chuyn ng quay ca ng c qua tay quay 9, thanh truyn
10 n cn pt tng 11 bin thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca pt tng1 trong xi lanh 2. Nu gi
chiu di tay quay l R th hnh trnh chuyn ng ca pt tng l s = 2R.
Khi pt tng dch chuyn t phi sang tri, th tch bung lm vic tng ln, p sut trong
gim i nh hn p sut trn mt b cha. V th, cht lng trong b ht 8 qua ng 7, van ht 6
vo bung lm vic 5. Tay quay 9 quay t C1 n C2, pt tng dch chuyn t tri sang phi (t
B1 n B2), th tch bung lm vic gim dn p sut ca cht lng tng ln, van 6 ng li van
y 4 m ra, cht lng ra khi bung lm vic vo ng y.
Nh vy trong mt vng quay ca tay quay, bm thc hin mt qu trnh ht v mt qu trnh
y lin nhau. Qu trnh pt tng i t B1 n B2 l qu trnh y. Qu trnh pt tng i t B2
n B1 l qu trnh ht. Qu trnh ht v y ca bm pt tng gin on v xen k ln nhau.
Mt qu trnh ht v y k tip nhau ca bm gi l mt chu k lm vic.
Do kt cu v nguyn l lm vic nh vy nn so vi bm ly tm, bm pt tng c kh nng t
mi v to nn c ct p ln nhng bm pt tng c kt cu cng knh v cho lu lng
khng u.V vy khi yu cu ct p khng ln lm bao gi ngi ta cng dng bm ly tm.
Bm pt tng ch c s dng khi yu cu lu lng nh v ct p ln (t 2000m tr ln).
* Phn loi
Theo nguyn tc lm vic, cu to, mc ch s dng, bm pt tng c nhiu cch phn loi
Theo nguyn tc lm vic chia ra:
a) Bm tc dng n, trong mt chu k lm vic ch c mt qu trnh ht v mt qu
trnh y.

6-1

b) Bm tc dng kp, pt tng lm vic c hai pha ((H-85), bm c hai bung lm vic A
v B, hai van ht 1 v 4, hai van y 2 v 3. C mt vng quay ca tay quay, bm thc
hin hai qu trnh ht v hai qu trnh y.

Hnh 8.5 S bm tc dng kp

c) Bm ba tc dng trong mt chu k lm vic (mt vng quay ca trc khuu) c ba qu
trnh ht v ba qu trnh y (H-86). Bm ny do ba bm tc dng n ghp li vi
nhau cc pt tng lp trn cng mt trc khuu, c chung mt ng ht v mt ng y.
Tay quay ca cc pt tng b tr lch nhau mt gc 1200.

Hnh 8.6 S cu to bm pittong ba tc dng

d) Bn bn ln tc dng, do hai bm tc dng kp c tay quay lch nhau mt gc 900 ghp
li vi nhau.
Theo v tr t xi lanh chia ra
(a) Bm trc ngang
(b) Bm trc ng
Theo c im kt cu pt tng chia ra
(a) Bm pt tng a (H-84), pt tng c dng a, mt xung quanh ca pt tng tip xc
vi thnh xi lanh. Loi bm ny ch to yu cu chnh xc cao.
(b) Bm pt tng tr (H-86), pt tng c dng tr. Mt xung quanh ca pt tng khng tip
xc vi thnh xi lanh. Xi lanh ch to khng i hi c chnh xc cao.
Theo p sut chia ra
(a) Bm p sut thp : P < 10 at
(b) Bm p sut trung bnh : P = 10 - 20 at
(c) Bm p sut cao : P > 10 at
Theo mc ch s dng chia ra : bm dung dch, bm va, bm du, bm axt ....

6.2 LU LNG CA BM PT TNG

Theo nh ngha chung v lu lng i vi cc loi bm th vi bm pt tng ch tnh c
lu lng trung bnh. Vn tc chuyn ng ca pt tng thay i theo thi gian nn lu lng
tc thi ca bm pt tng cng thay i theo thi gian.
* Lu lng trung bnh
6-2

i vi bm pt tng tc dng n, th tch cht lng cp c trong mt chu k lm vic

q=FS

i vi bm tc dng kp
q = S (2F - f)
Trong
F = D2/4
D
S
f = d2/4
d

din tch mt lm vic ca pt tng, tnh bng m2

ng knh pt tng, tnh bng m
hnh trnh chuyn ng ca pt tng, tnh bng m
din tch tit din ngang ca cn pt tng
ng knh cn pt tng, tnh bng m

V th c lu lng l thuyt trung bnh ca bm pt tng tc dng n

Qlt = F S n / 60

m3/s

(6.1)

m3/s

(6.2)

m3/s

(6.3)

Ca bm pt tng tc dng kp
Qlt = (2F - f)Sn / 60
V lu lng ca bm ba tc dng
Qlt = 3 F S n / 60

Do b phn lt kn ca bm v cc van khng tuyt i kn; c kh lt vo bm; do s ng

m chm ca van ht v van y trong qu trnh ht v y k tip nhau nn lu lng thc t
ca bm bao gi cng nh hn lu lng l thuyt. Lu lng thc t ca bm pt tng tnh
theo cng thc
Q = TT Qlt

(6.4)

Trong : TT = 0,80 - 0,95 hiu sut th tch ca bm pt tng. Gi tr ln nht i vi bm

c kch thc ln v gi tr nh ly i vi bm c kch thc nh.
* Lu lng tc thi
Theo nh ngha v lu lng, c th xc nh c lu lng tc thi ca bm pt tng.
Q=FV

(6.5)

Vi V l vn tc chuyn ng tc thi ca pt tng.

Nu gi x l qung ng pt tng di chuyn c trong mt thi gian t (H-84) th:
x = R(1 - cos)
=t
Trong

vn tc gc ca tay quay
6-3

t
R

thi gian chuyn ng

bn knh tay quay, tnh c
V = dx / dt
V = Rsin

(6.6)

Do c cng thc tnh lu lng tc thi ca bm pt tng

Q1 = F Rsin

(6.7)

Nh vy s thay i ca lu lng hon ton ph thuc vo s thay i vn tc chuyn ng

ca pt tng. Gi tr ca lu lng thay i theo quy lut hnh sin, t 0 tng ng vi v tr
tay quay C1 (H-84) n cc i (tay quay v tr gia) ri li tr v tr s 0 (tay quay C2).
Ngha l lu lng tc thi ca bm pt tng s t gi tr ln nht khi = /2 + 2k vi bm
tc dng n, khi = /2 + k vi bm tc dng kp v t c gi tr nh nht (Q = 0) khi
= k . Do vy c th dng c th lu lng ca bm tc dng n (H-87) v bm tc
dng kp (H-88)
Tng t nh trn cng c th dng c th lu lng ca bm ba ln tc dng bng cch
dng ba biu lu lng ca bm tc dng n b tr lch pha nhau mt gc 1200 (H-89).

Hnh 8.7 th lu lng ca bm pt tng tc dng n

Hnh 8.8 th lu lng ca bm pt tng tc dng kp

Hnh 8.9 th lu lng ca bm pittong ba ln tc dng

6-4

Qua mt s biu lu lng trn thy rng cc bm pt tng c s cp lu lng khng

u. nh gi mc khng u v lu lng, ngi ta dng h s cp lu lng khng
u KQ
KQ = Qmax / Q

(6.8)

Vi bm pt tng tc dng n th lu lng trung bnh

Q = F S n / 60

(6.9)

V lu lng tc thi
Qt = FRsin
S t gi tr cc i khi sin = 1, tc l:
Qmax = F R
M
Nn

R = 5/2 ; = 2 n / 60
Qmax = 2 F S n / 60

(6.10)

Thay (6.9) v (6.10) vo (6.8) tnh c h s khng u v lu lng ca bm pt tng tc

dng n
KQ = 3,14
Tng t nh trn, tnh c h s khng u v lu lng ca bm pt tng
Tc dng kp
1,57
Ba ln tc dng 1,047
Bn ln tc dng 1,57
Nh vy, trong cc loi bm pt tng k trn th bm ba ln tc dng c s cp lu lng u
hn c.
* iu chnh lu lng ca bm pt tng
Lu lng ca bm pt tng c th iu chnh bng cc phng php sau:
a) Thay i s vng quay ca trc ng c.
b) Dng mt ng ph tho bt cht lng t bung y v bung ht ca bm.
c) Thay i din tch mt lm vic ca pt tng.
d) Thay i hnh trnh chuyn ng ca pt tng (s) nh thay i chiu di tay quay
hoc thanh truyn.
Tuyt i khng iu chnh lu lng bm pt tng bng kha trn ng y v khng nhng s
khng iu chnh c lu lng m cn lm tng p lc trong bung xi lanh, c th gy hng
xi lanh.
6-5

* Chiu cao ht
Cng tng t nh trong bm ly tm, chiu cao ht ca bm pt tng l tng s gia chiu cao
ht a hnh, tn tht thy lc trong ng ht v d tr xm thc, n c xc nh ph
thuc vo s b tr my bm, cao trnh b tr my bm, nhit v trng lng ring ca
cht lng, s hnh trnh chuyn ng ca pt tng trong mt pht. Ngoi ra cn phi k n
nh hng ca ct nc qun tnh n chiu cao ht ca bm do s chuyn ng khng u
ca dng chy trong ng ht gy nn.
Chiu cao ht a hnh l khong cch thng ng t mc nc nm ngang trong b ht n
im cao nht ca mt trong xi lanh i vi bm trc ngang, hoc n v tr cao nht ca pt
tng i vi bm trc ng.
* Ct p ton phn
Ct p ca bm pt tng c to nn ch yu bi s thay i p sut thy tnh ca cht lng
khi chuyn ng qua my. Ct p ton phn ca bm pt tng bng tng ct p a hnh v tn
tht ct p qua ng ht, ng y. xc nh ct p ngi ta cng dng p k v chn khng
k nh trong bm ly tm.
Khc vi bm cnh, ct p ca bm pt tng hu nh khng ph thuc vo lu lng. Tuy
nhin, khi ct p tng ln th lu lng cng gim i mt t do vic tng p lc ko theo s
tng tn tht do r r. Nu ct p qu ln th lu lng ca bm cng bng 0 do r r hoc van
an ton m x cht lng v b ht.
* Hiu sut v cng sut
Hiu sut v cng sut ca bm pt tng cng xc nh theo cng thc chung i vi cc loi
bm.
Hiu sut ton phn
= LT TT C
Trong bm pt tng, ng nng ca cc phn t cht lng nh nn tn tht thy lc qua bm
cng rt nh v c th coi TL = 1. V th:
= TT C

(6.11)

Cng sut ca my bm
Nb = Q H / 102

kw

Cng sut ng c dn ng
Nc = kNb
* ng c tnh
ng c tnh ca bm pittong cng c th dng bng phng php tnh ton hoc thc
nghim. Gia ng c tnh tnh ton v ng c tnh thc nghim c s sai khc v
ngi ta thng dng bng phng php thc nghim. Hnh 90 gii thiu ng c tnh cnh,
6-6

bm pittong thng biu din cc thng s lm vic theo H v khi s vng quay n khng i, Q
khng i th vic iu chnh ch lm vic quy v vic iu chnh ct p.

Hnh 90 ng c tnh ca bm pittong

6.4 CHP KHNG KH CA BM PITTONG

Nh khost trong phn 6.2 bm pt tng c lu lng khng u. Nguyn nhn ca s dao
ng v lu lng l do s bin i vn tc chuyn ng ca cht lng trong bm v do c
im cu to ca bm. S chuyn ng khng n nh ca cht lng trong bm cn ko theo s
dao ng ca ct p bm. S dao ng v lu lng v ct p nh vy lm tng tn tht thy
lc, gy nn chn ng trong h thng bm; thm ch c th gy hin tng nc va khi bm
lm vic trong h thng ng di. Ngoi ra, s dao ng v lu lng v p lc ny cn nh
hng xu n cht lng lm vic ca c h thng. V th, ngi ta c gng khc phc hin
tng khng n nh ca dng chy trong bm. Ngoi vic s dng nhng bm tc dng nhiu
ln (hai ln, ba ln), ngi ta cn t thm chp khng kh trn ng ht v ng y ngay st xi
lanh khc phc phn no s chuyn ng khng n nh ca dng chy trong bm.
Chp khng kh lp trn ng ht gi l chp ht ca bm (H-91a). Trong qa trnh ht ca bm
mt phn cht lng c tch ly li trong chp. Gi s mc nc trong chp ht l Zc, p sut
trong chp ht l Px. Khi pt tng chuyn ng i ln, nc theo ng ht vo bm lm mc
nc trong chp gim xung. V th p sut trong chp gim i nh hn p sut trn mt
thong trong b ht nn nc t b ht lin tc chy vo chp ht. V pt tng chuyn ng
khng u nn lng cht lng ht t chp ht vo bm thay i. Khi kch thc chp ht
ln th mc nc trong chp t thay i. V th, dng chy t b ht vo chp c th coi nh
l dng chy n nh. Lc qun tnh bng 0. Lc qun tnh ca cng chy ch xut hin
trong on ng ngn ni bm vi chp ht nn gim c tn tht nng lng trong ng ht.
V vy gim chiu di ng ht, ngi ta khuyn nn t chp ht cng gn bm cng tt.

Hnh -91a Chp ht

H-91b Chp y

Chp khng kh lp trn ng y gi l chp y (H-91b). Trong qa trnh y ca bm, mt

phn cht lng c tch ly li trong chp y. Lng cht lng ny ln hn hoc bng lu
lng trung bnh ca bm. Trong chp thng cha 1/3 th tch l nc, phn cn li l Khng
kh. Khi mc nc trong chp y ln khng b nn li to nn p sut ln. Khi van y
ng, dng nc chy vo ng y khng b tt ngay m nh p sut d trong chp nu nc
vn tip tc chy vo ng y. V vy s dao ng p sut trong qu trnh y ca bm gim
i v lu lng cng u hn. Th tch khng kh trong chp y Vk c th ly da theo th
tch bung lm vic ca bm:
6-7

Bm tc dng n ly
Bm tc dng kp
Bm ba ln tc dng
Bm hai ln tc dng kp

Vk = 22 F S
Vk = 9 F S
Vk = 0,5 F S
Vk = 2 F S

Th tch kh trong chp ht nn ly trong khong t 5 n 10 F S.

Nu t thc o mc nc v van kh kim tra s lm vic ca chp khng kh.

6-8

CHNG 7

QUT GI V MY NN KH
Qut gi v my nn kh l nhng loi my c s cu to v nguyn tc lm vic tng t
nh my bm, nhng n khng lm vic vi cht lng m lm vic vi cht kh.
Qut gi thng c s dng vi hai loi: ly tm v hng trc, cung cp kh c p sut n 3
t mt phe.
My nn kh c ba loi: my nn kh pt tng, my nn kh rt v my nn kh ly tm. My nn
kh cho dng kh c p sut ln hn 3 t mt phe.
Qut gi v my nn kh cng l nhng loi my c s dng nhiu trong cp v thot nc.
Qut gi dng thng gi nhn to. My nn kh dng cung cp kh nn cho bm kh p,
thi ra ging khoan, dng trong nhng trm bm nc thi c nh.

7.1 QUT GI LY TM
Hnh 92 gii thiu s cu to qut gi ly tm, loi qut ny dng ht v y kh di p sut
khng qu 1 at. V vy, c th b qua tnh cht nn c ca kh v p dng c l thuyt c
bng ca bm ly tm cho qut gi.

Hnh 92 Qut ly tm
1- ng ht; 2- Bung xon; 3- Moay ; 4- Trc
5- Cnh bnh xe cng tc; 6- a sau; 7- a trc
Tuy nhin kt cu ca qut c nhiu im khc bm ly tm.
B phn chnh ca qut l bnh xe cng tc v bung xon. Bnh xe cng tc gm moay ,
cnh, a trc, a sau. Cnh bnh xe thng g bng thp l c chiu dy = 2-8mm. Thng
chn gc t cnh 1= 900; gc 2 c th ly cc gi tr 300, 600, 1700. a bnh sau c th c
bng gang hoc g bng thp tm. a sau c dng phng. a trc c th phng hoc cong
(nh a trc ca bnh xe cng tc bm ly tm). a trc dng phng n gin nhng d gy
xoy trong khu vc bnh xe. Chiu rng bnh xe b nn ly ln gim tn tht do s i chiu
ca dng kh. Thng th:
b = 0,4 D
Vi D l ng knh bnh xe cng tc
7-1

Bung xon c dng xon c, thng g bng thp l.

ng ht thng c tit din trn. Ong c dng trn, chp ct hoc dng tr. Ong y c tit
din khng i, dng vung hoc trn.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca qut ly tm l da trn nguyn tc tc dng ca lc ly tm. Khi qut
gi lm vic, khng kh qua ng ht vo bnh xe cng tc. Do tc dng ca lc ly tm, cc phn
t kh c nhn thm nng lng chuyn ng t tm ra chu vi bnh xe qua bung xon ln
ng y.
Cng nh my bm, cc thng s lm vic chnh ca qut gi ly tm l p sut, lu lng, cng
sut.
p sut: nh trnh by phn trn, ta c th p dng l thuyt c bn ca bm ly tm cho
qut gi ly ym.
Ct p do qut gi ly tm to nn:
Hlt = U2C2U / g
Thng thit k qut gi ly tm c vn tc U2 = 60-70 m/s. Ct p thc t ca qut
H = tl U2C2U / g
Hiu sut thy lc tl ca qut gi l gi tr k n tn tht gy ra do s cnh hu hn, do va
p khi dng kh vo bnh xe cng tc, do ma st gia kh vi bnh xe cng tc.
p sut ca qut gi ly tm
P = H = tl U2C2U
Trong

(7.1)

trng lng ring

khi lng ring ca kh.

Trong tnh ton thng dng cng thc

P = P- U22

(7.2)

P = tl 2 U22

(7.3)

Hoc cng thc

Vi 2 = C2U / U2 : h s xon ti mp ra
P-: h s p sut
C th ly cc h s trn theo kinh nghim cho trong bng 7-1 di y.
7-2

Bng 7-1
2
2
tl
P-

< 900
0,5 - 0,8
0,7 - 0,9
0,35 - 0,6

900
0,85 - 0,95
0,65 - 0,8
0,6 - 0,7

> 900
1,1 - 1,6
0,6 - 0,75
0,7 - 1,4

* Lu lng
Lu lng ca qut gi ly tm l th tch kh do qut cp c trong mt n v thi gian, tnh
iu kin bnh thng.
Q0 = G / 0

(7.4)

Trong
G
trng lng kh do qut cp trong mt n v thi gian.
0 = 1,3kg/m3 l trng lng ring ca khng kh iu kin bnh thng, tc l iu
kin p sut kh quyn l 1 at, nhit kh 200C.
Nu Q v l lu lng qut gi v trng lng ring ca kh iu kin bt k th c th quy
v iu kin bnh thng theo cng thc:
Q0 = Q / 0

(7.5)

* Cng sut
Cng sut trn trc qut gi:
Nq = Q0 H / 102 q = Q0P/102q kw

(7.6)

Vi q l hiu sut ca qut gi

Cng sut ng c dn ng
Nc = m Q0 P / 102qtd
Trong
t d
m

(7.7)

hiu sut b truyn ng t ng c n qut.

h s d tr cng sut ly theo cng sut ca qut gi

Cng sut qut gi Nq = 0,5 - 0,8 kw th m = 1,5

Cng sut qut gi Nq = 1 kw th m = 1,3
Cng sut qut gi Nq = 2 kw th m = 1,2
Cng sut qut gi Nq = 5 kw th m = 1,15
Cng sut qut gi Nq = 5 kw th m = 1,1
Cc thng s lm vic ca qut gi cng c th hin trn ng c tnh nh bm ly tm v
cch chn qut gi cng tin hnh ging nh chn bm.
7-3

* H s t tc
H s t tc l s vng quay ca qut gi m hnh tng t vi qut ang xt, m qut m hnh
c lu lng Q = 1m3/s p sut P = 30 kG/cm2.
nS = 20 n Q / (P/)3/4

(7.8)

Nu quy v iu kin bnh thung th

nS = 13n Q0 / P3/4

(7.9)

Trong
n
Q
P

s vng quay ca qut, tnh bng vg/ph.

lu lng qut, tnh bng m3/s
p sut ca qut, tnh bng kG/m2

Theo h s t tc, kt cu ca qut c nhng nt khc nhau.

nS < 200 qut c chia thnh nhiu cp.
nS = 200 - 1000 qut dn kh vo mt pha.
nS > 1000 qut dn kh vo hai pha.
C th tin hnh iu chnh qut gi bng cch thay i s vng quay, iu chnh s ng m
ca kha trn ng ht, t thm cnh hng dng.

7.2 QUT GI HNG TRC

Hnh 93 gii thiu s cu to qut gi hng trc. Nguyn tc lm vic ca qut gi hng
trc cng tng t bm hng trc. Chp trc (nhiu khi y t b phn hng dng) c
nhim v hng dng kh vo bnh xe cng tc thun dng. Bnh xe cng tc c cc cnh cong
trong khng gian, s cnh thng z = 4 - 16. ng c in c th b tr ngay trong chp sau
nhng cng c th t ngoi v qut. Nhiu khi b tr b phn chnh dng chp sau,
hng cho dng kh sau khi ra khi bnh xe cng tc chuyn ng theo chiu trc. B phn
chnh dng t pha sau bnh xe cng tc, chiu cong ca cnh chnh dng ngc vi chiu
cong ca cnh bnh xe cng tc gp phn trit tiu chuyn ng xoy ca dng kh sau khi ra
khi bnh xe v lm tng p sut.

Hnh 93 S cu to qut gi hng trc

7-4

1- ng vo; 2- Chp trc; 3- Bnh xe cng tc

4- Trc; 5- ng c in; 6- Chp sau; 7- Ong ra
ng c tnh qut gi hng trc c dng ging nh ng c tnh bm hng trc (H-94).
Cng sut v p sut ca qut ln nht khi lu lng Q= 0. V vy khi m my phi m tt c
van, kha trn ng ng gim cng sut tiu hao lc khi ng.

