iago kaWkaWiSvili

socialuri Teoria

2008

s a r C e v i
Tavi I.

ra aris socialuri Teoria ? --------------------------------------------------

Tavi II.

socialuri Teoriis saTaveebTan (konti, spenseri, marqsi,

zimeli) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11

Tavi III.

socialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi cnebebi -----------------------------

22

Tavi IV.

subieqtze/agentze
orientirebuli
socialuri
Teoriebi (maqs veberis kritikuli Teoria, eTnomeTodologia)

Tavi V.

Tavi VI.

Tavi VII.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

42

struqturaze/sistemaze
orientirebuli
socialuri
Teoriebi (talkot parsonsi, niklas lumani) ------------------------------

58

agentsa
da
orientirebuli

struqturas
socialuri

Soris
Teoriebi

mediaciaze

(p.
burdies
sinTezuri Teoria da e. gidensis struqturaciis Teoria) ---------

66

postmodernuli socialuri Teoria ---------------------------------

83

Tavi 1: ra aris socialuri Teoria?

$1. Sesavali: socialuri Teoria rogorc mecniereba
mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis pirveli nimuSi antikur saberZneTSi,
aristotelesTan gvxvdeba. aristotelem sxva mecnierebaTagan gamoyo
politikis Teoria, romelSic gulisxmobda saxelmwifosa da adamianis
qcevis Semswavlel disciplinas. man ZiriTadad gamoacxada adamianTa
urTierTobebis Semecneba. es urTierTobebi umTavresad ori formiT
yalibdeba: elementarulia ojaxi da ojaxis wevrTa urTierTobebi,
ganmsazRvreli ki _ saxelmwifo da saxelmwifos Sida urTierTobebi.
socialuri sinamdvile urTierTobaTa erTobliobaa. ase Caisaxa antikur
saberZneTSi socialuri sinamdvilis Semswavleli mecnierebis cneba.
miuxedavad amisa, mecxramete saukunemde ar momxdara socialuris
Semmecnebel
mecnierebaTa
gamoyofa
saerTod
codnisagan.
Tumca,
mecxramete saukuneSic ki, TviT iseT moazrovnesTan, rogoricaa ogiust
konti, romelsac miewereba termin sociologiis Semotana, socialuri
mecnierebebi mecnierulobis statuss mxolod imiT iReben, rom
emsgavsebian bunebis mecnierebebs da maTgan sesxuloben kvlevis
meTodebs. marTlac, mecniereba (science) didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
gaigivebuli iyo bunebismetyvelebasTan. me-17 saukunidan moyolebuli,
Tanamedrove evropaSi iseTi mecnierebebis gaCenam da arnaxulma
ganviTarebam, rogoricaa fizika, astronomia, qimia, biologia da sxv.
Seqmna
bunebismecnieruli
midgomis
etaloni
da
es
midgoma
mecnierulobis nimuSad gamocxadda. me-18 saukunis bolos, rodesac
aRmoceneba
daiwyo
adamianis
da
misi
samyaros
Semswavlelma
disciplinebma (ekonomika, filologia, lingvistika, xelovnebis istoria
da sxv.), maTi mecnieruloba aRiarebuli iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
isini moaxdendnen bunebis mecnierebi meTodebis kopirebas da imitirebas.
rogorc aRiniSna, aseTi moTxovna sociologiasac wauyena me-19 saukuneSi
o. kontma, romelmac axlad gaCenili disciplina pozitivistur (an
pozitiur) mecnierebad monaTla, riTac saTave daudo pozitivizmis
gaCenas socialur mecnierebebSi. kontis, anu pozitivisturi midgomis
Tanaxmad, sociologiam Tavisi kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodebi _ dakvirveba
da eqsperimenti _ unda aiRos fizikidan, raTa gaamarTlos misi, rogorc
mecnierebis, statusi 1.
maSasadame, pozitivisturi tradiciis amosavali principia Tvalsazrisi,
rom
sazogadoeba
da
adamianis
qceva
unda
Seiswavlebodes
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis meTodebiT. sociologebma unda misdion
bunebismetyvelebs da moipovon maTsaviT zusti Teoriuli codna. ar
arsebobs
araviTari
dualizmi,
socialur
mecnierebaTa
miznebi
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa analogiuria: socialuri fenomenis
qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZlebloba; socialuri movlenis axsna da
obieqturobis miRweva, romelic SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc kvlevis
procesSi Zmovlenis mimarT mkvlevris indiferentuloba. amgvari kvleva
iZleva adamianuri qcevis WeSmarit, zust da gafarToebul kanonebs.
1

o. kontis Sexedulebebi ufro dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli me-2 TavSi.

pozitivisturi
paradigmis
farglebSi
SesaZleblad
miiCneva
individualur
qcevebze
dakvirvebis
Sedegebi
gavrceldes
mTel
mosaxleobaze. pozitivistebi iziareben princips, rom socialuri da
bunebrivi samyaroebi emorCileba dadgenil da ualternativo kanonebs
mizezobriobis usasrulo jaWvSi. mecnieruli kvlevis ZiriTadi mizania
am kauzaluri kanonebis dadgena, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems, avxsnaT
da viwinaswarmetyveloT specifikuri fenomenebi. amgvari midgomis
farglebSi, socialuri Teoria warmogvidgeba rogorc empiriulad
dasabuTebuli debulebebis deduqciuri, aqsiomaturad struqturirebuli
sistema, romelsac SeuZlia gazomos socialuri faqtebi. es pozicia
Tavis ukidures gamoxatulebas Semdeg msjelobaSi poulobs:
rodesac SegiZlia gazomo is, ris Sesaxebac laparakob da gamoxato es ricxvebSi, maSin
Sen marTla mogipovebia codna; magram rodesac ar SegiZlia gazomo da gamoxato igi
ricxvebSi, Seni codna mwiria da aradamakmayofilebeli 2.
pozitivisturi midgomis erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian mxardamWerad gvevlineba emil
diurkemi, romelic amtkicebda, rom sociologia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebas unda
daemsgavsos, romelic raodenobriv meTodebs gamoiyenebs cvladebs Soris mizezobrivi
kavSirebis dasamyareblad. SromaSi sociologiuri meTodis wesebi diurkemi amtkicebs,
rom socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenelma imave wesiT unda Seiswavlon socialuri
fenomenebi, rogorc fizikosma, qimikosma an fiziologma. Tavis ZiriTad SromaSi
(TviTmkvleloba) diurkemi swored socialur fenomenebs Soris mizezobrivi
kavSirebis moZebnas ganizraxavs: igi adarebs TviTmkvlelobis sixSiris oficialur
statistikas sxvadasxva evropul saxelmwifoebSi da arkvevs am monacemebis mimarTebas
sxva cvladebTan, rogoricaa aRmsarebloba (religiuri kuTvnileba), sqesi, ojaxis
struqtura da sxv. am mimarTebebidan, diurkemis azriT, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
kanonebis msgavsad, gamoiyvaneba mizezobrivi kanonebi, romelebic xsnian, Tu ratom
sCadian sxvadasxva jgufebis warmomadgenlebi TviTmkvlelobas.

