giga zedania

ideologiis

Sesaxeb

debatebi

XX

saukunis

90-iani

wlebis

saqarTveloSi

sarCevi

I. ideologiis fenomenis aqtualoba. ideologiis analizis

meTodologia
II. ideologia Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi
III. debatebi saqarTveloSi erovnuli ideologiis Sesaxeb
IV. ideologiuri da diskursiuli analizi

I. ideologiis fenomenis aqtualoba. ideologiis analizis

meTodologia
erTi SexedviT, ideologiaze saubari saqarTveloSi sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Semdeg unda damTavrebuliyo, radgan ideologia
marqsistuli

warmoSobis

konceptia,

xolo

didi

marqsistuli

narativis dasasruli swored sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT

evropaSi socialisturi sistemis kraxs ukavSirdeba. magram saqme
bevrad ufro rTuladaa, vidre aseTi zedapiruli ganxilviT
SeiZleba davaskvnaT.
jer

erTi,

ideologiis

orTdoqsuli

marqsistuli

cneba

karga xania aRaraa erTaderTi. termini marqsamde iqna Semotanili

destut de trasis mier 1796 wels da aRniSnavda axal (Sesaqmnel)
disciplinas, mecnierebas ideebis Sesaxeb. sityvis es sruliad
pozitiuri

mniSvneloba

negatiurad

Semoatriala

napoleonma,

romelic misTvis arasasurvel inteleqtualebs (igive de trasi,

kabanisi da a. S) "ideologebs" uwodebda. magram cneba arnaxuli
popularizaciasa da gavrcelebas marqsisa da engelsis 1846 wels
daweril wigns umadlis, romlis saTauri "germanuli ideologia"
iyo. aq marqsizmis klasikosebi ganixilavdnen hegelis skolis
warmomadgenelTa filosofiebs da axasiaTebdnen maT rogorc
'yalb

cnobierebas'.

ganviTareba

marqsis

dakavSirebulia

Semdeg

iseT

ideologiis

avtorebTan,

Teoriis

rogorebicaa

k.

manhaimi, g. lukaCi, a. gramSi, l. alTiuseri, i. habermasi, s. JiJeki

da a. S.
misma

ideologiis cnebis difuzias Sedagad is mohyva, rom

marqsistulma

winareistoriam,

garkveulwilad,

meore

planze gadaiwia.
meorec,
ideologiis
wlebis

saqarTveloSi
konceftis

bolos

komunisturi

gaqroba

intensiurad

ar

reJimis

moitana.

mimdinare

sikvdilma

piriqiT,

debatebi

imis

90-iani
Sesaxeb,

saWiro iyo Tu ara nacionaluri ideologia, moicva rogorc

politikosebi da sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, ise qarTuli
akademia.
ismis.

am

debatebis

ukanasknel

miuTiTebs,

rom

gamoZaxili

xanebSi

dRevandel

terminis

ideologiis

xSiri

publikaciebSic
gamoyeneba

problematikas

imaze

saqarTveloSi

aqtualoba ar daukargavs.
amitomac dRes kvleva ideologiis sferoSi aqtualuria. am
kvlevis Catarebas ukanasknel wlebSi met-naklebi seriozulobiT
cdilobdnen
gareSe,

qarTveli

rom

dasavluri
dakavSirebuli.

mecnierebi,

gaTvaliswinebuliyo
gamocdileba,
es

magram

es

ukanaskneli

romelic

gamocdileba

keTdeboda

ki,

am

asi

imis
wlis

konceftTanaa

upirveles

yovlisa,

damokidebulia ideologiis analizis mdidar meTodologiasTan,

romelic socialur mecnierTa Taobebis mier muSavdeboda.

ideologiis analizis meTodologia

imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos ideologiis Sesaxeb 90-iani
wlebSi saqarTveloSi gamarTuli
saWiroa

ideologiis

debatebis adeqvaturi analizi,

sistematuri

Teoriis

moxazva

da

misi

analizisis meTodologiis Camoyalibeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,

Cveni ganxilvac sxva araferi iqneba, Tu ara kidev erTi xma
debatebSi. imisaTvis, rom es Tavidan aviciloT, saWiroa aseve
mokled ganvixiloT ideologiis ukve arsebuli Teoriebi da
movaxdinoT maTi klasifikacia.
saWiroa ganvasxvavoT ideologis koncefciebis ori tipi.
erTi

zogadi

tipia

is,

romelsac

'ideologiis

neitraluri

koncefcia' SeiZleba ewodos. neitraluri koncefciebi isinia,

romlebic cdiloben ideologiuri fenomenebis daxasiaTebas imis
gareSe, rom isini aucileblobiT mcdarad, iluzorulad an kerZo

jgufis

interesebTan

dakavSirebulad

ganixilon.

ideologia,

neitraluri koncefciebis mixedviT, socialuri cxovrebis erTerTi aspeqtia, da sulac araa ufro problematuri, vidre sxva
nebismieri

aspeqti.

politikuri

ideologias

programa,

SeiZleba

miuxedavad

Seicavdes

imisa,

yoveli

revoluciaze

Tu

reformazea is orientirebuli. ideologia SeiZleba iseve saWiro

iyos daCagruli jgufebisaTvis arsebuli socialuri wesrigis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rogorc isaa aucilebeli gabatonebuli
socialuri jgufisaTvis status qvos SenarCunebisaTvis. rogorc
sabrZolo

iaraRi,

gamarjvebisaTvis,

ideologia
magram

SeiZleba

is

iyos

principulad

saSualeba

xelmisawvdomia

yvelasaTvis, romelsac aqvs misi mopovebis resursebi da codna.

ideologiis
ganvasxvavoT
aRiweros

neitraluri

meore

rogorc

zogadi

koncefciebi
tipisagan,

"ideologiis

Cven

SeiZleba

romelic

SeiZleba

kritikul

koncefciebi".

wina

tipisagan gansxvavebiT, kritikuli koncefciebi amtkiceben, rom

ideologiuri
fenomenis

fenomenebi

rogorc

iluzoruli

ideologiuris

TviT

da

calmxrivia;

saxeldebac

ki

da
ukve

Seicavs mis implicitur kritikas.

am ori tipis mixedviT SeiZleba davajgufoT ideologiis
klasikuri koncefciebi. destut de trasi, lenini da lukaCi,
miuxedavad uamravi gansxvavebisa, erT fundamentur wertilSi
Tanxvdebian:

samive

aviTarebs

ideologiis

neitraluri

koncefcias. maTTvis ideologia araa aucileblobiT negatiuri,

uayrofiTi; isini ar fiqroben, rom ideologia aucileblad unda
moispos. amis sapirispirod, ideologiis koncefciebi, romlebsac
vxvdebiT

napoleonTan,

koncefciebia.

yvela

marqsTan

maTgani

im

da

manhaimTan,

daSvebazea

kritikuli

agebuli,

rom

ideologiuri fenomenebi kritikas imsaxurebs.

negatiurobis
gansxvavdeba.
Seferiloba

kriteriumebi

napoleonisaTvis
aqvs,

arapraqtikulic;
politikis

erTmaneTisagan

radgan

mas

is

praqtikul

'ideologias'
erTdroulad

SecdomaSi

sagrZnoblad

SevyavarT,

realobebs.

negatiuri

mcdaricaa

Tanac

ideologiis

da

gvacilebs
marqsiseuli

kritikuli koncefcia negatiurobis am or kriteriums inarCunebs.

es sqema SeiZleba gavrceldes aseve ideologiis analizis
uaxles

mcdelobebzec.

romlebic

ideologiis

kliford

gircamde

umeteswilad,
Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove

weren

aviTareben

lui

avtorebi,

alTiuseridan

neitraluri

koncefcias.

ideologia maT mier ganixileba rogorc rwmenebisa an simboluri

formebisa da praqtikebis sistemebi. isini xSirad eqspliciturad
cdiloben, gaemijnon imas, rasac aRiqvamen rogorc ideologiis
'SefasebiT' koncefcias. magram, Tu meore mxridan SevxedavT, es
koncefciebi ideologiis fenomenis neitralizacias ewevian.
ideologiis analizi dakavSirebuli unda iyos imasTan, Tu
rogor ikveTeba simboluri formebi Zalauflebis mimarTebebTan.
misi ganxilvis sagania is, Tu rogor xdeba sazrisis mobilizeba
socialur samyaroSi da im individebisa da jgufebis poziciebis
gamagreba, romlebic Zalauflebas floben. ideologiis Seswavla
niSnavs imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor emsaxureba sazrisi batonobis
mimarTebebis

damyarebasa

da

SenarCunebas.

ideologiuri

fenomenebi sazrisis mqone simboluri formebia, ramdenadac es

ukanasknelni

emsaxurebian,

konkretul

socialur-istoriul

pirobebSi, batonobis mimarTebebis damyarebasa da SenarCunebas.

xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom simboluri fenomenebi, an garkveuli
saxis

simboluri

aramed
rogorc

mxolod

fenomenebi,
imdenadaa

aRiniSna,

araa

ideologiuri

ideologiuri,

batonobis

TavisTavad,

ramdenadac

mimarTebebis

isini,

SenarCunebas

emsaxureba. Cven simboluri fenomenebis ideologiurad ganxilvas

SevZlebT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am simbolur fenomenebs

socialur-istoriul
movlenebma

konteqstebSi

SeiZleba

Searulon

an

movaTavsebT,
ar

sadac

Seasrulon

am

batonobis

mimarTebebis mxardamWeri roli. asruleben Tu ara isini am rols

esaa kiTxva, romelzedac pasuxis gacema mxolod sazrisisa da
Zalauflebis urTierTqmedebis ganxilvis Sedegad SeiZleba.
ideologiis am koncefciis formulirebisas negatiurobis
erTaderTi kriteriumi rCeba, kerZod ki batonobis mimarTebebis
SenarCunebis kriteriumi. simbolur formebs ideologiuri rom
vuwodoT, amisaTvis araa arsebiTi, arian Tu ara isini mcdari da
iluzoruli. isini marTlac SeiZleba aseTni iyvnen da faravdnen
socialur

mimarTebebs,

warmodgenas

abundovanebdnen

gviqmnidnen

masze.

magram

situacias,
es

araswor

SesaZleblobebia,

romlebic SemTxveviTia da ara aucilebeli ideologiis cnebis

gansasazRvrad.

amiT

Tavidan

iqneba

acilebuli

garkveuli

epistemologiuri problemebi, romlebic Tan axlda ideologiis

Teoriis

gamomuSavebas.

simboluri

fenomenebis

daxasiaTeba

rogorc ideologiuris ar aiZulebs analitikoss imis mtkicebas,

rom ase daxasiaTebuli fenomenebi raRac azriT 'yalbia'. rac
Cven gvainteresebs, esaa ara pirvel rigSi simboluri formebis
WeSmariteba an siyalbe, aramed is, Tu rogor emsaxureba es
formebi,

konkretul

situaciebSi,

batonobis

mimarTebebis

Camoyalibebasa da SenarCunebas. sulac araa TavisTavad cxadi,

TiTqos simboluri formebi amas mxolod sakuTari simcdarisa
Tu iluzorulobis saSualebiT axerxebdnen.
ideologiis
ekuTvnis.

marqsisa

mimarTebebis

yvelaze
da

gavleniani

marqsistebis

SenarCunebis

Teoria,
naSromebSi

kriteriumi,

udavod,
ki

marqss

batonobis

eqspliciturad

Tu

impliciturad, mudam gaigeba rogorc klasobrivi mimarTebebis

azriT. magram xazi unda gaesvas Semdeg garemoebas klasobrivi

mimarTebebi

sulac

araa

batonobisa

da

daqvemdebarebis

erTaderTi saxe. isini eqspluataciisa da uTanasworobis mxolod

erT

tips

warmoadgenen.

sxva

tipebis

magaliTebad

SeiZleba

moviyvanoT mimarTebei sqebs, eTnikur jgufebs, individebsa da

saxelmwifos,
Teoriis

er-saxelmwifoebs

mixedviT,

Soris

klasobrivi

da

a.