Hnh 94 ng c tnh qut gi hng trc

Cc phng php iu chnh qut gi hng trc ging cc phng php iu chnh bm
hng trc.
Qut gi ly tm v hng trc nc ta c sn xut vi 15 loi khc nhau, lu lng Q =
800-55000 m3/h, ct p H = 2,3-12m ct nc.

7.3 MY NN KH PT TNG
Hnh 95 gii thiu s my nn kh pt tng tc dng n. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my nn
kh pt tng tng t nh nguyn tc lm vic ca bm pt tng. Khi pt tng chuyn ng sang
phi, khng kh theo ng ht vo xi lanh. Pt tng chuyn ng sang tri, kh b nn li, p sut
kh trong bung xi lanh tng ln, ti khi p sut ny bt u ln hn p sut kh trong bung
cha th van y m, kh i vo bung cha. Do b nn nn th tch kh khi ra nh hn th tch
kh khi vo rt nhiu. Cng v th ng knh ng ht ln hn ng knh ng y kh nhiu.
My nn kh p c th c mt hoc nhiu cp. Khi yu cu kh nn p sut cao, dng my nn
kh nhiu cp.
My nn kh pt tng c loi tc dng n, tc dng kp, ba ln tc dng, ... Xi lanh c th t
v tr thng ng hoc nm ngang.

Hnh 95 S cu to my nn kh pt tng
1- ng ht; 2- ng y; 3- Bung cha; 4- Xi lanh; 5- Pt tng
* Cc qu trnh xy ra trong my nn kh
Hnh 96 biu din th qu trnh lm vic ca my nn kh pt tng mt cp.
7-5

ABCD l th biu din cc qu trnh lm vic ca my nn kh l tng. Cng L do my nn

kh sinh ra ht (Lh), nn (Ln) v y (L) kh:
L = Lh + Ln + L
tin tnh ton, quy c cng nn kh l cng dng, cng gin kh l cng m.
Trn th PV (H-96) ng AB ng vi qu trnh ht, ng BC ng vi qu trnh nn,
ng CD ng vi qu trnh y. Din tch gii hn bi cc ng ny v cc trc ta biu
din cng do my nn kh sinh ra.

Hnh 96
Lh = SABEF = - P1V1
Ln = SGCBE
L = SFCDG = P2V2
Nn

L = Ln - P1V1 + P2V2

(7.10)

Trong
P1V1
P2V2

p sut, th tch kh ban u

p sut, th tch kh sau khi nn

Cng nn kh Ln ph thuc vo c tnh qu trnh nn. Nh bit trong nhit k thut, s nn

kh c th thc hin theo nhiu qu trnh khc nhau: ng nhit, on nhit, a bin.
Qu trnh ng nhit xy ra khi nhit ca kh khng thay i trong qu trnh nn.
Qu trnh on nhit xy ra khi phn nhit tng do ma st ca pt tng vi xi lanh c lm
ngui.
Qu trnh a bin xy ra khi phn nhit c lm ngui ln hn phn nhit tng do ma st
nhng vn nh hn ton b lng nhit tng ln trong qu trnh nn.
Trong cc qu trnh trn th cng tiu hao cho qu trnh nn ng nhit l t nht. Tuy vy, trong
thc t, d c lm ngui tt th s lm vic ca my nn kh cng khng th theo ng qu
trnh nn ng nhit c m ch din ra gn vi qu trnh on nhit. Khi y cn c h thng
7-6

theo di iu chnh lu lng nc lm ngui sao cho s chnh nhit gia nc vo v nc

dn ra nm trong khong 5-100C.

Cng nn kh trong qu trnh on nhit

Ln = 1/( K - 1) (P2V2 - P1V1) = 1/(K-1)[(P2/P1)(K-1)/K - 1]
Thay vo (7.10) tnh c cng ton phn ca my nn kh tiu hao nn 1 kG kh t p sut
P1 n p sut P2.
L = 1 / (K-1) * (P2V2 - P1V1) - P11 + P2V2
= K / (K-1) * (P2V2 - P1V1)
Do vy

L = K / (K-1) * P1V1 [(P2/P1)(K-1)/K - 1]

(7.11)

y ch s nn on nhit K = 1,4.
Nu thay gi tr K vo (7.11) v tnh cng ton phn ca my nn kh nn 1m3 kh th c
cng thc:
L = 35000P1[(P2/P1)0,19 - 1]

kG m / m3

(7.12)

Nu p sut kh ban u P1 = 1at th:

kG m / m3

L = 35000(P20,29 - 1)

Cc qu trnh din ra m t trn ch nhn c theo tnh ton l thuyt. Trong thc t, nhng
qu trnh ny xy ra khc nhiu so vi l thuyt. Nguyn nhn nhng s sai khc ny l do:
* Anh hng ca khong khng gian cht
Theo l thuyt, sau mt chu trnh lm vic ca my nn kh lng kh trong xi lanh c y
hon ton ra khi xi lanh. Cc qu trnh ny tng ng vi th ABCD (H-97).

Hnh 97
Trong thc t, sau mt qu trnh nn trong xi lanh bao gi cng cn li mt th tch kh Vc
(tng ng vi on AE trn H-97). Khong khng gian ny gi l khong khng gian cht.
Lng kh cn li trong xi lanh gin ra theo ng FG t n p sut P1. Gi VL l th tch
lm vic ca xi lanh theo l thuyt, VC l th tch lm vic thc t ca xi lanh th:
7-7

VC / VL = m
Thng thng m = 0,02 - 0,1
VS / VL = TT
TT: hiu sut th tch
Gi VC 1 l th tch kh cn li trong xi lanh sau khi gin ra n p sut P1 c:
VC 1 / VC = (VC + VL - VS )/ mVL
VC 1 / VL = m + 1 - TT/) / m = (P2/P1)1/n
P2 / P1 =
: h s nn
T c:
m + 1 - TT/ = m1/n
TT/ = 1 - m(1/n - 1)

(7.13)

Nh vy, khong khng gian cht lm gim lu lng my nn kh.

Trong trng hp ny cng do my nn kh sinh ra ht, y lng kh theo yu cu (cng
ton phn L) v nn (Lnc), gin (Lgc) lng kh nm trong khong cht ngha l.
LTP = L + Lnc - Lgc
Cho rng qu trnh nn v gin kh c ch s n nh nhau, thng s u v cui nh nhau th:
/ Enc / = / Lgc /
Do
LTP = L
Nh vy, khong khng gian cht khng nh hng n cng ca my nn kh.
* nh hng ca gim p sut khi ht v tng p sut kh nn
Do sc cn ca ng ht v van ht, p sut kh trong xi lanh trong qu trnh ht nh hn p sut
kh quyn Pa. Vi my nn kh l tng (khng c tn tht qua van v ng ng) th p sut
trong xi lanh P1 = Pa. Do p sut kh trong xi lanh ca my nn kh thc P1/ < P1 nn qu trnh
nn khng bt u t G m t G/. Th tch kh trong xi lanh trong qu trnh ht l G/B/ VS/
(H-97). Nh vy, do s gim p sut kh ht, th tch kh ht vo b gim i, cng tng ln mt
lng bng din tch GG/B/B.

7-8

Trong my nn kh l tng, p sut trong xi lanh kh nn P2 bng p sut trong bung cha
kh. Trong my nn kh thc, do sc cn trong ng y v van y nn phi c p sut trong xi
lanh khi nn.
P2/ > P2
Do vy, qu trnh nn khng kt thx ti F m l ti F/ (H-97). Lng kh cn li trong xi lanh
li gin ra theo ng F/G//, th tch kh thc t c ht vo xi lanh l VS// = G//B.
Hiu sut th tch
TT = VS// / VS
TT = 1 - m (1/n - 1)

(7.14)

Trong : / = P2/ / P1
P2/ = (1,02 - 1,03)P2 ; P1/ = (0,05 - 0,98)P1
Nh vy do nh hng ca s tng p sut kh nn v gim p sut kh ht, lu lng ca my
nn kh b gim i v cng tc tng ln.
* nh hng ca nhit khng kh
Khi nhit khng kh tng ln th mt kh gim nn lu lng tnh theo trng lng gim.
Trong cc qu trnh ht, nn, y kh ca my nn kh nhit kh cng b tng ln.
* nh hng ca m
Khi m tng, mt kh b gim i do c ln hi nc. V vy, m tng th lu lng
my nn kh tnh theo trng lng gim.
* nh hng ca s r r
Trong ch to, khe van v b mt tip xc gia pt tng vi xi lanh khng hon ton kht kn
nn c mt lng kh b r r qua .
* Lu lng
Lu lng ca my nn kh pt tng l th tch kh nn c trong mt n v thi gian. Tuy
vy, tin tnh ton ngi ta thng quy i lu lng ny v trng thi ban u, trng thi
ht. Lu lng ca my nn kh thng k hiu l V, n v o m3/ph, m3/h,...
Lu lng l thuyt ca my nn kh pt tng tc dng n
Vlt = F S n

m3/ph

V tc dng kp
Vlt = (2F - f) S n

m3/ph

Lu lng thc t
7-9

V = TT Vlt
Thng thng hiu sut th tch TT = 0,8 - 0,9
* Cng sut
Cng sut my nn kh pt tng tnh theo cng thc
N = L V / 60*102

kw

(7.16)

Trong
L
Cng nn 1 m3 kh, tnh bng kG m/m3
V
lu lng my nn kh, tnh bng m3/ph
= n CK
Hiu sut c kh CK = 0,82 - 0,95
Hiu sut nn nhit n = 0,7 - 0,85
Cng sut trn trc ng c dn ng
Nc = k N / T

(7.17)

Trong
k
N
T

h s d tr cng sut.
cng sut trn trc my nn kh
hiu sut truyn ng. Truyn ng bnh rng, T = 0,85 - 0,92

Cao trnh t my nn kh nh hng n lu lng v cng sut my nn kh. Khi cao trnh t
my tng th lu lng gim v cng sut tng ln.
My nn kh pt tng c kh nng to nn kh p sut cao nhng c nhc im:
a) Lu lng nh, tc chm, gy tr ngi khi ni vi ng c in tc cao.
b) Cp lu lng vo h thng khng u i hi phi t thng cha kh.
c) Kch thc bin dng ca t my ln.

7.4 MY NN KH RTO

7-10

Hnh 98 My nn kh rto
My nn kh r to bn phng (H-98) l loi c s dng tng i rng ri. Khc vi my nn
kh pt tng, b phn cng tc ca my nn kh r to l rto 1 chuyn ng quay. Rto t lch
tm trong v tr rng 3 to nn mt khong khng gian hnh li lim gia chng. rto c
c cc rnh. Nhng rnh ny to vi phng bn knh mt gc 70-100 trn chiu quay ca r
to, s rnh thng c t nht l 20, trong nhng rnh ny c t cc tm thp phng 2, c kh
nng dch chuyn ra, vo trong rnh.
Khi r to quay do tc dng ca lc ly tm cc bn phng bn ra pha ngoi rnh, t ln thnh
trong ca v, chia khong khng gian hnh li lim thnh cc bung c th tch khc nhau.
Rto quay theo chiu kim ng h, th tch bung tng ln, p sut trong bung gim i, khng
kh qua ng ht vo trong bung gim i, khng kh qua ng ht vo cc bung. Rto tip tc
quay, th tch cc bung gim dn, kh c nn li v y ra qua ng y. Nh vy, trong mt
vng quay ca rto my nn kh thc hin ba qu trnh, ht, nn v y kh. Ap sut kh nn
ph thuc vo t s th tch bung cha kh u v cui qu trnh nn.
My nn kh rto thng c loi mt cp v hai cp. My nn kh mt cp cho kh nn p sut
3-5at, my nn kh hai cp cho kh nn p sut 15at.
* Lu lng
Xt mt bung c din tch mt ct ngang F, chiu di bung L, th tch bung:
V=FL

Hnh 99
Xt mt vi phn din tch bung gii hn bi gc d (H-99)
dF = [d + (r+m) d ] / 2 * 2m
= (r + m) d * 2m
y
r
m
Do

bn knh rto
lch tm

F = 2 0/2 (r+m)2m d = 2(r+m)m

r+m=R
= 2 / z
z : s bung

Th tch bung
V = 4 / z RmL
Lu lng l thuyt ca my nn kh:
7-11

Vlt = V z n = 4RmLn

(7.18)

Lu lng thc t
V = TT + Vlt = 4RmLn TT

(7.19)

Hiu sut th tch

TT = 1 2
Trong
1
2

thnh phn k n s r r
thnh phn k n chiu dy cc bn phng

1 = 1 - kP2/P1

(7.20)

Theo kinh nghim k = 0,05 - 0,1

2 = (D - Sz) / D

(7.21)

Trong
D
S
z

ng knh trong ca v, tnh bng m

chiu dy bn phng, tnh bng m
s bn phng

Cc my nn kh rto thng c TT = 0,5 - 0,8

* Cng sut
Tng t nh my nn kh pt tng cng sut my nn kh rto cng tnh theo cng thc (7.15).
u im ca my nn kh rto l lu lng ln v u, ni c trc tip vi ng c in, kt
cu v iu chnh n gin, kch thc nh gn.
Nhc im ca my nn kh rto l tn tht nng lng do ma st ln, p sut kh ln th kh
chng r r, cc chi tit chuyn ng chng b mi mn, gia cng v lp rp yu cu chnh
xc cao.

7.5 MY NN KH LY TM
Tng t bm v qut gi ly tm, my nn kh ly tm cng lm vic da trn nguyn tc tc
dng ca lc ly tm. Hnh 100 gii thiu s cu to ca my nn kh ly tm.
Bnh xe cng tc 2 l b phn chnh bin nng lng ng c thnh nng lng dng kh.
Bnh xe cng tc c 18-32 cnh. Cnh c dng cong sau, gc 2 = 40-550.
ng lc 3 bin mt phn ng nng ca dng kh thnh th nng. Khuu cong 5 nn dng
kh theo chiu ngc li, i vo bnh xe cng tc cp tip theo hoc ra ming y qua b phn
hng dng ngc 4.
7-12

My nn kh ly tm c sn xut vi nhiu loi c lu lng t 10 n 10.000 m3/h v p

sut kh t 3 n 10at. Ty theo p sut kh nn yu cu m my nn kh ly tm c th c mt
hoc nhiu cp.

Hnh 100 S my nn kh ly tm
1- Trc; 2- Bnh xe cng tc; 3- Ong lc;
4- B phn hng dng ngc; 5- Khuu cong
Cng nh bm ly tm, phng trnh ct p ca my nn kh ly tm c dng:
Hlt = U2C2cos2 / g

gia p sut kh nn t c:
Plt = P2 - P1 = Hlt
Plt = /g U2C2cos2

kg/m2

Trng lng ring ca kh

= G /V

kg/m3

Lu lng ring ca my nn kh
v=V/G
Trong
7-13

G
V

lu lng trng lng ca my nn kh;

lu lng my nn kh tnh bng m3/s.

T c
Plt = 1 / 104gv * U2C2cos2

at

(7.22)

Bng tnh ton ngi ta tm c

C2cos2 = U22
2 l h s vn tc
2 = Kz - C2cotg2 / U2
H s k n s cnh hu hn
Kz = 1 - rsin2 / z
Thay cc gi tr trn vo (7.22) c:
Plt = U2 / 104gv (Kz - C2rcotg2 / U2) at

(7.23)

Trong qu trnh my nn kh lm vic c tn tht thy lc do ma st gia cnh bnh xe cng tc

vi kh, gia kh vi v bnh xe, gia p sut thc t.
P = TL Plt

(7.24)

Cc cng thc trn c tnh vi cc gi tr lu lng v trng lng ring trung bnh
tb = (1 + 2) / 2
Vtb = (V1 + V2) / 2
Cc thng s lm vic ca my nn kh ly tm cng c th hin trn ng c tnh nh bm
ly tm. Vic la chn my nn kh cng tin hnh ging nh chn bm.
My nn kh c th iu chnh bng cch thay i s vng quay, iu chnh bng van trn ng
ht, ... My nn kh ly tm c th mc song song hoc ni tip t c lu lng, p sut
yu cu.
So vi cc loi my nn kh khc, my nn kh ly tm c u im:
a) Kch thc v trng lng nh.
b) Khng c cc van.
c) Chi ph lp rp v qun l t, lm vic tin cy.
Tuy nhin, n cng c nhng nhc im ng k nh:
a) Hiu sut thp.
b) Khi ghp song song lm vic khng n nh.
7-14

c) Nh trm phi b tr tng di t thit b lm ngui nn kt cu nh trm

cng knh.

7-15

PHN TH HAI

TRM BM

8-1

CHNG 8

TRM BM CP NC
Trm bm cp nc l trm bm t trong h thng cp nc. N l mt khu v cng quan
trng trong ton b h thng, c nhim v a vo h thng v mng li mt khi lng nc
di mt ct p yu cu. Kt cu ca trm bm tng i phc tp. N bao gm cc thit b c
kh, nng lng, ng ng, van kha, dng c kim tra o lng, thit b iu khin.... Mc
phc tp ca trang b trm bm ph thuc vo yu cu v tin cy trong lm vic thun
tin trong qun l.
Khi thit k mt trm bm mi phi da vo yu cu v tnh cht ca i tng dng nc, da
vo iu kin c th ni t trm bm v kinh nghim xy dng, qun l nhng trm bm
xy dng trc kia.

8.1 PHN LOI TRM BM CP NC

Trm bm cp nc c th phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
Theo v tr v chc nng ca trm bm trong h thng cp nc ngi ta phn ra trm bm cp
mt, trm bm cp hai, trm bm tng p, trm bm tun hon.
Trm bm cp mt ly nc t ngun cp nc a vo cng trnh lm sch. Nu nc
ngun c th s dng trc tip m khng cn lm sch th trm bm cp mt bm thng nc
vo mng li phn phi, b cha hoc i. Trong mt s trng hp trong trm bm cp mt
b tr hai nhm bm: mt nhm bm nc vo cng trnh lm sch, mt nhm bm lng
nc khng cn lm sch n i tng tiu dng.
Trm bm cp hai bm nc t b cha nc sch vo mng li phn phi hoc i. Trong
mt s trng hp, khi iu kin a hnh cho php c th b tr bm cp mt v bm cp hai
trong cng mt nh trm gim chi ph xy dng.
Trm bm tng p nng p lc nc trong mng li ln cp cho mt khu nh cao tng trong
thnh ph, khu nh khu vc cao hn hoc cp nc cho x nghip cng nghip.
Trm bm tun hon thng b tr cc x nghip cng nghip hoc nh my nhit in. Trong
trm bm loi ny thng t hai nhm bm: mt nhm bm nc s dng n cng trnh
x l (lm sch hoc lm ngui), mt nhm bm nc x l quay li sn xut.
Theo mc tin cy, trm bm cp nc chia lm ba loi
Trm bm loi mt yu cu cp nc lin tc, khng c gin on mt giy pht no. S cp
nc gin on gy nh hng ln n qu trnh sn xut hoc gy ra nhng thit hi khc. Cc
trm bm cp nc cha chy, trm bm cp nc sn xut hoc sinh hot kt hp cha chy l
nhng trm bm thuc loi ny.
Trm bm loi hai cho php my bm lm vic gin on trong mt thi gian ngn cng
nhn phc v ng t my d tr vo lm vic. Nu h thng cp nc c b cha c lng
nc d tr cha chy v m bo ct p yu cu, lu lng cha chy 20 l/s, tng s dn
trn 3.000 ngi th trm bm thuc loi hai.
8-2

Trm bm loi ba cho php cp nc gin on mt thi gian sa cha nhng h hng
xy ra trong trm, nhng thi ny khng c qu 24h. Nhng trm bm sinh hot kt hp
cha chy khu dn c c s dn t hn 3000 ngi v lu lng cha chy nh hn 20l/s,
nhng trm bm ti rung, nhng trm bm cp nc cho cc phn xng ph ca x nghip,
v.v... u thuc loi ba.
Theo tnh cht ca i tng dng nc trm bm chia ra: trm bm cp nc sinh hot, trm
bm cp nc sn xut (cp nc cho cc x nghip cng nghip, nh my nhit in, xng
luyn kim, ...).
Theo v tr nh trm so vi mt t chia ra: trm bm ni, trm bm na ni v trm bm chm.
Theo tnh cht iu khin phn ra: trm bm iu khin thi cng, trm bm iu khin t ng,
trm bm iu khin bn t ng v trm bm iu khin t xa.

8.2 LU LNG V CT P CA CC MY BM CP MT
* Lu lng cc bm
Khi tnh lu lng ca cc my bm t trm bm cp mt, ngi ta chia ra hai trng hp:
bm nc ln cng trnh lm sch v bm thng vo mng li phn phi.
Trong trng hp trm bm bm nc ln cng trnh lm sch, lu lng ca cc my bm
c tnh theo lu lng trung bnh gi ca ngy dng nc ln nht v c k n i tng
nc dng cho bn thn trm x l lu lng trung bnh ca trm bm.
Q = Smax / T

m3/h

(8.1)

Trong
Smax

lng nc tiu th trong ngy dng nc ln nht, tnh bng m3.

h s k n lng nc dng cho bn thn trm x l ly trong khong 1,04 1,1 ty thuc vo ch cng ngh ca qu trnh x l.
thi gian lm vic tnh bng h trong mt ngy m ca trm x l thng th T=
24h.

Trng hp khi h thng khng c cng trnh x l nc c bm thng vo b cha trc

trm bm cp hai th lu lng ca trm bm cp mt tnh theo cng thc.
Q = / Smax / T

m3/h

(8.2)

y / l h s k n lng nc dng cho chnh h thng cp nc (/ = 1,01-10,3).