pozitivisturi midgoma ukve me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan daeqvemdebara

mZafr kritikas germaneli mecnieris, hermenevtikis fuZemdeblis, vilhelm
dilTais (1883-1911) mier. dilTaim mkveTrad gamijna ori sinamdvile _
buneba da goni da, Sesabamisad, bunebis mecnierebebisgan gamoyo gonis
mecnierebani. am ukanasknels sakuTari, bunebis aRwerisa da axsnisagan
gansxvavebuli meTodi aqvs _ gagebis saxiT. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi
vindelbandma da rikertma gonis mecnierebaTa cneba Secvales kulturis
mecnierebaTa cnebiT da bunebisa da kulturis mecnierebani erTmaneTs
daupirispires.
maqs
veberma
gaaigiva
kulturisa
da
socialur
mecnierebaTa cnebebi da maTi Taviseburebis axsnaSi dilTais xazi
gaagrZela.
ase gaCnda socialur TeoriaSi (zogadad, socialur mecnierebebSi)
dixotomiuri nakadi, romlis sapirispiro polusebs sxvadasxvanairad
aRniSnaven: pozitivisturi da interpretaciuli; mecnieruli da humanisturi; naturalisturi da hermenevtikuli; axsniTi da gagebiTi da sxv.
ra
argumentebi
aqvs
humanistebs
pozitivizmis
sapirispirod?
antipozitivistebi amtkiceben, rom mizezobrivi kanonis paradigmis
gamoyeneba
socialur
mecnierebebSi
Zalze
problematuria.
amas
sxvadasxva mizezi aqvs: (1) socialur mecnierebebSi rTulia miRweul
iqnes
is
obieqturoba
da
Tanamimdevruloba,
rac
aucilebelia
2

Siedman, E. (1977): Why not qualitative analysis, Public Management Forum, July/August, p. 415.

klasifikaciis
sistemebis
ganviTarebisaTvis.
socialur
sivrceSi
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis
procedurebi
datvirTulia
aqtoris
implicituri saRi azris mosazrebebiT, xolo kvleva _ damkvirveblis
piradi mosazrebebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze; (2) Teoriuli cnebebi
arasakmarisad zustia, rac zRudavs maT warmatebul gazomvas; (3)
gazomvisaTvis aucilebelma formalizaciam da simartivem SeiZleba
gamoiwvios socialuri fenomenebis fundamenturi sirTulis ignorireba;
(4) aqsiomaturi msjelobebis formulireba socialur mecnierebebSi
rTuldeba, vinaidan socialuris Sesaxeb codna mudmivad moiTxovs
mimarTvas empiriisadmi (socialuri da kulturuli konteqstisadmi).
amdenad, Teoriis enidan monacemebis enaze gadasvla aucilebelia. aqedan
gamomdinare,
mizezobrivi
kanonebis
paradigma
naklebad
identificirebadia da ar CaiTvleba socialuri procesis maxasiaTeblad 3.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, humanisturi midgomis momxreebi amtkiceben,
rom
socialuri
mecnierebebis
sagani
Zireulad
gansxvavdeba
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisagan. kulturis (socialuri) mecnierebebi
swavloben adamianis socialur qcevaSi da socialur institutebSi
realizebul mniSvnelobebs, Rirebulebebs, ganzraxvebs, atitudebs da
ideebs. am ukanasknelT yovelTvis atyvia kulturuli da istoriuli
konteqstis kvali. amdenad, maTi Sefaseba SeuZlebelia erTi zogadi
mizez-Sedegobrivi principis safuZvelze. socialuri arsebebi ar arian
WanWikebi, romlebic moqmedeben raRac zeadamianuri (obieqturi)
Zalebis gavleniT. isini mizanmimarTuli, mgrZnobiare, mniSvnelobebis
velSi myofi arsebebia. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis qcevis gasagebad
aucilebelia movlenebis Sesaxeb aqtorebis warmodgenebis gamomzeureba
da imis dadgena, Tu rogor exmianeba es warmodgenebi maT qcevebs.
interaqciaSi myof individTa qcevebis mniSvnelobebis wvdomisaTvis,
aucilebelia im socialuri konteqstis gageba, romelSic es interaqciebi
mimdinareobs. bunebrivi samyarosagan gansxvavebiT, socialuri samyaros
adekvaturi
aRwera
mkvlevrisagan
moiTxovs
Sesaswavl
obieqtSi
SeRwevas ise, rom aRiqvas da gaigos igi rogorc sakuTari Sinaarsi.
amas is faqti aadvilebs, rom mkvlevari Tavad aris socialuri arseba da
iziarebs Tundac zogierT socialur sazriss (mniSvnelobas), rasac
swavlobs. mkvlevars uSualod uxdeba gamocados analogiuri motivebi,
reaqciebi, emociebi da gancdebi. swored aseTi empaTiis meSveobiTaa
SesaZlebeli gagebis uzrunvelyofa da wvdomis imgvari xarisxis miRweva,
rasac veberma uwoda Verstehen 4.
humanistur midgomis Tanaxmad, adamianis qcevis wvdoma mxolod imitomaa
SesaZlebeli, rom
mkvlevars
da
kvlevis
sagans aqvT saziaro
adamianuroba (anu, arsebiTad, erTi rigis fenomenebia). Tumca, isic
cxadia, rom ramdenadac msgavsi wvdoma an codna miiRweva subieqturad,
SeuZlebelia miRweul iqnes is obieqturoba, rasac socialuri
mecnierebis pozitivisturi modeli moiTxovs. humanistur Tvalsazriss,
rom mkvlevari moziarea im socialuri procesis, romelsac ikvlevs,
sabolood codnis relativistur interpretaciamde mivyavarT. mkvlevari,
3

