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CHE 333 - Chap05 PDF
CHE 333 - Chap05 PDF
Chapter 5
NUMERICAL METHODS IN
HEAT CONDUCTION
Objectives
Understand the limitations of analytical solutions
of conduction problems, and the need for
computation-intensive numerical methods
Express derivatives as differences, and obtain
finite difference formulations
Solve steady one- or two-dimensional conduction
problems numerically using the finite difference
method
1 Limitations
2 Better Modeling
In analytical method,
3 Flexibility
Engineering problems often require extensive parametric
studies to understand the influence of some variables on the
solution in order to choose the right set of variables.
4 Complications
Some problems can be solved analytically, but the
solution procedure is so complex and the solution
expressions so complicated that it is not worth all
that effort.
With the exception of steady one-dimensional or
transient lumped system problems, all heat
conduction problems result in partial differential
equations. Solving such equations usually requires
mathematical sophistication beyond that acquired
at the undergraduate level, such as orthogonality,
eigenvalues, Fourier and Laplace transforms,
Bessel and Legendre functions, and infinite series.
5 Human Nature
engineering wisdom
finite difference
form of the first
derivative
no heat generation
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(steady state)
(We define both Qright and Qleft as they enter the volume element; you will
see later that this is just a convention; it has no effect on result.
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Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions most commonly encountered in practice are the specified
temperature, specified heat flux, convection, and radiation boundary
conditions.
Example: finite difference formulations for BC for steady one-dimensional
heat conduction in a plane wall of thickness L.
The node number at the left surface at x = 0 is 0, and at the right surface at
x = L it is M. Note that the width of the volume element for either boundary
node is x/2.
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Node 1
Node 2
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Exact solution:
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(no heat
generation)
Boundary Nodes
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EXAMPLE
Node 1
Node 2
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Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6
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Nodes 7, 8
Node 9
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Irregular Boundaries
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Explicit method
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Implicit method
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We have M-1 equations for M-1 interior nodes in both explicit and
implicit method, and we need either the values temperatures or
appropriate equations for the boundaries.
For example: convection boundaries for explicit method:
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Example:
For convective
boundaries
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The implicit method is unconditionally stable, and thus we can use any
time step (of course, the smaller the time step, the better the
accuracy of the solution).
The disadvantage of the implicit method is that it results in a set of
equations that must be solved simultaneously for each time step.
Both methods are used in practice.
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EXAMPLE 5.5
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EXAMPLE
Node 2
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Explicit
formulation
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EXAMPLE
Node 1
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Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
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Node 5
Node 6
Nodes 7, 8
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Node 9
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Summary
Why numerical methods?
Finite difference formulation of differential equations
One-dimensional steady heat conduction
Boundary conditions
Treating Insulated Boundary Nodes as Interior Nodes: The
Mirror Image Concept
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