Nhng trng hp nh vy thng gp khi bm cp mt ly nc t cc ging khoan. tn
dng ht kh nng lm vic ca bm v ging th bao gi ngi ta cng cho bm lm vic sut
ngy m.
Nu bm cp mt cp nc thng vo mng li phn phi th lu lng ca trm c xc
nh da vo biu dng nc ng vi ngy dng nc ln nht. Ngoi ra n phi c kh
8-3

nng cung cp y lng nc cha chy, hoc lng nc b sung cho d tr cha chy.
iu chnh lng nc cung cp theo ma c th tin hnh bng cch iu chnh s bm lm
vic.
* Ct p ca cc bm
Vic xc nh ct p cn thit ca cc bm phi da trn s b tr c th ca trm bm trong
h thng cp nc.

Hnh 101 S b tr trm bm cp mt

1- Cng trnh thu nc; 2- ng ht; 3- Trm bm; 4- My bm
5- ng y; 6- Ngn thu ca cng trnh x l
Nu trm bm cp mt a nc ln cng trnh x l hoc b cha (H-101) th ct p ton phn
ca cc my bm c xc nh theo cng thc:
H = Hh + hh + h
Trong
Hh
hh
h

chiu cao bm nc a hnh, bng hiu cao trnh mc nc cao nht trn b
cha v cao trnh mc nc thp nht trong ngn ht ca cng trnh thu nc.
tn tht ct p trn ng ng ht k t phu ht n my bm.
tn tht ct p trn ng ng y k t my bm n b cha.

Khi cc bm cp mt a nc thng vo mng li phn phi th ct p ton phn xc nh

theo cng thc:
H = Hh + Htd + hh + h

(8.4)

Trong
Hh
HTd
hh
h

chiu cao bm nc a hnh, bng hiu cao trnh im tnh ton trong mng
li v cao trnh mc nc thp nht trong ngn thu ca cng trnh thu nc.
ct p t do yu cu ti im tnh ton
tn tht ct p trn ng ht.
tn tht ct p trn ng y v ng dn nc k t my bm n im tnh
ton.

Cc gi tr HTd v h nhn c sau khi tnh ton mng li. xy dng c ng c

tnh mng li phi c t 3 n 5 gi tr h. Da vo cc gi tr h xy dng ng c tnh
mng li v c tnh tng cng ca cc bm lm vic trong h thng tm im lm vic ca
cc bm.
8-4

8.3 LU LNG V CT P CA CC BM CP HAI

* Lu lng
Cc bm cp hai a nc t b cha nc sch vo mng li phn phi nn ch lm vic
ca n hon tonj ph thuc vo biu dng nc. Biu dng nc c xy dng trn c
s tng kt nhng s liu qun l h thng cp nc ca khu dn c hoc da trn cc s liu
v ch cng ngh ca x nghip cng nghip.
Trm bm cp hai c th lm vic theo ch iu ha hoc bc thang. Khi trm bm lm vic
theo ch bc thang th nhng gi khc nhau trong ngy s c s my bm lm vic khc
nhau.
xc nh ch lm vic ca trm bm cp hai, ngi ta p dng ba phng php: thng
k, biu v biu tch ly nc.
Phng php thng k l phng php xc nh ch lm vic ca trm bm trn c s thnh
lp cc bng thng k lng nc tiu th, lng nc bm, lng nc vo i, ra i v cn
li trong i. Bng 8-1 gii thiu mt v d c th xc nh ch lm vic ca trm bm theo
ch iu ha v bc thang khi h s dng nc khng iu ha gi k = 1,35. Lng nc
tiu dng trong tng gi v lu lng trm bm tnh theo phn trm lng nc tiu dng
trong mt ngy m. Khi tnh ton phi gi thit mt gi no i dc sch nc. Lng
nc ln nht cn li trong i chnh l th tch cn thit ca i. T bng 8-1 thy khi ch
lm vic ca bm theo ng bc thang th th tch i bng 2,5% lng nc ngy m, cn
khi trm bm lm vic iu ha th th tch i bng 6,98% lu lng ngy m.
Bng 8 - 1
Gi
ngy
m
0-1
1 -2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9 - 10
10 - 11
11 - 12
12 - 13
13 - 14

Ch bm theo ng bc thang
L.
lng
lng lng lng
nc nc nc
nc
nc
bm
vo
ra
cn
tiu
i
%
i
li tr
th
%
Qng
%
%
i%
Qng
Qng
Qng
Qng
0,5
1,9
3
2,5
1,2
3,2
2,5
0,7
2,5
2,5
1,2
0,1
1,1
2,6
2,5
2,1
4,5
1
3,5
0,4
2,5
4,1
4,5
2,5
4,5
4,5
4,9
4,5
0,4
2,1
4,5
1,1
1,7
4,9
0,6
5,6
4,5
0,4
0,2
0,2
4,9
4,5
0
4,7
4,5
4,5
0,1
0,1
4,4
0,4
0,5
4,1
4,5
8-5

S
bm
lm
vic

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Ch bm iu ha
lng lng lng lng
nc
nc nc
nc
bm vo i ra
cn
%
li tr
%
%
Qng
Qng
Qng i %
Qng
4,17
1,17
2,03
0,97
3,0
4,17
4,67
4,17
1,67
6,24
4,17
1,57
6,91
4,17
0,67
4,17
0,07
6,98
0,33
6,65
4,17
0,73
5,92
4,17
5,19
0,73
4,17
1,43
3,76
4,17
4,17
0,73
3,03
0,53
2,50
4,17
2,27
4,17
0,23
0,07
2,32
4,17

14 - 15
15 - 16
16 - 17
17 - 18
18 - 19
19 - 20
20 - 21
21 - 22
22 - 23
23 - 24

4,1
4,4
4,3
4,1
4,5
4,5
5,5
4,8
4,6
3,3
100

4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
100

0,4
0,1
0,2
0,4
1,2
4,2

0,3
0,1
4,2

0,9
1
1,2
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,6
1,3
1,2
2,4

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

4,17
4,17
4,16
4,16
4,16
4,16
4,16
4,16
4,16
4,16
100

0,07
0,06
0,86
7,28

0,23
0,14
0,34
0,34
0,34
0,64
0,44
7,18

2,41
2,18
2,04
2,10
1,76
1,42
1,08
0,44
0
0,86

Hnh 102 gii thiu phng php biu xc nh ch lm vic ca trm bm theo hai
trng hp: iu ha v bc thang, vi cc iu kin cng nh trn (k = 1,35). Th tch i s
bng tng lng nc vo hoc ra khi i ln nht, trong cc gi lin tc.
Khi bm lm vic theo ch bc thang th t gi th 7-8 n 11-12 lng nc ra khi i
ln nht. Lc c th tch i l:
0,4 + 0,4 + 1,1 + 0,3 + 0,2 = 2,5% Qng

Hnh 102 Biu tiu th nc v ch bm

Khi bm lm vic theo ch iu ha th t gi 23-24 n 5-6 lng nc vo i ln nhtm
th tch i lc l:
0,86 + 1,17 + 0,97 + 1,67 + 1,57 + 0,67 + 0,07 = 6,78% Qng
Hnh 103 gii thiu cch xc nh ch lm vic ca trm bm v th tch i theo phng
php biu tch ly nc. Biu th hin tng lng nc tiu dng, cung cp qua cc thi
gian trong ngy.

Hnh 103 Biu tch ly nc

Gi s thi im tnh ton bt u t oh. Trc honh biu th thi gian (h), trc tung biu th
lu lng tiu dng hay bm tch ly li (%Qng). ng 1 biu th lng nc tiu th tch
ly. ng 2 biu th lng nc bm tch ly theo ch hai bc (t 0-4h mt bc tng cng
8-6

10% Qng v t 5-24h mt bc tng cng 90%Qng). ng 3 biu th lng nc bm tch ly

theo ch iu ha. Th tch i s l hiu s ln nht gia tung ng tch ly bm v
ng tch ly tiu th hoc bng tng tr s tuyt i cc hiu s ln nht ca cc tung nu
hai ng ny ct nhau.
Biu hnh 103 cng c xy dng vi iu kin nh hai trng hp trn (k = 1,35).
Khi bm lm vic theo ch bc thang th tch i
V = 2,5% Qng
Khi bm lm vic theo ch iu ha th tch i:
V = 6,5 + 0,5 = 7% Qng
T thy rng cc phng php u cho cng mt kt qu. Ch lm vic ca bm vch ra
theo tnh ton so vi thc t ch l gn ng v trong thc t ch tiu dng nc bin ng
tng giy pht lm cho tn tht ct p thay i ko theo s thay i lu lng v ct p ca
bm.
Qua phn v d xt trn thy rng ch lm vic ca cc bm cp hai c th iu ha hoc
thay i theo ng bc thang. Mi ch lm vic ca bm u c nhng u, nhc im ca
n. Khi bm lm vic theo ch bc thang th tch i nh i nhiu so vi khi lm vic iu
ha nhng s bm cng tc li tng ln, ch qun l phc tp hn, din tch nh trm cng
tng ln, th tch b cha nc sch tng v nhiu khi ko theo s tng c ng knh ng y
ca trm bm. Tuy nhin tt c s tng cao so vi vic gim c th tch i th vn li hn
v kinh t.
Khi tnh ton thit k, c c ch lm vic li nht ca trm bm nn a ra mt s
phng n ri tin hnh tnh ton so snh kinh t k thut gia cc phng n.
Thng thng nhng h thng cp nc c nh th cho trm bm cp hai lm vic iu ha,
cn h thng ln th cho n lm vic theo ch bc thang. trnh phc tp trong qun l
v cng knh khi b tr trong thit b, s bc thang lm vic khng nn chn nhiu qu. Mt
khc trong chn bm nn c gng chn bm c lu lng ln c t bm tng hiu sut ca
trm.
* Ct p ca bm
Ct p ton phn ca trm bm cp hai ph thuc vo s b tr mng li v i hoc b p
lc. N ch xc nh c sau khi hon thnh tnh ton thy lc mng li phn phi v i.
Trong mng li phn phi, i c th b tr u hoc cui mng li. V th, khi tnh ton
ct p ton phn ca my bm cp hai thng gp hai trng hp: trm bm a nc vo i
u mng li v trm bm a nc vo mng li c i cui.

8-7

Hnh 104 S lm vic ca trm bm cp hai c i u mng li.

1- B cha; 2- Ong ht; 3- Nh trm; 4- My bm; 5- Ong y; 6- i nc
Hnh 104 biu din ng o p xc nh ct p ca bm cp hai a nc ln i b tr
u mng li. Trng hp ny ct p ton phn ca bm cng xc nh ging nh ct p ton
phn ca bm cp mt a nc ln cng trnh lm sch theo cng thc (8.3).
H = Hh + hh + h
Chiu cao bm nc a hnh Hh y bng hiu cao trnh mc nc cao nht trn i v cao
trnh mc nc thp nht trong b cha (H-104) c th xc nh theo cng thc:
Hh = Hhh + Hz + H + Hb

(8.5)

Trong
Hhh
Hz
H
Hb

chiu cao ht a hnh tnh bng hiu cao trnh trc bm v cao trnh mc nc
thp nht trong b.
chnh cao trnh gia mt t ni t i v trc bm.
chiu cao i.
chiu cao mc nc ln nht trong b trn i.

Khi i b tr cui mng li vic tnh ton c khc i theo s b tr ny phi xt hai
trng hp lm vic ca trm bm: trng hp dng nc ln nht v trng hp vn chuyn
ln nht. Hnh 105 biu din ng o p tm ct p ca bm i vi hai trng hp ny.

Hnh 105 S lm vic ca trm bm cp hai trong h thng c i

8-8

 cui mng li
1- B cha; 2- ng ht; 3- Trm bm; 4- My bm; 5- ng y;
6- Phn mng li; 7- ng dn nc; 8- i; a- im tnh ton
Trng hp trm bm lm vic trong gi dng nc ln nht th phn ln lng nc tiu th
do trm bm cung cp, phn cn li do i cung cp. Khi y hnh thnh bin gii cp nc gia
trm bm v i. Gi s im a l im cp nc tnh ton ca my bm (H-105), ct p ton
phn ca cc bm khi xc nh theo cng thc:
H = H0 + Ht d + hh + h

(8.6)

Trong
H0
Ht d
hh
h

hiu cao trnh mt t ti im tnh ton v mc nc thp nht trong b cha.

im ny c xc nh qua tnh ton mng li.
ct p t do ti im tnh ton.
tn tht ct p trn ng ht.
tng tn tht ct p trn ng y v mng li k t trm bm n
im tnh ton.

Trng hp trm bm lm vic trong gi vn chuyn ln nht th lng nc do trm bm

cung cp c tiu th mt phn, phn cn li c vn chuyn qua mng li ln i. Khi
ct p ton phn ca cc bm c xc nh theo cng thc:
H = Hh + hh + h
y, tng tn tht ct p h k t trm bm n i c xc nh qua tnh ton mng li
ng vi trng hp vn chuyn ln nht.
Sau khi tnh ton hai trng hp lm vic ca trm bm nh trn, so snh ly gi tr ct p ln
hn chn my bm.
Nu trong h thng cp nc c mt s trm bm cp hai cp nc vo mng li vi cc im
tnh ton khc nhau th phi xc nh ct p ton phn i vi tng trm.

8.4 LU LNG V CT P CA BM CHA CHY

H thng cp nc n ung, sinh hot hoc sn xut thng kt hp vi h thng cp nc
cha chy. Trong nhng trng hp ny bm cha chy thng t trong trm bm cp hai,
hn hu cng c trng hp ngi ta b tr ring mt trm bm cha chy.
Bm cha chy trm bm cp hai c nhim v cp mt lng nc vi lu lng v ct p
dp tt m chy. Nu trm bm cp hai c bm cha chy th trm bm cp mt cng
phi b tr bm cha chy khi phc lng nc d tr cha chy trong b trc trm bm
cp hai.
* Bm cha chy trm bm cp mt

8-9

Vic chn bm cha chy trm bm cp mt ph thuc vo phng php phc hi lng
nc d tr cha chy. Ty tng trng hp c th c th p dng mt trong ba cch phc hi
lng nc d tr sau y:
a) Dng bm cng tc: nu cc bm cng tc trong trm bm khng lm vic sut ngy
m th nhng gi ngh ny c th cho chng lm vic phc hi lng nc d tr.
b) Tng cng lm vic ca bm cng tc.
c) t ring mt trm bm cha chy.
Do h thng cha chy kt hp vi h thng cp nc sinh hot hoc sn xut nn lng nc
cha chy ny cng phi qua cng trnh x l. V vy ct p ca bm cha chy cng tnh nh
bm sinh hot, thi gian khi phc lng nc d tr TK phi chn ph hp vi kh nng lm
vic ca cng trnh x l, th bc ca x nghip sn xut hoc s dn trong khu vc.
Lu lng my bm khi khi phc lng nc d tr cha chy bng cch tng cng lm
vic ca bm cng tc:
Q = Qtb + (3Qcc + Qmax -3 Qtb) / TK

(8.7)

Khi t bm cha chy ring th:

Q = 3Qcc + Qmax -3 Qtb / TK
Trong
Qtb
Qcc

lu lng trung bnh ca trm bm cp mt khi lm vic bnh thng, tnh bng
m3/h.
lu lng cha chy, tnh bng m3/h.

Theo qui nh thng tnh thi gian xy ra m chy l 3h.

Qmax tng lu lng nc dng ln nht ca ba gi lin nhau (ly theo biu dng
nc).
TK
thi gian khi phc, thng ly TK = 24 - 72h.
Khi tnh ton nn so snh kinh t, k thut gia cc phng n khi phc lng nc d tr
chn c phng n c li.
Cc bm cp mt ly nc ngm thng lm vic sut ngy m vi lu lng ln nht.
khi phc lng nc d tr cha chy phi t thm ging khoan v bm. Trng hp ny
khng nn tng cng lm vic ca bm v s nh hng n s lm vic n nh ca ging
khoan.
* Bm cha chy trm bm cp hai
Lu lng v ct p ca bm cha chy trm bm cp hai c xc nh ph thuc vo lu
lng dp tt m chy v loi h thng cha chy. h thng lm vic c an ton,
ngi ta thng tnh trng hp c chy xy ra trong gi dng nc ln nht. Tuy nhin, khi
8-10

khng tnh n lng nc ti ng, ti cy (nu cp nc cho x nghip th khng tnh

n lng nc ra my mc, sn phm, ra sn phn xng v nc tm th ch ly bng 15%
lng nc tnh ton).
Ct p ton phn ca bm cha chy trm bm cp hai:
HCC = Hh + hh + hz + hT d

(8.9)

Trong
Hh
hh
hz
HTd

chiu cao bm nc a hnh, tnh bng hiu cao trnh mt t ni xy ra m

chy v cao trnh mc nc tht nht trong b ht.
tn tht ct p trn ng ht.
tng tn tht ct p trn ng y v mng li k t trm bm n im c
chy.
ct p t do ca dng nc ti hng cha chy. Trong h thng cha chy p lc
thp HT d 10m. Trong h thng cha chy p lc cao, gi tr HT d phi m bo
sao cho tia nc c phun ra t vi cha chy phi cao hn im cao nht ca
ngi nh cao nht t nht l 10m.

H thng cha chy p lc cao phc tp v lm vic khng kinh t nn thng ch dng trong
cc x nghip cng nghip.
Khi tnh bm cha chy, ct p c th khc vi ct p ca bm sinh hot. Nu ct p cha chy
nh hn hoc bng ct p ca bm sinh hot th nn dng bm cha chy cng loi vi bm
sinh hot, khi c chy ch cn m thm bm cho lm vic song song vi cc bm sinh hot.
Nu ct p cha chy ln hn ct p ca cc bm sinh hot th phi t bm cha chy ring,
lc lu lng ca bm cha chy.
Q = QmaxSh + QCC
y

QmaxSh
QCC

(8.10)

lu lng nc tiu dng trong gi dng nc ln nht.

lu lng nc cha chy.

Cn ct p ca bm cha chy th ly bng ct p yu cu tnh theo cng thc (8.9). Trng

hp ny khi c chy phi ngt cc bm sinh hot ra, ch cho bm cha chy lm vic thi.

8.5 MT S S B TR MY BM TRONG TRM BM

My bm v ng ng b tr trong trm bm phi t nh th no y trm bm c tin
cy trong lm vic cao; phc v thun tin, n gin v an ton, ng ng ngn v cc cm
ni ng n gin; c kh nng m rng trm sau ny. Cc s b tr my bm trong trm sau
y l nhng s c s dng tng i rng ri.
* B tr mt dy vung gc vi trc dc ca nh
Hnh 106a gii thiu s b tr cc t my theo kiu ny. Cch b tr nh vy m bo cho
cc t my lm vic chc chn, phc v thun tin v chiu rng nh trm khng cn ln lm.
S ny s dng c bit thun tin khi t cc bm loi cng xn. Nu trong trm bm c
8-11

b tr cu trc th b tr cc t my nh xy s gim c khu di chuyn ca cu trc. S

ny dng thch hp cho cc t my c ln cng nh c nh.
* B tr mt dy song song vi trc dc ca nh
Hnh 106b gii thiu s b tr cc t my theo kiu ny. B tr nh vy s m bo cho cc
t my lm vic chc chn. So vi s th nht th b tr theo s ny chiu rng nh trm
nh hn v h thng ng ng c tn tht thy lc t hn.
Tuy vy, cch b tr nh th lm cho chiu di nh trm ln nn ch p dng khi s t my t.

Hnh 106 S b tr my bm trong trm bm

* B tr hai dy vung gc vi trc dc ca nh
Hnh 106c gii thiu s b tr cc t my theo kiu hai dy i nhau, vung gc vi trc dc
ca nh. S kiu ny dng khi trong trm b tr nhiu t my c chc nng khc nhau (cp
nc sn xut, sinh hot, cha chy, ...).
Cch b tr nh vy cng m bo cho t my lm vic chc chn nhng khu nh ln v
vic ni ng phc tp.
* B tr hai dy lch nhau
Hnh 106d gii thiu s b tr cc t my theo hai dy lch nhau, song song vi trc dc ca
nh. B tr nh vy cho php cc t my v ng ng lm vic chc chn. So vi s th ba,
b tr theo s ny tuy nhin, chiu di nh trm c tng ln nhng khu nh gim i c
nhiu.
* B tr theo cung trn
Hnh 106e gii thiu s b tr cc t my theo cung trn. S ny thng p dng cho cc
trm bm cp mt, mt bng nh trm c dng trn. Cch b tr nh vy m bo cho cc t
my lm vic chc chn, tit kim c din tch t my. S ny s dng li nht vi
nhng trm bm, b tr kt hp vi cng trnh thu, s dng bm trc ng.
8-12

 m bo thun tin v an ton cho vic qun l kim tra, sa cha, gia cc t my vi nhau
v gia tng vi t my phi c khong cch ti thiu i li, lp t thit b.
Gia cc t my phi c li i li chiu rng t nht l 1m khi ng c in p thp (nh hn
1000v) v 1,2m khi ng c in p cao (t 1000v tr ln). Khong cch gia mt u b my
v tng phi m bo t nht l 1m, i vi trm b tr t my theo hai dy lch nhau th 0,7m.
Khong cch gia b t my v bng phn phi in hoc bng thit b kim tra o lng t
nht l 1,5m. Khong cch gia cc phn nh ra, khng chuyn ng ca cc t my khng nh
hn 1,7m.
Trong trm bm nu t cc bm nh c ng knh u ni ng y khng qu 100mm v
ng c in in p thp th c th t t my st tng khng cn cha li i li, thm ch c
th t hai t my trn cng mt b v cng khng cn cha li i gia hai t my ny. Nhng
trng hp th hai phi li i xung quanh chiu rng khng nh hn 0,7m.
Trong gian my nn c ch trng sa cha lp rp cc t my gi l sn lp my.
Cc bm ph (bm thot nc r r, bm chn khng, ...) nn t nhng ch trng trong gian
my khng lm tng kch thc gian my. Cc bm nh vy ch cn cha li i mt pha.
8.6 NG HT V NG Y
* ng ht
L mt trang b quan trng nht ca t my bm, kt cu v s lm vic ca n c nh hng
ln n s lm vic ca bm. t c chiu cao ht a hnh ln, ngn nga hin tng
xm thc trong bm th ng ht phi c tn tht thy lc b. V vy, khi thit k nn c gng
chn phng n ng ht c chiu di ngn nht, ng knh ln, s chi tit nh hnh (cn, ct,
...) t nht v c gng trnh t ng ht trong nhiu mt c cao trnh khc nhau.
ng knh ng ht c xc nh da vo lu lng nc qua n. Vn tc nc chy trong
ng khng nn chn ln qu v s lm tn tht thy lc ln; tuy nhin cng khng nn chn nh
qu v d gy lng ng trong ng ng. Theo kinh nghim, khi ng knh ng khng qu
250mm th vn tc nc chy ly bng 1-1,2 m/s, khi ng knh ng ln hn 250mm th ly
bng 1,2-1,6 m/s.
c bit, khi ng ht rt ngn v chiu cao ht a hnh nh th c th ly vn tc ny bng 1,62,0 m/s.
ng ht nn dng ng thp, tuyt i khng dng ng g, aming hoc b tng. Ong c th
ni bng cch hn hoc mt bch.
trnh to thnh cc ti kh trong ng ng v cho php cc bt kh ln trong nc c th
chuyn ng cng vi nc qua my bm th ng ht nn t c dc i 0,005 i ln v pha
bm, nhng ch ni ng c ng knh khc nhau phi ni im cao nht (im c kh nng
t kh). Nu khng c kh nng lm nh vy th phi t van x kh nhng im ny. Hnh
107 gii thiu mt s s b tr ng ht.

