MC LC

LI NI U.............................................................................................................................2
CHNG I: I CNG V O LNG IN.............................................................3
1.1 KHI NIM V O LNG IN............................................................................3
1.1.1. Khi nim v o lng.............................................................................................3
1.1.2. Khi nim v o lng in.....................................................................................3
1.1.3. Cc phng php o................................................................................................3
1.2. CC SAI S V TNH SAI S...................................................................................6
1.2.1. Khi nim v sai s...................................................................................................6
1.2.2. Cc loi sai s...........................................................................................................7
1.2.3. Phng php tnh sai s..........................................................................................9
1.2.4. Cc phng php hn ch sai s...........................................................................10
CHNG II. CC LOI C CU O THNG DNG.................................................12
2.1. KHI NIM V C CU O...................................................................................12
2.2. CC LOI C CU O............................................................................................12
2.2.1. C cu o t in...................................................................................................12
2.2.2. C cu o in t...................................................................................................15
2.2.3. C cu o in ng...............................................................................................16
2.2.4. C cu o cm ng.................................................................................................17
CHNG III. O CC I LNG IN C BN....................................................20
3.1. O I LNG U, I..................................................................................................20
3.1.1. o dng in...........................................................................................................20
3.1.2. o in p...............................................................................................................26
3.2. O CC I LNG R, L, C..................................................................................34
3.2.1. o in tr..............................................................................................................34
3.2.2. o in cm............................................................................................................41
3.2.3. o in dung..........................................................................................................43
3.3.1. o tn s.................................................................................................................43
3.3.2. o cng sut v in nng (nng lng)...............................................................45
CHNG IV. S DNG CC LOI MY O THNG DNG...................................54
4.1. S DNG VOM, M..................................................................................................54
4.1.1. S dng VOM.........................................................................................................54
4.1.2. S dng M..........................................................................................................56
4.2. S DNG AMPE KM, OSC.....................................................................................57
4.2.1. S DNG AMPE KM...................................................................................................57
4.2.2. S dng Dao ng k (Oscilloscope).....................................................................59
4.3. S DNG MY BIN P O LNG...................................................................70
4.3.1. My bin in p....................................................................................................70
4.3.2. My bin dng in................................................................................................72
in.
CHNG V. TI LIU CN THAM KHO........................................................................75

1
 Li ni u

Mn hc k thut o lng trnh by cc kin thc v k thut o dng trong

ngnh in hin nay. Gii thiu nhng php o c bn ng dng cho cc ngnh sn
xut cng nghip.
K thut o lng in l mn hc nghin cu cc phng php o cc i
lng vt l: i lng in: in p, dng in, cng sut, v i lng khng
in: nhit , m, vn tc
Bi ging K thut o lng in c bin son da trn cc gio trnh v ti
liu tham kho mi nht hin nay, c dng lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin cc
ngnh: in cng nghip, in dn dng, K thut Vin thng, K thut Thng tin, T
ng ho, Trang thit b in, Tn hiu Giao thng.
Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v chuyn su v k thut o
lng trong ngnh in. Trnh by cc dng c o, nguyn l o v phng php o
cc thng s. Trn c s , ngi hc bit cch s dng dng c o v x l kt qu
o trong cng vic sau ny.
Trong qu trnh bin son, c cc ng nghip ng gp nhiu kin,
mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon chnh hn, song chc
chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch.
Mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca bn c.

2
 Chng I: I CNG V O LNG IN
Trong qu trnh nghin cu khoa hc ni chung v c th l t vic nghin cu,
thit k, ch to, th nghim cho n khi vn hnh, sa cha cc thit b, cc qu trnh
cng ngh u yu cu phi bit r cc thng s ca i tng c cc quyt nh
ph hp. S nh gi cc thng s quan tm ca cc i tng nghin cu c thc
hin bng cch o cc i lng vt l c trng cho cc thng s .

1.1 KHI NIM V O LNG IN.

1.1.1. Khi nim v o lng.
o lng l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng cn o c kt qu
bng s so vi n v o. Kt qu o lng (Ax) l gi tr bng s, c nh ngha
bng t s gia i lng cn o (X) v n v o (Xo):
X
Kt qu o c biu din di dng: A = X v ta c X = A.X0
0

Trong : X - i lng o
X0 - n v o
A - con s kt qu o.
T (1.1) c phng trnh c bn ca php o: X = A x . Xo , ch r s so snh X
so vi Xo, nh vy mun o c th i lng cn o X phi c tnh cht l cc gi
tr ca n c th so snh c, khi mun o mt i lng khng c tnh cht so snh
c thng phi chuyn i chng thnh i lng c th so snh c.
1.1.2. Khi nim v o lng in.
i lng no so snh c vi mu hay chun th mi o c. Nu cc i
lng khng so snh c th phi chuyn i v i lng so snh c vi mu hay
chun ri o. o lng in l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng in cn
o c kt qu bng s so vi n v o.
1.1.3. Cc phng php o.
Phng php o l vic phi hp cc thao tc c bn trong qu trnh o, bao
gm cc thao tc: xc nh mu v thnh lp mu, so snh, bin i, th hin kt qu
hay ch th. Cc phng php o khc nhau ph thuc vo cc phng php nhn
thng tin o v nhiu yu t khc nh i lng o ln hay nh, iu kin o, sai s,
yu cu
Ty thuc vo i tng o, iu kin o v chnh xc yu cu ca php o
m ngi quan st phi bit chn cc phng php o khc nhau thc hin tt qu

3
trnh o lng. C th c nhiu phng php o khc nhau nhng trong thc t thng
phn thnh 2 loi phng php o chnh l phng php o bin i thng v phng
php o kiu so snh.
1.1.3.1. Phng php o bin i thng
- nh ngha: l phng php o c s cu trc theo kiu bin i thng,
ngha l khng c khu phn hi.
- Qu trnh thc hin:
* i lng cn o X qua cc khu bin i bin i thnh con s N X, ng thi
n v ca i lng o XO cng c bin i thnh con s NO.
* Tin hnh qu trnh so snh gia i lng o v n v (thc hin php chia
NX/NO),
* Thu c kt qu o: AX = X/XO = NX/NO .

Hnh 1.2. Lu phng php o bin i thng.

Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh bin i thng, thit b o thc hin qu
trnh ny gi l thit b o bin i thng. Tn hiu o X v tn hiu n v X O sau khi
qua khu bin i (c th l mt hay nhiu khu ni tip) c th c qua b bin i
tng t - s A/D c NX v NO , qua khu so snh c NX/NO.
Dng c o bin i thng thng c sai s tng i ln v tn hiu qua cc
khu bin i s c sai s bng tng sai s ca cc khu, v vy dng c o loi ny
thng c s dng khi chnh xc yu cu ca php o khng cao lm.
1.1.3.2.Phng php o kiu so snh:
- nh ngha: l phng php o c s cu trc theo kiu mch vng, ngha
l c khu phn hi.
- Qu trnh thc hin:
+ i lng o X v i lng mu XO c bin i thnh mt i lng vt
l no thun tin cho vic so snh.
+ Qu trnh so snh X v tn hiu XK (t l vi XO) din ra trong sut qu
trnho, khi hai i lng bng nhau c kt qu XK s c c kt qu o.

4
 Qu trnh o nh vy gi l qu trnh o kiu so snh. Thit b o thc hin qu
trnh ny gi l thit b o kiu so snh (hay cn gi l kiu b).

Hnh 1.3. Lu phng php o kiu so snh.

+ Cc phng php so snh: b so snh SS thc hin vic so snh i lng o X v
i lng t l vi mu XK, qua b so snh c: X = X - XK. Ty thuc vo cch so
snh m s c cc phng php sau:
- So snh cn bng:
* Qu trnh thc hin: i lng cn o X v i lng t l vi mu X K = NK.XO
c so snh vi nhau sao cho X = 0, t suy ra X = XK = NK.XO
+ suy ra kt qu o: AX = X/XO = NK. Trong qu trnh o, XK phi thay i khi X thay
i c kt qu so snh l X = 0 t suy ra kt qu o.
* chnh xc: ph thuc vo chnh xc ca XK v nhy ca thit b ch th cn
bng ( chnh xc khi nhn bit X = 0).
V d: cu o, in th k cn bng
- So snh khng cn bng:
* Qu trnh thc hin: i lng t l vi mu XK l khng i v bit trc, qua b
so snh c c X = X - XK, o X s c c i lng o X = X + XK t c kt
qu o: AX = X/XO = (X + XK)/XO.
* chnh xc: chnh xc ca php o ch yu do chnh xc ca X K quyt nh,
ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo chnh xc ca php o X, gi tr ca X so vi X (
chnh xc ca php o cng cao khi X cng nh so vi X).
Phng php ny thng c s dng o cc i lng khng in, nh o
ng sut (dng mch cu khng cn bng), o nhit
- So snh khng ng thi:
* Qu trnh thc hin: da trn vic so snh cc trng thi p ng ca thit b o khi
chu tc ng tng ng ca i lng o X v i lng t l vi mu X K, khi hai
trng thi p ng bng nhau suy ra X = XK .
u tin di tc ng ca X gy ra mt trng thi no o trong thit b o,
sau thay X bng i lng mu X K thch hp sao cho cng gy ra ng trng thi

5
nh khi X tc ng, t suy ra X = X K. Nh vy r rng l XK phi thay i khi X
thay i.
* chnh xc: ph thuc vo chnh xc ca XK. Phng php ny chnh xc v
khi thay XK bng X th mi trng thi ca thit b o vn gi nguyn. Thng th gi
tr mu c a vo khc trc, sau qua cc vch khc mu xc nh gi tr
ca i lng o X. Thit b o theo phng php ny l cc thit b nh gi trc tip
nh vnmt, ampemt ch th kim.
- So snh ng thi:
* Qu trnh thc hin: so snh cng lc nhiu gi tr ca i lng o X v i lng
mu XK, cn c vo cc gi tr bng nhau suy ra gi tr ca i lng o.
V d: xc nh 1 inch bng bao nhiu mm: ly thc c chia mm (mu),
thc kia theo inch (i lng cn o), t im 0 trng nhau, c c cc im
trng nhau l: 127mm v 5 inch, 254mm v 10 inch, t c c:1 inch = 127/5 =
254/10 = 25,4 mm
Trong thc t thng s dng phng php ny th nghim cc c tnh ca
cc cm bin hay ca thit b o nh gi sai s ca chng.
T cc phng php o trn c th c cc cch thc hin php o l:
- o trc tip : kt qu c ch sau mt ln o
- o gin tip: kt qu c bng php suy ra t mt s php o trc tip
- o hp b: nh gin tip nhng phi gi mt phng trnh hay mt h phng trnh
mi c kt qu
- o thng k: o nhiu ln v ly gi tr trung bnh mi c kt qu

1.2. CC SAI S V TNH SAI S.

1.2.1. Khi nim v sai s.
Ngoi sai s ca dng c o, vic thc hin qu trnh o cng gy ra nhiu sai
s. Nguyn nhn ca nhng sai s ny gm:
- Phng php o c chn.
- Mc cn thn khi o.
Do vy kt qu o lng khng ng vi gi tr chnh xc ca i lng o m c
sai s, gi l sai s ca php o. Nh vy mun c kt qu chnh xc ca php o th
trc khi o phi xem xt cc iu kin o chn phng php o ph hp, sau khi
o cn phi gia cng cc kt qu thu c nhm tm c kt qu chnh xc.
1.2.2. Cc loi sai s.

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* Sai s tuyt i, sai s tng i, sai s h thng.
- Sai s ca php o: l sai s gia kt qu o lng so vi gi tr chnh xc ca i
lng o.
- Gi tr thc Xth ca i lng o: l gi tr ca i lng o xc nh c vi mt
chnh xc no (thng nh cc dng c mu c cp chnh xc cao hn dng c
o c s dng trong php o ang xt).
Gi tr chnh xc (gi tr ng) ca i lng o thng khng bit trc, v vy khi
nh gi sai s ca php o thng s dng gi tr thc Xth ca i lng o.
Nh vy ta ch c s nh gi gn ng v kt qu ca php o. Vic xc nh sai s
ca php o - tc l xc nh tin tng ca kt qu o l mt trong nhng nhim v
c bn ca o lng hc. Sai s ca php o c th phn loi theo cch th hin bng
s, theo ngun gy ra sai s hoc theo qui lut xut hin ca sai s.
Tiu ch phn loi Theo cch th hin bng s
Theo ngun gy ra sai s
Theo qui lut xut hin ca sai s
Loi sai s
- Sai s tuyt i.
- Sai s tng i.
- Sai s phng php.
- Sai s thit b.
- Sai s ch quan.
- Sai s bn ngoi.
- Sai s h thng.
- Sai s ngu nhin.

Tiu ch Theo cch th hin Theo ngun gy ra Theo qui lut xut
phn loi bng s
sai s hin ca sai s

7
 Loi sai s - Sai s tuyt i - Sai s phng php - Sai s h thng.
- Sai s tng i - Sai s thit b. - Sai s ngu nhin
- Sai s ch quan.
- Sai s bn ngoi.