pozitivizmis kritikasTan dakavSirebiT ix. magaliTad: Blumer, H. (1969): Symbolic

interactionism: perspective and method, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall; pp. 29-33.
4
maqs veberis Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT saubari iqneba me-4 TavSi.

imaT msgavsad, visac igi swavlobs, CarTulia socialuri samyarosaTvis

mniSvnelobis micemis procesSi da Tavadac qmnis socialuri samyaros
versiebs. amdenad, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes socialuris Sesaxeb codnis
raimegvari
absoluturi
obieqturoba,
aramed
arsebobs
mxolod
interpretaciaTa validuroba im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic erTnair
mniSvnelobaTa sisitemas da meTodologias miyvebian.
socialur TeoriaSi arsebobs midgomebi, romlebic cdiloben pozitivisturi da
humanisturi, anu axsnis da gagebis paradigmebis morigebas. aseTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
maqs veberis Tvalsazrisi. veberi, pirvel rigSi, xazs usvams individualuri motivebisa
da subieqturi sazrisebis mniSvnelovnebas da maTi gagebis SesaZleblobas mkvlevris
sakuTari subieqturobidan gamomdinare. Tumca, veberi moiTxovs, agerTve, socialuri
moqmedebis mizezobrivi axsnis adekvaturobis aRiarebas. igi fiqrobs, rom subieqturi
mniSvnelobis da mizezobriobis doneebi ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed avsebs erTmaneTs.
amas orgvari azri aqvs: a) axsna gagebisagan damoukideblad ar miiRweva; b) subieqturi
wesiT, anu gagebis safuZvelze miRebuli codna gamoiyeneba socialuri moqmedebis
Teoriuli modelebis (idealuri tipebis) Camosayalibeblad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
gamoiyeneba moqmedebis realuri kursis analizisTvis (axsnisTvis), am ukanasknelis
Teoriul modelTan Sedarebis gziT.

$2. socialuri Tu sociologiuri Teoria?

bevr sociologTan (Sesabamisad, bevr samecniero literaturaSi)
socialuri Teoria da sociologiuri Teoria identuri mniSvnelobiT
moixmareba. 5 Sesabamisad, sfero, romelsac socialuri Teoria Semoxazavs,
amave dros, sociologiuri Teoriis Seswavlis sferocaa. es sfero asea
daxasiaTebuli, magaliTad, erT-erT yvelaze Tanamedrove britanul
saxelmZRvaneloSi:
socialuri Teoria SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb
azrovnebis mecnieruli gzebis Seswavla. is moicavs ideebs sazogadoebebis cvalebadobisa da
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, socialuri qcevis axsnis meTodebis Sesaxeb, iseTi cnebebis Sesaxeb,
rogoricaa Zalaufleba da socialuri struqtura, klasi, genderi da eTnikuroba,
modernuloba da civilizacia, revolucia da utopia da uamrav sxva, socialur
cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul, cnebas da problemas 6.

es gansazRvreba naTelyofs, rom socialuri Teoria socialur

sinamdvileze
Teoriuli
refleqsiaa.
Tumca,
cxadia,
socialur
sinamdvileze yvela Teoriuli refleqsia ar SeiZleba socialuri
Teoria iyos (aseT SemTxvevaSi socialuri Teoria mxolod zogadi
iarliyis
rolSi
gamodis
nebismieri
konkretuli
socialuri
disciplinisaTvis). socialur Teorias bevri specifika aqvs. maT Soris
gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia
erTi,
romelic
socialur
Teorias
socialuri filosofiisagan ganasxvavebs (es gansxvaveba dRemde mZafri
diskusiebis sagnad rCeba): socialuri Teoria iseTi Teoriuli
refleqsiaa, romelsac mudmivad moeTxoveba empiriasTan kavSiri. amas
5

am naSromSic es ori termini identuri mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli.

Harrington, Austin (2005): Introduction. What is Social Theory? In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin
Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 1.
6