8-13

Hnh 107 S b tr ng ht

Ming vo ng ht t phu ht hoc li chn rc, chng cn c b tr v tr thch hp

khng ht kh hoc cn bn vo bm. Nu ng ht b tr thng ng th phi bo m cc kch
thc ti thiu v v tr ghi trn H-108a. Khi trong b ht t hai hoc nhiu ng ht th khong
cch b nht gia chng phi l (1,5-2)D. Nu mc nc trong b khng t ming vo
ng ht su ghi trn hnh 108a th n phi c hn thm tm chn 3 hnh vung hoc trn
(H-108b) trnh hin tng to thnh xoy xung quanh ng v ngn nga s ht kh vo ng.
Nhng trong trng hp ny khong cch t mt nc n tm chn h cng khng c nh
hn 0,7D.
Bm ly tm c ng ht b tr nng ngang gii thiu trn hnh 109.
Vi nhng bm trc ng c ln, kt cu ng ht theo s ch dn c th ca c quan thit k
bm.
ng ht thng t ngoi trm bm. ng t trn mt t cn c ph mt lp chng g.
ng chn di t th cn th p lc thy lc trc khi lp t. p lc th nghim ly nh p
lc th ng y.
Nu ng ht t thp hn mc nc trong b ht hoc ni vi ng ht chung ca trm th trn
n c t kha.
* ng y
a nc t my bm n b cha hoc ni tiu dng. Ong y gm hai phn: phn nm
trong trm v phn nm ngoi trm. Phn ng y nm trong nh trm thng bng thp, ni
vi nhau bng cch hn hoc mt bch c nhim v a nc t bm ra phn ng y ngoi
trm.

8-14

Hnh 109 Ming vo ca ng ht t nm ngang

ng knh ng y ly theo lu lng nc chy qua. Ong ng knh t 250mm tr xung
nn ly vn tc nc chy qua bng 1,5 - 2 m/s, ng knh ln hn 250mm ly vn tc bng 22,5 m/s.
Phn ng ht v ng y nm trong phm vi trm bm cn b tr sao cho vic kim tra, lp rp
v ni chng vi my bm n gin, thun tin. Cc ng ng ny c th t trn sn nh,
di sn hoc trong cc rnh xy gch, b tng hoc btng ct thp.
Trong trm bm ni, khi ng knh ng t 500mm tr li th nn t ng trong cc rnh. Nu
s t my khng ln hn 3 th ng knh ng ln hn 500mm cng c th b tr trong rnh.
Vi cc trm bm nm khng su lm, ng knh ng ln hn 500mm th nn t trong cc
tng hm su t nht l 1,8m, cng nhn mang vc ng ng khi sa cha, thay th.
Vic t ng ng trn sn gian my ch p dng cho trm bm kiu chm hoc na chm. Khi
y phi c thang hoc cu i qua ng ng. c bit, khi ng ng khng ln lm th c
th treo ng dc theo tng cao 2m tr ln, k t sn nh n mp di ng.
Khi ng b tr di sn nh, tuyt i khng t trc tip di b my.
* S kt cu ng ht v ng y
S ni ng ht v ng y c nhiu cch ph thuc vo loi bm, mc tin cy lm vic,
s lng my bm v s b tr chng.
S ng ht c th ly bng s my bm t trong trm hoc bng s bm cng tc.

Hnh 110 S b tr ng trong trm bm cp mt

Khi s my bm khng nhiu qu, chiu cao ht ln nht l cc trm bm cp mt th nn t
mi bm mt ng ht (H-110 v 111a).
8-15

Khi s my bm ln v cc trm bm cp hai thng t s ng ht (t b ht n trm bm)

bng s bm cng tc. Trong trng hp ny phi t ng ni chung lin h gia cc u ni
ng ht ca cc bm vi ng ht chung ca trm (H-111b, c).
S ng y ca trm bm thng l hai, i khi cc trm bm ln ngi ta c t ba ng hoc
nhiu hn, gia chng c ng gp chung.

Trn ng y, ng gp chung v i khi c trn ng ht (khi gia cc ng ht c ng ni chung

hoc ng ht t thp hn mc nc trong b ht) c b tr kha. S lng kha nn chn t
nht. Tuy vy vic t kha phi m bo c yu cu c kh nng ngt hoc a mt bm d
tr no vo lm vic khi cn kim tra hoc sa cha.
Trn hnh 110a v 111a, b gii thiu s b tr kho trn ng ht v ng y trong trng hp
trm c hai bm cng tc v mt bm d tr.
Hnh 110b v 111c gii thiu s b tr kha trn ng ht v ng y ca trm c ba bm
cng tc v mt bm d tr.
Tuy nhin khi trm yu cu c tin cy lm vic cao th s lng kha c th b tr nhiu hn
so vi cc s gii thiu trn.
Trong trng hp, cm ng y gp chung v van kha c th b tr trong mt bung ring
ngoi nh trm (H-110a, b) gim kch thc nh trm.
Khi chn s b tr ng ht, ng y phi c gng chn phng n b tr n gin nht cho
vic lp rp thi cng, kim tra, sa cha v c tin cy lm vic cao.

Hnh 111 S b tr ng trong trm bm cp hai

8.7 C IM XY DNG CC LOI TRM BM

V mt kt cu nh trm v lp t trang b ngoi nhng c im chung, mi loi trm bm
cn c nhng c im ring ca n ty thuc vo v tr v nhim v ca trm.
8-16

* c im chung v kt cu nh trm
Nh trm nn thit k ph hp vi cc tiu chun xy dng do b xy dng thng qua. Chiu
rng nh trm nn ly theo kch thc tiu chun ca dm btng ct thp 6, 9, 12, 15 v 18 m.
Bc dc ca nh trm c th ly 3 hoc 6 m. Ngoi ra, kch thc v hnh dng nh phi thun
tin cho vic b tr my bm ng ng v cc trang b khc. T l gia chiu di v chiu rng
nh nn ly t 4 tr ln.
Chiu cao nh trm tnh t sn gian my n trn nh phi khng nh hn 3m. Nu trong trm
bm b tr cu trc th chiu cao gian my t nht phi l 3,5 m v m bo sao cho khong
cch t y vt nng nh vt cn li t nht l 0,5 m.
Mng nh trm bng btng hoc btng ct thp.
Tng bng btng, btng ct thp hoc gch. Trong tng b tr cc ct tr t dm cu
trc. Nu trm bm xy dng theo kiu chm hoc na chm th phn di mt t ca nh trm
ch lm bng btng hoc btng ct thp. Khi c nc ngm tng v sn nh phi tnh n p
lc y nc ngm v phi c ph mt lp vt liu chng thm cao hn mc nc ngm t
nht l 0,5 m.
Mi nh trm dng vt liu khng chy. Thng th ngi ta lp bng tm panen v ph ln
trn nhng lp vt liu cch nhit v chng thm.
Gian my cn c thng gi v chiu sng t nhin tt. T s gia din tch sn gian my v
din tch ca s khng nh hn 6.
Khi xy dng trm phi tnh n kh nng m rng sau ny. Vi nhng ni iu kin xy dng
m rng sau ny kh khn th xy ngay mt lc cho nhu cu hin ti v c trong tng lai.
Ngoi ra, trong trm bm cn trang b cc phng tin cha chy v phng tin lin lc vi
nhng ni cn thit.
* c im kt cu trm bm cp mt
Do c im ca ngun cung cp nc nn trm bm cp mt thng xy dng theo kiu chm
hoc na chm. Phn nh di mt t thng xy dng bng btng hoc btng ct thp. Mt
bng nh trm c th c dng trn hoc ch nht. Mt bng dng trn b tr thit b kh khn
nhng thun tin cho vic thi cng bng phng php h tt. Nh trm dng ny ch p dng
khi trm bm t su v s t my t (3-5).
Vic xy dng m rng trm bm cp mt sau ny thng rt kh khn. V vy xy dng nh
trm nn tnh n s m rng ca h thng cp nc sau ny hoc kh nng thay th cc thit b
c cng sut ln hn.
Ch lm vic ca trm bm cp mt hu nh khng thay i. V vy, trong trm thng t
hai bm cng tc v mt bm d tr. S bm d tr v ngun cung cp in cn ph thuc vo
mc tin cy lm vic ca trm. Khi trm bm t su 4-5m tr ln nn dng bm ly tm
hoc bm hng trc trc ng c ng c t trn mt t. S dng nhng my bm nh vy
s lm gim c din tch nh trm, do gim c khi lng xy dng v li lm cho iu
kin lm vic ca ng c c tt hn.
8-17

 cc trm bm cp mt, mi bm nn t mt ng ht ring. ng ng ht t cng trnh thu

nc n trm bm nn b tr trong mt hnh lang btng ct thp vic qun l c thun
tin. Kch thc hnh lang phi m bo cho vic b tr ng ng hp l v cho cng
nhn i li mang theo cc b phn khi cn kim tra sa cha. Khong cch gia hai ng k
nhau ly 0,4-0,5m. Khong cch gia tng v ng khng nh hn 0,3m. Ong nn t gi
cao 0,3m. Chiu cao hnh lang khng nh hn 1,8m. Pha trn hnh lang phi b tr ca lp rp.
Trong trng hp cn gim nh din tch gian my th b tr cm ng ghp chung, van mt
chiu, kha, ng h lu lng, ... trong mt bung ngoi trm bm (H-110a,b).
Trong gian my nn b tr bm tiu nc c lu lng 5-15 l/s v ct p 10-20m ty theo chiu
su trm bm lng nc thm v r r ra khi trm.
* c im kt cu trm bm cp hai
Mt bng ca trm bm cp hai thng c dng ch nht. Ty theo chiu cao ht cho php ca
my bm, trm bm c th xy dng theo kiu ni hoc na ni.
Khi bm c chiu cao ht cho php xy dng theo kiu ni th nn xy dng trm theo
kiu ni v s n gin v kinh t trong xy dng cng nh trong qun l.
Khi bm c chiu cao ht nh hoc cn t bm thp hn mc nc trong b ht th trm c
xy dng theo kiu na ni. Trng hp ny gi thnh xy dng t hn v vic qun l cng
phc tp hn trm ni. Trong trm phi b tr h thng thot nc. Nu khng t c h
thng thot nc th phi b tr thm mt bm ph tiu nc.
Nh nu trong 8.1, trm bm cp hai c nhim v a nc sch t b cha nc sch n
ni tiu dng. Ch lm vic ca trm thng thay i theo ng bc thang. S bc lm vic
ca trm nn chn khng nhiu qu (2-4) v s bm cng lm vic cng nn chn va phi
nng cao hiu sut lm vic chung ca trm. Khi iu cho php trong trm ch nn t mt loi
bm v nh vy s n gin cho vic qun l cng nh lp rp sa cha v d tr thit b.
Khi trm bm cp mt t gn cng trnh lm sch th nn b tr bm cp mt v bm cp hai
trong cng mt nh trm s gim c chi ph xy dng v n gin cho vic qun l. (H-112).

Hnh 112 S trm bm cp mt v cp hai b tr kt hp

1- Trm bm cp mt; 2- Ong y; 3- Cng trnh lm sch; 4- B cha nc sch;
8-18

5- Trm bm cp hai; 6- Ong y ra mng li ca trm bm cp hai

* c im xy dng trm bm tun hon
Trm bm tun hon t trong h thng cp nc tun hon. Trm bm loi ny thng c
s dng i vi cc x nghip cng nghip. Trong trm thng c hai nhm bm: mt nhm
bm nc s dng n cng trnh x l (lm ngui hoc lm sch), mt nhm bm nc
x l quay tr li sn xut. Nc x l c dn n b ht ca trm bm bng cch t
chy. V vy, trm bm thng t gn cng trnh x l.
S my bm v lu lng ca n c chn ph thuc vo quy trnh sn xut ca x nghip.
Nu lng nc tiu dng v lng nc thi ra khng thay i theo ngy hoc theo ma th
nn chn t bm, c lu lng ln trm lm vic c hiu qu kinh t cao. Nu lng nc
bm c s bin ng th nn chn mt s bm c lu lng nh d iu chnh lu lng ca
trm. Trong cng mt nhm nn chn cc bm cng loi khi lm vic song song chng cho
hiu qu cao v to iu kin thun li cho vic qun l.
V cp nc cho cc x nghip sn xut nn tin cy lm vic ca trm tun hon i hi cao.
S bm v cc trang b d tr phi chn hp l. in cung cp cho trm bm phi ly t nht t
hai ngun khng ph thuc nhau. Cc bm trong trm thng t thp hn mc nc trong b
ht. V vy, cc trm bm tun hon thng xy dng theo kiu chm hoc na chm.
Cc knh t chy dn nc n b ht ca trm bm thng xy dng c hai hoc nhiu ngn
m bo s lm vic bnh thng ca chng khi cn ng bt mt ngn li thu ra hoc sa
cha.
* c im xy dng trm bm kh p
Trm bm kh p c s dng trong nhng trng hp t bm kh p bm nc cc
ging khoan. Khi cn b tr bm cp hai bm nc t b thu vo mng li.
My nn kh t trong trm kh p trn mt t v ht kh tri. Ong ht ca my nn kh phi
c li chn rc v t cao hn mt t t nht l 0,5 - 1m. Vi nhng trm kh p ln th xy
dng ring mt phng t ming ng ht.
My nn kh a kh nn vo thng kh nn. T thng ny kh nn li c dn n vi phun
ca bm kh p. Trn ng ng y t my nn kh n thng cha kh nn khng nn t
van, kha phng trng hp chng b tc khi m my. Trng hp ny c th gy h hng
my nn kh. Trn ng ng ny c th t van mt chiu ngn kh t thng kh nn quay li
my nn kh khi dng my.
Nu mt trm kh p phc v cho nhiu ging th trong trm t thit b phn phi, a kh nn
n tng ging.
Trc khi a h thng ng ng vo lm vic cn th nghim thy lc v p lc gp 2 - 2,5
ln p lc cng tc bnh thng.
Nc lm ngui my nn kh c th ly t ng y ca bm cp hai. Bm cp hai c th b tr
trong trm xy dng theo kiu chm hoc ni ty theo kh nng ht nc ca my bm.

8-19

8.9 D TR THIT B CHO TRM BM

Thit b d tr ca trm bm ly ph thuc vo mc tin cy lm vic ca trm (xem phn
8.1). Cc trm bm loi mt, trm bm tun hon t t nht l hai t my d tr. Trong nhng
trng hp ny nng lng cp cho trm bm phi tin cy. in c ly t hai ngun c lp
vi nhau. Ngoi ra phi c mt vi tuc bin hi hoc ng c c t trong d tr khi cc
ngun cung cp in b gin on trm bm vn cung cp c mt lng nc ti thiu cho x
nghip lm vic lin tc c. Cc t my d tr phi lun lun trng thi sn sng m my.
Cc trm bm loi hai cho php ngng cp nc trong mt thi gian ngn hoc gim lng
nc cung cp trong mt thi gian th ch cn t mt t my d tr, cn mt t my c th ct
trong kho.
Cc trm bm loi ba ch cn t mt t my d tr ngay trn b.
Cc bm cha chy t mt bm d tr. Nu bm cha chy dng cng loi vi bm cp nc
sinh hot hoc sn xut th khng cn t bm d tr. Cc khu dn c hoc x nghip c lu
lng cha chy t hn 25 l/s , cc x nghip loi D v E, cc nh c bc chu la I v II cng
khng cn t bm cha chy. Cn nh l cc bm cha chy phi c dn ng trc tip t
ng c in.
Ngoi ra, trong kho ca trm phi c mt sb chi tit nh bnh xe cng tc, trc, m chng
thm, trc, van mt chiu, ... sn sng thay th cc trang b hoc cc chi tit ca my bm
khi h hng t xut.
8.10 THIT B O LU LNG
Thit b o lu lng c nhiu loi, nhng loi thng dng o lu lng ca tng t my
hoc ton trm bm l thit b o lu lng kiu tuc bin, kiu vi ven-tu-ni, v kiu mng
chn.
* Thit b o lu lng kiu tuc bin
Gii thiu trn hnh 113 dng t vi ng y ng knh t 50 n 200 mm, o lu lng
n 140 m3/h.

8-20

Hnh 113 Thit b o lu lng kiu tuc bin

1- Tuc bin; 2- V tr; 3- Cnh chnh dng; 4- Chp; 5- B truyn bnh rng
6- B phn m; 7- Kim; 8- Mt ng h; 9- Np ng h; 10- C cu truyn ng.
ng h lu lng gm tuc bin 1 t trong v tr 2, quay trn trc nm ngang c ren bc. Khi
nc chy qua s lm cho tuc bin quay. Tc quay ca tuc bin t l vi khi lng nc
chy qua. S chuyn ng ca tuc bin c truyn n b phn m 6 qua cc b phn truyn
ng 5 v 10. Khi lng nc o c ch ra trn mt ng h 8 nh kim 7.
s lm vic ca ng h chnh xc, n phi c t trn on ng thng bng 5-10 ln
ng knh, ng v pha trc v 3-5 ln ng knh ng v pha sau. Khi trong ng h c b
phn chnh dng (H-113) th n c th t st cc b phn nh hnh (t, ct).
hai pha ca ng h lu lng phi t kha c th tho ng h ra khi cn kim tra sa
cha. Kha phi t cch ng h 0,5m.
Vic s dng ng h lu lng tuc bin n gin nhng phm vi o lng ca n hp.
* Vi venturi
L loi ng h lu lng c s dng tng i rng ri trong thi gian hin nay. Hnh 114
gii thiu cu to ca loi ng h ny.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca ng h lu lng kiu vi ven tu ri l da trn s chnh p lc ca
dng cht lng khi chy qua phn co hp ca thit b o.
Theo phng trnh Bcnuli, chnh p lc t l vi bnh phng lu lng. V vy phng
trnh lu lng ca ng h c dng.
Q = C d z h

(8.11)

Trong
C

D
h

h s th nguyn
h s lu lng ph thuc vo ng knh co hp.
ng knh tit din co hp
chnh ct p gia phn m rng v co hp.

Tn tht ct p trong ng h o lu lng kiu vi ven tu ri tng i nh (khong 10 - 15 %

h) v c th xc nh theo cng thc:
h = 0,22 h (1 - [2 / D2]

(8.12)

8-21

Hnh 114 Vi ven tu ri

1- u ng vo; 2- Vi; 3- Bung cng; 4- Bung tr
5- L thng vi bung tr; 6- Chp ra; 7- G ni
ng h lu lng kiu vi ven tu ri phi t trn on ng thng bng 15-20 ln ng knh
ng v pha sau.
chnh p lc trc v sau khi co hp c o bng p k vi sai. Ap k vi sai ni vi vi
ven tu ri bng ng c ng knh 12 - 20mm v chiu di khng qu 20 - 30m. ng ng ny
c t cao dn theo chiu t vi ven tu ri n p k.
ng h lu lng kiu vi ven tu ri dng lp t vi cc ng ng knh trung bnh v ln.
ng h khng c chi tit chuyn ng nn c th o c c nc sch v nc bn. u im
ni bt ca ng h o loi ny l chnh xc o lng cao; o c cc gi tr lu lng t
bin, lm vic chc chn, bn lu, tn tht ct p khng ln, kt cu gn v gi thnh r.
* Thit b o lng kiu mng chn
Hnh 115 gii thiu thit b o lu lng kiu ny. N c s dng khi cn o lu lng nh.
Cng nh ng h lu lng kiu vi ven tu ri, ng h lu lng kiu mng chn lm vic
da trn c s ca s thay i p lc khi dng chy chy qua tit din co hp ca ng h. Lu
lng dng chy cng xc nh theo cng thc (8.11) trn, nhng h s lu lng ly i
vi mng chn c tit din co hp t ngt.
ng h o lu lng kiu mng chn c tn tht ct p qua n tng i ln: khong 30 60% chnh ct p. V vy n ch dng cho nhng ng c ng knh trung bnh v b hoc
t nhng ni m tn tht ct p qua ng h khng ng vai tr quan trng.
ng h lu lng kiu mng chn lm vic cng cn c s kt hp vi p k v sai (t ghi
hoc khng t ghi) ging nh ng h lu lng kiu vi ven tu ri. Ngy nay ngi ta cn
dng c loi p k t tc. Loi p k ny khng c thang chia m ch pht i nhng tnh
hiu v chnh p lc. Cc lu lng k th hai li tip nhn v ghi li nhng tn hiu ny.
Do vy thit b th hai ny c th t xa p k, rt tin li cho vic iu khin t ng.