S.

marqsistuli

mimarTebebi

Tanamedrove

sazogadoebebis struqturuli birTvia, maTi transformacia ki

batonobisagan

Tavisufali

sazogadoebis

Seqmnis

piroba.

es

daSveba dResdReobiT veRar iqneba TavisTavad cxadi. dRevandel

samyaroSi

klasobrivi

batonoba,

rasakvirvelia,

mniSvnelovani

faqtoria, magram arc yvelaze mniSvnelovani da namdvilad ara

erTaderTi

faqtori.

anu

kavSiri

klasobriv

batonobasa

da

ideologias Soris gasaWrelia. ideologiis Seswavlisas CvenTvis

SeiZleba
mamakacebsa

mniSvnelovani
da

qalebs,

aRmoCndes
an

or

batonobis

eTnoss,

an

mimarTebebi

hegemonur

er-

saxelmwifoebsa da globaluri sistemis periferiaze myof ersaxelmwifoebs Soris.

ideologiis Teoriis Camoyalibebisas kidev erTi faqtoria
mxedvelobaSi

misaRebi.

Cveulebriv,

ideologia

ganixileba

rogorc iseTi ram, rac emsaxureba im socialuri mimarTebebis

SenarCunebas, rac arsebobs simboluri formebis mier sazrisis
mobilizaciamde

da

misgan

damoukideblad.

es

jgufebi

(magaliTad, klasebi) arsebobs 'TavisTavad' da gansazRvrulia

obieqturi

pirobebiT.

am

Sexedulebis

problemuroba

imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom is yuradRebas ar aqcevs imas, Tu ra xarisxiT

gansazRvraven simboluri formebi da maT mier mobilizebuli
sazrisi

socialur

realobas.

es

simboluri

faqtorebi

socialuri realobis makonstituirebeli faqtoria. isini ara

mxolod repretezentaciebi, romlebic gamiznulia pre-simboluri
interesebis dafarvisaTvis. piriqiT, isini mniSvnelovan rols

TamaSoben

socialuri

realobis

konstituirebaSi.

aqedan

gamomdinare, rodesac laparakia imaze, rom ideologia batonobis

damyarebas emsaxureba, es damxareba unda gavigo im azriT, rom
sazrisma SeiZleba aqtiurad Seqmnas da daafuZnos batonobis
mimarTebebi.

xolo

"SenarCuneba"

niSnavs

imas,

rom

sazrisi

emsaxureba batonobis mimarTebis reproduqcias, kvlavwarmoebas,

simboluri formebis warmoebis mudmivi procesis saSualebiT.
ideologiis am kritikuli Teoriis gasaviTareblad sami
aspeqtis ganxilvaa saWiro: esenia a) sazrisis cneba, b) batonobis
cneba da

g) is, Tu rogor SeiZleba sazrisi emsaxurebodes

batonobis

mimarTebis

daarseba-SenarCunebas.

samive

aspeqts

mokled Tu ganvixilavT, SeiZleba Semdeg Sedegebamde mivideT:

sazrisi,

romelTanac

simboluri

saqme

formebis

gvaqvs

ideologiis

Seswavlisas,

sazrisia,

romlebic

socialur

konteqstebSia Cawnuli da cirkulirebs socialur samyaroSi.

'simboluri
suraTebisa

formebi'
da

esaa

teqtsebis

moqmedebebisa

farTo

sfero,

da

gamonaTqvamebis,

romlebic

iwarmoeba

subieqtebis mier da maT mier ganixileba rogorc sazrisis mqone

konstruqtebi. enobrivi gamonaTqvamebi, iqneba isini sityvieri Tu
werilobiTi, am perspeqtividan yvelaze mniSvnelovania, magram
simboluri

formebi

vizualuri

xati).

es

aseve

SeiZleba

simboluri

iyos

formebi

ara-enobrivi
mudam

(mag.,

Cawerilia

socialurad struqturirebul konteqstebsa da procesebSi. am

konteqstebis aRwera rogorc 'socialurad struqturirebulisa'
niSnavs imas, rom arsebobs sistematuri sxvaobebi resursebis
ganawileba-misawvdomobasTan dakavSirebiT. individebs, romlebic
arseboben socialur struqturirebul konteqstebSi, sakuTari
poziciebidan

gamomdinare,

resursebis

xelmisawvdomobis

sxvadasxva xarisxi axasiaTebT. individebis socialuri pozicia

maT

Zalauflebis

sxvadsaxva

xarisxs

aniWebs,

rac

SeiZleba

ganxilulu iqnes rogorc socialurad an institucionalurad

miniWebuli unari, miiRon gadawyvetilebebi, misdion miznebsa da
interesebs.

'batonobaze'

(ing.

domination,

maSin SeiZleba laparaki, rodesac

germ.

Herrschaft)

damyarebuli Zalauflebis

mimarTebebi 'sistematurad asimetriulia', anu rodesac garkveul

individebs an individTa jgufebs aqvT Zalaufleba xangrZlivi
periodiT,

romelic

gamoricxavs

da,

garkveuli

xarisxiT,

miuwvdomelia sxva individebisaTvis an individTa jgufebisaTvis,

miuxedavad

im

safuZvlisa,

romelzedac

es

gamoricxva

xorcieldeba.
sazrisisa da batonobis es mokle daxasiaTeba SeiZleba
gamodges

rogorc

safuZveli

imisaTvis,

rom

daisvas

kiTxva:

rogor, ra gzebiT SeiZleba sazrisi emsaxurebodes batonobis

mimarTebebis

damyareba-SenarCunebas?

am

kiTxvaze

pasuxis

gasacemad SeiZleba gamoiyos ideologiis moqmedebis modusebis

garkveuli

raodenoba

mixedviTac

isini

da

daxasiaTdes

kavSirdeba

is

saxeebi,

simboluri

romlis

konstruirebis

strategiebTan.
SeiZleba, jon b. Tompsonis kvalad, gamoiyos xuTi zogadi
modusi,

romelTa

'legitimacia',

gavliTac

'simulacia',

ideologia

moqmedebs,

'unifikacia',

operirebs:

'fragmentacia'

da

'reifikacia'. sanam TiToeulis daxasiaTebaze gadavidodeT, sami

ramaa dasazustebeli. pirveli, am xuTi modusiT ar amoiwureba
yvela saxe, romlis mixedviTac operirebs ideologia. es xuTi
modusi arc damoukidebelia erTmaneTisagan. meore, operaciis
garkveuli strategiebis dakavSireba simboluri konstruirebis
garkveul strategiebTan ar niSnavs imas, rom es strategiebi
mxolod

am modusebTanaa dakavSirebuli, an rom amiT amoiwureba

relevanturi strategiebis ricxvi. mesame, ar unda vifiqroT, rom

simboluri konstruirebis es strategiebi ideologiuria rogorc

aseTebi. maTi ideologiurobis sakiTxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu

rogor gamoiyeneba simboluri forma konkretul pirobebSi. es
damokidebulia

imaze,

Tu

ras

emsaxureba

simboluri

forma:

batonobis mimarTebebis subversias Tu maT gamyarebas.

ideologiis operirebis modusebi

zogadi modusebi

simboluri

konstruirebis
strategiebi
legitimacia

racionalizacia
universalizacia
narativizacia

damalva

wanacvleba
evfemizacia
tropi

unifikacia

standartizacia
erTianobis

simbolizacia
fragmentacia

diferenciacia
sxvisi gandevna

reifikacia (gasagneba)

naturalizacia
eternalizacia

nominalizacia/pasivizacia

10

rogorc

maqs

veberi

SeniSnavs,

batonobis

mimarTebebi

SeiZleba damyardes da SenarCundes imiT, rom isini warmodgeba

rogorc

legitimuri,

batonobis
SeiZleba

anu

mimarTebebis
gnxilul

samarTliani

reprezentacia

iqnes

da

mxardasaWeri.

rogorc

legimurisa

legitimaciaze

rogorc

pretenzia,

romelic emyareba garkveul safuZvlebs, gamoixatebs garkveul

simbolur formebSi da, konkretul pirobebSi, SeiZleba iyos metnaklebad efeqtiani. veberi ganasxvavebda sami tipis safuZvels,
romelsac

SeiZleba

racionaluri,

daemyaros

tradiciuli

da

pretenzia

legitimurobaze:

qarizmatuli.

pretenziebi,

romlebic aseTi tipis safuZvlebs emyareba, SeiZleba gamoxatul

iqnes

simbolur

strategiebis

saSualebiT.

racionalizacia,
akonstruirebs
socialuri

formebSi
erTi

aseTi

konstruirebis

tipuri

strategiaa

rodesac

simboluri

formis

Semqmneli

msjelobaTa

mimdevrobas,

romelic

mimarTulia

mimarTebebis

gamarTlebaze,

simboluri

rasac

an

instituirciebis

Sedagad

unda

dacvasa

mohyves

Tu

auditoriis

darwmuneba. meore tipuri strategiaa universalziacia, romlis

saSualebiTac
zogierTi

institucieur

individis

mowyoba,

interesebs,

romelic

warmodgeba

emsaxureba

rogorc

yvelas

interesebSi myofi, xolo es mowyoba ki _ rogorc iseTi ram, rac

Riaa yvelasaTvis, visac aqvs midrekileba da survili masSi
warmatebisa.
gamoxatul

pretenziebi
iqnes

legitimurobaze

narativizaciis

SeiZleba

strategiaSi.

aseve

pretenziebi

aq

Cawerilia im ambebSi, romlebic yvebian warsulis istorias da

ganixilaven

awmyos

rogorc

maradiuli

tradiciis

nawils.

tradiciebs ki zogjer igoneben da akonstruireben imisaTvis, rom

Seqmnan istoriisa da erTobisadmi (community) mikuTvnebulobis
gancda, romelic ufro Zlieria, vidre konfliqtisa gansxvavebis
gamocdileba.

ambebs

yvebian

rogorc

oficialuri

poziciebis

11

mflobelebi,

ise

Cveulebrivi

adamianebi

maTi

yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis mimdinareobisas, da es ambebi emsaxureba rogorc imaT

Zalauflebis gamarTlebas, visac is aqvT, ise imaT Serigebas am
faqtTan, visac is ar aqvT. dokumentebi, sajaro gamosvlebi,
romanebi

da

romlebic

filmebi

asaxaven

emsaxurebodnen

konstruirebulia
socialur

rogorc

mimarTebebs

Zalauflebis

narativebi,

da,

mimarTebebis

SesaZloa,
damkvidreba-

SenarCunebas.
ideologiis operirebis meore modusi damalva. batonobis
mimarTebebi SeiZleba damyardes da SenarCundes imiT, rom isini
ifareba,

uariyofa

simulaciam

an

bundovandeba.

sxvadasxva

saxis

ideoologiam

strategiebSi

rogorc

SeiZleba

povos

erT-erTia wanacvleba. wanacvlebas

gamoxatuleba, romelTagan

adgili aqvs, rodesac obieqti an individi gamoiyeneba imisaTvis,

rom

miuTiTos

maxasiaTeblebi

sxvaze

da

amiT

gadaitaneba

misi

sxva

dadebiTi

obieqtze

an

an

uaryofiTi

individze.

amis

magaliTia, rodesac tradiciul warmodgenebze apelirebiT da

maTi gadmotaniT Tanamedrove situaciaze xdeba am ukanasknelis
gadafarva.

meore

mimarTebaTa

strategia,

damalvas,

romelic

aris

exmareba

evfemizacia:

socialur
moqmedebebi,

instituciebi an socialuri mimarTebebi aRiwereba terminebSi,

romlebic

pozitiur

Sefasebas

iwveven.

amis

magaliTebi

mravladaa: rodesac protestis Zaladobriv CaxSobas moixsenieben

rogorc

'wesrigis

aRdgenas',

rodesac

cixe

aRiwereba

(magaliTad, aSS-Si) rogorc 'reabilitaciis centri', rodesac

moqalaqeobas
muSebs'

(germ.

moklebul

ucxoel

Gastarbeiter),

maSin

muSebs

uwodeben

adgilis

aqvs

'stumar

socialuri

realobebis evfemizacias.
ideologiis rogorc damalvis operireba SeiZleba moxdes
sxva strategiis, ufro swored, strategiebis jgufis daxmarebiT,

12

romelsac Tu romlebsac saxelad tropi SeiZleba davarqvaT.

tropi esaa enis figuraluri anu gadataniTi gamoyeneba. tropis
yvelaze

gavrcelebuli

formebia

sinekdoqe,

metonimia

da

metafora. yvela maTgani SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli ideologiis

damalvisaTvis. sinekdoqe gulisxmobs nawilsa da mTels Soris
semantikur

arevas:

sityva,

romelic

raRac

mTelis

nawils

aRniSnavs gamoiyeneba mTelis aRsaniSnavad, an piriqiT, mTelis

aRmniSvneli sityva gamoiyeneba nawilis aRsaniSnavad. es teqnika
gamoiyeneba

imisaTvis,

mimarTebebi

rom

koleqtivebsa

magaliTia,

rodesac

daimalos
da

maT

politikosi

an

ukuRma

nawilebs

laparakobs

warmoCindes

Soris;

amisi

qarTveli

eris

saxeliT. metonomia gulisxmobs sityvis gamoyenebas, romelic

aRniSnavs raRac sagnis atributs, imisaTvis, rom aRiniSnos Tavad
es sagni, TumcaRa maT Soris SeiZleba aucilebeli mimarTeba ar
arsebobs.