Bng 2.1. Phn loi sai s ca php o.

* Sai s tuyt i X: l hiu gia i lng o X v gi tr thc Xth :
X = X - Xth
* Sai s tng i X : l t s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr thc tnh bng

phn trm: X X .100(%) ;
th .

X
V X X th nn c th c: X

.100(%)

Sai s tng i c trng cho cht lng ca php o.

chnh xc ca php o : i lng nghch o ca sai s tng i:
th 1
.
X X

* Sai s h thng (systematic error): thnh phn sai s ca php o lun khng i
hoc thay i c qui lut khi o nhiu ln mt i lng o.
Qui lut thay i c th l mt pha (dng hay m), c chu k hoc theo mt
qui lut phc tp no .
V d: sai s h thng khng i c th l: sai s do khc thang o (vch khc
b lch), sai s do hiu chnh dng c o khng chnh xc (chnh ng tm
ngang sai trong dao ng k)
Sai s h thng thay i c th l sai s do s dao ng ca ngun cung cp
(pin yu, n p khng tt), do nh hng ca trng in t

8
 Hnh 2.1. Sai s h thng do khc vch l 1 - khi c cn hiu chnh thm 1 .
1.2.3. Phng php tnh sai s.
Da vo s ln cc gi tr o c c th xc nh qui lut thay i ca sai s
ngu nhin nh s dng cc phng php ton hc thng k v l thuyt xc sut.
Nhim v ca vic tnh ton sai s ngu nhin l ch r gii hn thay i ca sai s
ca kt qu o khi thc hin php o nhiu ln, nh vy php o no c kt qu vi
sai s ngu nhin vt qu gii hn s b loi b.
- C s ton hc: vic tnh ton sai s ngu nhin da trn gi thit l sai s ngu
nhin ca cc php o cc i lng vt l thng tun theo lut phn bchun (lut
phn b Gaux-Gauss). Nu sai s ngu nhin vt qu mt gi tr no th xc sut
xut hin s hu nh bng khng v v th kt qu o no c sai s ngu nhin nh vy
s b loi b.
- Cc bc tnh sai s ngu nhin:
Xt n php o vi cc kt qu o thu c l x1, x2, ..., xn.
*. Tnh c lng k vng ton hc mX ca i lng o:
X 1 X 2 ..... X n n
x
mX X i ,
n i 1 n

chnh l gi tr trung bnh i s ca n kt qu o.

*. Tnh lch ca kt qu mi ln o so vi gi tr trung bnh vi :

vi xi X

vi (cn gi l sai s d).

*. Tnh khong gii hn ca sai s ngu nhin: c tnh trn c s ng phn b
chun: 1 , 2 , thng chn: 1 , 2 vi:
n

v 2
i
,
1 2 i 1

n.( n 1)

vi xc sut xut hin sai s ngu nhin ngoi khong ny l 34%.

*. X l kt qu o: nhng kt qu o no c sai s d vi nm ngoi khong 1 , 2

s b loi.
1.2.4. Cc phng php hn ch sai s
Mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ca mi php o chnh xc l phi phn tch
cc nguyn nhn c th xut hin v loi tr sai s h thng. Mc d vic pht hin sai

9
s h thng l phc tp, nhng nu pht hin th vic loi tr sai s h thng s
khng kh khn.
* Vic loi tr sai s h thng c th tin hnh bng cch:
- Chun b tt trc khi o: phn tch l thuyt; kim tra dng c o trc khi s
dng; chun b trc khi o; chnh "0" trc khi o
- Qu trnh o c phng php ph hp: tin hnh nhiu php o bng cc phng
php khc nhau; s dng phng php th
- X l kt qu o sau khi o: s dng cch b sai s ngc du (cho mt lng hiu
chnh vi du ngc li); trong trng hp sai s h thng khng i th c th loi
c bng cch a vo mt lng hiu chnh hay mt h s hiu chnh:
+ Lng hiu chnh: l gi tr cng loi vi i lng o c a thm vo kt qu
o nhm loi sai s h thng.
+ H s hiu chnh: l s c nhn vi kt qu o nhm loi tr sai s h thng.
Trong thc t khng th loi tr hon ton sai s h thng. Vic gim nh hng sai
s h thng c th thc hin bng cch chuyn thnh sai s ngu nhin.
* X l kt qu o.
Nh vy sai s ca php o gm 2 thnh phn: sai s h thng - khng i
hoc thay i c qui lut v sai s ngu nhin - thay i mt cch ngu nhin khng
c qui lut. Trong qu trnh o hai loi sai s ny xut hin ng thi v sai s php
o X c biu din di dng tng ca hai thnh phn sai s : X = + .
nhn c cc kt qu sai lch t nht so vi gi tr thc ca i lng o cn phi
tin hnh o nhiu ln v thc hin gia cng (x l) kt qu o (cc s liu nhn c
sau khi o).
Sau n ln o s c n kt qu o x 1, x2, .., xn l s liu ch yu tin hnh gia
cng kt qu o.
* Loi tr sai s h thng.
Vic loi tr sai s h thng sau khi o c tin hnh bng cc phng php.
- S dng cch b sai s ngc du
- a vo mt lng hiu chnh hay mt h s hiu chnh

10
Hnh 2.2. Lu thut ton qu trnh gia cng kt qu o.

11
 Chng II. CC LOI C CU O THNG DNG
2.1. KHI NIM V C CU O.
C cu o l thnh phn c bn to nn cc dng c v thit b o lng
dng tng t (analog) v hin s Digitals.
- dng tng t (analog) l dng c o bin i thng: i lng cn o X nh in
p, dng in, tn s, gc pha c bin i thnh gc quay ca phn ng(so vi
phn tnh), tc l bin i t nng lng in t thnh nng lng c hc.
T c biu thc quan h:
( X ) vi X l i lng in.

Cc c cu ch th ny thng dng trong cc dng c o cc i lng: dng

in, in p, cng sut, tn s, gc pha, in trca mch in mt chiu v xoay
chiu tn s cng nghip.
- Hin s (Digitals) l c cu ch th s ng dng cc k thut in t v k thut my
tnh bin i v ch th i lng o.
C nhiu loi thit b hin s khc nhau nh: n si t, n in tch, LED 7 thanh,
mn hnh tinh th lng LCD, mn hnh cm ng
2.2. CC LOI C CU O.
2.2.1. C cu o t in.
* lgmt t in (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil).
a) Cu to chung: gm hai phn c bn: phn tnh v phn ng:
- Phn tnh: gm: nam chm vnh cu 1; mch t v cc t 3 v li st 6 hnh thnh
mch t kn. Gia cc t 3 v li st 6 c c khe h khng kh u gi l khe h lm
vic, gia t khung quay chuyn ng.
- Phn ng: gm: khung dy quay 5 c qun bng dy ng. Khung dy c gn
vo trc quay (hoc dy cng, dy treo). Trn trc quay c hai l xo cn 7 mc ngc
nhau, kim ch th 2 v thang o 8.

12
 Hnh 2.1. C cu ch th t in.
b) Nguyn l lm vic chung: khi c dng in chy qua khung dy 5 (phn ng),
di tc ng ca t trng nam chm vnh cu 1 (phn tnh) sinh ra mmen quay Mq
lm khung dy lch khi v tr ban u mt gc . Mmen quay c tnh theo biu
thc:
dWe
Mq = B.S.W.I
d

vi B: t cm ca nam chm vnh cu

S: tit din khung dy
W: s vng dy ca khung dy
Ti v tr cn bng, mmen quay bng mmen cn:
1
M q M c B.S .W .I D. .B.S .W .I S I .I
D

Vi mt c cu ch th c th do B, S, W, D l hng s nn gc lch t l bc
nht vi dng in I chy qua khung dy.
c) Cc c tnh chung: t biu thc (5.1) suy ra c cu ch th t in c cc c tnh
c bn sau:
- Ch o c dng in mt chiu.
- c tnh ca thang o u.
1
- nhy S I B.S .W l hng s
D

- u im: chnh xc cao; nh hng ca t trng ngoi khng ng k (do t

trng l do nam chm vnh cu sinh ra); cng sut tiu th nh nn nh hng khng
ng k n ch ca mch o; cn du tt; thang o u (do gc quay tuyn tnh
theo dng in).
- Nhc im: ch to phc tp; chu qu ti km (do cun dy ca khung quay nh);
chnh xc ca php o b nh hng ln bi nhit , ch o dng mt chiu.
- ng dng: c cu ch th t in dng ch to ampemt, vnmt, mmt nhiu
thang o v c di o rng; chnh xc cao (cp 0,1 0,5).
+ Ch to cc loi ampemt, vnmt, mmt nhiu thang o, di o rng.
+ Ch to cc loi in k c nhy cao c th o c: dng n 10-12A, p
n 10 - 4V, o in lng, pht hin s lch im khng trong mch cn o hay trong
in th k.

13
 + S dng trong cc mch dao ng k nh sng quan st v ghi li cc gi
tr tc thi ca dng p, cng sut tn s c th n 15kHz; c s dng ch to
cc u rung.
+ Lm ch th trong cc mch o cc i lng khng in khc nhau.
+ Ch to cc dng c o in t tng t: vnmt in t, tn s k in t,
pha k in t
+ Dng vi cc b bin i khc nh chnh lu, cm bin cp nhit c th o
c dng, p xoay chiu.
d) Lgmt t in: l loi c cu ch th o t s hai dng in, hot ng theo
nguyn l ging c cu ch th t in, ch khc l khng c l xo cn m thay bng
mt khung dy th hai to ra mmen c hng chng li mmen quay ca khung dy
th nht.
Nguyn l lm vic: trong khe h ca t trng ca nam chm vnh cu t phn ng
gm hai khung quay t lch nhau gc (30 0 900). Hai khung dy gn vo mt trc
chung. Dng in I1 v I2 a vo cc khung dy bng cc dy dn khng mmen.

Hnh 2.2. Lgmt t in

d1
- Dng I1 sinh ra mmen quay Mq: M q I 1 .
d

d 2
- Dng I2 sinh ra mmen cn Mc: M I 2 .
d

vi 1, 2: t thng ca nam chm mc vng qua cc khung dy, thay i theo .

Du ca Mq v Mc ngc nhau. Cc gi tr cc i ca cc mmen lch nhau gc .
trng thi cn bng c:

14
 d 2
d1 d I d f ( )
M q M c I1. = I2. 2 1 1 f ( )
d d I2 d1 f 2 ( )
d

vi f1(), f2() l cc i lng xc nh tc thay i ca t thng mc vng.

I1
T biu thc trn c: F ( )
I2

c tnh c bn: gc lch t l vi t s ca hai dng in i qua cc khung dy.

ng dng: lgmt t in c ng dng o in tr, tn s v cc i lng
khng in.
2.2.2. C cu o in t.
* lgmt in t.
a) Cu to chung: gm hai phn c bn: phn tnh v phn ng:
- Phn tnh: l cun dy 1 bn trong c khe h khng kh (khe h lm vic).
- Phn ng: l li thp 2 c gn ln trc quay 5, li thp c th quay t do
trong khe lm vic ca cun dy. Trn trc quay c gn: b phn cn du khng kh 4,
kim ch 6, i trng 7. Ngoi ra cn c l xo cn 3, bng khc 8.

Hnh 2.3. Cu to chung ca c cu ch th in t.

b) Nguyn l lm vic: dng in I chy vo cun dy 1 (phn tnh) to thnh mt
nam chm in ht li thp 2 (phn ng) vo khe h khng kh vi mmen quay:
dWe LI 2
Mq , vi We
d 2

vi L l in cm ca cun dy, suy ra:

1 2 dL
Mq .I .
2 d

Ti v tr cn bng c:
1 dL 2
Mq Mc .I
2 D d

15
l phng trnh th hin c tnh ca c cu ch th in t.
c) Cc c tnh chung:
- Gc quay t l vi bnh phng ca dng in, tc l khng ph thuc vo chiu
ca dng in nn c th o trong c mch xoay chiu hoc mt chiu.
- Thang o khng u, c c tnh ph thuc vo t s dL/d l mt i lng phi
tuyn.
- Cn du thng bng khng kh hoc cm ng.
- u im: cu to n gin, tin cy, chu c qu ti ln.
- Nhc im: chnh xc khng cao nht l khi o mch mt chiu s b sai s (do
hin tng t tr, t d); nhy thp; b nh hng ca t trng ngoi (do t
trng ca c cu yu khi dng nh).
d) ng dng: thng c s dng ch to cc loi ampemt, vnmt trong mch
xoay chiu tn s cng nghip vi chnh xc cp 12. t dng trong cc mch c tn
s cao.
2.2.3. C cu o in ng.
* lgmt in ng.
a) Cu to chung: nh hnh 2.4: gm hai phn c bn: phn tnh v phn ng:
- Phn tnh: gm: cun dy 1 (c chia thnh hai phn ni tip nhau) to ra t
trng khi c dng in chy qua. Trc quay chui qua khe h gia hai phn cun dy
tnh.
- Phn ng: gm mt khung dy 2 t trong lng cun dy tnh. Khung dy 2 c
gn vi trc quay, trn trc c l xo cn, b phn cn du v kim ch th. C phn ng
v phn tnh c bc kn bng mn chn ngn chn nh hng ca t trng
ngoi.
b) Nguyn l lm vic chung: khi c dng in I1 chy vo cun dy 1 (phn tnh)
lm xut hin t trng trong lng cun dy. T trng ny tc ng ln dng in I 2
chy trong khung dy 2 (phn ng) to nn mmen quay lm khung dy 2 quay mt
gc .
dWe
Mmen quay c tnh: Mq
d

vi: We l nng in in t trng. C hai trng hp xy ra:

1 dM 12
- I1, I2 l dng in mt chiu: .I 1 .I 2
D d

vi: M12 l h cm gia cun dy tnh v ng.

