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Generator Excitation
Generator Excitation
Excitation System
&
AVR
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Presentation outline
Types of excitation
AVR
Experience sharing
Conclusion
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
ROTOR
STATOR
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ROTOR
EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
STATOR
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EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
Stator induced Voltage
E = K. L. d/ dt
K = constant
L = length exposed to flux
d/ dt = rate of change of flux
Frequency of induced Voltage
F = NP / 120
Magnitude of flux decides generated voltage and
speed of rotation decides frequency of
generated voltage
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270
0
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90
360
180
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EXCITATION SYSTEM
REQUIREMENT
Regulate terminal voltage of the machine
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EXCITATION SYSTEM
REQUIREMENT
Reliability
Sensitivity and fast response
Stability
Ability to meet abnormal conditions
Monitoring and annunciation of parameters
User friendliness
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TYPES OF EXCITATION
EXCITATION
SYSTEM
ROTATING
SYSTEM
Conventional
Rotating
machines
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STATIC
SYSTEM
High
frequency
excitation
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Brushless
Excitation
System
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COMPONENTS OF TYPICAL
EXCITATION SYSTEM
Input and output interface , Aux. power supply, FB
AVR: At least two independent channels
Follow up control and changeover
Excitation build up and Field Discharging system
Cooling / heat dissipation components
Limiters
Protective relays
Testing , Monitoring and alarm / trip initiation
Specific requirements :
Field Flashing, Stroboscope, PSS,
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AVR
AUTO
15.75 kV
MAN
FB
FF
FDR
415 v AC
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Excitation power from generator via excitation transformer. Protective relays for
excitation transformer
Two channels : Auto & manual, provision for change over from Auto to Manual
Limiters : Stator current limiter, Rotor current limiter, Load angle limiter etc.
Alternate supply for testing
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EXC TRFR
18KV/700V
1500KVA
Field Breaker
THYRISOR
BRIDGE
FIELD
voltage regulator
GENERATOR
Crow Bar
From TGMCC- C
Non linear
resistor
Field discharge
Resistor
Pre Excitation
415/40V,10KVA
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Field flashing
For start up DC excitation is fed to the field from external source like
station battery or rectified AC from station Ac supply .
Filed flashing is used to build up voltage up to 30 %.
From 30 to 70 % both flashing and regulation remains in circuit.
70 % above flashing gets cut-off
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BRUSH
GEAR
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Brushless excitation
FIELD BREAKER
R
Y
ARMATURE
ROTATING
DIODES
FIELD
(PM)
PILOT
EXCITER
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MAIN
EXCITER
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GENERATOR
20
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AVR
21 KV
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Unit
capacity
MW
Excitation
Current at
Full Load
Excitation
Voltage at
full load
Ceiling
Volts
200/ 210
2600
310
610
500
6300
600
1000
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PMG
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Description
Brushless Excitation
Type of system.
Dependency on external
supply.
Requirement of additional
bearing and increase of
turbo generator shaft
length.
Maintenance.
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Static Excitation
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MAIN EXCITER
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EXCITER ROTOR
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EXCITER COOLING
VAPOUR EXHAUST
COOLER
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GENERATOR
I
XG
EF =
EF
I . XG + VT
VT
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GENERATOR
Phasor diagram of the Generator
Ef
IL.Xd
VT
IL
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GCB
GENERATOR
GT
Xd
XT
VT
Ef
Vbus
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GENERATOR
Vector Diagram of Generator and GT
connected to an infinite bus
EF
IL.Xd
VT
IL.XT
Vbus
IL
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GENERATOR
In the equivalent Circuit and Phasor diagram, the notations used have
the following description:
Vbus
VT
EF
Xd
XT
Transformer reactance
IL
Load Current
Phase angle
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GENERATOR
POWER ANGLE EQUATION
Referring to the phasor diagram on slide no.14;
Sin / IL.{Xd+XT}
Sin (90+ ) / EF
VIL Cos / EF
VIL Cos
Pmax
EF . V / X
Note that the Electrical Power Output varies as the Sin of Load angle
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1.2
1
0.81.2
1
0.6
0.8
0.40.6
0.20.4
0.2
0 0
180
18
Angle in degrees
150
15
120
90
12
60
90
30
60
30
Sin delta
Power in pu
Angle in degrees
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Physical
significance
of load angle
Stator
mag.
axis
red
N
ROTOR
Rotor
mag.
axis
yellow
STATOR
blue
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P2
Excitation constant;
EF2
P1
Power output P1 to P2
EF1
2
I2
Vbus
Locus of
Constant
Excitation
I1
ACTIVE POWER CHANGE
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Locus of P = const.
Steam Flow constant;
Excitation increased
EF2
EF1
2
I2
Vbus
Locus of
Constant
Excitation
I1
I Cos = Constant
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EXCITATION CHANGE
Power in per
unit
Excitation Control
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
P1
P2
P3
0
30 60 90 120 150 180
Power Angle (delta), in degrees
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AVR
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AVR
There are two independent control systems
1. Auto control
2. Manual control
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AVR
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AVR
Generator voltage control
The output quantity of this control is the set point for a following.
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AVR
This equipment acts on to the output of the generator voltage,
control, limiting the set point for the above excitation current
regulator. The stationary value of this limitation determines the
maximum possible excitation current set-point (field forcing
limitation);
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AVR
In the under excitation range, the under
excitation ensures that the minimum excitation
required for stable parallel operation of the
generator with the system is available and that
the under -excited reactive power is limited
accordingly
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AVR
The set-point adjuster of the excitation current
regulator for manual is tracked automatically (followup control) so that, in the event of faults, change over
to the manual control system is possible without delay
Automatic change over is initiated by some special
fault condition. Correct operation of the follow-up
control circuit is monitored and can be observed on a
matching instrument in the control room. This
instrument can also be used for manual matching.
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AVR
FAULT INDICATIONS
The following alarms are issued from the voltage
regulator to the control room.
AVR fault
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AVR
The current feedback is utilized for active and
reactive power compensation and for limiters
3. V/F limiter
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Excitation Interlocks
Preconditions for Excitation ON
Excitation ON command
N>90%
Protection Off
FCB Off feedback
5s delay
Excitation
ON
External trip
GCB is OFF
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GCB OFF
N>90%
Exc OFF
Delay 1sec
GCB OFF
External trip
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Capability Curve
Capability Curve relates to the limits in which a generator can
Operate safely.
Boundaries of the Curve within with the machine will operate
safely
Lagging Power Factor/Overexcited region
Top Section Relates to Field Heating in Rotor Winding
Right Section Relates to Stator current Limit
Straight line relates to Prime Mover Output
Leading Power Factor/ Underexicted region
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LIMITERS
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V/F limiter
Also known as over fluxing limiter
It is the protection function for the GT
V/F ratio , eddy current , the local eddy current causes
thermal over loading of GT
In DVR mode V/F ratio is continuously monitors the limit
violation
In case V/F ratio crosses the limit characteristic, the upper limit
as the effective AVR set point is reduced as a function of V/F
ratio
This limiter is used when it is required to keep the unit operating
even in case of substantial frequency drops , for instance in
order to prevent complete breakdown of the system, a V/F
limiter is used to lower the voltage proportional with frequency
4drop
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2 nd priority
3 rd priority
Voltage regulator
UN-2010
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THANK YOU
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