metonomiis

nagulisxmebi

iyos

gamoyenebiT

pirdapiri

Tqmis

referenti
gareSe;

es

SeiZleba
Cveulebrivi

praqtikaa reklamaSi, sadac sazrisi xSirad mobilizdeba ise, rom

obieqtebs Soris eqsplicituri kavSiri ar Cans. metaforas rac
Seexeba, is gulisxmobs sityvisa Tu frazis miyenebas obieqtze an
moqmedebaze, romlsac is pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar mieyeneba.
metaforuli gamoTqma qmnis daZabulobas imiT, rom akavSirebs
sxvadasxva semantikuri velebidan aRebul sityvebs. metaforam
SeiZleba warmoadginos adamianebi Tu obieqtebi im pozitiuri Tu
negatiuri maxasiaTebliT, romelic maT, pirdapiri azriT, ar
aqvT. amis magaliTia, sintagma 'vardebis revolucia', metafora,
romelic

process

aniWebs

esTetikursa

da

araZaladobriv

konotaciebs. tropis sxvadasxva formebis ganxilva ar niSnavs

imas,

rom

enis

figuratiuli

gamoyeneba

ideologiuria. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom

gamoyeneba

yoveldRiuri

metyvelebis

aucileblad

enis figuratiuli

sakmaod

gavrcelebulia

13

maxasiaTebelia,

romelsac

efeqtianad

SeuZlia

socialur

samyaroSi sazrisis mobilizeba, xolo es ukanaskneli SeiZleba

zogierT konteqstSi ideologiasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.
ideologiis operirebis mesame modusad SeiZleba gamovyoT

unifikacia. es modusi gulisxmobs simbolur doneze erTianobis

producirebas,

romelic

moicavs

individebs

koleqtiur

identobaSi, miuxedavad maTi gansxvavebebisa. am modusis tipuri

strategiaa

standartizacia.

xdeba

simboluri

formebis

adaptireba standartuli CarCosaTvis, romelic warmodgindeba

rogorc simboluri gacvlis saziaro safuZveli. am strategias
iyeneben,

magaliTad,

saxelmwifos

warmomadgenlebi,

rodesac

cdiloben ganaviTaron erovnuli ena enobrivad diferencirebul

garemoSi. erovnuli enis damkvidrebam SeiZleba Seqmnas jgufebis
koleqtiuri
dialeqtebs

identoba
Soris.

da

daamyaros

unifikaciis

ierarqia

meore

strategiaa

enebsa

da

erTianobis

simbolizacia. es strategia gulisxmobs erTobis, koleqtiuri

identobisa
romlebic

da

identifikacis

jgufebs

Soris

simboloebis

vrceldeba.

konstruirebas,

erovnuli

erianobis

simboloebis konstruireba, rogorebicaa droSebi, Rerbebi da a.

S. amis naTeli magaliTebia. erTianobis simbolizacia praqtikaSi
SeiZleba

gadawnuli

iyos

narativizaciis

proceseTan,

radgan

erTianobis simboloebis SeiZleba aRmoCndes sawyisebis Sesaxeb

narativis
saziaro

integraluri
istorias

damaxasiaTebelia

da

nawili,

koleqtiuri

ar

organizaciebisaTvis,

narativisa,

mxolod
rogorebicaa

romelic

bedisweris
did

yveba

ambavs.

es

socialuri

Tanamedrove

eri-

saxelmwifoebi, aramed aseve ufro mcire organizaciebisa da

socialuri
simboluri

jgufebisaTvis,
unificirebis

romelTa

procesis

SekavSirebac

Sedegad

xdeba,

swored

procesisa,

romelSic koleqtiuri identoba iqmneba d mudmivad narCundeba.

14

meoTxe modusi, romlis gavliTac ideologias operireba

ZaluZs,

fragmentacia.

aris

batonobis

mimarTebebis

SesanarCuneblad SeiZleba xdebodes ara individTa gaerTianeba,

aramed

maTi

fragmentireba

Zalauflebis

mqone

imisaTvis,

jgufebis

rom

gamowveva.

maT
am

ver

SeZlon

modusi

erTi

strategiaa diferenciacia, anu gansxvavebis xazgasma individebsa

da jgufebs Soris, im maxasiaTeblebis pedalireba, romlebic
yofs da xels uSlis maT, efeqtiani gamowvevis CamoyalibebaSi
arsebuli batonobis mimarTebebisaTvis. meore strategiaa sxvisi

gandevna.
SigniT

is
an

momtani

gulisxmobs

gareT,

da

mtris

romelic

saSiSi.

es

konstruirebas,

ixateba

rogorc

strategia

sazogadoebis

boroti,

xSirad

zianis

dakavSirebuli

unificirebis strategiasTan, radgan mteri warmoCindeba rogorc

safrTxe,

romlis

winaSec

individebi

unda

gaerTiandnen.

ebraelebis xatis konstruireba nacisturi ideologiis mier XX

saukunis 20-ian wlebSi sxvisi gandevnis kargi magaliTebia, magram
es

strategia

araa

reJimebisaTvis.

damaxasiaTebeli

naklebi

mxolod

radikalurobiT

totalitaruli
is

SeiZleba

demokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvisac ar iyos ucxo.

ideologiis

mexuTe

samuSao

modusi

reifikacia,

aris

gasagneba: rodesac arsebuli situacia warmoCindeba ise, TiTqos

is maradiuli da bunebrivi iyos. procesebi repretentirdeba
rogorc

bunebrivi

socialuri

xasiaTi

naturalizacia,
miekuTvneba
rogorc

rigis

imaleba.

rodesac

istoriulsa

bunebrivi

obieqtebi,

da

am

socialur
an

istoriuli

modusis

sagnobrivi

xdomileba

maTi

strategiebia:

viTareba,
wesrigs,

bunebrivi

da

romelic

warmoCindeba

maxasiaTeblebis

bunebrivi rezultati. amis magaliTia socialuri gansazRvruli

Sromis

ganawileba

repretentireba

qalebsa

xdeba

da

rogorc

mamakacebs
fiziologiiT

Soris,

romlis

gansazRvrulisa.

15

eternelizacia, rodesac socialuri da istoriuli fenomenebi

warmoidgenba

rogorc

ucvleli

da

maradiuli.

da

aseve

sxvadasxva gramatikuli da sintaqsuri saSualebebi, rogorebicaa

nominalizacia da pasivizacia. nominalizacias maSin aqvs adgili,

rodesac

winadadeba

an

winadadebis

nawili

arsebiT

saxelad

iqceva, magaliTad, rodesac imis magivrad, rom vTqvaT, 'premierministrma

eqsporti

akrZalvas';
gamoZieba'

akrZala',

pasivizaciis
imis

nominalizacia

magaliTi

magivrad,
da

amboben

rom

ki

iTqvas:

pasivizacia

mxolod

Semdegia:

'eqsportis

'mimdinareobs

'prokuratura

mkiTxvelisa

da

iZiebs'.

msmenelis

yuradReba garkveul Temebze amaxvileben sxva Temebis xarjze.

isini aseve Slian garkveul mimarTebebs konkretul sivrcobriv
da droiT parametrebTan, radgan Slian saWiro zmnebs arsebiTi
saxelebis sasargeblod. am gramatikul-sintaqsuri konstruqtebis
gamoyeneba,

garkveul

situaciebSi,

SeiZleba

ideologiuri

miznebiTac.
ideologiis am gansxvavebuli modusebis gamoyofa ar niSnavs
imas, rom isini amowuraven ideologiis operirebis saxeebs. igive
exeba

am

modusebis

gamomxatvel

strategiebsac.

es

Zalze

miaxloebiTi klasifikaciaa ideologiuri velisa. arc is unda

vifiqroT,

rom

gamoyofili

modusebi

aucileblad

ideologiuria

yvelaferi

konkretul

konteqstebze,

sadac

maTi

Tu

strategiebi

damokidebulia
gamoyeneba

im

xdeba.

kriteriumi, rogorc vnaxeT, imaSi mdgomareobs, xels uwyoben Tu

ara isini batonobis mimarTebebis SenarCuneba/damxobas.
II. ideologia Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia
ideologiis adgilTan Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, dasavleTis
qveynebSi

socialuri

da

politikuri

Teoriisa

da

debatebis

16

centrSi aRmoCnda. mravali gansxvavebul Teoriul poziciebze

mdgari avtori cdilobda ideologiis cnebis inkorporirebas
Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebis bunebisa da ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb ufro zogad warmodgenebSi. am TavSi me minda ganvixilo
ramdenime

am

Teoriuli

poziciebidan.

Cemi

mizani

iqneba

ara

imdenad am cnebis CaxlarTuli istoriis gamoZieba, ramdenadac

zogadi

Teoriuli

safuZvelzec
Sevecdebi

xdeba

wanamZRvrebis
dRes

gavaanalizo

warmodgena,

ideologiis

zogadi

da,

romelTa

analizi.
xSirad,

amitom

me

implicituri

warmodgenebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis arsisa da ganviTarebis

Sesaxeb. me Sevecdebi vaCveno, rom es Teoriuli CarCoebi XIX da
adreuli XX saukuneebis socialuri azrovnebis danatovaria.
aqac, iseve rogorc bevr sxva konteqstSi, ZiriTadi konceptebi Tu
koncepciebi

socialuri

Teoriis

Camoyalibebis

procesSi

SemuSavda. avtorebma, rogorebicaa marqsi da veberi, gansazRvres

problematika, romlebis Sesaxebac dResac mimdinareobs dava.
ideologia da Tanamedrove epoqa
daviwyeb ori didi Teoriuli monaxazis ganxilviT. pirvelia
daSvebaTa

is

erToblioba,

romelic

moicavs

rig

ideebisa,

romelTa saTaveSic, sxvebs gverdiT, marqsi da veberi dganan.

mTlianobaSi

es

ideebi

transformaciebisa,

Seicaven

romlebic

zogad

axnas

ukavSirdeba

kulturuli
Tanamedrove

industriuli sazogadoebis dabadebas. mas SeiZleba pirobiTad

kulturuli
iZleva

transformaciis

CarCos,

sazogadoebaSi

narativi

vuwodoT.

romlis

SigniTac

moinaxa

ideologiis

arsisa

da

es

narativi

Tanamedrove

rolis

adgili.

ideologiebis aRzeveba da dacema istoriuli procesis nawilia,

romelic xdeba me-18 saukunidan dRemde, evropaSi. am narativis

17

mixedviT, ideologia warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli saxis rwmenaTa

sistemas, romelic axasiaTebs Tanamedrove epoqas (Neuzeit, Modern
Age). kulturuli transformaciis es narativi unda ganvasxvavoT
daSvebebis meore erTobliobisagan, ropmelic aseve warmoadgens
zogad Teoriul axsnas da romelic aseve Zalian gavleniani iyo
socialursa da politikur TeoriaSi. mas pirobiTad SegviZlia

saxelmwifos

mier

uzrunvelyofili

organizibuli

socialuri

da

ideologiis

reproduqciis

zogadi

mier
Teoria

vuwodoT. am ukanaskneli Teoriis SigniT ideologia gaigeba,

rogorc

Rirebulebebisa

da

rwmenebis

erToblioba,

romelTa

producireba da gavrceleba xdeba saxelmwifos mier da romelTa

mizania socialuri wesrigis reproducireba misdami individebis
erTgulebis uzrunvelyofis gziT.
daviwyeb daSvebaTa im erTobliobis rekonstruqciiT, romelic
exeba

Tanamedrove

industriul

sazogadoebaSi

dakavSirebul

kulturul transformaciebs. es daSvebebi warmoadgenen zogad

Teoriul

CarCos,

farTo

Teoriul

narativs,

romelmac

gansazRvra bevri problema Tu debati socialursa politikur

TeoriaSi,

maT

Soris,

ideologiis

Sesaxebac.

am

narativis

elementebis aRmoCena SeiZleba marqsisa da veberis SromebSi,

Tumca garkveul sisrules am narativma XX saukunis 50-iansa da
60-ian wlebSi miaRwia. am Teoriuli narativis ganxilvisas ar
SemovizRudebi konkretuli moazrovniT, radgan es narativi araa
naTlad

formulirebuli

Teoriuli

argumenti,

romlis

aRmoCenasac erT an ramdenime avtoris nawerebSi SevZlebdiT,

aramed

aris

SeiZleba
mogvcems
romlebsac

da

Txroba,
romelic,

xedvas

romlis
Tu

ZiriTadi

adgili

danaxvac

misi

rekonstruireba

kulturuli

hqondaT

sxvadasxva

teqstebSi
movaxerxeT,

transformaciebisa,

industriuli

sazogadoebis

18

Camoyalibebis

procesSi.

ideologiebs,

rogorc

am

narativSi

rwmenebis

sakuTari

sistemebs,

adgili

romlebic

aqvT
gaCnda

religiisa da magiis gaqrobis Semdeg da romlebic emsaxurebian

politikuri

qmedebisaTvis

mobilizaciis

saqmes

samyaroSi,

romelSic tradicia aRar arsebobs.

es narativi SeiZleba sam punqtad Camoyalibdes:

1. industriuli
msoflio

kapitalizmis

ganviTareba

mxareebSi

dakavSirebuli

sxva

evropasa
iyo

da

winare-

industriuli sazogadoebebisaTvis gadamwyveti religiuri

da

magiuri

gaqrobiT.

rwmenebisa

da

industriuli

praqtikebis

mniSvnenelobis

kapitalizmis

ganviTarebasTan

ekonomikis sferoSi mWirdod iyo dakavSirebuli, kulturis

sferoSi,

rwmenaTa

da

praqtikaTa

sekularizacia

da

socialuri cxovrebis mzardi racionalizacia.