16
 1 dM 12
- I1 v I2 l dng in xoay chiu: .I 1 .I 2 . cos
D d

vi: l gc lch pha gia I1 v I2.

Hnh 2.4. Cu to ca c cu ch th
in ng
c) Cc c tnh chung:
- C th dng trong c mch in
mt chiu v xoay chiu.
- Gc quay ph thuc tch (I1.I2) nn thang o khng u.
- Trong mch in xoay chiu ph thuc gc lch pha gia hai dng in nn c
th ng dng lm Otmt o cng sut.
- u im c bn: c chnh xc cao khi o trong mch in xoay chiu.
- Nhc im: cng sut tiu th ln nn khng thch hp trong mch cng sut nh.
Chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi, mun lm vic tt phi c b phn chn t.
nhy thp v mch t yu.
d) ng dng: ch to cc ampemt, vnmt, atmt mt chiu v xoay chiu tn s
cng nghip; cc pha k o gc lch pha hay h s cng sut cos.
Trong mch c tn s cao phi c mch b tn s (o c di tn n 20KHz).
2.2.4. C cu o cm ng.
a) Cu to chung: nh hnh 2.5: gm phn tnh v phn ng.
- Phn tnh: cc cun dy in 2,3 c cu to khi c dng in chy trong cun dy
s sinh ra t trng mc vng qua mch t v qua phn ng, c t nht l 2 nam chm
in.
- Phn ng: a kim loi 1 (thng bng nhm) gn vo trc 4 quay trn tr 5.

Hnh 2.5. C cu ch th cm ng

17
b) Nguyn l lm vic chung: da trn s tc ng tng h gia t trng xoay
chiu (c to ra bi dng in trong phn tnh) v dng in xoy to ra trong a
ca phn ng, do c cu ny ch lm vic vi mch in xoay chiu:
Khi dng in I1, I2 vo cc cun dy phn tnh sinh ra cc t thng 1, 2
(cc t thng ny lch pha nhau gc bng gc lch pha gia cc dng in tng
ng), t thng 1, 2 ct a nhm 1 (phn ng) xut hin trong a nhm cc sc
in ng tng ng E1, E2 (lch pha vi 1, 2 gc /2) xut hin cc dng in
xoy I x1, Ix2 (lch pha vi E1, E2 gc 1, 2).
Cc t thng 1, 2 tc ng tng h vi cc dng in I x1, Ix2 sinh ra cc
lc F1, F2 v cc mmen quay tng ng quay a nhm (phn ng). Mmen
quay c tnh: M q C. f .1 2 sin
vi: C l hng s
f l tn s ca dng in I1, I2
l gc lch pha gia I1, I2
c) Cc c tnh chung:
- iu kin c mmen quay l t nht phi c hai t trng.
- Mmen quay t gi tr cc i nu gc lch pha gia I1, I2 bng /2.
- Mmen quay ph thuc tn s ca dng in to ra cc t trng.
- Ch lm vic trong mch xoay chiu.
- Nhc im: mmen quay ph thuc tn s nn cn phi n nh tn s.
d) ng dng: ch yu ch to cngt o nng lng; c th o tn s

18
Bng A. Bng tng kt cc loi c cu ch th c in

19
 Chng III. O CC I LNG IN C BN
3.1. O I LNG U, I.
3.1.1. o dng in.
* Khi nim chung
Dng c c s dng o dng in gi l ampe k hay ampemet
K hiu l: A
Ampe k c nhiu loi khc nhau, nu chia theo kt cu ta c:
+ Ampe k t in
+ Ampe k in t
+ Ampe k in ng
+ Ampe k nhit in
+ Ampe k bn dn

Hnh 1.1: ng h s v kim

Nu chia theo loi ch th ta c:
+ Ampe k ch th s (Digital)
+ Ampe k ch th kim (kiu tng t /Analog)
Hnh bn l hai loi ng h vn nng s v kim.
Nu chia theo tnh cht ca i lng o, ta c:

20
 + Ampe k mt chiu
+ Ampe k xoay chiu
* Yu cu i vi dng c o dng in l:
- Cng sut tiu th cng nh cng tt, in tr ca ampe k cng nh cng tt v l
tng l bng 0.
- Lm vic trong mt di tn cho trc m bo cp chnh xc ca dng c o
- Mc ampe k o dng phi mc ni tip vi dng cn o (hnh di)

Hnh 1.2: Dng ng h s o dng in

A. Ampe k mt chiu
Ampe k mt chiu c ch to da trn c cu ch th t in. Nh bit,
lch ca kim t l thun vi dng chy qua cun ng nhng lch kim c to
ra bi dng in rt nh v cun dy qun bng dy c tit din b nn kh nng chu
dng rt km. Thng thng, dng cho php qua c cu ch trong khong 10 -4 n 10-2
A; in tr ca cun dy t 20 n 2000 vi cp chnh xc 1,1; 1; 0,5; 0,2; v 0,05.
tng kh nng chu dng cho c cu (cho php dng ln hn qua) ngi ta
mc thm in tr sun song song vi c cu ch th c gi tr nh sau:
RCT I
RS vi n I gi l h s m rng thang o ca ampe k
n 1 CT

Hnh 3.3: Mc thm in tr sun song song vi c cu ch th

I l dng cn o v ICT l dng cc i m c cu chu ng c ( lch cc i ca
thang o)

21
Ch : Khi o dng nh hn 30A th in tr sun nm ngay trong v ca ampe k cn
khi o dng ln hn th in tr sun nh mt ph kin km theo. Khi ampe k c
nhiu thang o ngi ta mc sun nh sau:
Vic tnh in tr sun ng vi dng cn o c xc nh theo cng thc nh trn
nhng vi n khc nhau. hnh a)
rct RS 2 RS 3 I1 rct R3 I2
RS1 R1 Vi n1 ; RS 2 R1 R2 Vi n2
n1 1 I CT n2 1 I CT

rct I3
RS 3 R1 R2 R3 Vi n3
n3 1 I CT

rct I1 rct I2
hnh b: RS 1 Vi n1 ; RS 2 Vi n2
n1 1 I CT n2 1 I CT

rct I3 rct I4
RS 3 Vi n3 ; RS 4 Vi n4
n3 1 I CT n4 1 I CT

Ch : in tr sun c ch to bng Manganin c chnh xc cao hn chnh

xc ca c cu o t nht l 1 cp. Do cun dy ng ca c cu ch th c qun
bng dy ng mnh, in tr ca n thay i ng k khi nhit ca mi trng
thay i v sau mt thi gian lm vic bn thn dng in chy qua cun dy cng to
ra nhit . gim nh hng ca s thay i in tr cun dy khi nhit thay
i, ngi ta mc thm in tr b bng Manganin hoc Constantan vi s nh sau:

Di y l v d thc t ca mt s mc in tr sun ca mt dng c o c

dng v p

22
B. Ampemet xoay chiu
o cng dng in xoay chiu tn s cng nghip ngi ta thng s dng
ampemet t in chnh lu, ampemet in t, v ampemet in ng.
C. Ampemet chnh lu
L dng c o dng in xoay chiu kt hp gia c cu ch th t in v
mch chnh lu bng diode.

Bin p s dng l loi bin p dng c s vng dy ca cun s cp v th cp

l W1 v W2. Khi t s dng th cp trn dng s cp c tnh bng:
Kim ch th dng v tr ch dng trung bnh qua cun dy ng. R L c chn
gnh phn dng d tha gia I2tb v Ict
Mi quan h gia dng nh I P, dng trung bnh Itrb v dng trung bnh bnh
phng Irms ca s mch chnh lu cu nh sau:
I tb 0,637.I p

Ip
I rms 0.707.I p
2

I rms 1,11 ..I tb

Ch : Gi tr dng m kim ch th dng l gi tr dng trung bnh nhng thang khc

thng theo gi tr rms.

23
 Hnh a : Ampemet chnh lu
Ch : Ni chung cc ampe k chnh lu c chnh xc khng cao (t 1 ti 1,5) do
h s chnh lu thay i theo nhit v thay i theo tn s. C th s dng s b
sai s o nhit v o tn s cho ampe k chnh lu nh sau:

Hnh b: Ampe k chnh lu

D. Ampemet in ng
Thng c s dng o dng in tn s 50Hz v cao hn (400
2.000Hz) vi chnh xc kh cao (cp 0,5 0,2).
Khi dng in o nh hn 0,5A ngi ta mc ni tip cun tnh v cun ng
cn khi dng ln hn 0,5A th mc song song nh (hnh sau).

Hnh c: Ampemet in ng
Trong cc in tr v cun dy (L3, R3), (L4, R4) l b sai s do nhit
(thng lm bng manganin hoc constantan) v sai s do tn s ( dng qua hai
cun tnh v cun ng trng pha nhau).

24
 Do lch ca dng c o in ng t l vi I 2 nn my o ch gi tr rms. Gi
tr rms ca dng xoay chiu c tc dng nh tr s dng mt chiu tng ng nn c
th c thang o ca dng c nh dng mt chiu hoc xoay chiu rms.
E. Ampemet in t
L dng c o dng in da trn c cu ch th in t. Mi c cu in t
c ch to vi s ampe vng xc nh (I.W l mt hng s)
Khi o dng c gi tr nh ngi ta mc cc cun dy ni tip v khi o dng
ln ngi ta mc cc cun dy song song.

Hnh d: Ampemet in t
G. Ampemet nhit in
L dng c kt hp gia ch th t in v cp nhit in. Cp nhit in (hay
cn gi l cp nhit ngu) gm 2 thanh kim loi khc loi c hn vi nhau ti mt
u gi l im lm vic (nhit t1), hai u kia ni vi milivonk gi l u t do
(nhit t0).
Khi nhit u lm vic t1 khc nhit u t do t0 th cp nhit s sinh ra
sc in ng
E t k .1 . 0

0 t1 t 0

Khi dng dng Ix t nng u t1 th:

0 k 2 .I 2 x

Et k.1 .k 2 I 2 x k 2 x

Nh vy kt qu hin th trn milivon k t l vi dng cn o

25
 Hnh e: Ampemet nhit in
Vt liu ch to cp nhit in c th l st constantan; ng constantan; crom
alumen v platin rodi
Ampemet nhit in c sai ln do tiu hao cng sut, kh nng chu qu ti km
nhng c th o di tn rt rng t mt chiu ti hng MHz.
Thng thng tng nhy ca cp nhit, ngi ta s dng mt b khuch
i p nh s di y:
J1, J2 l 2 u o nhit

Ch : o gi tr in p ca ngun xoay chiu ngi ta cng lm nh trn

v khi nhit o c t l vi dng qua in tr nhit m dng ny li t l vi p
trn hai u in tr, do vy cng xc nh c gi tr ca in p thng qua gi tr
nhit . y chnh l nguyn tc ch to Vnk nhit in.
3.1.2. o in p.
a. M u
Dng c dng o in p gi l Vn k hay Vn met (Voltmeter)
K hiu l: V
Khi o in p bng Vn k th Vn k lun c mc song song vi on
mch cn o nh hnh di y:

26
 Hnh a: Mch o in p
- Khi cha mc Vn k vo in p ri trn ti l:
E
Ut .Rt
Rt Rng

- Khi mc Vn k vo in p ri trn ti l:
E
UV .Re
Re Rng

RV .Rt
Re RV // Rt
RV Rt

Vy sai s ca php o in p bng Vnk l:

U t UV U 1
u 1 V 1
Ut Ut Rt .Rng
1
RV ( Rt Rng )

Nh vy, mun sai s nh th yu cu Rv phi cng ln cng tt v l tung l Rv ?

