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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow prism, different liquids(water,
kerosene, oil, spirit etc) drawing pins, pencil, half metre scale, thumb pins,graph
papers and a protractor.
INTRODUCTION:
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract
light. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional
geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides,
and in colloquial use "prism" usually refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are not
in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is
transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass,
plastic and fluorite.
A prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the
rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.
THEORY:
HOW DOES A PRISM WORK:
Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to another (for example, from air into the
glass of the prism). This speed change causes the light to be refracted and to enter the new
medium at a different angle (Huygens principle). The degree of bending of the light's path
depends on the angle that the incident beam of light makes with the surface, and on the ratio
between the refractive indices of the two media (Snell's law). The refractive index of many
materials (such as glass) varies with the wavelength or color of the light used, a phenomenon
known as dispersion. This causes light of different colors to be refracted differently and to
leave the prism at different angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow. This can be used to
separate a beam of white light into its constituent spectrum of colors. Prisms will generally
disperse light over a much larger frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings, making them
useful for broad-spectrum spectroscopy. Furthermore, prisms do not suffer from
complications arising from overlapping spectral orders, which all gratings have.
Prisms are sometimes used for the internal reflection at the surfaces rather than for
dispersion. If light inside the prism hits one of the surfaces at a sufficiently steep angle, total
internal reflection occurs and all of the light is reflected. This makes a prism a useful
substitute for a mirror in some situations.
A triangular prism, dispersing light; waves shown to illustrate the differing wavelengths of light.
b) Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D) there are two values of angle of
incidence. One value equals i and other value equals e
As angle i is increased from a small value, e decreases from large value and
angle of deviation decreases. When angle of deviation is minimum(Dm), then, i
and e becomes equal.
DIAGRAMS:
TYPES OF PRISM:
Dispersive prisms
Comparison of the spectra obtained from a diffraction grating by diffraction (1), and a prism by refraction (2).
Longer wavelengths (red) are diffracted more, but refracted less than shorter wavelengths (violet).
Main article: Dispersive prism
Dispersive prisms are used to break up light into its constituent spectral colors because the
refractive index depends on frequency; the white light entering the prism is a mixture of
different frequencies, each of which gets bent slightly differently. Blue light is slowed down
more than red light and will therefore be bent more than red light.
OBSERVATIONS:
As given in the practical book on page no.256
CALCULATIONS:
What should we do in the calculations??
Should we go according to the formula given in the book..??
GRAPHS:
Graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
RESULT:
1.The i-D graph indicates that as the angle of incidence(i) increases, the angle of
deviation(D)nfirst decreases, attains a minimum value (Dm) and then again start
increasing for further increase in angle of incidence.
2.The angle of minimum deviation for
a)water Dm=
C
o
m/s
b) kerosene or glycerine v=
m/s
c) spirit v= m/s
d) turpentine oil v= m/s
DOUBTS:
Maam can we use glycerine instead of kerosene and the rest liquids are oil, spirit
and water
And anything else that we should include in the project???
Is any more information required for the project or this is enough..???