2. religiisa

da

safuZveli

magiis

mniSvnelobis

sekularuli

"ideologiebisaTvis",
qmedebisaTvis

gaqrobam

rwmenebis

rommlebic

mobilizacias

moamzada

sistemebis

anu

emsaxureba

politikuri

miRmuri

samyaros

Rirebulebebisa Tu arsebebisadmi mimarTvis gareSe. winareindustriuli

cnobiereba

sazogadoebis

icvleba

religiuri

praqtikuli

da

miTiuri

cnobierebiT,

romelic

dafuZnebulia socialur koleqtiurobebze.

3. am

ganviTarebam

kulminaciasac
moZraobebi

moitana

"ideologiebis

warmoadgendnen

XIX

saukunis

epoqa",

radikaluri

bolosa

da

romlis

revoluciuri
XX

saukunis

dasawyisSi. es moZraobebi ideologiis epoqis ukanasknel

19

gamovlinebebs
mimdinare

warmoadgenda.

reformebisa

dRes

da

politika

nabij-nabij

konfliqturi

interesebis

pragmatuli Serigebis saqmea. socialuri da politikuri

qmedeba

sul

ufro

da

ufro

naklebad

warmoiSoba

sekularuli rwmenaTa sistemebiT, romlebic radikaluri

socialur cvlilebas moiTxoven. amitom, amtkicebdnen am
Sexedulebis

warmomadgenlebi

50-60ian

wlebSi,

Cven

ara

mxolod ideologiebis epoqis dasasrulis momswreni varT,

aramed ideologiisac rogorc aseTis.

ufro detalurad ganvixiloT TiToeuli am puqtTagan:

1.

idea,

romlis

mixedviTac

industriuli

kapitalizmis

dabadeba dakavSirebuli iyo religiuri da magiuri rwmenebisa

da praqtikebis mier mniSvnelobis dakargvasTan, bevri XIX da
XX saukunis moazrovnis mier iyo gaziarebuli, maT Soris
marqsisa da veberis mierac. marqsisaTvis sazogadoebis is tipi,
romelic warmoSva industriulma kapitalizmma, radikalurad
gansxvavdeba

winarekapitalisturi

sazogadoebebisagan.

Tu

winarekapitalisturi sazogadoebebi konservatulia sawarmoo

wesTan mimarTebaSi, Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoeba
mudmivad izrdeba, icvleba, transformacias ganicdis. marqsis
mixedviTsocialuri
kapitalizmis

ganviTarebis

demistifikaciis
adamianebs,

urTierTobebis

procesia,

istoriaSi

Sinagani
romelic

pirvelad,

ise

demistifikacia

aspeqtia.

es

swored

saSualebas

aZlevs

aRiqvan

socialuri

urTierTobebi, rogorebic is sinamdvileSia anu, rogorc

eqspluataciis urTierTobebi.
veberic
kapitalizmisa

aseve

iyo

ganviTarebasa

dainteresebuli,
da

kulturisa

industriuli
da

tradiciis

transformacias Soris daenaxa kavSiri. marqsis msgavsad, is

20

xedavs

kavSirs

kapitalizmis

aRzevebasa

da

tradiciuli

Rirebulebebisa da rwmenebis gaqrobas Soris. magram veberis

axsna mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba marqsis axsnisagan pirvel
rigSi,

veberi

amtkicebda,

rom

kulturisa

da

tradiicis

sferoSi cvlilebebi ar iyo mxolod Sedegebi kapitalizmis

avtonomiuri ganviTarebisa. piriqiT, veberis mixedviT, swored
religiuri

ideebisa

transformaciam
dasavleTSi

da

Seadgina

is

kapitalizmis

warmoSobam,

praqtikebis

racionalizacia

erTad,
da

kulturuli

kapitalizmis

saxelmwifos

moaxdina

misi

winapiroba

warmoSobisaTvis.

biurokratiuli

ganviTarebasTan

garkveulma

paralelur

adamianTa

adaptacia

teqnikuri

aqtivobis
efeqtianobis

kriteriumebTan. tradiciuli qmedebis pirovnuli, spontanuri

da emociuri elementebi gamodevnil iqna mizanracionaluri
gamoTvlisa da teqnikuri efeqtianobis moTxovnebis mier.

miuxedavad

imisa,

industriuli
religiuri

rom

marqsica

kapitalizmis
warmodgenebis

da

veberic

aRzevebasa
gaqrobas,

da

maTi

akavSireben
tradiciuli

axsnebis

toni

sruliad sxvadasxvagvaria. Tu marqsi saubrobda socialur

urTierTobaTa demistifikaciis Sesaxeb da maT ganixilavda
eqspluatatoruli klasobrivi urTierTobebisagan emansipaciis
winarepirobad,

veberi

saubrobda

samyaros

ganjadoebaze,

romelSic dasavluri civilizaciis tradiciuli Rirebulebebi

ikargeba socialuri cxovrebis mzard

racionalizaciasa da

biurokratizaciaSi.
2. maqrsisa da veberis es koncepciebi warmoadgenden safuZvels,
romlebzec sxva moazrovneebma, gansakuTrebiT ki manhaimma,
ideologia

daaxasiaTes,

rogorc

Tanamedrove

epoqis

21

maxasiaTebeli niSani. am Teoriis mixedviT, XVIII da adreuli

XIX

saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi

sekularizaciis

procesi

evropaSi sruli svliT midioda. sul ufro da ufro meti

adamiani

tovebda

sacxovreblad,
Tanamedrove

soflebs

sadac

da

isini

qalaqebSi

Seadgendne

fabrika-qarxnebisaTvis.

gadadioda

samuSao

Sedagad

Zalas

religiebma

da

miTebma dakarges sakuTari gavlena adamianTa warmosaxvaze.

axal

epoqaSi

mimdinareobda

urTierTobebis
ufro

da

Camoyalibeba,
ufro

saxelmwifos

iyo

tipis

politikuri

anu,

socialuri

Zalaufleba

koncentrirdeboda

institutebSi

dafuZnebuli

axali

sekularizebuli

saxelmwifoSi,

suverenulobis

sul

konceptze

romelic

da

kanonis

uzenaesobaze, da ara religiursa Tu mistikur Rirebulebasa

Tu

arsebaze,

avtoritets

romelic

politikur

mianiWebda.

winamorbedisagan

RvTaebriv

saxelmwifo

sakuTari

Tanamedrove

imiTac

socialur-istoriul

Zalauflebas

gansxvavdeba,

samyaroSia

rom

is

lokalizebuli

mTlianad
da

amitom

ZalauflebisaTvis brZola Sidasamyarouli saqme xdeba.

socialuri

cxovrebisa

sekularizaciam

da

warmoSva

politikuri

"ideologiebis"

Zalauflebis
gaCenisa

da

gavrcelebis pirobebi. am konteqstSi "ideologiebi" gaigeba,

rogorc

sekularuli

mobilizaciisa
saukunis

bolo

da

rwmenebis

legitimaciis

da

XIX

sistemebi,
roli

saukunis

romlebsac

ekisrebaT.

dasawyis

am

XVIII
azriT

ideologiebis epoqis dasabamia, radgan swored am dros xdeba

safrangeTisa da amerikis didi politikuri revoluciebi da
vrceldeba politikuri doqtrineba, romelTa saxelebic "izm"ze

bolovdeba:

konservatizmi,

socializmi,
nacionalizmi.

komunizmi,
politikuri

liberalizmi,
doqtrinebis

22

gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo am drois orma movlenam: gazeTebis

industriis

gaZlierebam

da

wera-kiTxvis

gavrcelebam.

am

movlenebma saSualeba misces individs, waekiTxa socialuri da

politikuri procesebis Sesaxeb da gaeziarebina gamocdileba
maTTvis,

visac

is

yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi

ar

xvdeboda.

individTa horizontebi gafarTovda; isini "sajaro sferos"

potenciur monawileebad iqcnen, romelSic xdeboda sakiTxebis
ganxilva

da

poziciebis

kritika

argumentebis

meSveobiT.

swored am sajaro sferos sivrceSi warmoiSva ideologiebi,

romlebic adamianebs sTavazobdnen socialuri da politikuri
realobis Tanmimdevrul axsnas da romlebic emsaxurebodnen
socialur

mobilizaciasa

legitimacias.

amgvarad,

da

politikuri

ideologiebi

Zalauflebis

iZleodnen

sazrisis

garkveul CarCoebs, romelTa SigniTac individebs SeeZloT

orientireba samyaroSi, romelsac axasiaTebda garkveuli saxis
"usafuZvloba" _ cxovrebis tradiciuli wesisa da religiurmiTiuri warmodgenebis ganadgurebis Sedegi.
4. Tu kulturulma transformaciebma, romlebic ukavSirdeba
Tanamedrove

industriuli

sazogadoebebis

Camoyalibebas,

Seqmna sivrce, romlis SigniTac ideologiebi gaCnda, es

sivrce zogierTi Teoretikosis mixedviT aseve SeiZleba
daixuros Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sedegad.
idea, romlis mixedviTac dadga ideologiebis dasasrulis
idea, ar warmoadgens azrs, romelsac zemoTdaxasiaTebuli
saazrovno mimarTulebis yvela warmomadgeneli iziarebs. is
ufro specifikuri variacaa kulturuli transformaciis
narativs SigniT, romelsac rigi liberali da konservatori
avtorebisa, rogorebic iyvnen raimon aroni, daniel beli,
seimur lifseti da edvard Silzi, warmoadgendnen. misi

23

sawyisi

formulireba

warmoadgenda

mixedviTac

radikaluri

doqtrinebi

gaqrobis

dasavleTis

ganviTarebul

Zvelma

Tu

revoluciuri

pirasaa

ideologebma,

Teziss,

aRmosavleT

industriul

romlis

politikuri
evropisa

da

sazogadoebebSi.

amtkicebdnen

am

poziciis

warmomadgenlebi, dakarges sakuTari damajerebloba. Zveli

"ideologiuri politika" Secvala pragmatizmma. ideologiis
dasasrulis

Tezisis

warmomadgenlebi

aRiarebdnen,

rom

ideologia sakuTar rols ufro naklebad ganviTarebul

sazogadoebebSi

SeinarCunebda,

magram

amtkicebdnen,

rom

ideologiebis epoqa dasrulebuli iyo.

rasakvirvelia,

ideologiis

warmomadgenlebi
azriT

termin

iyenebdnen:

rwmeneTa

"ideologias"

isini

sistemebs,

dasasrulis
Zalze

gulisxmobdnen

aramed

koncepciis
specifikuri

ara

totalur,

sekularul

yovlismomcvel

doqtrinebs, romlebic gvTavazoben socio-istoriuli samyaros

Tanmimdevrul

xedvas

maRal xarisxs.