Kt qu o nu mun tnh chnh xc th phi s dng cng thc:
Uv = (1+ u ).Ut
o in p ca mt phn t no ngi ta mc Vn k nh hnh di:

Hnh b: Dng ng h s o in p
a.Vn k mt chiu
* Nguyn tc hot ng

27
 lch ca dng c o TNCVC t l vi dng qua cun dy ng. Dng qua
cun dy t l vi in p trn cun dy nn thang o ca my o TNCVC c th
c chia ch in p. Ngha l, Vn k ch l ampe k dng rt nh vi in tr rt
ln. in p nh mc ca ch th vo khong 50 75mV nn cn ni tip nhiu in
tr ph (cn gi l in tr nhn) vi ch th lm tng khong o ca Vn k. S
mc nh sau:

Trong :
U CT UX
I CT
RCT RP RCT

( R P RCT ).U CT RCt .U X

U X U CT U
R P RCT . RCT ( X 1) (m 1).RCT
U CT U CT

UX
vi m gi l h s m rng thang o v p
U CT

Vn k nhiu thang o th cc in tr ph c mc nh sau:

S mc ni tip:

Trong :

Hoc s mc song song:

28
Nhn xt: Thang o c vch chia u (tnh cht ca c cu t in)
b.Vn k xoay chiu
* Vn k t in o in p xoay chiu
S dng c cu t in th dng c c tnh phn cc v phi mc ng sao cho
lch dng (trn thang o). Khi dng xoay chiu c tn s rt thp chy qua dng
c TNCVC th kim c xu hng ch theo gi tr tc thi ca dng xoay chiu. Nh
vy, khi gi tr dng tng theo chiu + th kim cng tng ti gi tr cc i sau gim
ti 0 v xung bn k m th kim s b lch ngoi thang o. Trng hp ny xy ra khi
tn s ca dng xoay chiu c 0,1Hz hoc thp hn.
Khi dng xoay chiu c tn s cng nghip (50/60Hz) hoc cao hn th c cu
lm nht v qun tnh chuyn ng ca c cu ng (ton my o) khng bin i
theo mc dng tc thi m thay vo kim ca dng c s dng v tr trung bnh
ca dng chy qua cun ng. Vi sng sin thun tu kim lch s v tr zero mc d
dng Irms c th c gi tr kh ln v c kh nng gy hng dng c.
Do , s dng dng c TNCVC lm thnh dng c o xoay chiu ngi
ta phi s dng cc b chnh lu (na sng hoc ton sng) cc gi tr ca dng ch
gy ra lch dng.
c.Vn k in t
L dng c o in p xoay chiu tn s cng nghip. Cun dy tnh c s
vng dy rt ln t 1000 6000 vng. m rng thang o ngi ta mc ni tip vi
cun dy cc in tr ph.

29
 Cc t C c mc song song vi cc in tr ph b sai s do tn s khi tn
s ln hn tn s cng nghip.
d. Vn k in ng
Cun kch c chia lm 2 phn ni tip nhau v ni tip vi cun ng.
lch ca kim ch th t l vi I 2 nn kim dng gi tr trung bnh ca I 2 tc gi tr tc
thi rms.

* c im ca Vn k in ng
+ Tc dng ca dng rms ging nh tr s dng mt chiu tng ng nn c th
khc theo gi tr mt chiu v dng cho c xoay chiu
+ Dng c in ng thng i hi dng nh nht l 100mA cho LTT nn Vn k
in ng c nhy thp hn nhiu so vi Vn k t in (ch khong 10/V)
+ gim thiu sai s ch nn dng khu vc tn s cng nghip
e. o in p bng phng php so snh
*C s l thuyt
Cc dng c o in trnh by trn s dng c cu c in ch th kt qu o
nn cp chnh xc ca dng c khng vt qu cp chnh xc ca ch th. o in
p chnh xc hn ngi ta dng phng php b (so snh vi gi tr mu).
Nguyn tc c bn nh sau:
+ Uk l in p mu vi chnh xc rt cao c to bi dng in I n nh
i qua in tr mu Rk. Khi :
Uk = I.Rk
+ Ch th l thit b pht hin s chnh lch gia in p mu U k v in p cn
o Ux
U = Ux Uk

30
 Khi U 0 iu chnh con chy ca in tr mu Rk sao cho Ux = Uk,
ngha l lm cho U = 0; ch th ch zero.
+ Kt qu c c trn in tr mu c khc theo th nguyn in p.
Ch : Cc dng c b in p u c nguyn tc hot ng nh trn nhng c th
khc nhau phn to in p mu Uk
g.in th k mt chiu
* S mch:

Nguyn tc hot ng ca s a)
+ Xc nh dng cng tc Ip nh ngun in p U0, Rc v Ampe k.
+ Gi nguyn gi tr ca Ip trong sut thi gian o
+ iu chnh con chy ca in tr mu Rk cho n khi ch th ch zero
+ c kt qu trn in tr mu, khi : Ux = Uk = Ip.Rk
Trong s a, v s dng Ampe k nn chnh xc ca in th k khng
th cao hn chnh xc ca Ampe k.
Ngi ta ci tin mch bng cch s dng ngun pin mu (E N) v in tr mu (Rk) c
chnh xc cao nh hnh b.
*Nguyn tc hot ng ca s b)
+ Khi K v tr 1, iu chnh Rc ch th ch zero.

31
 + Gi nguyn Rc v chuyn K sang v tr 2, iu chnh con trt ca in tr
mu ch th v zero.

Ch : trn thc t, ngi ta thng s dng in th k mt chiu t ng cn bng

( o sc in ng ca cc cp nhit ngu o nhit )
S mch ca in th k mt chiu t ng cn bng

Trong :
RN , EN l in tr v ngun in mu c chnh xc cao
U0 l ngun in p n nh
ng c thun nghch hai chiu iu chnh con chy ca Rp v Rc
B iu ch lm nhim v bin i in p mt chiu (U) thnh in p
xoay chiu iu khin ng c
Hot ng:
Trc khi o, kha K c t v tr KT (kim tra) khi dng I 2 qua in tr
mu RN v U = EN I2RN
U qua b iu ch chuyn thnh tn hiu xoay chiu (role c iu khin
bi nam chm in nn c tn s ng/ct ph thuc vo dng chy trong nam chm
in). Tn hiu xoay chiu ny thng c gi tr rt nh nn phi qua b khuch i

32
tng ti gi tr ln c th iu khin ng c thun nghch hai chiu. ng c ny
quay v ko con chy ca Rc lm thay i I2 ti khi U =0.
ng thi n cng ko con trt ca Rp v v tr cn bng.
+ Khi K v tr o ta c: U = Ex Uk
vi Uk = I1 (R1 +Rp1) I2.R2
Nu Ex > Uk th ng c s ko con chy tng Uk ti khi U =0
Nu Ex < Uk th ng c s ko con chy gim Uk ti khi U = 0
V tr ca con chy v kim ch s xc nh gi tr ca E x u im ca in th k mt
chiu t ng cn bng l t ng trong qu trnh o v c kh nng t ghi kt qu
trong mt thi gian di.
h.in th k xoay chiu
Nguyn tc hot ng chung ging nh in th k mt chiu, ngha l, cng so
snh in p cn o vi in p ri trn in tr mu khi c dng cng tc chy qua.
Tuy nhin, do khng s dng pin mu ma s dng dng xoay chiu nn vic iu
chnh cho Ux v Uk bng nhau l rt phc tp.
Mun Ux v Uk cn bng nhau th phi tho mn 3 iu kin:
+ Ux v Uk cng tn s
+ Ux v Uk bng nhau v tr s
+ Ux v Uk ngc pha nhau (1800)
i.Vn k s
Vn k s l dng c ch th kt qu bng con s m khng ph thuc vao cch c
ca ngi o. Tu thuc vo phng php bin i ngi ta phn thnh:
+ Vn k s chuyn i thi gian
+ Vn k s chuyn i tn s
+ Vn k s chuyn i b

3.2. O CC I LNG R, L, C.

33
 3.2.1. o in tr.
a) o in tr bng vn mt v ampe mt
S o in tr R da trn nh lut m. Mc d c th s dng cc dng c
o chnh xc nhng gi tr in tr nhn c bng phng php ny c th c sai s
ln. Ty theo cch mc ampemt v vnmt m gi tr Rx o c s khc nhau.
b. o in tr bng mmt
*mmt mc song song
L loi dng c o trong Rx mc song song vi c cu ch th hnh 5-5a.

u im ca mmt loi ny l c th o c in tr tng i nh (c k tr

li) v in tr vo ca mmt R nh khi dng in t ngun cung cp khng ln
lm. Do Rx mc song song vi c cu ch th nn khi Rx = (cha c Rx) dng in
qua ch th l ln nht (ICT=ICTmax), vi Rx=0 dng in qua ch th ICT 0. Thang o
c khc ging nh vnmt hnh 5-5b.
iu chnh thang o ca mmt trong trng hp ngun cung cp thay i cng
dng mt bin tr RM v iu chnh ng vi Rx = . Mc Rp v RM ging nh s
mmt mc ni tip.
*mmt nhiu thang o.

34
 mmt nhiu thang o thc hin theo nguyn tc chuyn t gii hn o ny
sang gii hn o khc bng cch thay i in tr ca mmt vi mt s ln nht nh
sao cho khi Rx = 0 kim ch th vn m bo lch thang o (ngha l dng qua c cu
o bng gi tr nh mc chn).
m rng gii hn o ca mmt
c th thc hin bng cch dng nhiu
ngun cung cp v cc in tr phn dng
(in tr sun) cho cc thang cp vi cc in
tr sun tng ng c cht lng tt.
Thit b c dng ch th nh mc I CT
=37.5A, in tr ca ch RTC=3,82k. iu
chnh zr l mt bin tr 5k (vi mcc
bnh thng). Pin 1,5 V dng cho tt c cc
khong o Rx1; Rx100 v Rx1k; pin 15V
dng cho khong o Rx10k. Rx c mc vo cc u ra ca mch (+,-).
Cng tc o c phn tip xc ng c th xoay tng nc cng chiu hoc ngc
chiu kim ng h. Hnh 5-6b minh ho mmt thng dng v nm iu chnh
mmt.
c. Cu o in tr:
Cu o in tr thng c chia thnh hai loi: Cu n v cu kp (cu
wheatstone v cu Kelvin)
*Cu n:( cu Wheatstone)

35
Cu n l mt thit b dng o in tr rt chnh xc. Mch cu hnh 5-7 gm hai
in tr c nh R2 v R3 v in tr iu chnh c R1, din tr cn o Rx v in k
ch khng(CT). Cu c cung cp bng ngun in mt chiu U o. Cc in tr R1, R2,
R3 c ch to bng in tr Mangganin c n nh v chnh xc cao.
xc nh in tr cha bit R x ngi ta iu chnh bin tr R1 cho ti khi
in k ch zr, lc cu ang ch cn bng ngha l in k ti hai im
Va=Vb(Uab=0) do dng in khng i qua n k nn I 1 s chy qua R1,R2 v I2 chy
qua R3, Rx, ta c:
I1R2=I2R3 (5-12)
I1R1=I2 Rx (5-13)
Chia biu thc (5-12) cho(5-13) ta c
I 1 R2 I R R R
2 3 hay 2 3 v RxR2=R1R3
I 1 R1 I 2 Rx R1 Rx

T tnh c in tr cha bit

R3
Rx= R1
R2

Vi R3 v R2 l cc in tr c nh
R3
do t s k; kl h s nhn.Nu thay
R2
i in tr R3 bng mt s cc in tr c gi tr
ln hn nhau 10 ln
V gi nguyn in tr R2 th ta s c cc h s
nhn khc nhau. Nn c th m rng thang o ca
cu nh hnh 5-8
in tr R5 (hnh 5-8) dng iu chnh
nhy cm ca ch th ch khng. Trc khi o
kha K c m ra chnh th (bo v qu dng
in cho chi th). Khi cu tng i cn bng
ngi ta ng kha K li chnh tinh cho n khi
cu cn bng hon ton.
chnh xc ca cu cn bng ph thuc vo nhy ca ch th v in p
cung cp, v vy ch th khng cn c nhy cm cao, ngun cung cp m bo dng
qua ch th khng vt qu dng cho php Ngoi cu hp nh hnh 5-8 ngi ta cn s
dng cu bin tr (hnh 5-9).

36
 Trong cu bin tr, in tr R2 v R3 l mt bin tr c th thay i c tr s,
R1 l mt dy cc in tr c tr s ln hn nhau 10 ln. Khi , in tr R x c mc
vo mch v iu chnh tr s R3/R2 cho n khi ch th Zro (cu cn bng)
Gi tr in tr cn o Rz c xc nh theo cng thc
R3
Rx = R1
R2

M rng gii o ca cu bng cch ch to in tr R1 thnh nhiu in tr c

gi tr khc nhau v thng qua chuyn mch B thay i cc gi tr

u im ca cu bin
tr l ch to gn nh nhng
chnh xc khng cao do sai
s ca bin tr v con chy.
Cp chnh xc ca cu
n o in tr thun ph
thuc vo gii hn o.
V d: gii o R = 50 105 cp chnh xc 0,05 % vi gii o R = 10 5 106 t
cp 0,5%.
*Cu kp (Cu Kelvin)
Cu kp l thit b o in tr nh v
rt nh m cc cu n trong qu trnh o
khng thun tin v c sai ln do in tr
ni dy v in tr tip xc.
Cc in tr c tr s nh nh in tr
sun ca ampemt phi c cc u ra in tr xc nh chnh xc. trnh nhng sai s
do tip xc khi chu nhng dng in ln gy ra, cc in tr trn thng c ch to
bn u, hai u dng v hai u p (hnh 5-10).
Cc u ra dng ln hn v nm cc u mt ngoi ca in tr. u ra p
nm gia 2 u dng v nhng u ra thng dng vi cc dng in nh c A
hoc mA nn khng c s st p do tip xc ti cc u ra in p. in tr c xc
nh ng bng in tr tn ti gia cc u in p.
o cc in tr nh ngui ta thng dng cu kp, hnh 5-11. Cu kp khc
vi cu n ch c thm mt s in tr, trong R 0 l in tr chun c gi tr nh
v R1, R2, R3, R4 l nhng in tr iu chnh c.