8-22

Hnh 115 Mng chn

Hnh 116 S t ng h lu lng kiu mng chn

Vic t ng h lu lng mng chn cng yu cu nh i vi kiu vi ven tu ri. Hnh 116
gii thiu s t loi ng h ny.
ng h lu lng kiu mng chn kch thc nh gn, lm vic chc chn nhng c tn tht
ct p qua n tng i ln.
So vi cc thit b khc trong trm bm th ng h lu lng c kch thc bin dng ln,
cng knh nn thng t trong mt bung (hoc ging) ngoi trm bm.

8.11 THIT B O P LC
Thit b o p lc dng trong trm bm l p k v chn khng k. Nguyn tc lm vic ca p
k v chn khng k u da trn s tc dng ca hiu sut kh quyn v p sut ni cn o.
Ap k v chn khng k c cu to tng t nh nhau v chia lm hai loi. Cht lng v cht
kh.
* p k v chn khng k cht lng
Hnh 117 gii thiu s cu to p k v chn khng k kiu ch V. N gm mt ng thy
tinh hnh ch V trong c cha thy ngn, du, nc hoc mt loi cht lng no . Mt u
ng h chu p sut kh quyn, u kia ni vi ni cn o p sut. Hiu mc cht lng gia hai
nhnh ng cho bit p lc d (hoc thiu ht) ni cn o.
Pav = h

(8.13)

Trong

trng lng ring ca cht lng trong ng

hiu mc cht lng trong hai nhnh ng.

chnh xc ca p k chn khng t ti 0,5mm.

8-23

Hnh 117 p k ch V

Hnh 118 p k vng trng lc

1- ng thp; 2- Gi ch V; 3- Mng ngn
4 - 5: ng ni; 6- Ti trng

Hnh 118 gii thiu s cu to ca p k vng trng lc. N gm ng 1 cha mt na ng l

cht lng ta trn gi tm 2.ng 1 cun thnh vng trn, ngn ra bi mng cng 3. hai
pha mng 3 c ng 4 v 5 ni p k vi ni cn o. Phn di ng vng gn ti trng 6.
Ni ng 4 vi ni cn o p lc th mc cht lng nhnh phi dng ln. Lc h thng cn
bng b ph v. Vng 1 quay quanh gi ta D cho n kh ti trng 6 cn bng vi ct cht
lng. Ch s ca kim trn thang chia cho bit gi tr p lc (hoc chn khng) cn o.
Nu ng 1 cha thy ngn th n cho php o p sut t 2 n 150mm thy ngn.
p k vng trng lc c chnh xc o lng n 0,5%. N c sn xut vi hai loi: loi
c thang chia v loi t ghi.
Ngoi hai loi trn cn c chn khng k v p k kiu nghing, nhng kt cu cng knh nn t
dng.
* p k c kh
p k c kh gm hai loi: mng mng v l xo, dng o p sut khong 3-4 at tr ln.

Hnh 119 S p k l xo
Hnh 119 gii thiu s cu to ca p k l xo, l loi c dng rng ri hin nay. B phn
chnh ca n l ng rng n hi a; ng c tit din van hoc lp.
Mt u ng t do, cn u kia c c nh v ni vi cn o p lc. u ng t do ni vi
h thng n quay v kim. Kim quay c trn b mt thang chia . Khi m kha trn on
ng ni p k vi ng y, do tc dng ca p lc dng chy: ng b dui kim. S ch ca kim
trn thang chia cho bit gi tr p lc cn o.
Thang chia ca p k do nh my ch to th nghim v chia. Cn nh k kim tra ng l
xo ca p k v sau mt thi gian lm vic n c th b bin dng, thay i hnh dng so vi ban
u. Phm vi o lng ca p k l xo tgn i rng. Mt s p k kt cu l xo c bit cho
php o p lc n 10.000 kg/cm2.
8-24

Hnh 120 gii thiu s cu to ca p k mng mng. B phn chnh ca p k l mng kim
loi b c dng phng hoc ln sng. Tm mng ni vi b phn rng ca. B phn rng ca
li quay quanh mt trc c gn mt kim. Khi p k lm vic, do tc dng ca p sut cn o ln
hn p sut kh quyn (nu l chn khng k th do tc dng ca p sut kh quyn pha trn
mng ln hn p sut chn khng cn o), mng kim loi b bin dng. Kt qu l lm cho kim
di ng trn thang chia cho bit gi tr p lc cn o.

Hnh 120 S cu to p k mng mng

p k mng mng c ch to o p lc trong khong 0,15 - 30 kG/cm2.
p k o p lc d ca cht lng, cn chn khng k o thiu ht ca p sut cht
lng so vi p sut kh quyn. Khi chn cc dng c ny phi m bo sao cho p lc cng tc
bnh thng ca my bm hoc trm bm nng trong khong 3/4 thang chia .
V d: p lc d bnh thng ca cht lng trn ming y ca bm l 7,5 kG/cm2 th phi chn
p k c gii hn o l 10 kG/cm2. Nh vy gii hn o ca p k lun lun ln hn gi tr p
lc cng tc ln nht ca bm.

8.12 CC THIT B PH CA TRM BM

T hnh 4 c th thy c nhng thit b ph ch yu ca mt trm bm l gi chn rc, van
mt chiu v kha.
* Gi chn rc

8-25

Hnh 121 Gi chn rc

a/ C van mt chiu; b/ Khng c van mt chiu
t cui ng ht c nhim v ngn khng cho rc ri c trong nc b cun vo my bm.
Nu mi bm bng cch ly nc t ng y th trong gi chn rc cn c van mt chiu kiu
a (H-121a) gi nc li trong bm khi mi. Lc bm lm vic, do c gim chn khng
trong ng ht nn van ny m ra. Lc bm dng li do tc dng ca ct nc trong ng ht,
van ny ng li.
Nu bm nc sch v mi bng bm chn khng th gi chn rc c thay bng phu thu.

* Kha
t trn ng y ca bm, trn ng gp chung iu chnh lu lng bm hoc a bm vo
lm vic trong h thng chung hay ngt n ra khi h thng. Kha thng ch to bng gang,
vi nhng kha t ni p lc t 16 kG/cm2 tr ln th ch to bng thp. Kha c hai loi:
loi ng m bng tay v loi ng m bng ng c in.

Hnh 122 Cc loi kha

a/ Kha ng m bng tay
b/ Kha ng m bng ng c in
Kha ng m bng tay (H-122a) l loi c dng rng ri hin nay. Thn kha 1 c mt bch
hai u lp vi ng. Tay quay 2 lp trn trc c ren 3, c th nng ln, h xung ko theo
a 4 m hoc ng kha. a kha c th c dng hai a song song hoc mt a hnh nm.
Kha c ch to vi ng knh D = 50-1600mm ( nc ta mi ch to ti ng knh
600mm). Kha t di sn trm bm c ng m bng nhng ci ct gi l ci ty.

8-26

Kha ng m bng ng c in (H-122b) dng nhng trm bm iu khin t ng hoc

nhng kha ln (D > 600mm).
* Van mt chiu
t gia kha v bm, ngng khng cho nc t ng y chy ngc li my bm khi bm t
ngt dng li m cha kp ng kha. Hnh 123 gii thiu kt cu van mt chiu n gin nht,
c ch to vi ng knh t 50 n 600 mm, c dng rt ph bin hin nay. Van c th
t trn on ng thng ng hoc nm ngang. Trong thi gian bm lm vic, do tc dng ca
dng chy a van c nng ln cho php nc chy qua. Khi bm dng li, do trng lng
bn thn v p lc nc pha di y a van h xung, ngng khng cho nc chy qua.
Vi cc ng ng knh ln, dng van mt chiu nhiu a.
Ngoi cc thit b k trn, trong trm bm cn c nhng kha nh t trn ng n ca p k v
chn khng k, cn c th c van an ton, van x kh.

Hnh 123 Van mt chiu

8.13 HIN TNG NC VA V CCH KHC PHC

S thay i t ngt lu lng v vn tc chuyn ng ca cht lng gy nn s tng p sut rt
nhanh gi l hin tng nc va, phn p lc tng thm H gi l p lc nc va.
Khi nghin cu hin tng nc va khng th coi cht lng l cht hon ton khng b nn.
Chng hn, khi t ngt ng kha trn ng y s c hin tng chy ngc li trong ng y,
u tin lp nc st a kha dng li v p sut tng ln lm cho lp nc b nn li,
ng thi thnh ng b dn ra nhng ch cho nhng lp nc pha trn tip tc chy v. Do
s tng p sut v ngng chy khng phi ng thi xy ra trn ton b ng ng m xy ra
trc a kha ri truyn dn ln trn vi mt tc c hn. Nh vy ngha l cht lng cng
c tnh n hi.
Nu c ch qun l trm bm v bm lm vic iu kin bnh thng th khng xy ra
hin tng nc va. Nc va ch xut hin khi ng kha hoc dng my t ngt (do mt in
chng hn).
thi im u tin khi my bm va dng li, ton b khi cht lng trong ng ht v ng
y vn chuyn ng theo qun tnh ln b cha vi vn tc gim dn n 0 ng thi bnh
xe cng tc ca bm cng quay chm dn ri dng li. Ngay sau khi khi nc trong ng
ng tm thi dng li, do tc dng ca ct nc, n li chuyn ng ngc li my bm vi
vn tc tng dn ln n ln nht. Khi s xy ra mt trong hai trng hp:
Nu trn ng y khng t van mt chiu, nc s chy qua my bm v ng ht v b ht.
Khi bm s lm vic nh mt tuc bin, chiu quay ca n ngc vi chiu quy nh. Trong
8-27

trng hp ny, ng c in li nhn nng lng v lm vic ch ca my pht. Do vy,

hin tng quay ngc c th gy h hng t my.
Nu trn ng y t van mt chiu th khi nc chy ngc li van s ng hon ton v tc
thi, hin tng nc va xut hin. Khi ngay ti van dng chy dng li, VC = 0. Sau mt
thi gian t c mt lp nc 0a- mm dyL dng li v b nn nn p lc tng ln mt lng
H, ng thi cc lp nc pha trn vn chy v vn tc V0 v p lc H0 nh trc khi van
ng (H-124). Gi s ng c chiu di L , van t A. Ly A lm gc trc v chiu dng
hng v b cha. Vit phng trnh ng lng cho lp nc 0a - mm theo phng L c:
H0 - (H0 + H) = [(/g L)(0-V0)] / t

Do
H = 1/g L/t V0

(8.14)

Sau cc lp nc pha trn cng ln lt dng li v p lc cng tng ln. Nh vy s ngng

chy v tng p lc c truyn dn ln pha trn vi tc :
C = limL0 L / t

(8.15)

Thay vo (8.14) c:
H = CV0 / g

(8.16)

Trong
H
C
V0
g

p lc nc va, tnh bng m ct nc

tc truyn sng nc va, tnh bng m/s
tc vng chy trong ng trc khi ng van
gia tc trng trng, tnh bng m/s2

Bng tnh ton, xut pht t phng trnh (8.15) v (8.16) ngi ta tm c tc truyn sng
nc va.
C = gEn / (1+DEn / E)

m/s

(8.17)

Trong
D

En
E

ng knh trong ca ng, tnh bng m

chiu dy thnh ng, tnh bng m
mun n hi ca nc ; En = 21000 kG /cm2
mun n hi ca vt liu ng, tnh bng kG/cm2
trng lng ring ca nc, tnh bng kG/m3

Nh m t trn, s ngng chy v tng p sut bt u t van truyn ln b vi tc C.

Lc ny ton b khi nc trong ng ng trng thi tnh v b nn. Do chnh p lc H
8-28

gia trong ng v ngoi b nn nc t trong ng chy v b v p lc gim xung. Nu b qua

ma st th tc chy ny cng bng V0 v gim p lc cng bng H. S chy v b v
gim p lc cng truyn v van A vi tc C. Ti gn van do khng c lng nc b sung
sau van nn cc lp nc dng li v dn ra lm cho p lc li gim i mt lng H. S
ngng chy v gim p sut cng truyn ln b vi tc C v khi t = 3L / C th ti b. Lc ny
p lc trong ng ng li nh hn p lc ngoi b nn nc t b li chy vo ng vi vn tc
V0, p lc tr li bnh thng. Hin tng ny c truyn dn t b xung v khi t = 4L/C th
ti van A. Nhng ngay lc cc lp nc gn van li b ngng chy v tng p sut. Hin
tng trn li lp li. Nh vy hin tng nc va c chu k:
TC = 4L / C
Khong thi gian sng nc va truyn t van n b ri li t b ngc v van gi l pha
nc va.
Tp = 2L / C
Nu k n tn tht do ma st h th p lc nc va s l:
H = C2V0 / g - h

(8.18)

Hin tng nc va rt nguy him i vi s lm vic bnh thng ca t my. Ap lc nc

va ph thuc vo ct p cng tc ca bm v chiu cao bm nc a hnh, n c th t ti vi
trm at mt phe. S tng p lc ny, ko theo s tng ng sut rt ln ca vt liu ng, c th
ph v cc mi ni v ng ng.
khc phc hin tng nc va c th dng van mt chiu ng chm (loi phanh du)
hoc t van an ton loi n by (hai loi l xo sau van mt chiu tnh theo chiu dng
chy).

8.14 CC V D V KT CU TRM BM CP NC
Trong 8.1 v 8.7 nu cc loi trm bm cp nc v c im kt cu, xy dng ca n.
minh ha cho vn , y xin nu ln mt vi v d chung nht v kt cu cc loi trm
bm cp nc.
Hnh 125 gii thiu kt cu ca trm bm cp mt ly nc ngm, trang b ging khoan kiu
na chm loi A (bm Lin X). Trm xy dng theo kiu ni. Khc vi cc loi trm bm
khc, trong nhng trm bm loi ny ch t mt t my: Phn bm t di ging cn ng c
in t trn mt t. B b tng xung quanh ming ging va c tc dng bo v ging li va
l b ng c in.

Hnh 124

8-29

Hnh 125 Trm bm cp mt t bm ging khoan loi A

1- Phn ging khoan; 2- ng c in; 3- Bng iu khin
4- ng x nc thu ra; 5- Lu lng k mng chn
6- Ap k v sai; 7- Van thot nc
in cung cp cho ng c c th ly t mt trm bin th gn , nu khng c nh vy th
phi t my bin p ring cho nhm bm ging khoan. Trng hp ny y t phng my
bin p kt hp vi trm bm.
Trn ng y t van x kh x kh khi bm bt u lm vic. Ngoi ra cn c van mt
chiu, kha ng h lu lng, ... Trn mi nh trm b tr ca lp rp s dng khi lp rp,
sa cha. phc v cho vic lp rp trm dng cn cu di ng c sc nng khong 10 tn.
Trong trm t bng in, bng iu khin, thit b theo di mc nc trong ging.
Nu trm bm ly nc ngm trang b bm ging khoan kiu chm hoc trm xy dng kiu
chm cng c cc trang b tng t nh trn.
Cc trm bm ging khoan thng khng b tr cng nhn phc v. Vic theo di, qun l cc
trm bm ny thng do cn b, cng nhn ca trm bm cp hai m nhim.
Hnh 126 gii thiu kt cu ca trm bm cp mt ly nc mt. Kiu kt hp vi cng trnh
thu nc. Trm xy dng na chm.
Phn nh trm di mt t c dng trn, xy dng bng btng ct thp, thi cng theo phng
php nh tt v btng ton khi. Tng ngn ch U phn gian my ra thnh hai phn: gian
my v cng trnh thu nc. Nc c dn vo ngn thu, theo hai ca, kch thc 2,5*2m. Ti
y li chn rc kiu quay. Pha trn li chn rc t palng ray ko tay ti trng nng 3 tn.
Trong gian my b tr bm ly tm trc ng loi 32B-12. Ngoi ra trong gian my cn t hai
bm nc bn bm bn hoc bm ra ngn ht ca cng trnh thu, t mt bm ly tm c
nh bm lng nc thm ra khi gian my. Hin ti, trm c hai bm cng tc v mt bm
d tr nhng tnh n trng hp h thng cp nc m rng trong tng lai nn trong gian
my cha sn mt ch t thm bm th t khi cn.

Hnh 126
1- Bm; 2- ng c in; 3- Bm cn; 4- Bm nc thm
5- Li chn rc; 6- T my d tr
Phn trn mt t ca nh trm c dng ch nht xy bng gch v chia ra lm nhiu phng.
Phng thuc gian my b tr ng c in, bng in khin v dng c kim tra, o lng trong
8-30

phng ny b tr pa lng ray ko tay ti trng nng 10 tn phc v cho vic tho lp cc t
my. Phng pha phi theo di, qun l cng trnh thu nc.
ng h lu lng b tr ngoi trm bm. Trm bin p v thit b phn phi cng t cch bit
so vi trm bm.
Hnh 127 gii thiu kt cu trm bm cp hai xy dng theo kiu ni, trang b bn bm ly tm
(trong c mt bm d tr) loi 12HAC lu lng 250 l/s ct p 51 m. Mt bng nh trm c
kch thc 9*24m, gm: gian my trong b tr cc t my bm, bng iu khin, cm thit b
v sinh, phng my bin p, phng t thit b phn phi in.
Nh trm c mng b tng, sn nh bng cc tm panen ln ghp li trt ximng. Mi nh cun
ba lp. Tng xy gch.
Trm bm t hai ng ht v hai ng y, ng ng trong nh trm t di hnh lang b tng
su 3 m, rng 1 m. Ti nhng ch ng ng i hng, nhng ch c van, kha t cc gi
bng b tng.

Hnh 127
Ti y t li chn kiu quay. Pha trn li chn rc t pa lng ray ko tay ti trng nng 3
tn. Trong gian my b tr ba bm ly tm trc ng loi 32B-12. Ngoi ra, trong gian my cn
t hai bm nc bn bm bn hoc bm ra ngn ht ca cng.
Hnh 128 gii thiu kt cu trm trm bm cp hai trang b bn bm ly tm c khi 6 KM - 8
(trong c mt bm d tr v mt bm cha chy). Trm xy dng theo kiu na chm. Phn
di t b tr cao trnh -2,65m bng b tng. Phn trn mt t xy dng gch, sn gian my
8-31

b tr bn bm cp nc sinh hot v cha chy, mt bm nh bm tiu nc thm, ng ng

b tr ngay trn sn gian my.
Sn trn cao trnh 0 , 0 chim mt phn nh trm.Trong b tr cc bng iu khin, bng
phn phi in v sn lp my. Trong trm t pa lng ray ko tay lp rp cc thit b.
in cung cp cho trm bm c in p 380 / 220v ly t hai ngun khng ph thuc nhau.

Hnh 128 Trm bm cp nc na chm

8-32

CHNG 9

TRM BM THOT NC
Trong mt khu dn c hay x nghip cng nghip h thng cp nc cn thit nh th no th
h thng thot nc cng cn thit nh vy. N c nhim v vn chuyn lng nc thi sinh
hot hoc sn xut ra khi khu vc qua cng trnh x l (cng c nhng trng hp khng cn
qua cng trnh x l). Trong h thng thot nc, trm bm gi vai tr v cng quan trng.
c im cu to v yu cu v kh nng vn chuyn, tin cy lm vic ca trm bm thot
nc c nhiu im khc vi trm bm cp nc.

9.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V PHN LOI TRM BM THOT NC

Hnh 129 S trm bm thot nc

1- ng gp chung t chy; 2- B thu c song chn rc; 3- Gian my
4- My bm; 5- ng y; 6- Cng trnh lm sch
Trm bm thot nc c t bm nc thi sn xut hoc sinh hot ln cng trnh lm
sch hay ng gp chnh khi iu kin a hnh khng cho php b tr ng ng t chy. Trm
bm thot nc cng c t khi cn gim su t ng thot nc. Khi trm bm c
b tr bm nc thi t on ng gp b tr v tr thp ln on ng k tip b tr v tr
cao hn.
Trm bm thot nc thng gm cc b phn ch yu l b thu, song chn rc v gian my.
S cu to trm bm thot nc gii thiu trn hnh 129.
Trm bm thot nc c nhiu loi: c th phn loi chng theo mt s cch sau:
* Theo quy m lm vic
Chia ra: trm bm thot nc chnh, trm bm thot nc vng v trm bm cc b.
Trm bm thot nc chnh bm ton b lng nc thi ca khu dn c hoc x nghip cng
nghip ln cng trnh lm sch.
Trm bm vng dng bm lng nc thi ca mt lu vc thot nc trong khu dn c
hay x nghip cng nghip vo thng cng trnh lm sch hay ln ng gp chung v tr cao
hn.
Trm bm cc b bm lng nc thi ca mt c s (trng hc, khu nh, ...) ln mng
li thot nc chung khi mng li thot nc ca c s y khng t chy ra mng li thot
nc chung c.
* Theo loi nc thi
Chia ra: trm bm bm nc thi sn xut v sinh hot, trm bm nc ma, trm bm bn,
9-1

* Theo v tr b thu
So vi gian my chia ra trm bm phn ly (H-130a) v trm bm kt hp (H-130b). Trm bm
phn ly l loi c gian my b tr trong mt nh, cn b thu b tr trong mt nh khc. Trm
bm kt hp, gian my v b thu cng t trong mt nh.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng c th phn loi trm bm theo v tr ca my bm so vi mc nc
trong b thu. Theo cch ny, trm bm cng c chia lm hai loi: loi t ngp (trc bm b
tr thp hn mc nc trong b thu) v loi t khng ngp (trc bm b tr cao hn mc nc
trong b thu).