da

moiTxoven

emociuri

CarTulobis

isini winaswarmetyveleben momavals, romelic

radikalurad gansxvavdeba awmyosagan da romelic mxolod

maSin SeiZleba dadges, Tu adamianebs sakuTari saqmis siswori
eWvi

ar

SeeparebaT

da

radikalur

politikas

gaatareben.

ideologiis dasasrulis Tezisis momxreebi ar fiqrobdnen,

TiTqos dasruldeboda politikuri debatebi da konfliqti,
gaqreboda

dapirisipirebuli

politikuri

programebi,

romlebic gamoxatavs gansxvavebul interesebs. ubralod, es

debatebi,

konfliqtebi

ganpirobebuli
individebs

da

utopiuri,
revoluciuri

programebi

totoluri

aRar

iqneboda

xedvebiT,

romlebic

moqmedebisaken

mouwodebda.

ideologiis epoqis dasrulebis Semdeg politikuri procesebis

instutucionalizacia

sul

ufro

da

ufro

metad

moxdeba

24

pluralisturi CarCos SigniT, romelSic politikuri partiebi

an

jgufebi

erTmaneTs

Seejibrebian

ZalauflebisaTvis

da

ganaxorcieleben socialuri reformis pragmatul politikas.

am koncepciis mixedviT, ideologia modernizaciis procesis
Sinaganad

aucilebeli

simptomi,

romelic

industriulma

maxasiaTebeli

nel-nela

sazogadoebebma

ki

qreba,

ar
mas

ekonomikuri

iyo,

aramed

Semdeg,
da

rac

politikuri

zrdasrulobis saferurs miaRwies.

esaa kulturuli transformaciebis narativi, romelic iZleva
pasuxs ideologiis arsisa da rolis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi. axla Cemi mizani iqneba, vaCveno am Teoriuli
CarCos

naklovanebebi,

romelTa

gaTvaliswinebisa

da

gamosworebis gareSe, Cemi azriT, SeuZlebelia ideologiuri

fenomenebis adeqvaturi analizi.

aseTi naklovaneba, Cemi azriT, oria. pirveli maTgani imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom am narativs kulturuli transformaciebis
fenomeni

esmis

sekularizaciisa

da

racionalizaciis

konteqstebSi, magram am CarCos SigniT arasakmarisi yuradReba

eTmoba

movlenas,

romlsac

Tanamedrove

kulturis

mediatizacia SeiZleba vuwodoT. esaa rigi institutebis gaCena

da ganviTareba, romlebis funqciaa simboluri produqciis
masobrivi warmoeba da gavrceleba. am institutebma da maTTan
dakavSirebulma

procesebma

imdenad

mniSvnelovani

adgili

daiWires Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, rom maTi ugulebelyofa

ar epatieba ideologiis da Tanamedrove kulturis arc erT
Teorias.

25

unda

aRiniSnos,

dakavSirebulia

rom

zogierTi

kulturuli

Teoretikosi,

romlebic

transformaciis

narativTan,

saubrobs masobrivi komunikaciebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. mag.,

alvin

gouldneri,

romelic

eyrdnoba

iurgen

habermasis

adreul Sromas "sajaro sferos struqturuli transformacia"

(1962), ganixilavs, Tu rogor gaaadvila beWdvam da sagazeTo
industriam

sajaro

sferos

politikuri

sakiTxebi

viTardeboda.

magram

SezRudulia.

gouldneri

Camoyalibeba,

ganixileboda

gouldneris

da

axsna

ideologias

romelSic
ideologiebi

nawilobrivi

ganilavs

da

simbolur

sistemad, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, nawerSi realizdeba.

amitom,

gouldneris

mixedviT,

eleqtronuli

mediebis

gavrceleba xels uwyobs ideologiis gaqrobas Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi. ideologia ki mxolod universitetebis saqme
xdeba, sadac inteleqtualebi naweri sityvis kultivirebas
ewevian.

magram,

Cemi

azriT,

gouldneris

es

koncepcia

ar

iTvaliswinebs im faqts, rom eleqtronuli mediebi araTu ar

uwyoben

xels

ukanasknels

ideologiis

jer

gaqrobas,

arnaxul

aramed

gavrcelebis

aZleven

am

SesaZleblobas.

amitomac, SeiZleba iTqvs, rom mediebis gansakuTrebuli rolis

gaTvaliswineba

kulturuli

transformaciebis

narativis

SigniT gouldneris mier warumatebeli darCa.

am

narativis

imasTan,

Tu

rasakvirvelia,
sxvadasxva

meore

ZiriTadi

rogor
es

naklovaneba

iyenebs
cneba

moazrovneebis

is

dakavSirebulia

ideologiis

sxvadasxvagvarad

mier

da

Secdoma

cnebas.

gamoiyeneba
iqneboda

imis

varaudi, rom mas aqvs erTi, zusti mniSvneloba am narativis

SigniT.

magram

Tu

davakvirdebiT,

vnaxavT,

rom

am

cnebis

zogadi gamoyeneba Tanxvdeba imas, rac wina TavSi davaxasiaTe,

26

rogorc ideologiis neitraluri cneba. ZiriTadi problema

cnebis am gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
is arasakmaris yuradRebas aqcevs kavSirs ideologiasa da
batonobas

Soris.

aseve,

es

narativi

ideologiis

cnebas

SemozRudavs diskretuli politikuri doqtrinebiT, rwmenebis

simboluri sistemebiT. magram amiT is yuradRebis miRma tovebs
rig

simbolur

fenomenebs,

romlebic

batonobis

mimarTebas

uzrunvelyofen yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

ideologia da socialuri reproduqcia
mas

Semdeg,

rac

ganvixile

kulturuli

transformaciebis

narativi da misi naklovanebebi, minda gadavide daSvebebisa da

wanamZRvrebis
Teoriul

meore

CarCos,

Tanamedrove

erTobliobaze,

safuZvlad

analizs.

rom

romelic
udevs

gansakuTrebuli

aseve

hqmnis

ideologiis

mniSvenloba

bevr

aqvs,

am

TvalsazrisiT, lui alTuserisa da nikos pulancas nawerebs.

maTi

mecadineobiT

Tanamedrove

debatebSi

Tavidan

gamoCnda

gramSis teqstebi. Cemi mizani arc am SemTxevaSi iqneba am da sxva

avtorebis

teqstebs

detaluri

analizi,

TumcaRa

es

udaod

sasargeblo iqneboda saqarTveloSi, sadac arc erT magTanze

striqonic ki araa dawerili. Cemi mizania im wanamZRvrebisa da
daSvebebis
romelsac

Camoyalibeba,
pirobiTad

ideologiurad

romelbic

saxelmwifo

uzrunvelyofili

erTiandeba
mier

TeoriaSi,

organizebuli

socialuri

da

reproduqciis

Teoria SeiZleba vuwodoT.

es Teoria cdilobs, pasuxis gasces Semdeg SekiTxvaze: ratomaa,
rom

sazogadoebebi

narCundeba

miuxedavad

maTSi

arsebuli

uTanasworobebisa da konfliqebisa? Teoria cdilobs, pasuxis

27

gasces am kiTxvaze imiT, rom CamoTvlis meqanizmebs, romlebic

uzrunvelyofen

saxelmwifos

reproduqcias.

am

Teoriis

rekonstruqcia sam nabijad SegviZlia:

1. arsebuli socialuri urTierTobebis reproduqcia moiTxovs
ara

mxolod

pirobebis

socialuri

(sakvebi,

reproduqcias,

urTierTobebis

sacxovrebeli,

aramed

aseve

materialuri

manqanebi

koleqtiurad

da

a.

S.)

gaziarebuli

Rirebulebebisa da rwmenebis reproduqciasac.

2. zogierTi am koleqtiurad gaziarebuli Rirebulebebisa da

rwmenebisagan

warmoadgenen

elementebs,

romlebic,

Sedegad,

uzrunvelyofen

dominanturi

sazogadoebaSi

ideologiis

maTi

gavrcelebis

individdTa

erTgulebas

socialuri wesrigisadmi.

3. dominanturi

ideologiis

saxelmwifos

produqcia

erT-erTi

da

amocanaa.

gavrceleba

am

amocanis

ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifo emsaxureba im klasisa Tu

klasebis

interesebs,

romlebic

yvelaze

metad

igeben

arsebuli socialuri wesrigiT.

es zogadi Teoriuli axsna, erTi SexedviT, damajerebelia. is
xazs

usvams

rwmenebis

koleqtiurad
mniSvnelobas,

saxelmwifos
SeiZleba

romlebis

saagantoebis

imis

seriozuli

gaziarebuli

Cveneba,

rom

naklovanebebis

mier.
es

Rirebulebebisa
gavrcelebac

da

xdeba

magram

miuxedavad

amisa,

zogadi

Teoriuli

CarCo

Semcvelia.

ganvixiloT

es

naklovanebebi punqtebad:

28

1. es Teoria iwyebs mtkicebiT, romlis mixedviTac socialuri

reproduqciisaTvis saWiroa rogorc socialuri cxovrebis
materialuri

pirobebis,

ise

koleqtiurad

gaziarebuli

Rirebulebebisa da rwmenebis reproduqcia. garda imisa, rom

am axsnaSi aris funqcionalizmis problematuri elementi,
mas meore, Cemi azriT, ufro seriozuli problemac aqvs,
romelic exeba gaziarebuli koleqtiuri Rirebulebebisa da
rwmenebi reproduqcias _ am koncepciis mixedviT, saWiroa
simboluri

formebi

mudmivi

ganaxleba,

raTa

moxdes

individTa socialuri wesrigisaTvis damorCileba. am axsnas

Cven

SeiZleba

Teoria

socialuri

vuwodoT.

urTierTobaTa
gaziarebuli

am

reproduqciis

Teoriis

reproduqcia
Rirebulebebis

SegviZlia

gavarCioT

ZiriTadi

varianti:

am

konsenualuri

mixedviT,

socialur

emyareba

koleqtiurad

arsebobas

sazogadoebaSi.

konsensualuri

bazisuri

Teoriis

konsensualuri

ori

Teoria,

romelic gveubneba, rom arsebobs bazisuri Rirebulebei da

rwmenebi

(Tavisufleba,

SesaZleblobaSi
gaziarebulia

da
da

a.

S.),

demokratia,

Tanasworoba

romlebic

sazogadoebaSi

aRiarebuli.

Mda

diferencirebuli

konsensualuri Teoria, romelic nakleb aqcents akeTebs

bazisuri Rirebulebibis arsebobaze da, amis sapirispirod,
ufro im Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebs usvams xazs, romlebic
konkretulad sxvadasxva individTa rolebsa da poziciebs
axasiaTebs.

bazisuri

konsensualuri

Teoriis

sirTule

imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom is zedmet mniSvnelobas aniWebs im zomasa

Tu xarisxs, romliTac individebi iziareben Rirebulebebs

29

Tanamedrove

industriul

sazogadoebebSi.

empiriuli

kvlevebi bevrad ufro didi xarisxis uaryofas, cinizmsa da

uTaxnmoebas

avlens,

vidre

es

bazisuri

konsensualuri

Teoriis momxreebs surT. 1 sazogadoebaSi arsebobs sakmaod

mniSvenlovani

uTanxmoeba

bazisur

RirebulebebTan

dakavSirebiT, amitom es ukanasknelni ver CaiTvlebian imad,

rac sazogadoebis socialur reproduqcia uzrunvelyofs.
diferenciuli konsensualuri Teoria am sirTulis winaSe
ar dgas. es Teoria ar emyareba bazisuri Rirebulebebisa da
rwmenebis arsebobis daSvebas. konsensusi, romelzedac is
saubrobs,

aris

konsensusi

rolebTan

dakavSirebul

Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebs, erTi mxriv, da am rolebisa

Semsrulebel individTa Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebs Soris,
meore

mxriv.

individebs

aTvisebuli

aqvT

konkretul

rolebTan da poziciebTan dakavSirebuli faseulebebi, rac

maT

saSualebas

aZlevs,

efeqtianad

warmarTon

sakuTari

yoveldRiuri moRvaweoba.

magram

es

axsna,

miuxedavad

misi

damajeroblobisa,

zedmet

ramdenad

gansazRvrulni

individebi

diferenciuli

konsensualuri

arian

procesebiT.

es

mniSvnelobas

nawilobrivi

aniWebs

imas,

Tu

socialuri
Teoria

individebs ganixilavs, rogorc socializaciis produqtebs.

magram individi arasodesaa mxolod jami socializaciis
procesebisa, romelTa gavlac mas mouxda. is asevea agenti,
aqtiuri

subieqti,

procesebis

Sesaxeb,

romelsac
maTi

SeuZlia

nawilobrivi

refleqsia
gadasinjva,

am
maTi

kiTxvis qveS dayeneba, dacinva, da, xanxadan, uaryofa. magram

1

ix. M. Mann, "The Social Cohesion of Liberal Democracy", American Sociological Review 35 (1970), 423439; N. Abercrombie, S. Hill, B. S. Turner, The Dominant Ideology Thesis, London: 1980.