37
 Nu t s R3/R4 ging nh R1/R2 th sai s do sp p trn R c b qua. Gi
s khi ch th ch zr (khng c dng in qua ch th) v in p u ra ca ch th l
UCT = 0 (hnh 5-11). Vi iu kin trn ta c dng I 1 s chy qua R1 v R2, dng I chy
qua RX, R0, dng I2 qua R4 v R3 v I I2 chy qua R.
Do cu cn bng (UCT=0) nn in p ri trn R 2 bng tng cc in p ri trn
R0 v R4: I1R2 = I2R4 + IR0
Ta c IR0 = I1R2 I2R4
R4
Hoc IR0 = R2(I1- I2 R2 ) (5-16)
Cng nh vy, in p ri trn R1 bng tng in p ri trn R3 v RX
I1R1 = IRX
Ta c IRX = I1R1- I2R3
R3
Hoc IRx = R1(I1-I2 ) (5-17)
R1

R3
R1 ( I 1 I 2)
IR X R1
Chia phng trnh (5-17) cho ( 5-16) ta c =
IR0 R
R2 ( I 1 I 2 4 )
R2

R3 R1 R3 R4
Vi iu kin = hoc = ta c :
R4 R2 R4 R2

R1
RX R1
R
R0 = R2 v RX = R0 2 (5-18)

38
 Trong qu trnh o ngi ta iu chnh R 1, R2, R3, R4 sao cho lun gi c t
R3 R1
s = . Khi gi tr ca in tr RX c xc nh qua biu thc 5-18.
R4 R2

Hnh 5-12 cho thy cc biu din cu kp thng thng trong R 0 v RX l

cc in tr c 4 u ra v R1, R2, R3, R4 c mc vo cc u ra in p ca chng .
Khong o ca cu kp thng thng t 10 (hoc 10 -5) n 1. Ty thuc vo
chnh xc ca linh kin m chnh xc ca php o c th t n 0,2%.
d. o in tr ln
*o in tr ln bng phng php gin tip
Phng php gin tip (vnmt v ampemt) c th o cc in tr ln 10 5
1010 nh in tr cch in. Trong qu trnh o cn loi tr dng in r qua dy dn
hoc qua cch in ca thit b. Mun trnh dng in r cn phi s dng mn chn
tnh in hoc dy dn bc kim.
Mt vn xut hin khi o nhng in tr rt nh l c hai thnh phn in
tr: in tr khi v in tr r b mt. Trong thc t in tr b mt v in tr khi
t hp li l in tr hiu dng ca lp cch in. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng
hp phi tch ring hai in tr ra. tch hai thnh phn in tr ngi ta s
dng cc in cc o v cc ph hnh 5-13.
Khi o in tr cch in khi mch o c b tr nh hnh 5-13a trong
in k G o dng in xuyn qua khi cch in (c A), cn dng in r trn b
mt vt liu qua in cc ph ni t. in tr cn o c xc nh qua vnmt v
in k G
U
RX = I
k

Ngun in cung cp cho mch o c kilvn, in tr R khong 1M.

o in tr cc in mt s mch c b tr nh hnh 5-13b, trong
dng in r trn b mt ca vt liu c o bng in k G, dng in xuyn qua
khi vt liu c ni qua c chnh xung t. in tr cng c xc nh qua
vnmt v in k G.

39
* Mg mt
Mgmmt l dng c o xch tay c dng rng ri kim tra in tr cch
in ca cc dy cp in, cc ng c, my pht v bin p in lc.
Dng c gm c ngun cao p cung cp t my pht in quay tay, in p c
th c tr s 500 V hoc 1000V v ch th l 1 lgmmt t in. Ch th lgmmt
(hnh 5-14a) gm hai khung dy, mt khung to mmen quay v mt khung dy to
mmen phn khng. Gc quay ca c cu o t l vi t s ca hai dng in chy
qua hai khung dy trong dng in I1 i qua khung dy W1, in tr R1, I2 i qua
khung dy W2, in tr R2, RX, R3.

U0
Ta c : I1 =
R1 r1

U0
I2 = r1, r2 in tr ca khung dy
R2 r2 R X R3

Di tc ng ca lc in t gia t trng v dng in qua cc khung s to

ra mmen quay M1 v mmen cn M2.
ti thi im cn bng M1=M2
I1 R2 R3 r2 R X
Ta c : =F( )= F ( ) (5-19)
I2 R1 r1

40
 Cc gi tr R1, R2, R3 v r1, r2 l hng s nn gc quay t l vi Rx v khng
ph thuc vo in p cung cp. Hnh 5-14b l s ca Mgmmt thng dng.
3.2.2. o in cm.
a. Khi nim chung
Cun cm l tng l cun dy ch c thnh phn in khng (X L=L) hoc ch
thun khit l in cm L, nhng trong thc t cc cun dy, ngoi thnh phn khng
XL cn c in tr ca cun dy RL. in tr RL cng ln phm cht ca cun dy
cng km. Nu gi Q l phm cht ca cun dy th Q c c trng bi t s gia
in khng XL v in tr ca cun dy .
XL
Q (5-36)
RL

o cc thng s XL, RL v Q ngi ta thng dng mch cu xoay chiu bn

nhnh.
b. Cc mch cu o thng s cun cm
* Cu xoay chiu dng in cm mu
Mch cu so snh in cm nh hnh v 5-20 trong L X, RX l cc thng s
in cm v in tr cn xc nh: LM, RM l cc cun dy in cm v in tr chun.
Hai nhnh cn li l cc in tr R 1 v R2 cng l cc in tr c chnh cao. Khi o
ngi ta iu chnh cc in tr RM v R1, R2 t c cn bng cu.

41
 ch cn bng ta c:
Z1.Z4=Z2.Z3
Z1=RM+jLM Z3=R2
Z2=Rx+jLx Z4=R1

* Cu in cm Maxwell
Cc t in chun chnh xc d ch to hn cc cun dy in cm chun, do
ngi ta thng dng in dung chun o in cm hn l s dng cc cun in
cm chun. Cn c t in nh vy c gi cu Maxwell (hnh 5-21)
Trong mch cu, t in chun C3 mc song song vi in tr R3, cc nhnh cn li
l in tr R1 v R4. Cc in tr R3,R1,R4 l cc in tr c th iu chnh c R x v
Lx biu din cun cm cn o. Khi mch cu cn bng ta c:
Z1.Z4=Z2.Z3
Trong :
1
Z3= 1
j C 3
R3

Z2=Rx+jLx
Z1=R1
Z4=R4
* Cu in cm Hay
Cu n cm Hay tng t nh cu Maxwell ch khc ch in tr R3 c
mc kt ni tip t C3 (hnh 5-22)v in cm Lx v Rx c biu din i dng mch
song song v Rx , Lx o c l cc thnh phn ca mch song song.
Khi cu trng thi cn bng ta c:
Z1.Z4=Z2.Z3
Trong :
1
Z2
1 1

Rx jL x

42
 1
Z3= R3+ jC
3

Z1=R1 Z4=R4
3.2.3. o in dung
T in l tng l t khng tiu th cng sut (dng in mt chiu khng i
qua t) nhng trong thc t do c lp in mi nn vn c dng in nh i qua t cc
ny n cc kia. v vy trong t c s tn hao cng sut.
a. Cu o xoay chiu o in dung
* Cu o in dung tn hao nh
Hnh 5 -18 l s cu o t in c tn hao nh.Cu
gm c 4 nhnh trong R1,R2 l thun tr cc nhnh
cn li l Xx,Rx v in tr mu Rm,Cm iu chnh
c. ng cho cu c mc in k G ch cn
bng v ngun cung cp xoay chiu U.
*Cu o t in c tn hao ln
Hnh 5-19 l s mch cu o t in c tn hao ln,trong R 1, R2 l cc in tr
thun, CM mc song song vi RM l in dung v in tr mu; R x, Cx l in tr v
in dung ca t in cn o.
Khi cn can bng ta c:
Z1.Z3 = Z2.Z4
1
Trong Z1= 1 / R jC
x x

Z2=R1;Z3=R2
1
Z4= 1 / R jC
M M

3.3. O CC I LNG TN S, CNG SUT, IN NNG.

3.3.1. o tn s.
a. Khi nim chung.
- Tn s (f: frequency): c xc nh bi s cc chu k lp li ca s thay i
tn hiu trong mt n v thi gian. Tn s l mt trong cc thng s quan trng nht
ca qu trnh dao ng c chu k.
- Chu k (Time period, Time cycle): l khong thi gian nh nht m gi tr
ca tn hiu lp li ln ca n (tc l tho mn phng trnh u(t) = u(t + T) ). Quan

43
h gia tn s v chu k ca tn hiu dao ng l:

- Tn s gc tc thi (): c xc nh nh l vi phn theo thi gian ca gc

pha ca tn hiu, tc l:

Quan gia tn s gc tc thi v tn s l:

vi f(t) l tn s tc thi.
i vi tn hiu dao ng iu ha (tn hiu hnh sin) v c gc pha bin i
theo thi gian theo quy lut tuyn tnh nn tn s gc tc thi l mt hng s:

tn s f l mt i lng khng i:

Khong tn s c s dng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau nh: v tuyn in

t, t ng ho, vt l th nghim, thng tin lin lc... vi di tn t mt phn Hz n
hng nghn GHz.
- Tn s k: l dng c o tn s. Ngoi ra cn c th o t s gia hai tn s, tng
ca hai tn s, khong thi gian, di cc xung...
- Cc phng php o tn s: vic la chn phng php o tn s c xc nh
theo khong o, theo chnh xc yu cu, theo dng ng cong v cng sut ngun
tn hiu c tn s cn o v mt s yu t khc. o tn s ca tn hiu in c hai
phng php: phng php bin i thng v phng php so snh:
* o tn s bng phng php bin i thng: c tin hnh bng cc loi tn s k
cng hng, tn s k c in, tn s k t in, tn s k ch th s:
- Cc tn s k c in tng t (tn s k in t, in ng, st in ng): c s
dng o tn s trong khong t 20Hz 2,5kHz trong cc mch ngun vi cp chnh
xc khng cao (cp chnh xc 0,2; 0,5; 1,5; 2,5).
Cc loi tn s k ny ni chung hn ch s dng v tiu th cng sut kh ln v b
rung.
+ Cc tn s k in dung tng t: o tn s trong di tn t 10Hz 500kHz,

44
c s dng khi hiu chnh, lp rp cc thit b ghi m v raiv.v...
+ Tn s k ch th s: c s dng o chnh xc tn s ca tn hiu xung v tn
hiu a hi trong di tn t 10Hz 50GHz. Cn s dng o t s cc tn s, chu k,
di cc xung, khong thi gian.
*o tn s bng phng php so snh: c thc hin nh xilscp, cu xoay
chiu ph thuc tn s, tn s k i tn, tn s k cng hng...:
+ S dng OSCILOSCOPE: c thc hin bng cch c trc tip trn mn hnh
hoc so snh tn s cn o vi tn s ca mt my pht chun n nh (da trn ng
cong Ltsazua). Phng php ny dng o tn s cc tn hiu xoay chiu hoc tn
hiu xung trong di tn t 10Hz n 20MHz.
+ Tn s k trn tn: s dng o tn s ca cc tn hiu xoay chiu, tn hiu iu
ch bin trong khong t 100kHz 20GHz trong k thut v tuyn in t.
+ Cu xoay chiu ph thuc tn s: o tn s trong khong t 20Hz - 20kHz.
+ Tn s k cng hng: o tn s xoay chiu tn s tn hiu iu ch bin ,
iu ch xung trong khong t 50kHz 10GHz; thng s dng khi lp thit b thu
pht v tuyn.
Trong nhng nm gn y tn s k ch th s c s dng rng ri v cnci
t thm P iu khin v s dng kt qu o na...
Di y s tin hnh xt mt s phng php v dng c o tn s ph bin
nht, bao gm:
+ o tn s bng phng php cng hng
+ Tn s k in t
+ Cu o tn s
+ Tn s k ch th s
3.3.2. o cng sut v in nng (nng lng).
a. C s chung v o cng sut v nng lng.
Cng sut v nng lng l cc i lng c bn ca phn ln cc i tng,
qu trnh v hin tng vt l. V vy vic xc nh cng sut v nng lng l mt
php o rt ph bin. Vic nng cao chnh xc ca php o i lng ny c
ngha rt to ln trong nn kinh t quc dn, n lin quan n vic tiu th nng lng,
n vic tm nhng ngun nng lng mi, n vic tit kim nng lng.
Cng sut cng nh nng lng c mt di nhiu dng khc nhau l: nng
lng in, nhit c, cng sut, pht x... tuy nhin quan trng nht vn l vic o

45
cng sut v nng lng in, cn cc dng nng lng khc cng thng c o
bng phng php in.
Di o ca cng sut in thng t 10 -20W n 10+10W. Cng sut v nng
lng in cng cn phi c o trong di tn rng t khng (mt chiu) n 10 9Hz
v ln hn.
V d: Cng sut ca tn hiu mt i pht thanh khong 10 -16W cn cng sut
ca mt i pht thanh hin i khong trn 10 10W. Nng lng t mt thin h n
tri t trong 1s l 10-40June, cn nng lng cho ra ca mt my pht in trong mt
nm c 1020June.
b. Cng sut trong mch mt chiu:
Cng sut trong mch mt chiu c tnh theo mt trong cc biu thc sau y:

trong : I - dng in trong mch

U - in p ri trn ph ti vi in tr R
P - lng nhit to ra trn ph ti trong mt n v thi gian.
c. Cng sut tc dng trong mch xoay chiu mt pha:
Trong trng hp khi dng v p c dng hnh sin th cng sut tc dng c tnh l :

h s cos c gi l h s cng sut.