Hnh 130 S b tr trm bm

a- Trm bm kiu phn ly; b- Trm bm kiu kt hp
1- B thu; 2- Song chn rc; 3- Gian my
* Theo cch iu khin
Chia ra: trm bm iu khin th cng, mi thao tc trong trm do con ngi thc hin; trm
bm iu khin bn t ng, mt s thao tc do con ngi thc hin cn mt s thao tc do cc
thit b iu khin thc hin; trm bm iu khin t ng, mi thao tc u do cc thit b iu
khin thc hin.
Tuy nhin, cc cch phn loi trm bm nh trn ch l tng i. Trong thc t, mt trm bm
c th mang nhiu hnh v. V d: trm bm thot nc chnh, b tr kt hp, my bm t thp
hn mc nc trong b thu v iu khin theo phng php bn t ng.

9.2 LU LNG MY BM V TH TCH B THU

Nc thi chy n trm thng khng u theo cc gi trong ngy, c gi nc chy n vi
lu lng rt ln, c gi vi lu lng rt nh, thm ch c trng hp vo nhng gi v ban
m hu nh khnt c nc chy n. i khi trm bm bm nc thi sn xut c nc thi
chy n iu ha. Ch thi nc khng u nh vy c nh hng trc tip n ch lm
vic ca trm bm.
Ch thi nc thay i theo tng gi, tng pht nn khng th chn ch lm vic ca
trm bm hon ton ph hp vi ch thi nc. m bo cho ch lm vic ca trm
9-2

bm tng i iu ha pha trc trm b tr b thu. Th tch b thu xc nh ph thuc vo

ch nc chy n, lu lng my bm v ch lm vic ca trm bm.
Lu lng my bm v s bm t trong trm c chn da vo ch nc chy n trm
bm, nht l lu lng n ln nht Qmax v t nht Qmin.
nhng trm bm nh, lu lng nc n trong mt ngy m Qng 5000 m3 th trong trm
nn t mt bm cng tc v mt bm d tr (ngoi ra nn c thm mt bm d tr na
trong kho). Nn chn lu lng my bm Qb Qmax.
nhng trm bm c lu lng chy n Q = 10.000 - 40.000 m3/ng c th chn hai (hoc
ba) bm cng tc, mt bm d tr (v mt bm na ct trong kho). Lu lng ca trm bm
nn chn QT Qmax. Khng nn chn lu lng trm bm nh hn lu lng ca gi nc
chy n ln nht Qmax v d gy ngp ng gp chnh (ng dn n trm bm). Tuy nhin nu
chn lu lng trm bm ln hn Qmax nhiu qu cng khng li v ng y v trm x l (
sau trm bm) s ln qu. Tt nht l chn: QT = Qmax.
S bm d tr chn ph thuc vo s bm cng tc v kh nng x s c. Thng thng khi s
bm cng tc c t ba tr ln th t hai bm d tr, cn th ch t mt bm d tr.
Trong mt gi cc bm c th ng, m nhiu ln ch bm gn vi ch thi nc.
Ch bm li lin quan n tui th ca my v cng lao ng ca cng nhn phc v.
Khi trm bm iu khin th cng, nn ng m my khng qu ba ln trong mt gi, cn th
iu khin t ng th khng qu 6 ln (trng hp c bit, cho php m my ti tm ln
trong mt gi).
Th tch b thu cn chn nh trnh lng cn thi ra nhng cng khng c nh hn lng
nc do mt trong cc t my bm c trong 5 pht.
Th tch b thu c th chn theo biu tch ly nc chy n v bm i trong ngy m. Do
thng xuyn ng m my nn ng bm i rt gn vi ng chy n. V vy vic xc
nh dung tch b thu theo biu tch ly ny phc tp v khng chnh xc. Ngi ta thng
xc nh th tch b theo biu tch ly nc gi.

9-3

Hnh 131 Biu tch ly nc chy n v bm i

1- Gi nc n ln nht, 7,1 % Qng
2- Gi nc n trung bnh 3,55 % Qng
3- Gi nc n t nht 1,25 % Qng
4- Gi bm i, lu lng 7,1 % Qng
Hnh 131 gii thiu biu tch ly nc chy n v bm i trong mt gi. Trc honh biu
din thi gian bng pht. Trc tung biu din lu lng nc chy n v bm i tnh bng
phn trm lu lng ngy m (% Qng). Khi tnh th tch b thu ngi ta thng chn lu
lng ca cc my bm bng lu lng gi nc chy n ln nht, v tnh vi lu lng gi
nc chy n t nht. Cho rng dng chy n iu ha nn biu tch ly nc gi c dng
ng thng. Trn th hnh 131 xt trm bm lm vic trong h thng thot nc c h s
khng iu ha Kdng = 1,7, v lu lng c trng Qhmax = 7,1Qng; Qmin = 1,25% Qng. Trong
gi thi nc ln nht, ng biu din lng nc bm i v lng nc n trng nhau, gi
ny bm lm vic lin tc. Cc gi khc, lng nc chy n t hn, bm lm vic gin on.
Gi s trong mt gi ng m my ba ln. Khi nc chy n t, b cn nc v my bm c
ngt ra (im a1, a2 v b1, b2). Khi b y n mc cho php, bm c ng li lm vic.
ng biu din ch bm sau m my song song vi trc honh, cn ng sau khi m
my song song vi ng 1. Hiu tung gia ng nc n v ng bm i cho bit th
tch nc thi cha trong b mi thi im. Tnh ton vi ng nc n t nht (Qmin =
1,25% Qng) xc nh c dung tch cn thit ca b thu l 0,3% Qng.
Bng tnh ton l thuyt ngi ta thy rng s nhn c dung tch b thu ln nht khi lng
nc chy n bng 50% lng nc bm i ln nht chng hn, trong trng hp ny lng
nc bm i ln nht bng 7,1% cn lng nc chy n bng 3,55% th xc nh c dung
tch b thu bng 0,6%.
nhng trm bm iu khin t ng ha hoc nhng trm bm ln c nhiu bm, trong
mt s bm lm vic lin tc v s cn li lm vic gin on th dung tch b thu c th gim
i c rt nhiu. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy th tch b thu ly da vo thi gian cn
thit m my d tr v vic b tr ng ht, song chn rc. Thng ly th tch b thu bng
lng nc chy n trung bnh trong 3-5 pht.
cc khu dn c nh, lng nc thi v ban m rt t nn cc trm bm thot nc
thng lm vic gin on v ban m. Khi th tch b thu ly tng ln so vi tnh ton
cha lng nc chy n ban m.
cc trm bm thot nc sn xut, th tch b thu cn tnh n c lng nc tm sau mi ca
sn xut.

9.3 CT P TON PHN CA MY BM

Ct p ton phn ca my bm ch xc nh c sau khi hon thnh vic tnh ton mng
li thot nc v xc nh c v tr, cao trnh mc nc tnh ton trn cng trnh lm sch
hoc ging thu nc u tin. Ct p ton phn ca my bm cng xc nh theo cng thc
(8.3) phn trn.
H = Hh + hh + h
9-4

Trong
Hh

hh
h

chiu cao bm nc a hnh, bng hiu cao trnh mc nc tnh ton trn cng
trnh lm sch (hoc ging thu nc ca ng ng gp chung cao hn) v
cao trnh mc nc thp nht trong b thu (nn ly bng cao trnh mp trn ca
h tp trung nc). Xem hnh 129.
tn tht ct p trn ng ht.
tn tht ct p trn ng y.

Do tnh cht nc thi khc nc cp cho sinh hot hoc sn xut, khi tnh ng ht, ng y ca
bm thot nc p dng cng thc Nph j- - lp hoc Pp lp xl vi h s nhm ca ng n
= 0,13. Thng thng ngi ta tnh theo bng tnh ton mng li thot nc lp sn.

9.4 KT CU V CC TRANG B CA B THU

B thu c nhim v iu ha lng nc n my bm trong mt thi gian ngn. B thu c th
b tr kt hp hoc tch ring so vi trm bm (H-130a v 130b). B thu b tr tch ring mc
d c iu kin v sinh tt nhng gi thnh xy dng t hn nhiu so vi kiu b tr kt hp;
V vy nu chn phng n ny cn c s so snh kinh t, k thut k cng.
B thu gm hai phn: phn cng tc cha nc thi v phu thu ca my bm, phn sn
phc v cha thit b (c cu vt rc, my nghin rc ...) v phc v song chn rc.
Chiu su phn cng tc ca b thu ly bng 1,5 2 m, tnh t y ng dn nc vo n y
b. Th tch phn ny ly theo gi tr tnh c trn (9.2). phn b tr phu ht ca my
bm c h thu nc su 0,5-0,7 m so vi y b. y b c dc t nht 0,01 v pha h thu
nc (H-130)
Trong b b tr mt nhnh ng dn nc c p ni t ng y ca bm khuy c lng cn
v khi cn th tho cn nc trong ng y. y cng t mt ng dn nc c p ni t
h thng cp nc k thut ca trm ra sn v vch b.
Sn cng tc cn c chiu rng ln hn 1m v che kn mt b. Sn b tr cao hn mc nc
cao nht trong b 0,5 m. Tr mt trc song chn rc, mp sn cng tc phi c lan can bo v
cao 1 m.
Cc trang b ch yu ca b thu l song chn rc, c cu vt rc v my nghin rc.
Song chn rc t ca ra ca ng dn nc thi n b thu. N c nhim v gi li nhng rc
ri ln khng cho cun vo my bm. Song chn rc gm cc thanh thp tit din vung, trn
hoc ch nht ghp li vi nhau v t nghing mt gc 60 - 800. Khe h gia cc thanh theo
tnh ton l thuyt th ph thuc vo tng loi bm t trong trm. Tuy vy, trong thc t, nu
bm a nc vo cng trnh x l th khe h ny c ly bng 16 mm cho mi loi bm
trong mt vi trng hp c bit c th ly ti 40 mm.
Chiu rng song chn rc phi chn sao cho vn tc nc chy qua song chn khng qu 0,81m/s v chnh mc nc qua song chn khng ln hn 5-10cm.
9-5

Ty theo quy m trm bm, c th vt rc bng my hoc th cng. Nu khi lng rc gi li

song chn t hn 0,1 m3/ngy th vt rc bng th cng v vn chuyn ra khi trm. Nu khi
lng rc ln hn th dng my vt rc v my nghin rc. Rc ri vt ln c a n my
nghin rc. Sau khi qua my nghin rc n li c x xung trc song chn rc. Xung quanh
my nghin rc cn c li i chiu rng t nht l 0,7 m, cn trc ca xp liu ca my phi c
li i rng t nht l 1,5 m.
My nghin rc kiu ba v kiu li l hai loi c dng rng ri hin nay.

Hnh 132 My nghin rc kiu ba

Hnh 132 m t cu to ca my nghin rc kiu ba. Rc ri c a qua ca xp liu 1 vo
my. Sau n c a n rt quay 2. Rto gm cc a t song song vi nhau, ngoi chu
vi n gn vi cc ba 3. Khi rto quay, cc a cun theo rc ri, y chng vo gia cc ba
v bnh rng 4, ri b nghin ra. Rc sau khi nghin nt s theo ca x 6 pha di quay li
pha trc song chn rc. Ti y rc nh lt qua song chn vo b thu cng vi nc thi, rc
to c gi li. Ngi ta cng c th cho nc qua v 5 ca my x sch rc. My nghin
rc kiu ba c nng sut nghin 600-2000 kg/h.

Hnh 133 My nghin rc kiu li

1- Trng quay; 2- C cu lc; 3- V; 4- Dao ct; 5- L c trn ng
Hnh 133 gii thiu my nghin rc kiu li. Nguyn tc lm vic ca loi my ny rt n
gin. Nc thi theo ng ng vo my n trng quay 5 c cc l. Rc nh qua cc l vo
trong trng 5 v x ra ngoi. Rc to b gi li mt ngoi trng v c di chuyn n b phn
vt rc 2 gn c nh vi v. Cc dao ct gn trng phi hp vi c cu vt rc, nghin nh
rc ra. Rc c nghin nh theo nc thi i vo trong trng v vo b thu.
9-6

Loi my nghin rc li m t trn hnh 133 t vo cc ng dn nc. Ngoi ra cng c

loi kt cu ging nh vy nhng kch thc ln hn t cc knh dn h.

9.5 CC LOI TRM BM THOT NC

V kt cu, trm bm thot nc c th chia lm ba loi sau:
1. Trm c mt bng dng trn hoc ch nht.
2. Trm b tr kt hp hoc tch ring so vi b thu.
3. Trm c my bm t cao hn hoc thp hn mc nc trong b thu.
Chn loi trm bm no phi cn c vo iu kin a hnh khu vc, su t ng dn nc
n, iu kin a cht thy vn, loi my bm s dng, phng php iu khin my bm...
Trn c s so snh kinh t, k thut mt s phng n, chn phng n li nh.
iu lu trc tin l phi chn c v tr t trm bm hp l. Ch t trm bm phi cch
nh v khu dn c t nht l 24m v nn c cy xanh ngn cch. V tr ny nn chn ni mc
nc ngm khng cao qu; iu kin a hnh thun tin cho vic cp in, nc cho trm bm
v c kh nng x s c khi b mt in hoc h hng mng li thot nc gim c
chiu di ng ng t chy.

Hnh 134 S kt cu trm bm thot nc

1- B thu; 2- Song chn rc; 3- Gian my; 4- My bm
Hnh 134a gii thiu s kt cu trm bm dng trn kt hp vi b thu nc, my bm t
thp hn mc nc trong b thu. Trm bm kiu ny rt thun tin khi thi cng bng phng
php h chm ton khi, trm bm b tr su ln. Tuy nhin, trm bm nh vy kh sp
xp thit b. Khi s t my ln hn bn th khng nn chn trm bm dng ny.
Hnh 134b gii thiu s kt cu trm bm mt bng dng ch nht, my bm t thp hn
mc nc trong b thu. Trm bm kiu ny b tr thit b v ng ng thun tin. Khi su
b tr my bm khng ln th s dng trm bm kiu ny rt hp l. Sn gian my v y b
thu b tr cng mt cao trnh. Gia b thu v gian my c tng btng ct thp ngn cch.
Trong gian my b tr bn bm trc ngang t thp hn mc nc trong b thu. My bm b tr
nh vy khng phi mi khi lm vic. Khi iu kin a cht cho php nn t my bm nh
vy tng tin cy lm vic ca trm. Trong ngn b thu, ngoi song chn rc c th b tr
9-7

my vt rc, my nghin rc c th b tr my vt rc, my nghin rc v c cu nng. Kt cu

trm bm kiu ny c s dng rng ri vi cc trm bm c trung bnh v ln.

Hnh 135 gii thiu s kt cu trm bm b tr tch ring b thu. Mt bng trm hnh ch
nht. Mt b thu dng trn. Trong gian my t bn bm ly tm trc ngang. My bm t cao
hn mc nc trong b thu, trc khi cho bm lm vic phi mi. Ong ht dng ng thp v
c th t trc tip ngay trong t, nu nn t yu th t trong hnh lang btng hoc btng
ct thp. Nu ng ht t trong hnh lang th phi b tr ging thm ln xung kim tra, sa
cha ng ht. Cch b tr trm bm nh vy m bo iu kin v sinh cho cng nhn phc v
tt, lp t cc t my chc chn, b tr cc phng ph tin li. Nh trm xy dng theo phng
php thng thng. B thu xy dng theo phng php h chm ton khi.
Trm bm xy dng theo kiu ny c chiu di ng ht ln, gi thnh xy dng cao. Kt cu
trm nh vy thng dng khi lu lng nh v trung bnh, su ng dn nc n ln v
nht l khi trm t trn nn t yu.

Hnh 135

9.6 B TR MY BM V NG NG
S lng bm cng tc t trong trm bm xc nh theo lng nc chy n (xem 9.2) loi
my bm d nh dng, s lng v ng knh ng y.
S bm d tr li ly ph thuc vo s bm cng tc. Nu trong trm t mt hoc hai bm
cng tc th phi c mt bm d tr. Nu trong trm t ba bm cng tc tr ln th phi t hai
bm d tr (vi iu kin cc bm cng loi).
Hu ht cc bm thot nc c u ni ng ht b tr mt mt ca n. iu cho php b
tr my bm, theo mt dy, ng ht b tr thng.
cc trm bm b tr su nn dng bm trc ng. V nh vy s cho php gim din tch gian
my v to iu kin cho vic qun l t my tt hn, iu kin lm vic ca ng c in cng
tt hn.
Theo quy nh, mi bm nn t mt ng ht ring, ng ht nn c dc nng dn v pha
my bm. ng knh ng ht chn theo vn tc nc chy trong ng. Vn tc ny khng nn
chn ln qu v s tn tht thy lc nhiu, nhng cng khng nn chn nh qu v c th gy
lng cn trong ng ng. Theo kinh nghim nn ly vn tc nc chy torng ng trong khong
0,8-1,5 m/s. Nu ng ht ngn (trng hp b thu v gian my b tr kt hp) cho php ly vn
tc ny n 2 m/s.

9-8

Trn ng ht khng t van thu mt chiu, m t phu ht. ng knh phu ht ly bng 1,31,5 ln ng knh ng ht. Phu ht t trong h thu nc. Phu cn b tr sao cho khong
cch t mt di phu n y h thu nc t nht l bng ng knh ming vo ca n.
Nu bm t thp hn mc nc trong b thu th trn ng ht t kha. Gia kha v u ni
ng ht ca my bm nn t mt on ng ngn khi cn c th tho np my bm m
khng phi tho bm ra.
ng knh ng y trong phm vi trm bm ly xut pht t iu kin vn tc dng chy
trong ng trong khong 1,5-2,5 m/s.
Trong gian my ng ng c th b tr trn sn nh hoc dc theo tng pha trn cc t my.
ng ng knh ln c th t trong rnh di sn gian my. Cc rnh phi dc dn v pha h
tp trung nc thu nc r r. T y lng nc ny li c tho vo b thu bng cch t
chy hoc bm.
Tuy nhin, cch t ng ngay trn sn nh hoc trn cc gi dc theo tng vn l phng
php c p dng rng ri hn c. Ong kch thc ln cn t trn mt sn ring thun
tin cho vic lp rp ng ng v ng m, theo di van kha cng nh cc thit b khc b tr
trn ng ng. Sn t ng cn b tr sao cho n khng gy tr ngi n vic vn hnh cc t
my. Khi cn kim tra sa cha ng ng trong phm vi gian my c th tho ht lng nc
cha trong n v b thu.
Trong trm bm thot nc, kha nn t trn cc on ng nm ngang d ng m v trnh
s lng cn trn mt a kha khi bm dng li lu. Van mt chiu trn ng y ch nn t
nhng trm bm bm nc thi sn xut bn c hc nh v nhng trm bm c chiu cao
bm nc a hnh ln. Van mt chiu cng nn t on ng nm ngang tin cho vic
lm sch.

9.7 C IM KT CU TRM BM THOT NC

Trm bm thot nc thng t khu vc thp nht trong vng. Ty thuc vo su ng
gp dn nc n v chiu cao ht cho php ca my bm m trong tng trng hp c th s
xc nh c cao trnh t trm bm. Tuy nhin trong hu ht cc trng hp trm bm thot
nc u c xy dng theo kiu chm hoc na chm.
Phn nh trm di mt t xy dng bng btng hay b tng ct thp. Phn nh trn mt t
xy dng bng gch c bc chu la I hoc II. Nu nh trm t trong vng c nc ngm th
sn nh v phn tng ngm cn tnh n p lc nc ngm, v cn c ph mt lp vt liu
chng thm cao hn mc nc ngm t nht l 0,5m.
Nu trm bm xy dng theo kiu kt hp th gia b thu v gian my phi c tng ngn
khng thm nc. Gian my phi c ca ra vo ring khng lin h vi b thu.
cc trm xy dng theo kiu chm hoc na chm, cu thang xung gian my nn b tr theo
chu vi nh. Trong gian my b tr thit b ch mc nc b thu, rnh thu nc thm, nc r
r v h tp trung nc. Nu sn gian my b tr cao hn mc nc trong b thu th nc t h
tp trung c x vo b thu bng phng php t chy. Nu sn gian my t thp hn mc
9-9

nc trong b thu th lng nc ny c ht i bng mt bm nh hoc bng mt ng nhnh

ni vi ng ht ca bm t trong trm.
Trong trm bm cn b tr mt kho nh cha cc thit b v vt liu d tr. Nu trong trm
b tr nhiu dng c kim tra, o lng v thit b iu khin th nn b tr mt phng iu
khin ring. Ngoi ra, ty theo iu kin c th trong trm c th b tr cc thit b v sinh,
phng tm, phng n, t ng qun o ca cng nhn, vv...
Trong gian my v b thu cn c s thng gi hp l. Nhit trong gian my khng c vt
qu 25-300. Trong b thu nn b tr qut gi x bt ra ngoi lng kh c mi c hi bc
hi t nc thi.

9.8 C IM QUN L TRM BM THOT NC

Do lm vic vi nc bn nn vic qun l trm bm thot nc c nhiu im khc nhau vi
trm bm cp nc.
So vi bm nc sch, bnh xe cng tc ca bm nc bn chng b mi mn hn. Khi bnh
xe cng tc b mn, lu lng ca bm b gim v hiu sut ca bm cng b gim i. Mt khc
cn bn c th bm vo bnh xe cng tc v ng ng gy gim lu lng ca bm. Khi lu
lng gim 5-10% th nn dng my li kim tra, sa cha hoc ra bnh xe cng tc v ng
ht, ng y.
trnh lng cn, thi ra, t nht ba ngy phi ra b thu mt ln. Nc ra b thu v song
chn rc ly t h thng cp nc k thut ca trm.
cc trm bm ln, lng rc nhiu th phi c cng nhn phc v song chn rc, c cu vt
rc, vn chuyn rc v my nghin rc. cc trm bm c nh v trung bnh nu khng phi
thng xuyn vt rc th khng nht thit phi b tr cng nhn phc v song chn rc. Vic
vt rc nh k phi tnh ton sao cho chnh mc nc trc v sau song chn rc khng
qu 5-10 cm. Nu chnh mc nc ny ln c th lm cho rc ri lt qua song chn.
My bm, song chn rc, c cu vt rc v my nghin rc cn thng xuyn kim tra hng
ngy kp thi pht hin nhng h hng bt thng, hng nm nn sa cha nh k 1-2 ln.