30

mniSvnelovania imis danaxva, rom individis es konfliqturi

mimarTeba

socializaciis

socialuri

reproduqciis

diferenciuli
Teoriul

procesebTan
darRvevas.

konsensualuri

aq

Teoriis

naklovanebasTan.

ar

niSnavs

Cven

mivdivarT

meore

seriozul

yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis

ganmavlobaSi individi socialuri konteqstebis simravleSi

moZraobs

da

SeiZleba

RirebulebaTa
niSnavdes

erTi

erTobliobis

meoris

uaryofa

miRebas,

Tanac

arawinaswarganzraxuls. uilisi SesaniSnav magaliTs iZleva,

rodesac gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor xdeba, rom britaneli muSaTa
wridan

gamosuli

moswavleebi,

sakuTari

cinikuri

da

nihilisturi damokidebulebiT gabatonebuli Rirebulebebis

mimarT rasac Sedegad mohyveba is, rom isini skolaSi
warumatebeli

moswavleebi

xdebian

swored

am

gabatonebuli Rirebulebebis reproduqcias uwyoben xels,

radgan isev im socialuri adgilebs ikaveben, romlebic
ekavaT

maT

mSoblebs.

maT

ar

rCebaT

vertikaluri

socialuri mobilobis arc erTi Sansi da es Sedegia im

damokidebulebisa,
uaryofs.

anu,

romelic

fizikuri

dominantur

Sromis

faseulobebs

reproduqcia,

uilisis

mixedviT, RirebulebaTa Sesaxeb konsensuss ki ar emyareba,

romelsac,

magaliTad,

uzrunvelyofs,
tineijerebi

aramed,

uars

saganmanaTleblo
piriqiT,

amboben

am

swored

sistema

imitom,

Rirebulebebze,

rom

fizikuri

Sromis reprudqcia warmatebiT mimdinareobs.

2. socialuri

reproduqciis

konsensualuri

Teoria

dakavSirebulia ideologiis partikularul koncepciasTan.

am

koncepciis

mixedviT,

dominanturi

ideologia

is

simboluri Semawebebeli nivTierebaa, romelic aerTianebs

31

socialur wesrigs da masTan adamianebs akavSirebs. swored

esaa imis mizezi, Tu rogor axerxeben dominanturi stratebi
batonobas,

xolo

dominanturi

danarCeni

ideologia

stratebi

simboluri

morCilebas.

sistemaa,

romelic,

rTavs ra yvela stratis individebs socialur wesrigSi,

uzrunvelyofs

socialuri

wesrigis

reproduqcias

dominanturi jgufebis sasargeblod.

dominanturi

ideologiis

Tezisi

gulisxmobs

imas,

rom

ideologia aris socialuri cementi. magram, rogorc ukve

aRiniSna,

araferi

miuTiTebs

imaze,

rom

sxvadasxva

stratebis individebi am saxiT Sedian socialur wesrigSi.

amitom dominanturi ideologiis Tezisi ver xsnis imas, Tu
ratomaa, rom aradominanturi stratebis warmomadgenlebi
ise iqcevian, rom socialuri wesrigi ar dgeba safrTxis
qveS.
es,

rasakvirvelia,

ar

niSnavs,

rom

simboluri

formebi

mniSvnelovan rols ar TamaSoben sazogadoebaSi da arc

imas,

rom

es

simboluri

formebi

xSirad

emsaxureba

batonobis urTierTobis Camoyalibebasa da uzrunvelyofas.

magram dominanturi ideologiis Tezisi zedmetad martivi
axsnaa

imisa,

Tanamedrove

Tu

rogor

sazogadoebebSi.

funqcionirebs
is,

Tu

ideologia

rogor

exmareba

simboluri formebi batonobis urTierTobebis damyarebas,

bevrad ufro kompleqsuria, vidre dominanturi ideologiis
Tezisis warmomadgenlebs hgoniaT. is moicavs ara mxolod
SekavSirebas
safuZvelze,

saerTo
aramed

Rirebulebebisa
SekavSirebas

am

da

rwmenebis

Rirebulebebis

uarzofis safuZvelzec, rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes

32

es.

rogorc

vnaxeT,

britaneli

es

araTu

skolis

moswavleebis

SesaZlebeli,

magaliTze

aramed

sruliad

yoveldRieuri movlenaa.
3. dominanturi

ideologiis

warmoeba

da

gavrceleba

warmoidgineba, rogorc saxelmwifos amocana. saxelmwifos

romeli saagentoebi arian amiT dakavebuli es sakiTxi
sxvadasxva

avtoris

mier

alTiuseri,

magaliTad,

"ideologia

da

sxvadasxvanairad
sakuTar

saxelmwifo

gadaiWreba.

gavlenian

naSromSi

ideologiuri

aparatebi"

ganasxvavebs "represiul saxelmwifo aparatebs, romlebic

moicaven mTavrobas, policias, sasamarTlos, cixeebs, jarsa
da

a.

S.

@"ideologiuri

saxelmwifo

aparatebisagan",

romlebic moicaven eklesiebs, skolebs, ojaxs, politikur

sistemas, profkavSirebs, masobrivi komunikaciis sistemas,
kulturul aqtivobebs (sporti, xelovneba). SeiZleba eWvi
SevitanoT imaSi, Tu ramdenad sasargeblo da sworia, aseTi
mravalferovani da gansxvavebuli sferoebis saxelmwifos
funqciebad gamocxadeba. magram alTiuseri amtkicebs, rom
institutebis
CamonaTvali

es,

erTi

erTiandeba

SexedviT
imiT,

Zalze

rom

mravalferovani

ideologia,

romelic

realizdeba maTSi dominanturi klasis ideologiaa anu,

maTi

ZiriTadi

funqcia

dominanturi

ideologiis

gavrcelebaa. swored ase dominanturi ideologiisadmi

individebis damorCilebiT xdeba socialuri reproduqcia.

Cemi

miznebidan

gamomdinare,

araa

saWiro

alTiuseris

koncepciis detaluri ganxilva. me mxolod sami punqtis

gakritikeba

minda

saxelmwifos

mier

organizebuli

da

ideologiurad uzrunvelyofili socialuri reproduqciis

33

TeoriaSi, romelsac alTiuseri warmoadgens. pirvelia is,

rom

es

Teoria

midgomas

warmoadgens

Tanamedrove

ganixileba

rogorc

inarCunebs

klasis,

klasobriv-reduqcionistul

saxelmwifosadmi.
instituciuri

stratisa

Tu

saxelmwifo

meqanizmi,
jgufis

aq

romelic

Zalauflebas.

xandaxan xdeba imis aRiareba, rom saxelmwifo institutebs

aqvT

garkveuli

saxis

avtonomia

dominanturi

jgufis

pirdapiri interesebisagan, magram saxelmwifos funqcia Tu

roli, saboloo jamSi, swored am interesebs emTxveva.

am koncepciis mTavari problema is ki araa, Tu rogor unda

ganisazRvros es "garkveuli saxis", "relatiuri" avtonomia,
romelsac

aRniSnuli

Teoriis

warmomadgenlebi

saxelmwifos uTmoben es problema SeiZleba gadauWradic

ki

aRmoCndes

da

is

mxolod

sqolastikuri

interesis

sagania. mTavaria is, rom es koncepcia arasworad aSuqebs

Tanamedrove

saxelmwifos

istoriul

ganviTarebasa

da

xasiaTs. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom saxelmwifos yvela

aspeqti
dacvaze.

mimarTulia
rogorc

saxelmwifo
aqtivobebis

ara

dominanturi
maqs

veberi

jgufis

interesebis

amtkicebs,

Tanamedrove

mxolod

socialuri

da

regulirebiTaa

dakavebuli,

aramed

teritoriaze
sazRvrebis

wesrigis
dacviTac

SenarCunebiTa
sxva

da

ekonomikuri
mocemul

teritoriuli

eri-saxelmwifoebis

pretenziebisagan. Tanamedrove saxelmwifos aqvs efeqtiani

monopolia Zalisa Tu Zaladobis legitimur gamoyenebaze da
es Zala gamoiyeneba rogorc qveynis SigniT kontrolis
dasamyareblad,

aseve

qveynis

sagareo

dacvisa

Tu

TavdasxmisaTvis. Tanamedrove saxelmwifom ganaviTara rigi

instituciebisa

da

saagentoebisa,

romlebsac

Sinagani

34

wesrigisa

da

garegani

sazRvrebis

dacva

evalebaT.

am

mravalferovnebis reduqcia gabatonebuli klasis, stratisa

Tu jgufis interesebze viTarebis dauSvebeli gamartivebaa.
es Teoria aseve warmoadgens klasobriv-reduqcionistul
midgomas

ideologiisadmi.

konceptualizacia
klasebTan

xdeba

mimarTebis

funqciaa

anu,

ideologiuri

mxolod

kuTxiT.

mxolod

dominanturi

ideologiuri

velis

dominanturi

klasi,

Sedegadac

da

fenomenebis
maTi

ideologiis

dastruqturireba,
gramSis

ris

sityvebiT

rom

vTqvaT, hegemonias moipovebs.

am poziciis calmxrivoba, Cemi azriT, erTmniSvnelovania.
rasakvirvelia,
TamaSobs

klasebis

interesebis

ideologiuri

Zalauflebis

velis

sistematurad

mniSvnelovan

rols

struqturirebaSi,

asimetriuli

magram

mimarTebebi,

garda

klasisa, aseviTive warmatebiT efuZneba sqesis, asakis, eTnikuri

warmoSobis

momentebs.

saxelmwifos

batonobis

mier

uzrunvelyofili

am

saxeebis

organizebuli
socialuri

da

marginalizacia
ideologiurad

reproduqciis

Teoriis

mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens.

saboloo

kritikuli

mosazreba,

romelic

am

TeoriasTan

dakavSirebiT unda gamoiTqvas, masobrivi komunikaciebis rols

exeba. am Teoriis momxreebi masobrivi komunikaciis institutebs
ganixilaven

rogorc

nawils,

erT-erT

anu

ideologiuri
meqanizms,

saxelmwifo

romlis

aparatebis

saSualebiTac

xdeba

dominanturi ideologiis realizacia. SeiZleba adgili hqondes

imis

aRiarebas,

avtonomiuroba

rom

am

institutebs

saxelmwifosTan

aqvT

mimarTebaSi,

garkveuli
rom

saxis

ideologia,

35

romelsac

isini

gadascemen,

SeiZleba

Seicavdes

konfliqtur

elementebs, magram, saboloo jamSi, maTi funqcia ganisazRvreba

ssocialuri SekrulobiTa da reproduqciiT, romelic miiRweva
dominanturi ideologiis gadacemiT da gavrcelebiT.

masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis es daxasiaTeba, Cemi azriT,

araa swori. es institutebi aRniSnuli Teoriis CarCos SigniT
ganixileba,

rogorc

SedarebiT

periferiuli

dawesebulebebi,

rogorc erT-erTi aparati sxva ideologiur aparatebs Soris. es

Teoria ver iTvaliswinebs Tanamedrove kulturis mediatizaciasa
da Tanamedrove socialursa da kulturul cxovrebaSi mediebis
centralur

mniSvenlobas.

dResdReobiT

mTavrobebis

aqtivobebi,

garkveuli

romelic

konstituirebulia

saxelmwifoebisa

azriT,

xdeba

masobrivi

da

sivrceSi,

komunikaciebis

saSualebebiT.

aRniSnuli Teoria ara mxolod ar aqcevs saTanado yuradRebas

masobrivi komunikaciebis centralur mniSvnelobas. is aseve ar
iTvaliswinebs am institutebis istoriul geneziss da imas, Tu
rogor operireben isini sazogadoebaSi.
am TavSi me ganvixile ori zogadi Teoriuli CarCo, romelTa
SigniTac

xdeboda

XX

saukunis

fenomenis

konceptualizacia.

ganmavlobaSi

orive

am

ideologiis

Teoriulma

poziciam

gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina ideologiis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove

socialur

da

politikur

Teoriebze,

amitom,

maTi

naklovanebebisda miuxedavad, maTi gaTvaliswineba ideologiuri

fenomenebis
ganxilvisas,
mcire

iyo

analizisas

da,

aucilebelia.
am

miTumetes,

ideologiis

samwuxarod,

konceptualuri

CarCoebis

konceptis

saqarTveloSi
Sesaxeb

Zalze

codna

da

36

ideologiis Sesaxeb debatebi mimdinareobda sivrceSi, romelic

uimedod iyo daSorebuli im inteleqtualur vels, romelSic
mimdinareobda ideologiasTan dakavSirebuli es evropuli da
amerikuli kvlevebi.

