Chapter 6.

2
Learning and behaviorism: Classical Conditioning and Operative Condition
Study Q: Describe 4 schools of reinforcement. Give a real life example of
each one.
Behavioral Study of Learning
Addiction
Conditioned responses to drugs: The smell of coffee wakes us up
The sight of drugs and tools icreses
cravings
Conditioned opponent reactions: Tolerance and overdose
Cognitive Perspective
Rescorla-Wagner Model
Tone---Expectancy of food---Salivate
Importance of predictability
1) Simultaneous and backwards conditioning are ineffective
2) Blocking
3) Reliability
Stimulus has more than physical attributes
Law of Effect: Responses that produce a satisfying result are more likely to
be repeated
Responses that produce a dissatisfying result are less likely to
reoccur
Operant response: Has an effect on environment
Operant Conditioning: Learning associated with operant response
Reinforce: Any stimulus that increase the likelihood of a behavior (food)
Shaping: Successive Approximation
Punishment: Presentation of a stimulus that reduces the likelihood of a
predicted response (Opposite of reinforcement)
Problems with positive reinforcement
-Its effects are temporary
- To be effective it must be applied immediately
- Produces emotions
- Other stimuli may become conditioned due with punishment
- May learn to punish others
- Indicates what not to do instead of what to do
- Doesnt result in appropriate behavior
- May generalize to similar behavior

Alternatives to punishment
- Prevent behavior by changing environment
- Let the child be satiated by behavior
- Wait for child to outgrow behavior
- Reinforce behavior that is incompatible with response
- Use extinction (attention can be rewarding)