Cn i lng S = U.I gi l cng sut ton phn c coi l cng sut tc dng khi
ph ti l thun in tr tc l, khi cos = 1.
Khi tnh ton cc thit b in nh gi hiu qu ca chng, ngi ta cn s
dng khi nim cng sut phn khng. i vi p v dng hnh sin th cng sut phn
khng c tnh theo:
Q = U.I.sin
Trong trng hp chung nu mt qu trnh c chu k vi dng ng cong bt k th
cng sut tc dng l tng cc cng sut ca cc thnh phn sng hi.

H s cng sut trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh l t s gia cng sut tc

dng v cng sut ton phn:

46
 d. Cng sut tc dng trong mch 3 pha:
Biu thc tnh cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng l :

vi: U, I: in p pha v dng pha hiu dng

C: gc lch pha gia dng v p ca pha tng ng.
Biu thc o nng lng in c tnh nh sau:
Wi=Pi.t
vi: P: cng sut tiu th
t: thi gian tiu th
Trong mch 3 pha c:
W= WA+ WB + WC
Nh vy cng t o nng lng in phi bao gm mt b phn chuyn i
o cng sut, mt b tch phn. B chuyn i o cng sut c thc hin theo nhiu
cng sut khc nhau gm:
1 - Phng php c in: php nhn c da trn c cu ch th nh in
ng, st in ng, tnh in v cm ng, trong gc quay ca phn ng l hm
ca cng sut cn o.
2 - Phng php in: php nhn c thc hin bi cc mch nhn tng t
cng nh nhn s in t, tn hiu ra ca n l hm ca cng sut cn o.
3 - Phng php nhit in: s dng phng php bin i thng cng sut
in thnh nhit. Phng php ny thng c ng dng khi cn o cng sut v
nng lng trong mch tn s cao cng nh ca ngun laze.
4 - Phng php so snh: l phng php chnh xc v th n thng c s
dng o cng sut trong mch xoay chiu tn s cao.
e. o cng sut trong mch mt chiu v xoay chiu mt pha.
C cc phng php o c bn sau:
1 - o theo phng php c in:
0 + Watmet in ng
1 + Watmet st in ng

47
 2 - o theo phng php in:
1 + Watmet chnh lu in t
2 + Watmet dng phng php nhit in
e. o theo phng php c in:
Cng sut trong mch mt chiu c th o c bng cch o in p t vo
ph ti U v dng I qua ph ti . Kt qu l tch ca hai i lng . Tuy nhin y
l phng php gin tip, phng php ny c sai s ca php o bng tng sai s ca
hai php o trc tip (o in p v o dng in).
Trong thc t thng o trc tip cng sut bng watmet in ng v st in
ng. Nhng dng c o ny c th do cng sut trong mch mt chiu v xoay chiu
mt pha tn s cng nghip cng nh tn s siu m n 15kHz.
Vi watmet in ng c th t ti cp chnh xc l 0,010,1 vi tn s di
200Hz v trong mch mt chiu, tn s t 200Hz 400Hz th sai s o l 0,1% v
hn na.
Vi watmet st in ng vi tn s di 200Hz sai s o l 0,1 0,5% cn vi
tn s t 200Hz 400Hz th sai s o l 0,2% v hn na.
* o trc tip cng sut bng watmet in ng:
o cng sut tiu th trn ph ti R L ta mc watmet in ng. Trong
mch ni tip vi mt in tr ph R P. Cun tnh v cun ng c ni vi nhau
hai u c nh du *.
i. o nng lng trong mch xoay chiu mt pha, cng t mt pha.
Nng lng trong mch xoay chiu mt pha c tnh:
A=P.t
vi: P = U.I.cos l cng sut tiu th trn ti.
t l khong thi gian tiu th ca ti.
Dng c o o nng lng l cng t. Cng t c ch to da trn c cu
ch th cm ng. Ch r s cu to ca mt cng t mt pha da trn c cu ch th
cm ng:

48
 Hnh 3.1. S cu to ca mt cng t mt pha da trn c cu ch th cm ng
* Cng t mt pha:
Cu to: nh hnh 3.1a, gm cc b phn chnh:
- Cun dy 1 (to nn nam chm in 1): gi l cun p c mc song song vi ph
ti. Cun ny c s vng dy nhiu, tit din dy nh chu c in p cao.
- Cun dy 2 (to nn nam chm in 2): gi l cun dng c mc ni tip vi ph
ti. Cun ny dy to, s vng t, chu c dng ln.
- a nhm 3: c gn ln trc t vo tr c th quay t do gia hai cun dy 1, 2.
- Hp s c kh: gn vi trc ca a nhm.
- Nam chm vnh cu 4: c t trng ca n xuyn qua a nhm to ra mmen
hm.
*Nguyn l lm vic: khi c dng in I chy trong ph ti, qua cun dng to ra
t thng 1 ct a nhm hai ln. ng thi in p U c t vo cun p sinh ra
dng Iu, dng ny chy trong cun p to thnh hai t thng:
1 - U: l t thng lm vic, xuyn qua a nhm
2 - I: khng xuyn qua a nhm do vy m khng tham gia vic to ra mmen
quay.
T s vect nh hnh 3.1b c:

vi: kI , kU: l h s t l v dng v p; Zu: l tng tr ca cun p

49
 Hnh 3.2. Cng t mt pha:a) S cu to; b) Biu vect
Sai s ca cng t c tnh nh sau:

vi: WN, CPN: l nng lng v hng s cng t nh mc.

Wo, CPo: l nng lng v hng s cngt o c.
Cp chnh xc ca cng t thng l: 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5.
* Kim tra cng t:
cng t ch c chnh xc, trc khi em s dng ngi ta thng phi
kim tra hiu chnh v cp ch.
kim tra cng t ta phi mc chng theo s hnh 3.3:

Hnh 3.3. S kim tra cngt

T ngun in 3 pha qua b iu chnh pha ly ra in p mt pha c th
lch pha vi bt k pha no ca ngun in t 0 n 360 0. Sau qua bin dng (di
dng bin p t ngu ) L 1, dng in ra c mc ni tip vi ph ti Z T ampemt v
cc cun dng ca watmet v cng t.

50
 in p c ly ra t mt pha bt k ca ngun in (v d pha BC), qua bin
p t ngu L2 v t vo cun p ca watmet cng nh ca cng t, vnmt ch in p
u ra ca bin p t ngu L2.
*Vic kim tra cng t theo cc bc sau y:
1. iu chnh t quay ca cng t: iu chnh L 2, t in p vo cun p ca
watmet v cng t bng in p nh mc U = U N; iu chnh L1 sao cho dng in
vo cun dng ca watmet v cng t bng khng I = 0, lc ny watmet ch 0 v cng
t phi ng yn. Nu cngt quay th l hin tng t quay ca cngt.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l khi ch to thng c lc ma st bao
gi cng phi to ra mt mmen b ban u, nu mmen ny qu ln (ln hn mmen
ma st gia trc v tr) th xut hin hin tng t quay ca cngt.
loi tr hin tng t quay, ta phi iu chnh v tr ca mu t trn trc ca cngt
sao cho tng mmen hm, tc l gim mmen b cho n khi cngt ng yn th
thi.
2. iu chnh gc = - I = 2/: cho in p bng in p nh mc U = U N,
dng in bng dng in nh mc I = I N . iu chnh gc lch pha = /2 tc l cos
= 0. Lc ny watmet ch 0, cng t lc ny phi ng yn, nu cng t quay iu
c ngha l / 2 v cng t khng t l vi cng sut.
iu chnh cho gc / 2 ta phi iu chnh gc hay t thng u bng
cch iu chnh b phn phn nhnh t ca cun p, hoc c th iu chnh gc 1 hay
t thng I bng cch iu chnh vng ngn mch ca cun dng. C th cho n khi
cng t ng yn. Lc ny th s ch ca cng t t l ca cng sut, tc l gc
/2.

3. Kim tra hng s cng t: kim tra hng s cng t C p th cn phi iu

chnh sao cho cos = 1 (tc l = 0), lc ny watmet ch P = U.I.
Cho I = IN, U = UN lc P = UNIN
o thi gian quay ca cng t bng ng h bm giy t. m s vng N m
cng t quay c trong khong thi gian t. T ta tnh c hng s cng t:

Hng s ny thng khng i i vi mi loi cngt v c ghi trn mt cngt.

V d: trn cng t c vit : 1kWh = 600vng . iu ny c nghi l C p = 600 vng /
1kWh.
Trong thc t i khi ngi ta s dng mt i lng nghch o vi hng s C p
l hng s k:

51
 thun tin, trn hp s ngi ta tnh ton cho k = 1kWh/1 s, s d dng cho
ngi dng. Nu Cp (hoc k) khng bng gi tr nh mc ghi trn mt cng t th ta
phi iu chnh v tr ca nam chm vnh cu tng (hoc gim) mmen cn M c cho
n khi Cp (hoc k) t c gi tr nh mc.
Sai s ca cng t c tnh nh sau :

Sau khi tnh nu sai s ny nh hn hoc bng cp chnh xc ghi trn cngt
l c. Trng hp ln hn th phi sa cha v hiu chnh li cngt ri kim tra
li.
m. Cng t in t:
ch to cng t in t, ngi ta bin i dng in I thnh in p U1 t l vi n:
U1 = k1 I
mt in p khc t l vi in p t vo U:
U2 = k2 U
qua b phn in t (nhn analog) s nhn c in p U3 t l vi cng sut P:
U3 = k3.P
Tip theo in p ny s ln lt qua cc khu: qua b bin i in p-tn s (hoc b
bin i A/D), vo b m, ra ch th s. S ch ca c cu ch th s s t l vi nng
lng N = CW trong khong thi gian cn o nng lng .

Hnh 3.4. S khi nguyn l ca cngt in t

Tt c cc b bin i trn y u thc hin bng mch in t.

52
Cng t in t c th t ti cp chnh xc 0,5.

53
 Chng IV. S DNG CC LOI MY O THNG DNG
4.1. S DNG VOM, M.
4.1.1. S dng VOM.
ng h vn nng (VOM) l thit b o khng th thiu c vi bt k mt k
thut vin in t no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc nng chnh l o in tr, o in
p DC, o in p AC v o dng in.
u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh kin, thy
c s phng np ca t in, tuy nhin ng h ny c hn ch v chnh xc v
c tr khng thp khong 20K/Vol do vy khi o vo cc mch cho dng thp chng b
st p.
ng h vn nng hay vn nng k (VOM) l mt dng c o lng in c
nhiu chc nng. Cc chc nng c bn l ampe k, vn k, v m k, ngoi ra c mt
s ng h cn c th o tn s dng in, in dung t in, kim tra bng bn dn
(transitor)...
ng h vn nng in t, cn gi l vn nng k in t l mt ng h
vn nng s dng cc linh kin in t ch ng, v do cn c ngun in nh pin.
y l loi thng dng nht hin nay cho nhng ngi lm cng tc kim tra in v
in t. Kt qu ca php o thng c hin th trn mt mn tinh th lng nn
ng h cn c gi l (ng h vn nng in t hin s).