III. debatebi saqarTveloSi erovnuli ideologiis Sesaxeb

imisaTvis,

rom

gasuli

saukunis

90-ian

wlebSi

ideologiis

Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebis analizi SevZloT, saukeTeso gza

iqneba, avarCioT yvelaze reprezentatiuli am debatebs Soris,
romelSic gansakuTrebiT mkafiod da srulad gamoCnda motivacia
da miznebi, romlebic maT edo safuZvlad. am miznisaTvis avarCie
debatebi,

erTi

mxriv,

T.

mirianaSvils

(saqarTvelos

prezidentis mrCeveli), meore mxriv ki v. erqomaiSvils Soris

(Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis
profesori), debatebi, romlebSic mogvianebiT sxvebic Caerivnen.
T.

mirianaSvilis

pozicia

Semdegia

qarTul

kulturas,

xelovnebas, agreTve, yofiT urTierTobebs odiTganve axasiaTebda

sulierebis primati, rac dRemde ar waSlila da amoZirkvula.
amitom

. . .

saWiroa misi gadarCena, aRorZineba. Tanamedrove

samyaroSi, sadac didi safrxe daemuqra sulierebas, es SeiZleba

gaxdes

Cveni

eris

diadi

misia,

SeiZleba

gaxdes

is,

rasac

qarTvelebi SevTavazebT, SevZenT kacobriobas. amdenad, es unda

iyos Cveni erovnuli ideologiis qvakuTxedi.
am Sexedulebis seriozuli kritika, Cemi azriT, saWiro ar aris,
magram

sainteresoa

misi

ritorikisa

da

interteqstebis

gamokvleva: pirveli, aRniSnul citataSi saubaria eris diad

misiaze,

rac,

rasakvirvelia,

Sefaruli

citataa

zviad

37

gamsaxurdia

teqstidan

igulisxmeba

sulierebis

aranairad

ar

aqvs

ganmsazRvrelia,

qarTveli
qveS?

is

eris
am

termins

religiuri

magaliTad,

misi

sulieri

misia.

am

ra

konteqstSi

mniSvneloba,

gamoyenebisaTvis

romelic

qristianul

TeologiaSi. suliereba, spiritualoba religiur konteqstSi

niSnavs

praqtikas,

romlis

Sedegadac

am

praqtikis

subieqti

icvleba, transformirdeba. amis sapirispirod, T. mirianaSvilis

mier am terminis gamoyeneba aixsneba, Tu mas rusulad vTargmniT:
. igulisxmeba fenomeni, romelic korelaciuria sityvisa
inteligenti

(romelic

ara

mxolod

qarTul,

aramed

sxva

enebSic Cveuli mniSvnelobiT swored rusuli enidan Sevida) da

gulisxmobs

yovelive

sentimentalur aRqmas.
am

Sexedulebas

dasjerda

amaRlebulis,

da

keTilis

upirispirdeba

sagazeTo

kargisa

v.

polemikas

da

erqomaiSvili,

romelic

damoukidebeli

ar

Teoriuli

naSromic ki miuZRvna aRniSnul problemas (eri da ideologia).

sakuTar

publikaciebSi

v.

erqomaiSvili

uaryofs

erovnuli

ideologiis aucileblobas, aanalizebs ideologiis cnebas da

amtkicebs, rom am cnebis rezureqcia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi
saWiro
negatiur

araa.

erqomaiSvili

koncepcias,

totalitarizmi,

gadaWriT

misTvis

dogmatizmi,

emxroba

ideologiis
avtoritarizmi,

ideologiis

maxasiaTeblebia:
provincializmi

(sic!), absolutizmi, brZola, fetiSizmi, mesianizmi. anu, am avtoris

mixedviT, ideologias ar aqvs arsebobis ufleba, Tundac saqme
exebodes ara erTi, dominanturi ideologiis arsebobas, aramed
ideologiebis pluralizms.

analizisas is eyrdnoba d. maklelanis wigns: Mclellan, D. Ideology. Minnesota, 1986.

38

TavisTavad,

v.

erqomaiSvilis

samoqalaqo

poziciasTan

bevri

araferi SeiZleba gvqondes sadavo, magram rogorc mecnieruli

analizi, misi kvleva seriozulad moikoWlebs _ miuxedevada
imisa,

rom

Zveli

tradiciis

mixedviT,

v.

erqomaiSvili

ideologias swored mecnierebas upirispirebs. jer erTi, avtors

ar

esmis

ideologiis

ideologia

xom

cnebis

pirvel

meTodologiuri

rigSi

konceptia,

mniSvneloba

romliTac

unda

gaanalizdes da aixsna rigi fenomenebisa, romelTac manamde ver

amCevdnen da aRiqvamdnen. masze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi an Tvali
unda davxuWoT iseTi simboluri fenomenebis arsebobaze Cvens
kulturasa da sazogadoebaSi, romlebic batonobis mimarTebebis
damyarebasa

da

SenarCunebas

emsaxureba,

anda

SemovitanoT

axali koncepti, romelic Caanacvlebda ideologiis cnebas. v.

erqomaiSvili am dilemas ver xedavs, misi zedmetad martivi
warmodgenebi socialuri samyarosa da mecnieruli diskursis
Sesaxeb

ar

aZlevs

mas

SesaZleblobas,

dainaxos,

rom

is,

analitikuri TvalsazrisiT, araproduqtiul situaciaSi xvdeba.

SeiZleba

Tamamad

mxolod

iTqvas,

rom

ideologiuri

ganviTarebis

dRevandel

mis

naSroms

mniSvneloba,
etapze

aqvs

mxolod

socialuri

is

analizisaTvis

ra

sivrceSi

da

azris
verafers

gvTavazobs.

imisaTvis,

rom

gavarkvioT,

erovnuli

ideologiis

Tu

Sesaxeb

debatebi

XX

mimdinareobda
saukunis

90-ian

wlebSi, saWiroa mxedvelobaSi miviRoT is socialur-politikuri

sivrce,

romlis

SigniTac

am

debates

hqonda

adgili.

aman

SesaZloa gagviyvanos im mizezebze, romlebic safuZvlad edo

ideologiis Temis ucnaur wamotivtivebas 90-iani wlebis meore
naxevarSi.

39

pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom akademiuri wreebis daintereseba

am

konceptiT

gansakuTrebiT

humanitaruli

da

socialuri

mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebs exebaT _ gansazRvruli iyo im

rolisa da funqciis dakargviT, romelsac isini aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi

atarebdnen

saxelmwifos

uzrunvelyofa

ideologiuri resursebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi

ideologiis adgili Zalze specifikuri iyo, radgan komunisturi
ideologiis absoluturi batonoba sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis
bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi emyareboda im garemoebas, rom
am ideologiisa aravis sjeroda. anu, komunisturi ideologia
funqcionirebda
ideologias

sayovelTao

uqmnidnen

ar

cinizmis
is

pirobebSi.

adamianebi,

safrTxes

romlebsac

misi

am
ar

sjerodaT _ aseTi adamianebis ricxvi mosaxleobis umravlesobas

Seadgenda,

romlebmac

icodnen,

rogor

da

rodis

unda

gamoeyenebinaT ideologiuri arsenali pragmatuli miznebisaTvis,

aramed is umciresoba, romelsac am ideologiisa sjeroda da
marTlac mis mixedviT cdilobda cxovrebasa Tu azrovnebas.
am

yalbi

ideologiis

warmodgenebis
ukanaskneli

qveS

sistema

damyarebuli

warmodgenebze

ki

sruliad

sxva

simboluri

funqcionirebda.

saqarTveloSi

iyo

winare-industriul

sazogadoebis,

tradiciul,
genderuli

rolebis,

es

asakobrivi

funqciebisa da a. S. Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cinizmma

oficialuri

ideologiis

saqarTveloSi

miaRwia,

mimarT

radgan,

sakuTar

gansvavebiT

piks

swored

centrisagan,

aq

ideologiuri wnexi ar yofila imdenad Zlieri, gansakuTrebiT

70ian-80ian

wlebSi.

sruliadac

ar

sazogadoeba

magram

niSnavda

Tavisufali

am

imas,
iyo

ideologiidan
rom

imdroindeli

yovelgvari

gasxltoma
qarTuli

ideologiisagan

40

piriqiT, swored tradiciuli, winare-industriuli, konservatuli

warmodgenebis batonoba am dros gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo.
magram es yovelive ar exeboda politikur sferos. politikis
absoluturi

gabatoneba

saqarTveloSi

80-iani

wlebis

bolos

yvelafers cvlis. iwyeba mcdeloba, Camoyalibdes axali narativi,

romlis subieqtic iqneba ara klasi, aramed qarTveli eri _
mcdeloba,

romelsac

axorcielebs

zviad

warmoadgens

gansakuTrebuli

gamsaxurdia.

am

sistematurobiT

ukanasknelis

anTroposofiul_okulturi

delveideri),

(Staineri,

filosofiur-spekulatiuri

kulturul-istoriuli

naSromebi
iv-sen

(humboldti),

("vefxistyaosnis"

alegoriuli

interpretacia) nazavs. mizani: mosaxleobis mobilizacia da axali

politikuri

Zalis

legitimacia.

saxeze

gvaqvs

ideologiis

gaCenisa da ganviTarebis klasikuri nimuSi.

ideologiis

Temis

ganviTarebis

meore

etapi

dakavSirebulia

SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodTan, rodesac sruliad icvleba

politikur-sazogadoebrivi
procesSi

cdiloben

diskursi.

Zveli

swored

akademiuri

am

wreebi

cvlilebis
da

axali

nomenklaturis Canasaxi axali erovnuli ideologiis SemuSavebiT

axali

diskursis

mcdeloba
nacvlad

SemuSavebaze

prerogativis

warumateblad mTavardeba
saqarTveloSi

vitgenStains

Tu

Semodis

davesesxebiT

mopovebas.

_ erovnuli

liberaluri
termins

maTi

ideologiis

demokratiis

"enobrivi

TamaSi".

ZiriTad referenciul punqtad iqceva adamianis uflebebi da ara

_

qarTuli

xasiaTisa

Tu

kulturis

miTiuri

maxasiaTeblebi,

romelTa Sesaxebac bevrs saubrobdnen erovnuli ideologiis

proponentebi.

41

ideologiis Sesaxeb debatebi nel-nela warsuls bardeba, magram

2003 wlis noembris revoluciis Semdeg adgili aqvs kidev erT,
axal ganviTarebas, romelic aRar operirebs ideologiis cnebiT,
magram

aqtiurad

mimarTavs

ideologiis

saSualebiT

mobiliziaciasa da legitimacias. am ukanaskneli, mesame etapis

Sesaxeb

saqarTveloSi

ideologiis

ganviTarebisa

aRniSnuli

teqstis bolo TavSi visaubreb ufro dawvrilebiT. aRvniSnav

mxolod, rom am mesame etapze adgili aqvs garkveul mcdelobas,
wina ori etapis dialeqtikuri ganviTarebisa _ erovnuli da
liberalur-demokratiuli diskursebi aq erTmaneTTan harmoniaSi
modis,

yovel

"dialeqtikur
ideologiuri

SemTxvevaSi,
sintezSi"
narativis

mcdelobis

ikargeba
ZiriTadi

doneze.

oRond

am

rogorc

eris,

rogorc

subieqtis,

aseve

adamianis

uflebebis, rogorc ZiriTadi refereciuli punqtis momentebi.

wina planze gamodis saxelmwifos idea, romelmac sakuTar TavSi
unda gaaerTianos orive maTgani.