kargad acnobierebdnen TviT iseTi sociologebic ki, romelTa naazrevi

abstraqtulobisa da spekulaturobis maRali doniT gamoirCeva. amis
magaliTad t. parsonsis grand Teoriis dasaxelebac ikmarebda.
parsonsi
xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs,
rom
sociologs
SeuZlia
aagos
abstraqtuli konceptualuri sqemebi, magram isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
moipoveben legitimacias, Tu SesaZlebelia maTi empiriuli gamoyeneba 7.
empiriuli dadasturebis moTxovna is erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia, rac
socialur
Teorias
socialuri
filosofiisagan
ganasxvavebs.
am
ukanasknels ar moeTxoveba, rom misi debulebebis safuZvlianoba
empiriulad, cdaSi Semowmdes.
socialuri Teoriebi empiriisagan SeiZleba sxvadasxva xarisxiT iyvnen
distancirebulni. Sesabamisad, gamoyofen socialuri Teoriebis or
dones: a) abstaqtuls (spekulaturs) da 2. e.w. saSualo rangis 8
Teoriebs. abstraqtuli done iseT konceptualur sqemebs agebs
socialuri sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, romelTac ar moeZebnebaT uSualo
indikatorebi empiriuli verifikaciisaTvis. aseTi midgomiT, rogorc wesi,
gamoirCevian adreuli funqcionalistebi (radklif-brauni, malinovski da,
gansakuTrebiT, parsonsi). isini laparakoben socialuri cxovrebisa da
sazogadebis
zogad-sistemur,
societalur
Tvisebebze,
romelTa
pirdapiri empiriuli Semowmeba SeuZlebelia. rac Seexeba saSualo
rangis Teoriebs, maT uSualo misasvleli aqvT realobasTan, anu maT
debulebebs SeiZleba moeZebnoT validurobis empiriuli maCveneblebi. es
Teoriebi saSualo pozicias ikaveben wminda empiriul (araTeoriul)
kvlevasa da abstraqtul kvlevas Soris. saSualo rangs ganekuTvnebian
ama Tu im empiriuli problemis (danaSauli, qorwineba, Zalaufleba,
eTnikuri urTierTobebi da a.S.) analizze agebuli Teoriebi, romlebic,
rogorc wesi, dargobriv sociologiebad yalibdeba (danaSaulis, ojaxis,
politikis, kulturis da a.S. sociologiebi). abstraqtul socialur
Teoriebs empiriasTan misasvleli mxolod saSualo rangis Teoriebze
gavliT aqvT, anu SesaZlebelia, maTi debulebebis Targmna cdasTan
mosazRvre terminebSi. rogorc iTqva, mxolod aseTi SesaZlebloba xdis
spekulatur Teoriebs socialuri Teoriis legitimur nawilad.
* * *
arsebobs socialur da sociologiur Teorias Soris diferencirebis
mcdelobebic. am gansxvavebis yvelaze trivialuri interpretacia isaa,
rodesac socialur Teorias ganixilaven rogorc krebiT koncepts yvela
im Teoriuli midgomis aRsaniSnavad, romlebsac socialuri mecnierebebi
da, maT Soris, sociologia gamoimuSavebs. am SemTxvevaSi, "socialuri
Teoria" mxolod saxelia, romelsac Tavisi kvlevis sagani ki ara aqvs,
aramed ubralod ama Tu im socialuri mecnierebis Teoriuli midgomebis
TavSesafaria.
Tumca, arsebobs Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic socialur da sociologiur
Teorias Soris gansxvavebis Sinaarsobriv (sagnobriv) indikatorebze
miuTiTebs da am or cnebas Soris principul zRvars avlebs. erT-erTi
, ., : ,
. : . , 1996; . 462.
8 terminis _ saSualo rangis Teoriebi _ damkvidreba dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove
amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis (1910-2003) saxelTan.
7

yvelaze seriozuli mcdeloba am mimarTulebiT ekuTvnis Tanamedrove

britanel sociologs nikolas mouzeliss (Nicolas Mouzelis). qvemoT swored
misi Tvalsazrisia gadmocemuli 9.

sociologiuri

Teoria, mouzelisis Tanaxmad,

aRniSnavs imgvar
analitikur moRvaweobas, romelic misdevs analizis specifikur logikas
da gamoyofs sociologias, vTqvaT, socialuri filosofiisagan da sxva
mosazRvre disciplinebisagan. rac Seexeba socialur Teorias, igi
arRvevs aseT specifikur logikas da yuradReba gadaaqvs filosofiur
sakiTxebsa da Teoriul miRwevevbze iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa
lingvistika, semiotika, fsiqoanalizi da a.S. maSasadame, socialuri
Teoria ar cnobs interdisciplinur sazRvrebs da myar barierebs.
socialuri Teoria
ar
cdilobs, rom filosofiidan da
sxva
mecnierebebidan wamosuli mignebebi Targmnos sakuTriv sociologiuri
Teoriis enaze. igi sazogadoebis Seswavlis reducirebas axdens iseT
fenomenebze rogoricaa ena, niSnebi, teqstebi, aracnobieri da a.S.
maSasadame, mouzelisi sociologiur Teoriasa da socialur Teorias
Soris sagnobriv gansxvavebas atarebs. kidev meti: is Tvlis, rom
socialuri Teoria sociologiuri Teoriis krizisis produqtia, rogorc
misi uaryofa.
rogor moxda sociologiuri Teoriis negatiuri ganviTareba socialur
Teoriad?
mouzelisi emxroba Tvalsazriss, romelic sakuTriv sociologiuri
Teoriis
Camoyalibebas
parsonss
ukavSirebs.
parsonsis
Teorias
sinTezurad miiCneven im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi analizis orive _ mikro
(erTeuli aqti) da makro (socialuri da kulturuli sistemebi) _
dones
moicavs.
parsonsi
cdilobs
Camoayalibos
konceptualuri
paradigmebi, e.w. meore rigis abstraqciebi, romlebic socialur
struqturaTa da aqtorTa empiriuli kvlevisaTvis moamzadebs niadags.
Tumca, parsonsi mainc ver acda sayvedurs, rom igi yovelgvari empiriuli
kvlevis mimarT antagonisturadaa ganwyobili. saboloo jamSi, parsonsi
marcxs ganicdis mikro moqmedebis doneze interaqciis analizisas. misi
Teoria moZraobs erTeuli aqtis analizidan socialur sistemaTa
spekulirebisaken. socialuri moqmedeba da, saerTod, pirovnuli sistema
mTlianad marTuli xdeba socialuri da kulturuli sistemebis mier:
kulturuli sistemis Semadgeneli Rirebulebebi institucionalizdeba
socialur normebSi da rolur molodinebSi, xolo, es ukanaskneli
internalizdeba individis moTxovnilebebSi. amosavali xdeba analizis
makro societaluri done, romelSic agenti da misi Tavisufleba
saerTod uCinardeba 10.
rogorc
mouzelisi
samarTlianad
aRniSnavs,
postparsonsiseuli
sociologiuri Teoria sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarda:

Mouzelis, Nicolas, The Poverty of Sociological Theory. Sociology Vol. 27, #4, November 1993; pp. 676-695.
talkot parsonsis Teoria ufro dawvrilebiT gadmocemuli iqneba me-5 TavSi.