9.9 MT S V D V TRM BM THOT NC

Trm bm thot nc thi gm nhiu loi v c nhiu cch b tr nh gii thiu trong 9.3.
y ch nu mt vi v d v kiu trm bm c ng dng rng ri nht. Kiu gian my b tr
kt hp vi b thu.
Hnh 136 gii thiu cu to ca mt trm bm thot nc b tr hai bm 3-12. su t ng
gp dn nc n b thu vo khong 4-7 cm. Lu lng ca trm t 20 n 90 m3/h. Trm bm
kiu ny c th dng cho trm bm thot nc chnh hoc trm bm thot nc vng.
Trm bm c xy dng theo kiu na chm. Phn chm di t c dng trn, ng knh 8
m. Phn trn mt t, mt bng hnh vung, kch thc 9 * 9 m.
Phn nh di mt t b tr gian my kt hp vi b thu.
9-10

Phn nh trn mt t b tr cc bng iu khin cc dng c kim tra o lng v thit b t

ng ha, thit b thng gi, thit b v sinh, phng phc v, sn lp my v c cu nng.
B thu c th tch gn 35 m3. y b c dc 0,1 v pha h thu nc c b tr phu ht ca
bm. Trong ngn b thu t song chn rc kiu ba.

Hnh 136 Trm bm t hai bm 3-12

1- Bm 3-12 ; 2- Bm xoy 18-0,9; 3- Song chn rc c c cu vt rc;
4- Mng c l; 5- My nghin rc; 6- Song chn rc vt th cng; 7- Thng
8- Palng ko tay; 9- Pa lng ko tay; 10- Thit b o lu lng;
11- ng gp x nc n
Ngoi ra, y cn t d phng mt song chn rc vt rc th cng v mt mng c l
gi rc ri li khi cn thit. Lng rc gi li hng ngy vo khong 0,1-0,2 m3. Trong mng
x pha di song chn rc t mt ca van phng.
Trong gian my b tr hai bm 3-12 (mt bm cng tc, mt bm d tr).Vic ng, ngt bm
c t ng ha v ph thuc vo mc nc trong b thu. Kha trn ng y thng xuyn
m n ch ng li khi sa cha bm hoc ng ng. Vic ng, m kha thc hin bng tay.
khuy c lng cn v ra song chn rc, my nghin rc, dng nc c p dn t ng
ng knh 50mm. Lng nc ny v nc cp cho cc thit b v sinh do bm xoy 18-0,9
m nhim. Bm xoy ly nc t thng 7.
Nc r r nc ra sn trong gian my c chy v b thu nc. T y lng nc ny li
c bm i nh ng ng knh 20mm ni vi ng ht ca bm 3-12.
Hnh 137 gii thiu kt cu trm bm cng kiu na chm tng t nh trm bm gii thiu
trn hnh 136. Phn di t ca nh trm ng knh 7,5m. Gian my b tr kt hp vi b
thu. Cc trang b ca b thu cng tng t nh trn. Gian my t hai bm trc ng 4-12-5M
v gm hai tng.
Trm bm c lu lng 90-150 m3/h. Do trang b bm trc ng nn din tch nh trm gim
i so vi trng hp trn.

9-11

Hnh 137 Trm bm t hai bm trc ng

1- Bm 412-5M ; 2- ng c in; 3- Song chn rc c c cu vt rc;
4- My nghin rc; 5- My c l; 6- Song chn rc vt rc th cng
7- Bm xoy 1,5B-1,3; 8- Thng; 9-10- C cu nng

9.10 TRM BM NC THI DNG KH P

Trong thit k trm bm nc thi, nhiu khi gp trng hp cn bm mt lng nc thi nh
ca mt ngi nh hoc mt nhm nh b tr ch thp. Trong trng hp nh vy dng bm ly
tm th khng hp l v lu lng v ct p qu nh v li phi xy dng thm cc cng trnh
khc na. Khi ngi ta thng dng thit b bm nc nh s dng nng lng kh p.
Hnh 138 gii thiu mt loi s b tr thit b bm nc thi dng kh p c s dng rng
ri hin nay.
thit b nh sau. Nc thi theo ng ng 5 vo thng 1. Trong thng t mt phao bo mc
nc. Nc chy vo thng phao s c nng dn ln. Khi thng y nc, phao nng ln n
v tr gii hn, nh h thng cn ni v tay n, thit b phn phi kh 4 m ra, kh p i vo b
y nc thi ra ngoi theo ng ng 6. Mc nc trong thng h xung, phao li tr v v tr
ban u v thit b phn phi kh cng ng li. Sau nc li tip tc chy vo thng v qu
trnh lm vic nh vy c lp i lp li mi.
Thng thng ngi ta t hai thng thu bng thp chng lun phin nhau lm vic. Ngoi
ra, khi cn c th tm thi ngt mt thng ra sa cha hoc thu ra. Thng dng loi
thng thu th tch 0,25 m3 , thng cha kh p th tch 1,5-2 m3.
Thit b ny c th cho lu lng ti 20m3/h v chiu cao bm nc ti 7m.
So vi bm ly tm, thit b bm nc kiu ny c hiu sut thp hn nhng n c u im l
lm vic chc chn, tin cy v m bo iu kin v sinh tt.

Hnh 138 Thit b dng nc thi bng kh p

1- Thng thu bng thp; 2- Thng cha kh p; 3- My nn kh;
4- Thit b phn phi kh p; 5- Ong dn nc thi; 6- Ong y nc thi;
7- Van mt chiu

9-12

CHNG 10

LP RP V QUN L MY BM TRONG TRM BM

10.1 LP RP MY BM
Lp rp my bm trong trm bm l mt vic phc tp. chnh xc lp rp c nh hng ln
n hiu sut lm vic ca t my. Nhn chung cng tc lp rp my bm c th chia ra bn giai
on chnh:
* Kim tra my bm
Trc khi t bm nht thit phi kim tra bm. Cc bm nh th khng phi tho ri m ch
cn ly tay quay nh na khp ni hoc na bnh ai lp trn trc xem trong qu trnh vn
chuyn bnh xe cng tc c b c xt vo v khng, kim tra li xem cc l bu tng c
khng.
Nu t cc bm ln th phi tho ri kim tra k tng chi tit, nht l cc chi tit quay trong
v cc chi tit c xt khc. Sau lau sch cc chi tit.
Sau lau sch cc chi tit bng gi nhng du ha, bi du m v lp li. Khi lp li bm cn
ch n khe h cn thit gia cc chi tit quay, c bit l khe h trong m chng thm ca
bm ly tm, khe h gia bnh xe cng tc v bung bnh xe cng tc bm hng trc.
* Kim tra cc ph tng
Cc thit b ph tng ca t my thng gm van mt chiu, kha, van thu, van an ton. Trc
khi lp cn kim tra ng, m ca van, kha xem c bo m khng, kim tra l trn cc
mt bch xem c khng v ng knh l c thch hp lp bu tng khng. Ngoi ra phi
kim tra li cc chi tit nh hnh ni ng nh t, ct...
* t t my
T my (gm my bm v ng c in) thng t trn mt b chung bng gang c hoc
thp trn (thp ch I hoc ch U). B my li c t trn mng btng hoc b tng ct thp.
Kch thc b mt ca mng phi rng di hn b my 5-10cm. Chiu su mng t nht phi l
0,5-0,7m v khng c nng hn ho t ng trong trm. Chiu cao mng so vi sn gian my
t nht l 0,1m. Thng th mng t my btng nhng nu mng t thp hn mc nc
ngm th t mng b tng ct thp ton khi, trng hp ny t my c th t trc tip ln
my. Khi thi cng mng cn t sn cc bu tng lp b my hoc my.
Khi t t my ln b cn m bo ng v tr theo thit k (thng ng hoc nm ngang). Sai
s ng tm gia trc bm v trc ng c khng vt qu gi tr ghi trong bn v lp
nhng yu t ny c nh hng ln n hiu sut v bn ca t my.
* Ni bm vi ng ht v ng y
Cng vic ny c tin hnh sau khi lp t chnh xc t my trn b mng. Cc mi ni
phi m bo tuyt i kht kn. Nhng mi ni mt bch phi c m cao su.
Sau khi hon thnh vic lp t t my cn kim tra li chiu quay ca trc bm (thng ghi
trong l lch bm hoc ch bng mi tn trn v bm) v chiu quay ca ng c in. Cui
cng cho bm chy th v kim tra cc mi ni.
1

10.2 LP NG NG
Hu ht cc thit b ph tng ca trm bm nm trn ng ng. V vy, vic lp ng ng
trong trm bm chim rt nhiu thi gian. Nh trnh by trong 8.6, ty theo thit k c th
ca tng trm bm m ng ng trong trm c th t trn sn gian my hay di ho, nhng
ch t van, kha, ng i chiu nht thit phi c gi . Theo qui nh, vic lp ng tin hnh
sau khi hon thnh vic xy dng nh trm. Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp c th tin
hnh lp ng ng trc khi kt thc vic xy dng nh trm bm, nhng mng t t my v
nhng ni c ng ng i qua phi xy dng xong trc khi t ng.
ng ng c th lp trc tip ngang trong gian my hoc lp thnh cm sn lp my hay
ngoi nh trm ri a vo v tr t ng v ni cc cm ng li vi nhau. Lp ng theo cch
th hai rt ngn c thi gian thi cng, nht l i vi trm c nhiu t my.
Lp ng c th chia lm hai giai on: chun b v lp rp
-

Chun b: l cng tc phc tp v chim ti 2/3 thi gian thi cng. Thi gian ny cn kim
tra li tt c cc chi tit ng, hn cc chi tit nh hnh (nu c) v nu cn th lau chi sch
van, kha, ng, th nghim thy lc thit b, ph tng v cc on ng sau cng, lp cc
on ng thnh cm. Khi lp ng thnh cm phi m bo sao cho cc cm ng chc chn,
gn nh, vn chuyn. Sau khi lp ng thnh cm cn th nghim thy lc kim tra li
cc mi ni.

Lp ng: l cng tc c tin hnh sau khi hon thnh bc chun b. Cc cm ng lc ny

c vn chuyn n v tr t ng, ni vi cc thit b, ph tng v my bm.

10.3 VI NT V QUN L TRM BM

Qun l trm bm tc l theo di, bo qun cc t my thc hin tt vic cp nc hoc
thot nc. Vic theo di bo qun cc t my c trnh by k phn my bm, trong
phn ny ch nu s lc mt vi nt v qun l chung ton b trm bm.
Trong trm bm cn c biu bm (lu lng ct p, s t my lm vic trong tng thi
gian) theo tnh ton v biu bm thc t, biu cng sut tiu th bng theo di nhit v
p sut ca cc b phn cng tc.
Cn m bo cho t my lm vic ch li nht. iu ny c quyt nh ngay t khi chn
bm. Tuy vy, trong qu trnh qun l, ch lm vic thc t ca bm c th khc so vi tnh
ton nn vn phi tm mi bin php nng cao hiu sut lm vic ca t my.
Cn b, cng nhn qun l phi trit tun theo quy trnh vn hnh ca trm, thc hin ng
cc quy tc an ton lao ng. Thng xuyn kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca tng t my nh
cc thit b kim tra, o lng.
Trong qun l trm bm, nghim cm cho bm lm vic trong nhng trng hp sau:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Trc bm b dao ng.

Xut hin nhng ting ku long xong khc vi ting n do b xm thc.
Nhit trc vt qu gii hn quy nh.
T my b h hng mt chi tit no y.
2

Khi xy ra nhng hin tng trn phi lp tc dng my, kim tra tm nguyn nhn v c bin
php sa cha, khc phc ngay. Nu c tip tc cho t my lm vic trong tnh trng nh vy s
dn n h hng t my.
Ngoi ra, nhng trng hp h hng t xut c tin hnh sa cha d phng sa cha nh v
sa cha ln. Sa cha d phng tin hnh ngay t khi t my cn lm vic bnh thng, chng
hn nh iu chnh li khe h ca m chng thm, lng ca cm, np bt, vv.... Sa cha
nh tin hnh i vi mt vi chi tit ring bit ca t my. Sa cha ln tin hnh vi ton b
t my. C sau 5000- 10000 gi lm vic cn tin hnh sa cha ln. Khi sa cha ln phi
tho bm ra, kim tra li cc chi tit nht l cc chi tit quay pht hin h hng c bin php
sa cha hoc thay th. Trc khi sa cha ln cn xem li s trc trm bm, tp hp cc hng
hc ca t my trong thi gian lm vic trc khi sa cha nhanh chng tm ra chi tit h
hng.
Ngoi ra, cn c gng iu khin t ng ha mt phn hoc ton b trm bm, ty theo quy
m v nhim v ca trm.
Trong qu trnh qun l nn nghin cu b xung, sa i nhng iu cha hp l c mt quy
trnh vn hnh tt nht, nng cao hiu sut lm vic ca trm, gim lao ng nng nhc ca
cng nhn, gim chi ph vn hnh, t c gi thnh bm h.
Trn y l mt vi nt s lc v qun l trm bm ni chung. Tuy nhin i vi trm bm
thot nc, do bm lm vic vi nc bn nn ngoi nhng iu nu vic qun l trm bm
thot nc yu cu c mt s im khc bit. Do lm vic vi nc bn nn bnh xe cng tc
chng b bn v chng b mi mn. Phi theo di thng xuyn tnh trng bnh xe cng tc. t
nht l ba ngy phi bm lng cn trong b thu ra mt ln. Sau khi bm cn phi ra b thu, c
th kt hp ra c my bm v ng ht mt nm vi ba ln. Nc ra ly t h thng cp nc
k thut ca trm bm. Cn thng xuyn vt rc song chn rc sao cho chnh mc nc
trc v sau song chn khng qu 5-10cm. Nu trong trm t my vt rc, my nghin rc
th phi kim tra chng thng xuyn hng ngy v tin hnh sa cha nh k hng nm.

CHNG 11

CP IN CHO TRM BM
m bo cho trm bm lm vic c, cn c s truyn ti v phn phi in n trm.
tin cy ca ngun in cp cho trm bm ph thuc vo loi trm bm. Trm bm loi mt
in c ly t hai ngun khng ph thuc nhau. Trm bm loi hai ch cn ly in t mt
ngun. Trm bm cng sut ln ly in theo tuyn in p cao 3-10kv v cn t trm bin p,
nu ng c dng in in p cao th ly in theo tuyn 3-6kv.
Trm bm cng sut nh v trung bnh c th ly in theo tuyn in p thp t mng in
thnh ph hoc t mt trm bin p gn .
11.1 NG C IN
ng c in c nhiu loi, loi dng cho trm l ng c ng b v ng c khng ng b
xoay chiu.
* ng c in khng ng b
ng c in khng ng b l loi c dng rng ri trong trm bm ni ring v vi mi
loi my ni chung. ng c in khng ng b l loi c kt cu gn nh, cch m my n
gin.
Ty theo kt cu rto, ng c in khng ng b chia lm hai loi: lng sc v rto dy qun.
ng c in khng ng b kiu lng sc, dy qun l nhng thanh ng hoc nhm t trn
cc rnh li thp rto, hnh thnh mt ci lng.
Cch m my ca ng c lng sc n gin m my trc tip hoc gim in p xtato ri m
my. M my trc tip rt n gin, ch vic ng trc tip ng c vo li in nh cu dao
hoc b khi ng t. Nhng cch m my ny lm tt in p ca mng in rt nhiu nu
qun tnh ca my ln c th gy chy cu ch nn ch dng khi cng sut mng in ln.
Hu ht cc trm bm u m my theo phng php ny.
Trng hp khng m my trc tip c th m bng cch gim in p xtato, do gim
c dng in m my. Cc phng php gim in p.

Mc ni tip in khng vo mch xtato. Khi ng c quay n nh th ngt mch in

khng.

Dng my bin p cho dng in qua my t bin p trc khi vo ng c gim in

p. Thay i v tr con chy in p t vo ng c lc m my nh ri dn dn nng
ln bng nh mc.

Phng php i ni sao -tam gic. Phng php ny ch s dng c khi lm vic bnh
thng dy qun xtato u hnh tam gic.

ng c in khng ng b kiu rto dy qun, trong cc rnh ca li thp t dy qun ba

pha. Ba u ra ca n ni vi vnh trt bng ng. Ba chi than ni vi mch bin tr ngoi
1

( m my hoc iu chnh tc ) t ln ba vnh trt ny. Cch m my ng c khng

ng b rto dy qun cng n gin. Ngi ta thng dng bin tr ngoi ni vi dy qun
rto. Cch m my ny lm gim dng in v tng m men m my nhng lm cng knh
thm kt cu ca ng c.
* ng c in ng b
ng c in ng b so vi ng c khng ng b u im hn ch m men quay t ph
thuc in p li, h s cos = 1. Nu cng sut nh nhau th hiu sut ng c ng in cao
hn 1-3% v n lm vic n nh hn ng c khng ng b khi in p li thay i.
Cch m my ca ng c ng b phc tp hn nhiu so vi ng c khng ng b. Bn
thn ng c khng t m my c phi dng ng c ph tr hoc cu to ca ng c c
thm dy qun m my. Qu trnh m my gm hai giai on m my khng ng b v a
vo ng b. Giai on u ng c c m my nh mt ng c khng ng b lng sc.
Sau khi ng c quay vi tc @ gn ng b @ th c ni vi dng in kch thch
mt chiu a ng c vo lm vic ng b. Do cch m my phc tp nh vy nn ng
c ng b ch nn dng khi cng sut ln (t 300 kw tr ln).
* Chn ng c in
Chn ng c in bao gm nhng cng vic l chn kiu loi, in p v cng sut ng c.
Trong cc loi ng c th ng c lng sc c gi thnh r, cu to n gin hn c nn c
dng rng ri khi cng sut di 100 kw. ng c rto dy qun th t hn, kch thc ln
hn cch vn hnh phc tp hn v h s cng sut cos cng thp hn. Tuy nhin c u im
l dng in m my khng t ng c lng sc c.
ng c ng b c h s cng sut cos cao ph tn vn hnh nh nhng t v cch m my
phc tp. N ch s dng thch hp khi cng sut ln v yu cu khng iu chnh tc .
Trong cc loi ng c k trn ngi ta li ch to theo hai kiu. Kiu kn v kiu h. cc
trm bm cp v thot nc thng dng ng c kiu kn.
Chn ng cng sut ng c c ngha kinh t, k thut ln. Nu chn cng sut b hn yu
cu, ng c s chng hng. Nu chn ln qu, s khng kinh t. Cng sut ng c in chy
my bm tnh theo cng thc (2.41).
in p xoay chiu c dng ph bin l h thng 380/220v. H thng ny va dng cho
mng ng lc, va dng cho mng thp sng. ng c c cng sut trung bnh c th dng
in p 500v. Nhng ng c cng sut ln c th s dng trc tip in p 6-10kv. Tuy nhin
ng c s dng in p cao th thit b iu khin phc tp, gi thnh cao, vn hnh kh.

11.2 MY BIN P V THIT B PHN PHI

Hnh 138 gii thiu s b tr trang b in ca trm bm b tr bn t my, ng c dng
in in p thp, cn dn n trm bm l in cao p.
S in ti n trm bm l in cao p (H-139) c p dng rng ri, i khi in dn n
trm bm l in p thp. Trng hp sau s b tr trang b in n gin i nhiu.

Nhn chung, trm bin p v thit b phn phi gm cc trang b ch yu l my bin p ng

lc, ngt dn, b phn ti lu, my bin dng in v in p, dao ngt, s cch in, dng c
o lng ro le,... Trong phn ny ch gii thiu s lc mt vi thit b ch yu.
* My bin p ng lc
My bin p t cc trm bm l my h p dng bin dng in xoay chiu in p cao
thnh dng in xoay chiu in p thp cung cp cho cc ng c in v mng li chiu
sng.
Cng sut yu cu ca my bin p xc nh theo cng thc:
S = KP / cos c + Pcs

(11.1)

Nu dng my mua ca Lin X hoc cc nc chu Au th tnh theo cng thc:

S/ = 1,23 S

(11.2)

Trong
P
K
c
cos
Pcs
1,23

tng cng sut ca cc thit b dng in (khng k thit b d tr)

h s yu cu cng sut
hiu sut ng c in
h s cng sut ca ng c in
tng cng sut chiu sng
h s k n s thay i nhit so vi thit k.

Khi lm vic my bin p b nng ln. Nhit pht nng ln nht cho php l 1050C. Tuy
nhin, nu c cho my bin p lm vic nh vy thng xuyn th tui th ca n s gim 8-10
ln. Cc my bin p cng sut nh ch to kiu kh, lm ngui bng khng kh. My cng sut
trung bnh (7500 kv tr li) c lm ngui bng du. My cng sut ln c lm ngui bng
du v tng cng lm ngui bng nc hoc khng kh. Do c im cu to v lm vic nh
vy i khi c th xy ra chy my bin p. Trong trm bm, an ton my bin p thng t
trong mt phng ring xy gh vo vi trm bm. Tng v sn phng ny phi bng vt liu
khng chy c.
* My ngt du
Thit b ng ct mch in in p cao c nhiu loi. My ngt du, my ngt sinh kh thi,
my ngt kiu khng kh. Trong cc loi ny my ngt du c s dng rng ri hn c.
My ngt in du l mt b phn chnh ca thit b phn phi in p cao. Nhim v ca n l
ng ngt in in p cao khi c dng in ph ti cng nh khi ngt mch. My ngt in
du c th iu khin bng tay hoc t ng ngt mch khi c dng in ngn mch. V vy, n
khng nhng l thit b dng ngt mch in m cn l thit b bo v ng dy khi b ngn
mch.
My ngt in du c sn xut c hai loi: loi nhiu du v loi t du. My ngt nhiu du,
du va lm nhim v dp tt h quang va lm nhim v cch in. Trong my ngt t du,
du ch lm nhim v dp tt h quang cn cch in th dng s hoc ba k lt.
3

Trong my ngt nhiu du in p 10kv tr li c ba pha c t trong mt thng, gia cc

pha c tm ngn cch in. Nu in p ln th mi pha t trong mt thng ring. Thng lm
bng thp hn. Mt trong thng lt giy hoc g cch in. My ngt in nhiu du c u
im ngt c dng in in p ln nhng kt cu cng knh, trng lng ln, c th b n
gy chy nn phi t trong mt phng ring. Loi my ngt ny c sn xut in p 35500 kv.
My ngt t du, mi pha c t trong mt thng ring. Trng lng my ngt t du nh hn
my ngt nhiu du rt nhiu. Chng hn in p 10kv cng sut ct 250kva my ngt nhiu
du c 250 kg du cn my ngt t ch c 10kg. V t du nn cu to my ngt ny n gin,
chc chn v an ton v mt chng n, chng chy, vi my ngt nhiu du, my ngt t du gi
thnh h nhng b hn ch v mt in p (s dng rng ri in p 6-10 kv cn in p 35110 kv th b hn ch).