IV. ideologiuri da diskursiuli analizi

Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi, iqneba is socialuri Tu
humanitaruli,

diskursi

gamoiyeneba.

arcTu

ganixileba.

magram

da

iSviaTad
niSnavs

ideologia
es

Tu

terminebi
ara

isini

Zalze

xSirad

sinonimebadac
erTsa

da

ki

imaves?

gulisxmobs Tu ara alTiuseri imasve ideologiiT, rasac miSel

fuko diskursiT?

ideologiis

cnebis

kiTxvis

niSnis

qveS

dayenebis

mcdeloba

diskursis cnebis saSualebiT miSel fukos ekuTvnis. is gamoyofs

42

sam moments, romelTa gamoc ideologiis cnebis gamoyenebas ar

miiCnevs

mizanSewonilad.

upirispirdeba

raRac

mTavari

Tu

isaa,

esenia:

1.

WeSmaritebis

rogor

ideologia

msgavss,

warmoiSoba

xolo

yovelTvis
fukosaTvis

WeSmaritebis

efeqtebi

diskursebSi, romlebic TavisTavad arc WeSmaritia da arc

mcdari;

2.

subieqtze,

cneba
rac

'ideologia'
miuRebelia

aucileblobiT
fukos

miuTiTebs

anti-subeiqtivisturi

poziciisaTvis; 3. ideologia mudam mimarTebaSia raRacasTan, rac

warmoidgineba

rogorc

bazisi,

rogorc

ekonomikuri

Tu

materialuri determinanti da rasac ideologia meore planze

gadayavs.
rasakvirvelia, ideologiis cnebaze uaris Tqmas fuko mxolod
axali

konceptis

Semotanis

xarjze

axerxebs.

esaa

diskursis

koncepti, gadmoRebuli lingvistikidan, magram axali SinaarsiTa

da

sazrisiT

analizis

datvirTuli.

koncentrireba

diskursis

xdeba

im

cnebiT

garemoebaze,

socialuri
rom

yvela

socialuri mimarTeba am mimarTebebis monawileTa mier ganixileba

lingvisturi

Tu

semiotikuri

mediumebis

gavliT,

romlebic

azrovnebis, gagebisa da gamocdilebis mowesrigebis saSualebas

iZleva. diskursi, mokled rom vTqvaT, aris gamonaTqvamebisa Tu
simboluri

gamosaxulebebis

erToblioba,

romlis

wesebis

mixedviTac

mixedviT

xdeba

mowesrigebuli

samyaros

ama

Tu

im

segmentis gaazreba da gancda.

diskursis

konceptis

materialurisa

da

SemotaniT

mentaluris

SesaZlebeli

gansxvavebis

xdeba

ugulebelyofa,

gansxvavebisa, romelsac gverds ver auvlida ideologiis verc

erTi

Teoria.

diskursis

enobrivi

cneba

Tavs

da

semiotikuri

aRwevs

im

mediumebis

SemotaniT

diqotomiebs,

romelTa

43

moZvelebuloba socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebSi karga

xans igrZnoboda, imis gareSe, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo maTi
gadalaxva:

buneba/kultura,

diskursis

Teoria

socialuri

individi/sazogadoeba,

gagebul

fenomenebis

unda

iqnes

dafuZnebis

goni/sxeuli.

rogorc

enaSi.

mcdeloba,

diskursi

esaa

komunikaciis socialuri qselebi, romlebic aigeba verbaluri Tu

araverbaluri niSanTa sistemis meSveobiT.
diskursis Teoriis mniSvelovani epistemologiuri Sedegi imis
gaTvaliswinebaSi

mdgomareobs,

rom

ena

arasodesaa

mTlianad

referenciuli. niSans, rogorc ferdinand de sosiuri ambobs,

ori mxare aqvs: aRmniSvneli da aRsaniSni. maT Soris kavSiri
arasdosaa

myari

nebismieria.

da

amitom

erTxel
ena

da

samudamod

yovelTvis

ufro

dadgenili,

metia,

vidre

is
misi

denotatiuri ganzomileba (anu ganzomileba, romlis meSveobiTac

Cven

enis

saSualebiT

am

enis

gareT

mdebare

realobaze

mivuTiTebT).
am konteqtsSi SeuZlebeli iqneba yvela im siaxlis ganxilva,
romelic

mohyva

diskursis

konceptis

Semotanas

socialur

mecnierebaSi. aq Cven mxolod Semdegi sakiTxi gvainteresebs: unda

gamoiwvios Tu ara diskursis cnebis damkvidrebam ideologiis
cnebis gaqroba?

es iyo fukos pretenzia, rodesac mas diskursis cneba Semohqonda

socialur mecnierebebSi. magram Tu gavixsenebT Cvens mier pirvel
TavSi

gatarebul

gansxvavebas

ideologiis

neitralursa

da

kritikul koncepciebs Soris, situacia SeiZleba bevrad ufro

kompleqsuri

aRmoCndes,

vidre

amis

danaxva

fukosa

da

mis

mimdevrebs surdaT. diskursis cneba sinamdvileSi Zalze axloa

44

ideologiis neitralur konceptTan, magram is ver faravs im

mniSvnelobas,

romelic

aqvs

ideologiis

kritikul

cnebas.

Kideologiis kritikuli koncepti, rogorc gvaxsovs, aRniSnavda

simbolur fenomens, romelic exmareba batonobis mimarTebebis
damyarebas, SenarCunebasa Tu uzrunvelyofas. am mxriv, diskursis
Teoria

bevrs

verafers

mogvcems,

iseve

rogorc

ideologiis

neitraluri koncepcia, romlis yuradRebac mipyrobilia ideaTa

Tu RirebulebaTa sistemebze, romlebic neitraluria, arc
pozitiuri da arc negatiuri. amitom, diskursuli analizi ki
ara

anacvlebs

ukanasknels,

maT

aTwleulebis
kritikuli

ideologiurs,
Soris,

sakuTari

ganmavlobaSi

konceptebi

aramed

emateba

Tavis

exmareba

am

gansazRvraSic.

Tu

neitraluri

da

arsebobdnen

imis

ideologiis

erTmaneTis

da

gverdiT

gareSe, rom erT-erTis upiratesobis saboloo Cveneba momxdariyo,

diskursis

Teoriis

gaCenem

erxel

da

sabolood

gaaqro

ideologiis neitraluri cnebis saWiroeba. esaa erT-erTi yvelaze

mniSvenlovani siaxle, romelsac adgili hqonda ideologiuri
analizis velSi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze.

imisaTvis, rom diskursisa da ideologiis es analizi mxolod

Teoriul

spekulaciad

ideologiuri
yuradReba

ar

produqti

mivaqcioT

darCes,

miRebuli

masobrivi

gavaanalizoT
daskvnebis

konkretuli

mixedviT,

komunikaciebis

Tanac

saSualebebiT

gadacemuli informaciis analizis teqnikebs, radgan arsebuli

Teoriuli

CarCoebis

komunikaciebis

kritikisas

institutebis

xom

adgilis

swored

masobrivi

gansazRvras

daeTmo

yuradReba. gasaanalizeblad aviRoT posteri, romelic Tbilisis

centrSi, or adgilas (respublikis moedanze da Wrel abanoebTan)
iyo

gamokidebuli

vxedavdiT

2003

mamakacebs,

wlis

revoluciis

qalebs,

Semdeg.

bavSvebs

suraTze
sxvadasxva

45

fiziognomiebiTa da CacmulobebiT, romelTa mixedviTac unda

momxdariyo

saqarTveloSi

mcxovrebi

eTnikuri

umciresobebis

reprezentacia. magram mTavari am suraTze iyo ara gamosaxuleba,

aramed teqsti, romelic suraTis qveS iyo sam enaze miwerili:
qarTul enaze teqsti gveubneboda: Zala erTobaSia, rusulad
, xolo inglisurad Celebrating Our Diversity.
diskursiuli analizi, romlis Sesaxebac am TavSi iyo saubari,
yuradRebas

miapyrobda

gansxvavebul

diskursiul

formaciebs,

romelTa gamoyofa, teqstebis simcirisa da, agreTve, sxvadasxva

enebis

gamoyenebis

gamo,

araa

rTuli.

SeiZleboda

gvesaubra

saintereso, Tumca ucnaur gadakveTaze nacionalistur (qarTuli

slogani),

multi-kulturalistur

sabWoTa

(rusuli

slogani)

sivrceSi.

magram

daematos

ideologiuri

Zalauflebis
aRniSnuli
analizma

aCvenos,

ramdenime
romelic

Zalaze

akeTebs;

produqti
Tu

aqcents
b)

er-saxelmwifosa

gaubedavobaze,

iqneba

im

ideologiurma

Tanxvdeba

proeqti:

unda

Camoyalebebasac

cdilobda.

rogor

SeuTavsebeli

mizanic

romelTa

da

post-sabWoTa

aucieleblad

romlis

Cveneba,

slogani)

Sesaxeb

analizs

analizi,

ideologiuri

proeqti,

gadakveTis

diskursiul

mimarTebebis

unda

erTamenTs

am

(inglisuri

a)

am

suraTze

modernizaciis

da

romelic

erTobasa
iwvevs

da

Zvel

tradiciebTan kavSiris bolomde gauwyvetelobas (logikiT: Tu

ara

ase,

maSin

rogorRa

SeiZleba

saubari

im

nacionalur

umciresobebTan, romelTac arc sxva ena esmiT, rusulis garda da

arc sxva diskursi, sabWoTa diskursis narCenebis garda?) da g)
post-modernuli mgrZnobeloba, romelsac ukan aqvs motovebuli
modernizaciis

proeqti

da

romelic

aqcents

ukve

ara

erTianobaze akeTebs (romelic, rogorc Seuryeveli fundamenti,

ukve arsebobs), aramed am erTobis SigniT da am erTobiT gaxsnil

46

sivrceSi

gansxvavebebisa

ukanaskneli

da

post-modernuli

mravalferovnebis
diskursi

da

monaxvaze.

misi

es

gavrceleba

globalizaciis im procesis bralia, romlisadmic Tavis arideba

dResdReobiT SeuZlebelia. am araTavsebadi diskursebis Serigeba
mxolod imaginarul, warmosaxviT sivrceSi SeiZleba, romelic
aucileblobiT iZens ideologiurobis niSnebs.

47

gamoyenebuli literaturis sia

Mannheim, K. Ideologie und Utopie. Frankfurt a. M., 1982.
Hawkes, D. Ideology. London and New York, 2003.
Eaglton, T. Ideology: An Introduction. London and New York, 1991.
Thompson, J. B. Ideology and Modern Culture. California,1990.
Zizek, S. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London,1989.
Mclellan, D. Ideology. Minnesota, 1986.
Foucault, M. LArchologie du savoir. Paris, 1971.
Gerring, J. Ideology: A definitional analysis, in: Political Research Quarterly 50,
1997, 957-994.

qarTul enaze arsebuli masalebi

erqomaiSvili,

v.

eri

da

ideologia,

wignSi:

adamiani,

Tavisufleba, ideologia, Tbilisi 2002, gv. 386-466.

erqomaiSvili,

v.

demokratia

da

saxelmwifo

ideologia

//

finansebi 1997, 2-9 maisi, gv. 15.

erqomaiSvili,

v.

vwyvet

polemikas!

//

literaturuli

saqarTvelo, 1999, 19-26 Tebervali, gv. 14.

48

erqomaiSvili, v. "literaturuli saqarTvelos" redaqcias

//

literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1999, 2-9 ivlisi, gv. 5.

erqomaiSvili,

v.

or

profesori

samsjavros

winaSe

//

ideologia?

//

saqarTVelo, 1997, 22-24 aprili, 26-29 aprili, ???

erqomaiSvili,

v.

ras

gvTavazos

erovnuli

finansebi 1997, 12-19 ivnisi, gv. 15-16.

mirianaSvili,

T.

mec

vwyvet

polemikas!

//

literaturuli

saqarTvelo 1999, 13-20 agvisto, gv. 5

mirianaSvili,

T.

urTiergamtanoba

//

qarTvelebs

gvaxasiaTebs

literaturuli

fenomenaluri

saqarTvelo

1998,

16-23

oqtomberi, gv. 5-6.

mirianaSvili,
saxelobis

T.

Ria

werili

universitetis

Tbilisis

filosofiis

iv.

javaxiSvilis

kaTedris

profesor-

maswavleblebs // literaturuli saqarTvelo 1999, 2-9 ivlisi, gv.

4-5
naTaZe, n. pasuxi baton v. erqomaiSvils // saqarTvelo 1997, 11
ivnisi
CantlaZe,

l.,

daltonizmis

nanobaSvili,
Sesaxeb

//

T.,

niblaZe,

literaturuli

v.

isev

saqarTvelo

gonebrivi
1999,

2-9

ivlisi, gv. 5.

49