10

1. pirvelia is, romelmac gaagrZela parsonsiseuli tradicia da

socialuri procesebis axsna moaxdina ultra-sistemur da reifikaciul 11
maxasiaTeblebze dayrdnobiT. es mimarTuleba Camoyalibda struqturuli
funqcionalizmis saxiT.
2. parsonsis funqcionalizmze sapirispiro reaqciaa e.w. interpretaciuli
romelic mTlianad fokusirdeba mikro aqtorebze. es
reaqcia sxvadasxva mizezma gamoiwvia: a) erTia reifikaciis ukiduresi
saSiSroeba:
koleqtiuri
socialuri
formebisaTvis
iseTi
maxasiaTeblebis miwera rogoricaa miznebis qona, gadawyvetilebebis
miReba da a.S. sruliad gaumarTlebelia, radgan isini damaxasiaTebelia
mxolod individualuri aqtorebisaTvis; b) mikro sociologia mimarTavs
Cveulebriv adamianebs, yoveldRiur ambebs da yuradRebis miRma
tovebs koleqtiur, mega aqtorebs. es ukanaskneli is aqtorebia,
romlebic
akontroleben
mniSvnelovan
resursebs
da
romelTa
gadawyvetilebebi farTodaa gaSlili drosa da sivrceSi; mikro
sociologia amtkicebs, rom aqtorebi da pirispir urTierTobebi
miekuTvneba mikro, xolo instituciuri struqturebi _ makro dones da
pirvelis mniSvneloba ar ganixileba mxolod misi wvliliT meoris
uzrunvelyofaSi.

sociologia,

arsebobda mcdelobebi, rom erTmaneTTan moerigebinaT mikro da makro midgomebi, anu

gadaelaxaT dualizmi agentsa da struqturas Soris. erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani
mcdeloba am mimarTulebiT ekuTvnis e. gidenss, mis struqturaciis Teorias. Tumca,
efuZneba ra struqturis dualurobis cnebas, gidensi uZluria axsnas is SemTxvevebi,
rodesac aqtorebi struqturebs (e.i. gidensis Tanaxmad, moqmedebis wesebsa da
resursebs) TavisTavad nagulisxmevi gziT ki ar iyeneben _ aramed strategiul
distancias inarCuneben maTgan imisaTvis, raTa moaxdinon maTi gageba, an Seafason maTi
SenarCuneba/transformaciis Sansebi. aseT SemTxvevebSi, mouzelisis azriT, SesaZloa,
ufro metadac gaxdes saWiro subieqt/obieqtis dualizmis, vidre dualurobis cneba,
vinaidan mxolod dualizmis cnebis safuZvelze gaxdes SesaZlebeli imis axsna, Tu
ratomaa, rom aqtorebi ara ubralod axdenen wesebisa da resursebis kvlavwarmoebas,
aramed, agreTve, SeuZliaT maTi radikaluri transformireba. gamomdinare aqedan,
gidensis mier funqcionaluri axsnis uaryofas mouzelisi mxolod ganuxorcielebel
Teoriul amocanad miiCnevs. 12.

3. parsonsis funqcionalizmze sxva ZiriTadi reaqcia gulisxmobs,

agreTve, socialuri fenomenis mimarT poststruqturalistur da
postmodernul midgomebs. mouzelisi samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom
postmodernisti sociologebi uaryofen ara mxolod parsonsis mier
sistemisa da moqmedebis konceptualizacias, aramed, agreTve, parsonsis
mcdelobas, daafuZnos sociologiuri Teoria rogorc socialuri
Teoriis specialuri qvedisciplina. maSasadame, mouzelisis Tanaxmad,
postmodernuli mimarTuleba Cndeba maSin, rodesac postparsonsiseuli
11"reifikacia"

etimologiurad aRniSnavs gasagnebas (ganivTebas); misi Semotana

dakavSirebulia marqsistebis, kerZod, lukaCis saxelTan. reifikacia gulisxmobs
abstraqtuli cnebis ganxilvas, TiTqos mas hqondes realuri (konkretuli) arseboba.
rogorc wesi, reifikacias aqvs uaryofiTi datvirTva, radgan iTvleba, rom cnebis
realurad miCneva aralegitimuri da mcdaria. reifikacia xSirad ukavSirdeba
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb funqcionaluri cnebebis kritikas, ramdenadac funqcionalistebi
amtkiceben, rom sazogadoeba arsebobs imis iqiT, rasac misi Semadgeneli individebis
jami gulisxmobs.
12
entoni gidensis "struqturaciis Teoria" ufro dawvrilebiT ganxiluli iqneba me - VI
TavSi.