Mt vn nng k in t

54
 Bn trong mt ng h vn nng in t
Vic la chn cc n v o, thang o hay vi chnh thng c tin hnh bng cc
nt bm, hay mt cng tc xoay, c nhiu nc, v vic cm dy ni kim o vo ng
cc l. Nhiu vn nng k hin i c th t ng chn thang o.
Vn nng k in t cn c th c thm cc chc nng sau:
1. Kim tra ni mch: my ku "bp" khi in tr gia 2 u o (gn) bng 0.
2. Hin th s thay cho kim ch trn thc.
3. Thm cc b khuych i in o hiu in th hay cng dng in nh,
v in tr ln.
4. o t cm ca cun cm v in dung ca t in. C ch khi kim tra v
lp t mch in.
5. Kim tra diode v transistor. C ch cho sa cha mch in.
6. H tr cho o nhit bng cp nhit.
7. o tn s trung bnh, khuych i m thanh, iu chnh mch in ca radio.
N cho php nghe tn hiu thay cho nhn thy tn hiu (nh trong dao ng k).
8. Dao ng k cho tn s thp. Xut hin cc vn nng k c giao tip vi my
tnh.
9. B kim tra in thoi.
10. B kim tra mch in -t.
11. Lu gi s liu o c (v d ca hiu in th).
ng h vn nng hin th kim

55
 Mt vn nng k tng t

Bn trong ng h vn nng thng

Loi ny ra i trc v dn b thay th bi vn nng k in t. B phn chnh
ca n l mt Gavan k. N thng ch thc hin o cc i lng in hc c bn l
cng dng in, hiu in th v in tr. Hin th kt qu o c thc hin bng
kim ch trn mt thc hnh cung. Loi ny c th khng cn ngun in nui khi hot
ng trong ch o cng dng in v hiu in th.
4.1.2. S dng M.
Tnh nng ca thit b o in tr t

M t c tnh k thut:
Chc nng o: in tr t,in p xoay chiu (Grounding Voltage).
Di o v cp chnh xc:
in tr t: 3 thang o 10/100/1000 Ohm; Cp chnh xc: +/-2.5% f.s
in p xoay chiu: 0 - 30 V; cp chnh xc: +/-3% f.s

56
Dng o: max :15mA AC , min : 3mA AC.
Tn s o: 575Hz hoc 600Hz.
in p cc m: max 50V AC.
ng h o s dng phng php sai pha xoay chiu.
Ngun cung cp: Pin R6P x 6.
Kch thc: 164 x 119 x 88 mm.
Trng lng: 800g.
Ph kin km theo:
Cp o: Model 9215
Hp ng my: 9393.
Que o t ph: 9214.
Ph kin ty chn:
Mng t: Model 9050.

4.2. S DNG AMPE KM, OSC.

4.2.1. S dng Ampe km.
* Ampe k km

Ampe k km o cng dng in

Trong dng in xoay chiu, t trng bin thin sinh ra bi dng in c th
gy cm ng in t ln mt cun cm nm gn dng in. y l c ch hot ng
ca Ampe k km.

57
 - Chc nng o: dng v p xoay chiu, in tr, tn s, nhit (chn thm u o
nhit), kim tra dn in
- C chc nng kim tra mo dng sng, o gi tr nh sng.
Slow/Peak/C.F/RMS/Record mode/Auto-off/Conduction.
- ng knh km m ln nht: 33 mm.
- Mn hnh tinh th lng hin th s v thanh hin th (35 vch) gi tr.
- Khng cn cu ch bo v trong di in p ti 600V.
- Kch thc: 62x218x39 mm.
- Trng lng: 350g.
c tnh k thut:
Di o dng xoay chiu (3 thang o):
Gi tr hiu dng: 30 600A, Cp chnh xc: +/-1%rdg.+/-5dgt
Imax: 75 1000A, +/-3%rdg.+/-5dgt
Di o in p xoay chiu (2 thang o):
Gi tr hiu dng: 300 600V, Cp chnh xc: +/-1%rdg.+/-3dgt
Umax: 750 1000V, +/-3%rdg.+/-5dgt
Tn s dng xoay chiu: 40 1000Hz.
o tr khng: 1 10kW.
o nhit : - 50 ti 150oC.
o tn s: 100 1000Hz, +/-0,3%rdg.+/-1dgt.
Kim tra dn in: 1kW.
H s mo dng sng: 1.00 5.00, +/-10%rdg.+/-5dgt.
Tc ly mu: max 2 4 ln/s, min 1 ln/3s.
Ph kin km theo:
u o: Model 9207-10 , 70cm.
Hp ng my: 9399.
Ph kin ty chn:
u o nhit : Model 9462 , 1.2m, -50 ti 150oC.

Ampe km model 3280-10 ca hng Hioki - Nht bn vi tnh nng s dng n gin
v an ton. Dng o dng, p xoay chiu, in tr, kim tra dn in.
Kch thc gn nh: 57x175x16 mm.

58
 Trng lng: 100g.
Ngun cung cp cho my: 1 pin CR2032 (3V DC).
ng knh m ca km o: 33 mm.
c tnh k thut:

Chc nng o Di o v cp chnh xc

Dng xoay chiu C 3 thang o:

(50/60Hz) 0.06 - 4/420/1000A.
Cp chnh xc :+/-1.5%rdg+/-5dgt.

in p mt chiu 420mV/42V/420V/600V.
Cp chnh xc: +/-1.3%rdg+/-4dgt.

in p xoay chiu 4.2/42/420/600V.

(50/500Hz) Cp chnh xc: +/-2.3%rdg+/-8dgt.

in tr 420W/4.2k/420k/4,2M/42MW.
Cp chnh xc: +/-2.0%rdg+/-6dgt

Kim tra thng mch 420W.

Cp chnh xc: +/-2.0%rdg+/-6dgt

+ T ng chuyn i thang o, lu gi kt qu, cnh bo pin.

+ Mn hnh hin th LCD 4199 digits.
+ Tc ly mu : max 2,5 ln/s, min 1 ln/3s.
+ Bo v qu p: AC V/DC V 600V.
+ Ph kin km theo:
+ u o: Model 9208.
+ Hp ng: Model 9398.
+ Ph kin ty chn:
+ u o tin dng: Model 9209 (ch 1 que o gn vo thn my).
4.2.2. S dng Dao ng k (Oscilloscope).

59
 Hnh 4.1: Hnh nh my hin sng in t
4.2.2.1. M u
My hin sng in t hay cn gi l dao ng k in t (electronico
scilloscope) l mt dng c hin th dng sng rt thng dng. N ch yu c s
dng v dng ca tn hiu in thay i theo thi gian. Bng cch s dng my hin
sng ta xc nh c: ?

Hnh 4.2: My hin sng Oscilloscope v u dy o

+ Gi tr in p v thi gian tng ng tn hiu
+ Tn s dao ng ca tn hiu
+ Gc lch pha gia hai tn hiu
+ Dng sng ti mi im khc nhau trn mch in t
+ Thnh phn ca tn hiu gm thh nh phn mt chiu v xoay chiu nh
th no
+ Trong tn hiu c bao nhiu thh nh phn nhiu v nhiu c thay i theo
thi gian hay khng
Mt my hin sng ging nh mt my thu hnh nh nhng c mn hnh c
k v c nhiu phn iu khin hn TV. Di y l panel ca mt my hin sng
thng dng vi phn hin th sng; phn iu khin theo trc X, trc Y, ng b v ch
mn hnh; phn kt ni u o .

60
 Hnh 4.3: u dy o ca my hin sng Oscilloscope
Mn hnh ca my hin sng c chia , 10 theo chiu ngang v 8 theo
chiu ng. ch hin th thng thng, my hin sng hin dng sng bin i
theo thi gian: trc ng Y l trc in p, trc ngang X l trc thi gian.

Hnh 10.4: Biu din cc trc trn mn hnh my hin sng Oscilloscope
chi hay sng ca mn hnh i khi cn gi chi trc Z. My hin
sng c th c dng rt nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ch khng n thun trong lnh
vc in t. Vi mt b chuyn i hp l ta c th o c thng s ca hu ht tt
c cc hin tng vt l. B chuyn i y c nhim v to ra tn hiu in tng
ng vi i lng cn o, v d nh cc b cm bin m thanh, nh sng, cng,
rung, p sut hay nhit
Cc thit b in t thng c chia thnh 2 nhm c bn l thit b tng t
v thit b s, my hin sng cng vy. My hin sng tng t (Analog
oscilloscope)s chuyn trc tip tn hiu in cn o thnh dng electron bn ln mn
hnh. in p lm lch chm electron mt cch t l v to ra tc thi dng sng tng
ng trn hnh. Trong khi , my hin sng s (Digital osciloscope) s ly mu dng
sng, a qua b chuyn i tng t/s (ADC). Sau n s dng cc thng tin di

61
dng s ti to li dng sng trn mn hnh. Ty vo ng dng m ngi ta s dng
my hin sng loi no cho ph hp.

Thng thng, nu cn hin th dng tn hin di dng thi gian thc (khi
chng xy ra) th s dng my hin sng tng t. Khi cn lu gi thng tin cng nh
hnh nh c th x l sau hay in ra dng sng th ngi ta s dng my hin sng s
c kh nng kt n vi my tnh vi cc b vi x l. Phn tip theo ca ti liu chng
ta s ni ti my hin sng tng t, loi dng ph bin trong k thut o lng in
t.
4.2.2.2. S khi ca mt my hin sng thng dng

Hnh 4.5: S khi ca my hin sng Oscilloscope

Tn hiu vo c a qua b chuyn mch AC/DC (kho K ng khi cn xc
nh thnh phn DC ca tn hiu cn khi ch quan tm n thnh phn AC th m K).
Tn hiu ny s qua b phn p (hay cn gi l b suy gim u vo) c iu khin
bi chuyn mch nm xoay nm xoay VOLTS/DIV, ngha l xoay nm ny cho php
ta iu chnh t l ca sng theo chiu ng. Chuyn mch Y- POS xc nh v tr
theo chiu ng ca sng, ngha l c th di chuyn sng theo chiu ln hoc xung
tu bng cch xoay nm vn ny. Sau khi qua phn p, tn hiu vo s c b
khuch i Y khuch i lm lch ri a ti iu khin cp lm lch ng. Tn hiu
ca b K Y cng c a ti trigo (khi ng b), trng hp ny gi l ng b
trong, kch thch mch to sng rng ca (cn gi mch pht qut) v a ti iu
khin cp lm lch ngang tng hiu qu iu khin, mt s mch cn s dng thm
cc b khuch i X sau khi to in p rng ca). i khi ngi ta cng cho mch

62
lm vic ch ng b ngoi bng cch ct ng tn hiu t khuch i Y, thay
vo l cho tn hiu ngoi kch thch khi to sng rng ca.

i vo khi to sng rng ca cn c hai tn hiu iu khin t nm vn

TIME/DIV v X - POS. TIME/DIV (c nhiu my k hiu l SEC/DIV) cho php thay
i tc qut theo chiu ngang, khi dng sng s dng trn mn hnh vi n chu k
nu tn s ca sng ln gp n ln tn s qut). X - POS l nm iu chnh vic di
chuyn sng theo chiu ngang cho tin quan st.
ng phng tia in t CRT c m t phn trc.
Sau y ta s xem xt phn iu khin, vn v cc ng dng thng dng nht
ca mt my hin sng.
4.2.2.3. Thit lp ch hot ng v cch iu khin mt my hin sng
a. Thit lp ch hot ng cho my hin sng
Sau khi ni t cho my hin sng ta s iu chnh cc nm vn hay cng tc
thit lp ch hot ng cho my.

Panel trc ca my hin sng gm 3 phn chnh l VERTICAL (phn iu

khin ng), HORIZONTAL (phn iu khin ngang) v TRIGGER (phn iu khin
ng b). Mt s phn cn li (FOCUS - nt, INTENSITY - sng) c th khc
nhau tu thuc vo hng sn xut, loi my, v model.
Ni cc u o vo ng v tr (thng c k hiu CH1, CH2 vi kiu u ni BNC
(xem hnh trn). Cc my hin sng thng thng s c 2 que o ng vi 2 knh v
mn hnh s hin dng sng tng ng vi mi knh.
Mt s my hin sng c ch AUTOSET hoc PRESET thit lp li

63
ton b phn iu khin, nu khng ta phi tin hnh bng tay trc khi s dng my.
Cc bc chun b nh sau:

1. + a tt c cc nt bm v v tr OUT
+ a tt c cc thanh trt v v tr UP
+ a tt c cc nm xoay v v tr CENTRED
+ a nt gim ca VOLTS/DIV, TIME/DIV, HOLD OFF v v tr CAL (cn chnh)
2. Vn VOLTS/DIV v TIME/DIV v v tr 1V/DIV v .2s/DIV
3. Bt ngun

4. Xoay Y-POS iu chnh im sng theo chiu ng (im sng s chy ngang
qua mn hnh vi tc chm). Nu vn TIME/DIV ngc chiu kim ng h (theo
chiu gim) th im sng s di chuyn nhanh hn v khi v tr c s trn mn hnh
s l mt vch sng thay cho im sng.

64
5. iu chnh INTENS thay i chi vt FOCUS thay i nt ca vch
sng trn mn hnh.