Hnh 139 S mng in ca trm bm

1- Mch cao p; 2- ng dy cao p; 3- ng dy thp p; 4- ng c chy bm
5- in thp sng; 6- Dao ngt; 7- Ci ngt du; 8- My bin dng in
9- My bin in p; 10- My bin p ng lc; 11- Cng tc; 12- T in;
13 - Cu ch ng
Dao ngt: dao ngt cng l mt thit b ng ngt mch in. Dao ngt dng in p cao
thng gi l dao cch ly, cn dng in p thp gi l cu dao.
Theo quy nh, dao ngt cch ly ch c s dng khi khng c dng in, tc l khi ngt
my bin p hoc sau my ngt du trnh h quang. Dao cch ly dng cch ly cc thit b
hoc ng dy ang kim tra, sa cha.
Cu dao dng ngt cc ng c in cc thit b, ph tng ra khi ngun in. y l mt
thit b dng ng ct mch in cng sut nh v khng ng ngt nhiu ln. Nu s
iu khin t ng hoc mch in ng ct nhiu th dng cng tc t cu dao khi ch lm
nhiu v cch ly thit b vi mng in khi cn sa cha. Trong h thng in ca trm bm
thng dng cu dao ba l c hp bo v. Cu dao thng dng vi in p 380v hoc 220v
nhng c ch to vi in p nh mc n 500v v dng in nh mc n 1000A.
* My bin in p
My bin in p cng l mt loi my bin p h p cung cp in cho cc dng c o
lng v r le bo v. Cun dy s cp c nhiu vng ni song song vi mng in cn o.
Cun th cp c t vng dy v ni song song vi cc dng c o hoc cc r le bo v. in p
ca my bin p c ch to nh mc l 100v hoc 1002v d in p s cp l bao nhiu.
4

* My bin dng in
My bin dng in cng l mt loi my bin p dng bin dng in c tr s cao xung tr
s thp thun tin cho vic o lng v ni vi cc thit b bo v. Ngc li vi my bin
in p, my bin dng in c cun s cp t vng dy mc ni tip vi mng in cn o, cn
cun th cp nhiu vng dy v cng mc ni tip vi dng c o.
My bin dng in c ch to vi dng in th cp nh mc l 5A hoc 1A mc d dng
in s cp l bao nhiu.
Ngoi nhng thit b nu trn, thit b phn phi cn gm cc thit b bo v (cu ch, r le
...) v cc dng c o lng.
Trong trm bin p, cc thit b phn phi c chia lm ba nhm: thit b phn phi in p
cao, thit b phn phi in p thp v bng iu khin.
Thit b phn phi in p cao c ch to theo hai loi: lp ring v trn b. Thit b phn
phi in p cao loi trn b c lp sn trong mt t thp nn rt gn nh. Thit b phn phi
loi lp ring cc thit b c lp trong tng ring ty theo thit k trang b in ca trm
bm.
Thit b phn phi in p thp thng c lp trn mt bng chung gm cu dao, thit b bo
v my bin dng in cc dng c o lng.
Bng iu khin t cc dng c kim tra, o lng, cc r le bo v v tn hiu, s iu
khin ng c in v cc trang b cc thit b iu khin thit b phn phi in p cao.

CHNG 12

T NG HA TRM BM
Hin nay trn th gii, iu khin t ng ha l mt vn c nghin cu ngy cng hon
thin v c p dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc sn xut. nc ta vn ny hin nay mi
ch c p dng mt s khu ca mt s ngnh sn xut. Trong co thot nc th vn t
ng ha hu nh cha c p dng. Nhim v ca chng ta l phi i su nghin cu quy
trnh sn xut t ng ha gp phn y mnh cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut trong sn
xut, nng cao hiu qu sn xut v cht lng sn phm, gim gi thnh sn xut.

12.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V CNG TC T NG HA TRM BM

iu kin c bn tin hnh iu khin t ng ha trm bm l phi c tnh trng t my v
cc thit b ph tng tt, my bm ni trc tip vi ng c in, ngun cp in cho trm bm
tin cy (in ly t hai ngun khng ph thuc nhau).
Theo mc t ng ha, trm bm chia lm ba loi: bn t ng, t ng hon ton v iu
khin t xa.
trm bm iu khin bn t ng thao tc ng, ngt my bm do con ngi thc hin cn
tnh trng lm vic ca my mc, thit b v cng trnh th c bo bng cc tn hiu.
Trm bm iu khin t ng hon ton, tt c cc thao tc nh m my, tt my v kim tra
tnh trng lm vic ca my bm cng nh cc trang b c thc hin bng cc thit b t ng
ha m khng c s tham gia ca con ngi. Vai tr ca con ngi y ch l t chc h
thng iu khin v kim tra nh k cc my mc, thit b ca trm bm, k c thit b iu
khin t ng.
iu khin t xa cng l mt dng ca iu khin t ng nhng trm bm iu khin t tch
ring so vi trm bm. Mi t my c mt ng lin h vi trm iu khin c th iu khin
mt s trm bm.
H thng iu khin t ng gm mch chnh mch iu khin v mch tn hiu.
Mch chnh gm c cu dn in n cc my bm, cc kha m, cc cng tc, cu dao iu
khin s lm vic ca cc thit b ph tng ng v ngt mch in.
Mch iu khin gm cc cng tc, r le, dy dn iu khin, nt bn v cc cng tc ng,
ngt mch iu khin.
Mch tn hiu to nn bi cc cng tc, tn hiu, ng dy lin lc v thit b tn hiu. Tn hiu
v s lm vic bnh thng ca cc t my c ch ra bng n mu. Tn hiu s c c bo
bng ci hoc chung kt hp nh sng nhp nhy.
Cc yu t tc ng ln thit b iu khin t ng ha gy tn hiu ng, ngt my l s thay
i ct p, lu lng trn ng y; s thay i mc nc trn i, trong b cha, hoc b thu
ca trm bm thot nc, s thay i qu mc nc nhit trc.

Bm ly tm ch lm vic c khi chng c mi. V vy s iu khin t ng s phc

tp. Nu dng bm t mi th vic iu khin s n gin rt nhiu. Nhng nhng bm ny gi
thnh cao v kt cu tng i cng knh nn cng t c s dng. Nu iu kin xy dng
cho php th nn t bm thp hn mc nc trong b ht, iu m bo cho t my lm
vic chc chn, s iu khin n gin.
Kha t trn ng ng dng loi dn ng in hoc thy lc.
Qu trnh iu khin t ng trm bm thng c tin hnh theo trnh t sau: u tin tn
hiu m my c truyn t cc dng c kim tra mc nc, p lc hoc lu lng trong mng
li, cc trang b m my, h thng mi bm lm vic. Mt thit b c bit gi l r le mi
bm c dng kim tra s mi bm. Khi bm mi xong, dng c ny pht tn hiu ngt
bm chn khng v khi ng nhng trang b in ch yu ca bm nh b khi ng, thit b
t ng, ng c in a n vo lm vic. My bm bt u chy v khi ct p t gi tr
khi ng th r le p lc pht tn hiu m kha in. Khi kha c m hon ton th ngt
tn hiu m my. Bm bt u lm vic ch bnh thng.
Tn hiu dng my sa cha, kim tra c pht ra khi c s vi phm ln n ch cng
tc bnh thng ca trm nh ct p b gim qu mc, lu lng gim, trc b nung nng qu
gii hn, v v... Khi ch lm vic b vi phm n gii hn s c th tn hiu s c c pht
ra.
trm bm iu khin t ng cn t y cc thit b kim tra tnh trng t my nh: ct
p, lu lng ca bm, nhit trc, mc nc trong b ht (hoc trong ging, trn i), bm
chn khng, cng dng in ca ng c, in p ca mng in v v... Cc dng c ny c
nhiu s pht tn hiu, ty theo qu trnh iu khin t ng trm bm m nhng s ring
ph hp.

12.2 NHNG B PHN CHNH CA H THNG IU KHIN T NG

Theo mc ch s dng cc thit b chnh ca h thng iu khin t ng ha trm bm c th
chia lm ba nhm c-trc, r le v cng tc t.
c trc l nhng thit b u tin c nhim v kim tra hoc iu chnh chnh cc tham s
trong nhng tn hiu a ra thun tin cho vic vn chuyn v nhn.
c trc gm cc loi in, kh nn, thy lc. Trong h thng iu khin t ng, c trc kiu
in l loi c dng rng ri hn c.
R le l nhng thit b m di tc dng ca cc yu t bn ngoi (c kh, thy lc, in, vv...)
n lm thay i dng tn hiu a ra iu khin mch in.
Trong h thng iu khin t ng trm bm thng dng nhng loi r le sau:

R le p lc iu khin cm hoc mch t ng ha khi p lc trong ng y

thay i.
R le mc nc pht cc tn hiu ng, ngt t my khi mc nc trong i hoc b
cha thay i.
2

R le tia dng kim tra s mi bm. Tn hiu c pht ra ph thuc vo hng

chuyn ng ca cht lng trong ng ng dn.
R le khp khng xc nh chn khng trong ng ht hoc thng chn khng.
R le thi gian c ng tc m tip im khng tc thi m phi qua mt thi gian
ngn chn lc ng tc. Chng hn khi cng mt lc c hai tn hiu: lu lng
gim v chi tit quay ca t my b kt th r le thi gian s chn tn hiu s c (t
my b kt) ng mch thao tc.
R le trung gian thng mc ni tip vi r le khc chuyn tn hiu mch ring
vo h thng chung iu khin mch in.
R le nhit kim tra v pht tn hiu nhit trc v vng chn.
R le in p m bo cho t my lm vic mt in p nht nh.
R le s c ng hoc ngt cc t my khi ch lm vic b vi phm nghim trng.

Cng tc l loi thit b ng hoc ngt mch do tc dng ca lc in t v mch xung quang
dng in. Ty theo cng sut thit k cng tc t c c khc nhau.

12.3 S CU TO V NGUYN TC LM VIC CA MT S RLE

* R le mc nc kiu phao
Hnh 140 gii thiu kt cu ca r le mc nc kiu phao. Cu to ca n gm phao 1 th trong
b ni vi i trng 2 qua mt dy mm. Dy ny li vt qua rng rc 3. Khi mc nc trong
b ln, xung n v tr gii hn th cng c nng ln, h xung theo lm quay h thng tay
n 4 v cp tip im 5 hoc 6 s ng li, iu khin ng hoc ngt my bm.
* R le mc nc kiu in cc
Hnh 141 gii thiu s cu to ca r le mc nc kiu in cc. Nguyn tc lm vic ca
n da vo tnh dn in ca nc.
Cc b phn chnh ca r le ny l cun dy r le in t 1 v hai cp tip im 2, 3. R le loi
ny c t trong b thu ca trm bm thot nc hoc b p lc ca trm bm cp nc.
Khi mc nc dng ln n in cc 6 th mch ca cun dy 1 c ng kn, cp tip im 2
v 3 c ng li cho tn hiu thao tc ng hoc ngt my bm. Khi mc nc h xung
di in cc 5 th tip im 2 m ra, t my tng ng c ngt ra hoc ng li. Mc nc
xung di in cc 4 hin tng cng xy ra nh vy.
Trong b c th b tr hai hay nhiu in cc. Cc in cc c th t theo phng thng ng
hoc nm ngang.
in cc dng cc thanh thp hoc ng. Dng in y l dng in xoay chiu.

Hnh 140 R le mc nc kiu phao

Hnh 141 R le mc nc kiu in cc

* R le p lc
R le p lc c nhiu kiu nh: kiu ng n hi, kiu mng mng, kiu pt tng v kiu cht
lng. R le kiu ng n hi l loi c dng rng ri trong h thng iu khin t ng trm
bm.

Hnh 142 R le p lc kiu ng n hi

Hnh 142 gii thiu cu to ca r le p lc kiu ng n hi. Cu to ca n gm kim 4 v hai
tip im 1 v 2, tip im di ng 1 gn trn kim 4. Mch in c khp kn khi p lc tng
ln hoc gim i qu gii hn qui nh.
* R le kim tra s mi bm
R le ny c s dng khi mi bng bm chn khng (H-143). R le t cao hn my bm
0,3-0,5m, khi mc nc cha y my b7m, mng 3 b cong ln. Do cn 2 cng nng ln,
cng tc 1 ng li, bo hiu bm c mi.
* R le nhit
R le nhit c nhiu loi: nhit k thy ngn, hai tm kim loi ghp, kiu p k nhit k in
tr, ty theo iu kin c th m c th p dng loi ny hay loi kia.
R le nhit kiu hai tm kim loi ghp n gin hn c. Cu to chnh ca n gm hai tm kim
loi khc nhau ghp cht li vi nhau. Do h s n v nhit khc nhau, khi nhit tng, tm
kim loi ghp b cong ln ng tip im bo tn hiu v phng iu khin.

Hnh 143 R le kim tra mi bm

Hnh 144 R le in t
4

* R le in t
Loi r le ny c dng rng ri trong h thng iu khin t ng. S cu to v nguyn
tc lm vic ca n ging cng tc in t nhng c tnh vi dng in yu hn nhiu. Hnh
144 gii thiu s cu to ca r le in t. Cu to ca n gm cun dy 1 c li l thanh
thp tit din trn hoc vung, neo cm ng 2, cp tip im 3 v hai thanh thp n hi 4. Khi
c dng in chy qua cun dy, li st b nhim t, ht neo cm ng 2 gn c nh trn v r
le. V vy, u trn ca neo cong ln, y cp tip im 3 ng li kp kn mch.

12.4 TH D V S IU KHIN T NG TRM BM

S iu khin t ng trm bm ph thuc vo mt lot yu t nh s lng t my, cc
trang b ca trm bm, cng sut ca chng v s cp in cho trm bm, loi r le, c trc
dng trong trm bm, v tr t my bm so vi mc nc trong b ht, vic bo v s c v
iu khin cc kha, vv...
Hnh 145 gii thiu s n gin iu khin t ng t my trang b ng c in khng
ng b ba pha, my bm t thp hn mc nc trong b ht.
Trong h thng dng r le phao v b khi ng t tn hiu ng ngt t my c truyn thng
t r le phao n ng, ngt t my. R le mc nc lm vic vi in p chy ng c in.
Cc tip im ca n tnh vi cng dng in chy qua cun dy khi ng t T. Trong
h thng t thit b chuyn vic C khi cn th chuyn h thng t iu khin t ng sang
iu khin bng tay.
Khi b cha y nc, r le phao ngt mch c khi ng t lm n mt t tnh, ngt dng in
chy vo ng c in (m cc tip im 1, 2, 3), t my ngng lm vic. Khi mc nc trong
b h xung di mc quy nh, r le phao ng mch cun dy khi ng t v t my s lm
vic tr li.
S trn khng b tr thit b kim tra s lm vic ca t my v cc c trc m ch t r le
nhit bo v ng c khi qu ti (R.V).
Hnh 146 gii thiu s iu khin t ng trm bm thot nc, trm b tr bn t my.
Trong s b tr my h p 220v/240 b chnh lu i t A-1 v cc r le mc nc kiu
in cc RD r le in t.
Khi mc nc dng ln n in cc 1D, 2D, 3D, 4D. Th mch iu khin ln lt pht tn
hiu v ng mch a t my s 1, 2, 3, 4 vo lm vic. Ngc li, khi mc nc trong b h
xung di in cc ngt 4N, 3N, 2N, 1N, th cc t my 4, 3, 2, 1 cng ln lt c ngt ra.
in cc SC bo tn hiu khi mc nc trong b ln n gii hn s c.
Trong trm bm nu iu khin t ng c c cu vt rc th phi t r le thi gian v s
iu khin cng phc tp hn nhiu. Tuy nhin khng nn t ng ha c my nghin rc v n
khng lm vic lin tc v kt cu khng thch hp vi vic iu khin t ng.
5

Cc trm bm thot nc c nh v trung bnh s iu khin n gin nn thng c t

ng ha hon ton. Cc trm bm c ln, s b tr ng ng v cc thit b phc tp nn
thng iu khin bn t ng vi cc bng iu khin t trong trm bm hoc trong phng
iu khin gn trm bm.

Hnh 145 S iu khin trm bm cp nc

RP:R le mc nc kiu phao; 1,2, 3, 4: cp tip
RN: R le nhit; T: Ci khi ng t

Hnh 146 S iu khin trm bm thot nc

RD: R le mc nc kiu in cc, : in cc ng;
N: in cc ngt; SC: in cc s c

CHNG 13

TNH TON CC CH S
KINH T - K THUT CA TRM BM
Khi thit k trm bm nn a ra mt s phng n ri tin hnh so snh kinh t-k thut rt
ra phng n li nht. Cc ch tiu kinh t c xc nh trong qu trnh kinh t l c s cui
cng tin hnh so snh chn phng n.
Ni dung tnh ton kinh t-k thut c th gm nhng vn sau:
Chn kiu loi trm bm
Chn s t my v loi my bm, s bm d tr.
nh s lng ng y v cch b tr ng ng trong trm bm.
Tnh kt cu v kch thc nh trm.
Tnh kinh t cn xc nh c hai chi ph ch yu: vn u t v chi ph qun l hng nm.
Vn u t c bn gm ton b chi ph v xy dng nh trm, mua sm thit b, my mc, chi
ph cho cng tc lp t my mc, thit b v ng ng, chi ph ph nh vn chuyn, dn mt
bng, lm ln tri, ng s, ...
Chi ph qun l hng nm gm chi ph trc tip v chi ph khu hao cng trnh, trang b. Chi ph
trc tip bao gm lng cho cng nhn phc v, chi ph v nng lng, chi ph bi trn, thp
sng, sa cha my mc v nh trm, vi trm bm thot nc cn c chi ph v vn chuyn
rc, co rc v chi ph cho h thng cp nc k thut. Ngoi ra cn c chi ph ph v c th c
nhng chi ph khng lng trc.
Gi thnh chi ph in hng nm tnh da vo cng sut cc t my v thi gian lm vic ca
n. Nu trm bm lm vic mt bc sut ngy m th chi ph in nng tnh theo cng thc:
C1 = 103QH2*24*365 / 102b c * a

(13.1)

Trong
Q
H
a
b
c

lu lng trung bnh ca trm bm tnh bng m3/s

ct p trung bnh ca trm bm tnh bng m
gi tin in tnh theo 1 kw/h
hiu sut bm
hiu sut ng c in

Nu trm bm lm vic theo ch bc thang

C1 = i=1n QiHiTi 365 103 / 3600 102 b c * a

(13.2)

Trong
QI
Hi

lu lng ca trm bc th i tnh bng m3/h

ct p ca bm bc th i.
1

Ti

thi gian bm lm vic bc th i, tnh bng gi.

Nu bm dn ng bng ng c t trong th chi ph cht t tnh theo cng thc:

C1 = i=1n QiHiTi 365 103 / 3600 102 b c *

(13.3)

chi ph cht t cho 1 kw/h tnh bng kg.

gi tin 1 kg cht t.

Trong trm bm thng b tr mt s bm cng lm vic. Khi cn tn hiu sut chung ca

cc bm cng lm vic. Nu cc bm lm vic song song th hiu sut chung ca chng khi
cng lm vic tnh theo cng thc:
ch = (Q1 + Q2 + ...+Qn) / (Q1/1 + Q2/2 + ... + Qn / n)

(13.4)

Nu cc bm ghp ni tip th:

ch = (H1 + H2 + ... + Hn) / (H1/1 + H2/2 + ... + Hn / n)

(13.5)

Trong Q1, Q2, ....; H1, H2, ... v 1, 2, ... l lu lng, ct p, hiu sut ca bm th nht,
th hai, khi chng cng lm vic.
Chi ph sa cha hng nm ly da va gi thnh trang thit b: vi nh trm ly bng 1-3% gi
thnh ca chng, vi cc t my bm v trang b ly bng 3-5% gi thnh ca chng.
Chi ph khu hao ly ty theo thi gian b vn. Sau khi d tnh c chi ph qun l v vn u
t c bn cn tnh cc ch s kinh t-k thut sau:

Vn u t cho 1kw cng sut lp my:

K/ = K / N

(13.6)

Trong

tng s vn u t c bn.

tng cng sut ca cc t my (k c t my d tr t trong trm bm)

Gi thnh 1 m3 nc bm ln:
C/ = C / W

(13.7)

Trong
C

tng chi ph qun l hng nm

tng lng nc bm c hng nm tnh bng m3.

2

Gi thnh tn-mt nc bm ln
C// = C / Qi Hi Ti

(13.8)

H s s dng cng sut

KN = Ntc / N
Vi Nt c

(13.9)

cng sut tiu th thc t m cc t my ly t li in.

Ntt = E / T

(13.10)

Trong
E

tng lng in lin tc trong nm tnh bng kw/h.

tng thi gian lm vic thc t trong nm ca trm.