sociologiuri Teoria ver aRwevs warmatebas parsonsiseuli paradigmis

ZiriTadi sisusteebis daZlevasa da mikro da makro midgomebs Soris
efeqturi kavSirebis SeqmnaSi. am marcxma sociologiur TeoriaSi Seqmna
sicariele, romlis nawilic Seivso filosofiuri sakiTxebisadmi da
Teoriuli miRwevebisadmi dainteresebiT iseT disciplinebSi, rogoricaa
lingvistika da fsiqoanalizi. aseTi reaqcia sociologiur Teoriaze
gacilebiT radikaluria, ramdenadac uaryofs ara mxolod iseT
gansxvavebebs, rogoricaa moqmedeba/struqtura an mikro/makro, aramed
yvela konvenciur sazRvars socialur mecnierebaTa disciplinebsa da
qvedisciplinebs Soris. Tu sociologiuri Teoriis rogorc specialuri
qvedisciplinis warmoSoba miuTiTebs socialuri codnis doneze arsebul
diferenciaciis procesze, axali postmodernuli tendenciebi aRniSnavs
dediferenciaciis process _ mizanmimarTul mcdelobas, rom Sesustdes
an
gaqres
dadgenili
sazRvrebi
filosofias,
lingvistikas,
fsiqoanalizsa da sxvadasxva socialur mecnierebaTa disciplinebsa da
qvedisciplinebs Soris.
maSasadame, modernizmis sapirispirod, postmodernizmi aqcents svams
inteleqtualur
dediferenciaciaze,
rac
moaswavebs
tradiciuli
sazRvrebis gauqmebas socialuri mecnierebebis SigniT, iseve rogorc
socialur mecnierebebsa da filosofias, literaturas, fsiqoanalizs da
a.S. Soris. am
TvalsazrisiT,
postmodernuli
socialuri
Teoria,
mouzelisis Tanaxmad, erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi gadadis. is,
ubralod, cvlis socialur mecnierebaTa Soris komunikaciis deficitiT
gamowveul
arasasurvel
situacias
tolZalovnad
arasasurveli
viTarebiT, rodesac sruliad ignorirebulia TiToeuli disciplinis
Sinagani logika. 13 mouzelisis mixedviT, gamosavali unda veZeboT ara
disciplinebs Soris Sromis ganawilebis aragonivruli uaryofiT,
aramed gansxvavebul disciplinebs Soris xidebis agebiT, rac
gulisxmobs Teoriuli diskursis Seqmnas, romelic saSualebas mogvcemda
erTi disciplinis ena gveTargmna sxva disciplinis enaze. aseTi
interdisciplinaruli komunikacia gaadvilebda socialur disciplinebs
Soris integracias da SesaZlebels gaxdida im mignebebis efeqturad
gamoyenebas, romlebic miRweul iqna filosofiaSi, fsiqoanalizSi an
semiotikaSi.

$3. socialuri Teoriiis ganviTarebis etapebi

socialuri Teoriis ganviTarebis etapebis ramdenime sqema arsebobs:
zogierTis azriT, socialuri Teoriis sawyisi antikurobaSia platonTan
da aristotelesTan. zogi moazrovne socialuri Teoriis pionerad
makiavels miiCnevs, zogi saerTod uaryofs makiavelTan socialuri
Teoriis arsebobas da sawyisad sen simonsa da konts miiCnevs.
erT-erT
yvelaze
gaziarebulad
iTvleba
socialuri
Teoriis
ganviTarebis alvin boskoviseuli sqema, romlis mixedviTac ganviTarebis
pirveli
safexuria
sazogadoebrivi
azri,
meore
_
socialuri
13

postmodernuli socialuri Teoria ufro dawvrilebiT ganxiluli iqneba me-7 TavSi.

10

filosofia, mesame _ protosociologia da meoTxe _ sakuTriv

socialuri Teoria. maSadame, socialuri Teoriis ganviTareba aris
ganviTareba
sazogadoebrivi
azridan
sociologiur
Teoriamde14.
SedarebiT dawvrilebiT SevCerdeT aRniSnul sqemaze:
a. boskovis azriT, is, rasac Cven axla sociologias vuwodebT,
ganviTarda sakmaod gvian. sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb arqeologiuri
monacemebi cxadyofs, rom adamianebs yovelTvis awuxebdaT erToblivi
cxovrebisa da Sromis problemebi. zogadi azriT, kultura SeiZleba
vikvlioT, rogorc am problemebis met-naklebad cnobieri gadawyveta. es
miswrafeba xorcSesxmul iqna sazogadoebriv azrSi, ganzogadebuli
msjelobebisa da debulebebis saxiT, romlebic bevr socialur movlenas
moicavs danaSauls da sasjels, oms, sqesobriv cxovrebas, socialur
pasuxismgeblobas, jgufebs Soris urTierTobebs da a.S. amgvari adreuli
sazogadoebrivi azri didwilad Seicavda Sefasebebs da eTikur miznebs,
romlebic, rodesac isini gamoixateba kanonebSi, anda avtoritetul
individTa moZRvrebebSi, SeiZleba iwodebodes socialur filosofiad. es
ukanaskneli,
arsebiTad,
gamoixateboda
damoZRvraSi,
adamianuri
gamocdilebis sasurveli formebis aRwerasa da socialuri moqmedebis
kongenialuri imperativebis agebaSi. mokled rom iTqvas, es ufro metad
iyo Sefaseba, vidre dakvirveba, gansja, vidre codna.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel civilizaciaTa socialur-filosofiuri
Teoriebi araaucilebelia fantastikuri da ararealisturi yofiliyo,
isini, boskovis aziT, saboloo jamSi, mainc SezRuduli aRmoCnda. dadga
dro, rodesac saWiro gaxda idealebis miyeneba realuri cxovrebisadmi.
gaCnda moTxovnileba iseT meTodebze, rogoricaa dakvirveba da Sedareba;
brZola gamoecxada imas, rac iTvleboda absoluturad; gaizarda eWvi da
skepticizmi, ramac, saboloo jamSi, migviyvana socialuri Teoriis
pirvel konturebamde. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom berZnebi, gansakuTrebiT,
ionielebi da maTi memkvidreebi, pirveli socialuri Teoretikosebi
gaxdnen, rameTu isini cxovrobdnen da azrovnebdnen antikur kulturaTa
gzajvaredinze.
socialuri Teoria Cndeba rogorc sazogadoebrivi azris damxmare
sfero,
rodesac
socialuri
movlenebi
ganixileba
obieqturobis
garkveuli xarisxiT da rodesac moazrovneebi da filosofosebi axdenen
socialur movlenaTa ganzogadebul aRwerasa da axsnas ise, rogorc
isini sinamdvileSi xdeba da ara ise, rogorc isini unda iyvnen. am

azriT, socialuri Teoria miyveba mecnierul miznebs, maSin rodesac

socialuri filosofia axdens Sefasebebs da miuTiTebs socialuri
qcevis gzebze momavalSi. berZnebTan socialuri Teoria iWreba
socialuri cxovrebis sferoSi, magram, rogorc meorexarisxovani
elementi. socialuri filosofia upiratesobas inarCunebs Semdgomi 2200
wlis manZilze. Tumca, iseTi Teoriebi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, makiavelis,
unda interpretirdes rogorc sazogadoebrivi azris ganviTarebis axali
nakadi. magram, mxolod me-19 saukunis meore mesamedSi iwyebs socialuri
Teoria uswrafes ganviTarebas da fizikur da biologiur mecnierebebTan
14

, .: ; :
; , 1961; . 15-52.