6. a tn hiu chun kim tra chnh xc ca my a u o ti v tr ly chun

(hoc l t my pht chun hoc ngay trn my hin sng v tr CAL 1Vpp, 1kHz).
Vi gi tr chun nh trn nu VOLTS/DIV v tr 1V/DIV v TIME/DIV v tr
1ms/DIV th trn mn hnh xut hin mt sng vung c bin nh nh 1 trn
mn hnh v rng xung cng l 1 trn mn hnh. (xoay Y - POS v X - POS
m mt cch chnh xc)
Sau khi ly li cc gi tr chun trn, tu thuc ch lm vic m ta s
dng cc nt iu khin tng ng.
b. Cc phn iu khin chnh
* iu khin mn hnh
Phn ny bao gm:

+ iu chnh sng - INTENSITY - ca dng sng. Thng thng khi tng

tn s qut cn tng thm sng tin quan st hn. Thc cht y l iu chnh
in p li
+ iu chnh nt FOCUS - ca dng sng. Thc cht l iu chnh in p
cc anot A1, A2 v A3.
+ iu chnh lch ca trc ngang TRACE - (khi v tr ca my nhng
im khc nhau th tc dng ca t trng tri t cng khc nhau nn i khi phi
iu chnh c v tr cn bng)
c. iu khin theo trc ng

65
 Phn ny s iu khin v tr v t l ca dng sng theo chiu ng. Khi tn
hiu a vo cng ln th VOLTS/DIV cng phi v tr ln v ngc li. Ngoi ra
cn mt s phn nh
INVERT: o dng sng
DC/AC/GD: hin th phn mt chiu/xoay chiu/t ca dng sng
CH I/II: Chnh knh 1 hoc knh 2
DUAL: Chnh c 2 knh
ADD: Cng tn hiu ca c hai knh
Khi bm nt INVERT dng sng ca tn hiu s b o ngc li o pha
1800)
Khi gt cng tc v v tr GD trn mn hnh s xut hin mt vt ngang, dch
chuyn v tr ca ng ny xc nh v tr t ca tn hiu.
Gt cng tc v v tr DC ngha l trong tn hiu bao gm c thnh phn mt
chiu v xoay chiu, gt v v tr AC l hin dng sng tch thnh phn mt chiu.
Xem hnh di y: (bn tri l ch DC v bn phi ch AC)
Khi n nt DUAL chn c hai knh th trn mn hnh s xut hin 2 th
ca 2 dng sng ng vi 2 u o. ADD cng cc sng vi nhau. Ni chung v tr
ca 3 nt CH I/II, DUAl v ADD s cho cc ch hin th khc nhau tu thuc vo
tng loi my.

d. iu khin theo trc ngang

Phn ny iu khin v tr v t l ca dng sng theo chiu ngang. Khi tn hiu
a vo c tn s cng cao th TIME/DIV phi cng nh v ngc li. Ngai ra cn
mt s phn sau:

66
 X - Y: ch ny knh th 2 s lm trc X thay cho thi gian nh ch
thng.
Ch : Khi my hot ng ch nhiu knh th cng ch c mt phn iu khin
theo trc ngang nn tn s qut khi s l tn s qut chung cho c 2 dng sng.
e. ng dng ca my hin sng trong k thut o lng
My hin sng hin nay c gi l my hin sng vn nng v khng n
thun ch l hin th dng sng m n cn thc hin c nhiu k thut khc nh thc
hin hm ton hc, thu nhn thng tin v x l s liu v thm ch cn phn tch c
ph tn hiu ...
Trong phn ny chng ta ch ni ti nhng ng dng c bn nht ca mt my
hin sng.
f. Quan st tn hiu
quan st c tn hiu ch cn thit lp my ch ng b trong v iu
chnh tn s qut v trigo dng sng ng yn trn mn hnh. Khi ny c
th xc nh c s bin thin ca tn hiu theo thi gian nh th no. Cc my
hin sng hin i c th cho php cng mt lc 2, 4 hoc 8 tn hiu dng bt k
cng mt lc v tn s quan st c th ln ti 400MHz.

* o in p
Vic tnh gi tr in p ca tn hiu c thc hin bng cch m s trn
mn hnh v nhn vi gi tr VOLTS/DIV
V d: VOLTS/DIV ch 1V th tn hiu cho hnh trn c:

67
 Vp = 2,7 x 1V = 2,8V
Vpp = 5,4 x 1V = 5,4V
Vrms = 0,707Vp = 1.98V
Ngoi ra, vi tn hiu xung ngi ta cn s dng my hin sng xc nh
thi gian tng sn xung (rise time), gim sn xung (fall time) v rng xung
(pulse width) vi cch tnh nh hnh di.

* o tn s v khong thi gian

Khong thi gian gia hai im ca tn hiu cng c tnh bng cch m s
theo chiu ngang gia hai im v nhn vi gi tr ca TIME/DIV
Vic xc nh tn s ca tn hiu c thc hin bng cch tnh chu k theo
cch nh trn. Sau nghch o gi tr ca chu k ta tnh c tn s.
V d: hnh bn s/div l 1ms. Chu k ca tn hiu in di 16 , do vy chu k l
16ms f=1/16ms=62,5Hz
* o tn s v lch pha bng phng php so snh
Ngoi cch o tn s thng qua vic o chu k nh trn, c th o tn s bng
my hin sng nh sau: so snh tn s ca tn hiu cn o fx vi tn s chun fo. Tn
hiu cn o a vo cc Y, tn hiu tn s chun a vo cc X. Ch lm vic ny
ca my hin sng gi l ch X-Y mode v cc sng u c dng hnh sin. Khi
trn mn hnh s hin ra mt ng cong phc tp gi l ng cong Lissajou.
iu chnh tn s chun ti khi tn s cn o l bi hoc l c nguyn ca tn
s chun th trn mn hnh s c mt ng Lissajou ng yn. Hnh dng ca ng

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Lissajou rt khc nhau ty thuc vo tn s gia hai tn hiu v lch pha gia
chng. Xem hnh bn.

Vi n l s mi theo chiu ngang v m s mi theo chiu dc (hoc c th ly s im

ct ln nht theo mi trc hoc s im tip tuyn vi hnh Lissajou ca mi trc)
Phng php hnh Lissajou cho php o tn s trong khong t 10Hz ti tn s
gii hn ca my.
Nu mun o lch pha ta cho 2 tn s ca hai tn hiu bng nhau, khi
ng Lissajou c dng elip. iu chnh Y - POS v X - POS sao cho tm ca elip
trng vi tm ca mn hnh hnh (gc to ). Khi gc lch pha c tnh bng:

A vi A, B l ng knh trc di v ng knh trc ngn ca elip

Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng xc nh c du ca gc pha v sai s
ca php o kh ln (5 10%)

4.3. S DNG MY BIN P O LNG.

4.3.1. My bin in p.
My bin in p trong o lng hu ht l my bin p gim p. Chng c
thit k l gim in p cun th cp xung cn khong 100 (V) , (y l gi tr
in p thch hp vi hu ht cc thit b o).
My bin p dng bin in p cao thnh in p nh o lng v iu
khin. Cng sut ca my bin in p 251000VA. My bin in p c dy qun s
cp ni vi li in v dy qun th ni vi Vn mt, cun dy p ca Watt k, cun

69
dy ca cc r le bo v, hoc cc thit b iu khin khc. Cc loi dng c ny c
tng tr Z rt ln nn my bin in p xem nh lm vic ch khng ti, do
sai s v tr s nh v bng:

Gc u gia U1 v U2 cng nh.

* Cu to
My bin in p l mt my bin p cch ly vi cun s cp c s vng ln
v cun th cp c t vng.

Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my bin in p.

c im cu to ca my bin in p

Cp chnh xc v sai s ca my bin in p

Cp chnh xc 0.5 1 3

Sai s U 0.5% 1% 40

70
A - My Bin p phn phi 1 pha 8.66-12.7/ 0.46-0.23 KV
- Tn s 50 Hz.
- Ch lm mt : ONAN.
- Cht lm mt : Du khong cch n
- Dung lng : 10 KVA ~ 100 KVA.
- in p s cp : 8.66 - 12.7 KV
- in p th cp : 0.46 - 0.23 KV
- Vt liu ch to cun dy: ng.
- Mu sn v my : Mu xm nht.
- Ni t : Trong nh hoc ngoi tri
- Vn hnh : Lin tc

* Nguyn l lm vic ca my bin in p

My bin in p c thit k sao cho in p dy qun th cp t thay i khi
ti thay i t lc khng ti n y ti (ti nh mc).
Trng thi lm vic ca cc my bin p in p gn nh khng ti v chng lm vic
vi nhng thit b c tng tr ln (Volt k, cun p Wat k, cun p rle bo v. . .).
Khi s dng my bin p in p cn ch khng c ni tt mch th cp v s gy
s c ngn mch li in s cp.
4.3.2. My bin dng in.
Trong hu ht cc thit b o lng v iu khin dng in u c qui v
chun 5A nn cc my bin dng in s dng trong cc lnh vc ny thng c dng
in ng ra cun th cp l 5A.
Nh cp n trn, cun th cp ca my bin dng thng c ni vi cc
thit b o nh ampere k, watt k hoc cc thit b t ng khc. C mt lu l khi
s dng my bin dng cung cp cho nhiu thit b th phi mt ni tip cc thit b
ny vi nhau.
My bin dng in dng bin dng in ln thnh dng in nh o lng
bng cc dng c o tiu chun v iu khin.

Cp chnh xc v sai s ca my bin dng in

Cc xc 0.2 0.5 1 3 10

71
 S s I

* Cu to
My bin dng in cng ging nh mt my bin p cch ly thng thng gm
c li thp c ghp t cc l thp k thut in, hai cun dy qun s cp v th cp
t trn li thp.
im c bit ca my bin dng nm tit din v s vng dy qun cun s
cp v th cp.
Cun dy s cp c qun rt t vng thng ch c qun mt vng dy. Dy qun
s cp c tit din rt ln do my phi lm vic iu kin gn nh ngn mch.
ng knh dy qun s cp ph thuc vo cp cng sut ca my bin dng; my
bin dng c cng sut cng ln th ng knh dy qun s cp cng ln.
Dy qun th cp ca my bin dng c tit din nh v c rt nhiu vng .

S nguyn l my bin dng.

Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my bin dng in thng l hnh trn . V c dng hnh
trn kn nn thng thng my bin dng c lp trong lc lp t mng in.

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 Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my bin dng in

* Nguyn l hot ng ca my bin dng:

Nh cp n trn, my bin dng thng xuyn hot ng tnh trng gn
nh ngn mch. Do , mt iu rt quan trng khi s dng my l khng c php
my hot ng ch khng ti v in p khng ti pha th cp ca my bin
dng in rt ln c th gy hng lp cch in dn n ph hu my.
Trng thi lm vic ca my bin dng trng thi ngn mch v chng lm vic
vi cc thit b c tng tr rt nh (Ampre k, cun dng Wat k, cun dng rle bo
v. Khi s dng my bin dng in cn ch khng c dy qun th cp h
mch v dng in t ha s rt ln, li thp bo ha su s nng ln v lm chy dy
qun.
Ngoi ra, sut in ng s nhn u gy nn in p cao n hng nghn Volt th
cp dn n khng an ton cho ngi s dng.
Cu hi:
1. Em hy cho bit v sao khi s dng my bin dng in khng c dy qun
th cp h mch ? Gii thch ?
2. Khi s dng my bin in p ngi ta ni tt mch th cp in hay khng ? Hy
trnh by hin tng xy ra khi ta ni tt mch th cp ?

Chng V. TI LIU CN THAM KHO

[1] K thut o - Ng Vn Ky, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh,

1993.

73
[2] Cm nang k thut km nh dng cho th ng dy v trm mng in trung th
[3] Trn Nguyn Thi, Trng K Thut in, Cng Ty in lc 2, B nng lng -
1994.
[4] Vt liu in - Nguyn Xun Ph, NXB Khoa hc v K thut , 1998.
[5] Cung cp in - Nguyn Xun Ph, NXB Khoa hc v K thut , 1998.
[6] o lng v iu khin bng my tnh - Ng Din Tp, NXB Khoa hc v K
thut, 1997.
[7] Sa cha in my cng nghip - Bi Vn Yn, NXB nng, 1998.
[8] K Thut in - ng Vn o, NXB Gio Dc, 1999.Gio trnh An ton lao
ng - Nguyn Th t, V Trung hc chuyn nghip - Dy ngh - NXB Gio Dc,
2002.
[9] Gio trnh An ton in - Nguyn nh Thng, V Trung hc chuyn nghip - Dy
ngh - NXB Gio Dc, 2002.
[10] Gio trnh o lng cc i lng in v khng in - Nguyn Vn Ho, V
Trung hc chuyn nghip - Dy ngh - NXB Gio Dc, 2002.
[11] Phm Thng Hn (ch bin) - K thut o lng cc i lng vt l T1,2
NXB Gio dc 1997.
[12] L Vn Doanh (ch bin) - Cc b cm bin trong k thut o lng v iu
khin - NXB KH&KT 2001.
[13] Nguyn Ngc Tn (ch bin) - K thut o - NXB KH&KT 2000.
[14] Phan Quc Ph (ch bin) - Gio trnh cm bin - NXB KH&KT 2005.
[15] Ernest O. Doebelin - Measurement Systems-Application and Design - 5st edition
-McGraw-Hill
[16] Cc trang web ca cc hng sn xut thit b o lng v cm bin: OMRON,
ABB, FLUKE, SIEMENS, HP, HONEYWELL, OMEGA
[17] Tp ch T ng ha ngy nay + Trang web ca tp ch T ng ha ngy nay:
www.automation.org.vn - chuyn mc Th gii cm bin.
[18] Trang web www.hiendaihoa.com

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