11

Tavisi kavSirebis wyalobiT seriozul gamowvevas sTavazobs socialur

filosofias.
socialuri

Teoriis

ganviTareba

SeiZleba

gaiyos

or

damoukidebel

jgufad:
a) socialuri Teoriis rigi moazrovneebi cdilobdnen dakvirvebadi
socialuri movlenebi aexsnaT iseT faqtorebze dayrdnobiT, rogoricaa
geografiuli pirobebi, klimati, fizikuri da qimiuri urTierTobebi da
zebunebrivi Zalebi. es iyo socialur movlenaTa arasocialuri,
reduqcionistuli axsna. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri Teoriis es
nakadi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo socialur filosofiasTan SedarebiT,
gamoyenebuli konceptualuri saSualebebi ar iyo sakmarisi imisaTvis,
rom moexdinaT socialuri sferosTvis adekvaturi ganzogadebebi.
boskovs, am SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSi aqvs geografiuli determinizmis,
naturalizmis, social-darvinizmis da a.S. warmomadgenlebi.
b) socialuri Teoriis meore variantis warmoSoba daaxloebiT miewereba
me-19 saukunis Suaxanebs, kerZod, ogiust kontis Sromebs. sazogadoebrivi
azris es faza, romelsac SeiZleba protosociologia ewodos,
xasiaTdeba ori niSniT: pirveli da Zalze mniSvnelovani niSani isaa, rom
xdeba mzardi gaTavisufleba fizikuri da biologiuri mecnierebebis
cnebebisagan da
socialuri sferos maTze reduqciisgan. TandaTan
socialuri movlenebi aRiwereba specifikurad socialur terminebSi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, SeTanxmeba, sazogadoeba, socialuri jgufi.
protosociologia ogiust
kontidan iwyeba. 15 kontis
garda
mas
warmoadgenen spenseri, marqsi da uordi.
Tumca, me-19 saukunis bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi protosociologiis
Seviwroeba daiwyo gacilebiT viwro mimarTulebam, romelic warmoadgens
ZiriTads
Tanamedrove
sociologiuri
pratikisaTvis
analitikuri
socialuri mecnierebis saxiT. Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoria iwyeba
iq, sadac sociologiuri kvlevis safuZvlad cxaddeba sami problema: 1)
socialuri procesis an procesebis buneba; 2) socialur jgufTa
struqtura da klasifikacia da 3) individebs, jgufsa da socialur
procesebs Soris urTierToba. analitikuri socialuri Teoriis erT-erT
pirvel warmomadgenelad iTvleba ferdinand tionisi. Semdeg emil
diurkemi, georg zimeli da maqs veberi.

15

Tumca, rogorc pirveli Tavis $1-Si aRiniSna, o. konti pozitivistia, anu sociologias
ganixilavs rogorc pozitiur mecnierebas, romelic unda aigos sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebTan analogiiT (da ara maTze reduqciiT). amave poziciazea h. spenseri.
kontisa da spenseris Sexedulebebi ganxiluli iqneba me-2 Tavis $1 da $2-ebSi.

12

Tavi II. socialuri Teoriis saTaveebTan (konti, spenseri, marqsi, zimeli)

Sesavali
am TavSi aRniSnuli moazrovneebis (konti, spenseri, marqsi, zimeli)
erTad
Tavmoyras,
wminda
droiTi
ganzomilebis
garda
(yvela
dasaxelebuli moazrovne Tavis inteleqtualur simwifes me-19 saukuneSi
aRwevs), garkveuli konceptualuri logika aqvs. ogiust konts pirdapiri
kavSiri aqvs socialuri Teoriis saTaveebTan, ramdenadac mas Semoaqvs
pirvelad termini sociologia da cdilobs socialuri Teoriis
sakuTari
meTodologiis
dafuZnebas,
romelic,
marTalia,
bunebismetyvelebis meTodologias unda daemsgavsos, magram socialuri
fenomenebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. aseTive ganzraxva aqvs herbert
spensers, romelic pozitivistur xazs agrZelebs. rac Seexeba karl
marqss, is erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc socialuri fenomenebis axsnas
socialuris gareT arsebuli, metafizikuri an materialuri, ZalebiT ki
Seecada, aramed socialuris farglebSi darCeniT. sxva sayveduri,
romelic marqsis socialur TeoriaSi CarTvis gamo gamoiTqmeba,
dakavSirebulia misi naazrevis radikalur ideologizirebasTan, rac mis
Teorias mecnierulobis statuss ukargavs. am sayvedurs ritceri ase
pasuxobs: miuxedavad imisa, rom marqsis midgomam misive ideologiis
didi gavlena ganicada, mniSvnelovania gavacnobieroT, rom yvela
socialur Teoretikoss hqonda ideologiuri gadaxra. es exeba konts,
spensers, diurkems, vebers da zimels, iseve rogorc marqss. ar arsebobs
Rirebulebisagan Tavisufali sociologiuri Teoria. socialuri
fenomenebis gaazrebisas, sociologebi aRmoaCenen, rom SeuZlebelia iyo
bolomde neitraluri da es asea, miuxedavad imisa, aqvT Tu ara maT
survili amis gacnobierebis da gaziarebis... ZiriTadi gansxvaveba marqssa
da sxva socialur Teoretikosebs Soris isaa, rom marqs ar ucdia
daefara Tavisi naazrevis ideologiuri xasiaTi. 16
rac Seexeba zimels, is erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc Seecada moeZena
socialuri TeoriisTvis specifikuri da mxolodmisi adekvaturi sagani
socialuri formebis saxiT.
rasakvirvelia, socialuri mecnierebis saTaveebTan sxva sociologebic
dganan. franguli sociologiuri skolidan sakmarisia aRiniSnos emil
diurkemi, germanuli skolidan maqs veberi da ferdinand tionisi da a.S.
CamoTvlili
sociologebidan
veberis
sociologia
mogvianebiT
ganxilulia rogorc socialur TeoriaSi im nakadis saTave, rasac
subieqtze orientirebuli Teoriebi qmnian.

16

Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 149.

13

$1. ogiust konti

biografiuli cnobebi:
ogiust konti (Auguste Comte) daibada 1798 wlis 19 ianvars, safrangeTis qalaq
montpelieSi. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg is swavlas agrZelebs parizis politeqnikur
skolaSi (cole Polytechnique), romelic cnobili iyo safrangeTis respublikis idealebis
mxardaWeriT. 1816 wels es skola ixureba reorganizaciis mizniT. konti iZulebulia
swavla gaarZelos montpelies samedicino skolaSi. Tumca, kaTolikur da monarqistuli
ideebis mimdevar mSoblebTan konfliqtis gamo igi kvlav parizSi gadadis da Tavs
mcire samuSaoebis SesrulebiT irCens. 1817 wels konti xdeba filosofosis _ klaudia
henri sen-simonis (Claude Henri Saint-Simon) mdivani. maTi axlobluri urTierToba ramdenime
wels grZeldeba, sen-simoni uxsnis konts gzas inteleqtualuri sazogadoebisaken.
Tumca, urTierToba mogvianebiT rTuldeba da 1824 wels konti tovebs sen-simons. ukve
manamde igi cdilobs akademiuri karieris dawyebas, mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli
ganzraxviT daamuSaos pozitivisturi midgoma. Tavis gegmas is aqveynebs naSromis
saxiT: sazogadoebis reorganizaciisaTvis aucilebeli mecnieruli Seswavlis gegma.
Tumca, man am Sromis gamo akademiuri Tanamdeboba ver moipova. yoveldRiuri finansuri
siZneleebis daZlevaSi mas megobrebi exmarebian. 1826 wels konti mkurnalobas iwyebs
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis klinikaSi, Tuma, mkurnalobis kurss vadaze adre wyvets.
qorwindeba kidec, magram 1842 wels colsac eyreba. 1826-42 wlebis SualedSi konti
aqveynebs Tavisi saxelganTqmuli pozitiuri filosofiis kursis 6 toms. konti
cdilobs Tavisi piradi cxovrebis awyobas, magram marcxs ganicdis am mimarTulebiT.
igi gardaicvala parizSi 1857 wlis 5 seqtembers.
ogiust kontis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

sazogadoebis reorganizaciisaTvis aucilebeli mecnieruli Seswavlis gegma (Plan des

travaux scientifiques ncessaires pour rorganiser la socit) _ 1822 w.
pozitiuri filosofiis kursi (Cours de philosphie positive) 1830-42 ww.
pozitiuri politikis sistema (Systme de politique positive) _ 1851-54 w.
pozitivistis katexizmo (Catchisme positiviste) _ 1852 w.

1.1. pozitivizmi
konts xSirad uwodeben sociologiis mamas. man 1839 wels pirvelad
Semoitana termini sociologia. man pirvelma gadawyvita gamoeyenebina
mecnieruli meTodi sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad. konti ilaSqrebda
ganmanaTleblobis
epoqis
metafizikuri
Sexedulebebis
winaaRmdeg,
romlebic batonobda safrangeTSi revoluciamde. man mkveTri sazRvari
gaavlo socialur filosofiasa da socialur movlenaTa mecnierul
Seswavlas Soris.
raSi mdgomareobs sazogadoebis Seswavlis mecnieruli meTodi, romelsac
sociologia mimarTavs? konti sociologias pozitivistur mecnierebas
uwodebda. pozitivizmi, rogorc cnobilia, moiTxovs, rom socialuri
samyaros kvleva moxdes bunebis kvlevis analogiurad. anu, SesaZlebelia
arsebobdes invariantuli kanonebi rogorc bunebrivi, ise socialuri
samyarosaTvis. Sesabamisad, socialurma mecnierebebma kvlevis meTodebi
bunebis mecnierebebisgan unda isesxos.17 konti sociologias adarebda
swored fizikas, uwodebda ra mas socialur fizikas. ai, ras wers igi:

17

zogadad pozitivisturi midgomis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. I-li Tavis $1-Si

14

sociologia
gamovigone. 18

...

aris

termini,

romelic

me

socialuri

fizikis

aRsaniSnavad

konti moiTxovs, rom socialuri samyaros kanonebi miRebul iqnes

empiriuli kvlevisa da Teoretizirebis (spekulaturi azrovnebis)
racionaluri Sejerebis Sedegad. pozitivisturi orientaciis miuxedavad,
kontis azriT, mxolod empiriuli kvlevidan miRebul Sedegebze
dayrdnobiT Sors ver wavalT. empiriuli kvleva aucileblad unda
daeqvemdebaros Teorias.
kontis Tanaxmad, sociologiam empiriuli kvlevis sam ZiriTad meTods
unda mimarTos, raTa adekvaturi codna moipovos realuri sinamdvilis
Sesaxeb: a) pirveli meTodi aris dakvirveba. Tumca, konti cdilobs es
meTodi spekulaturi azrovnebis samsaxurSi Caayenos, anu igi uaryofs
Teoriisagan izolirebul dakvirvebas. Teoriis gareSe ar gvecodineba,
ras veZiebT socialur samyaroSi da verasodes gavigebT imis
mniSvnelobas, rac movipoveT; b) meore meTodi aris eqsperimenti. Tumca,
am meTods konti sociologiisaTvis naklebad adekvaturad miCnevs,
ramdenadac Zalze rTulia socialur fenomenebSi xelovnuri Careva da
maTi gakontroleba. es meTodi ufro sxva mecnierebebs Seesabameba; g)
mesame meTodi aris Sedareba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sami qvetipisagan
Sedgeba.
pirveli,
Cven
SegviZlia
ganvaxorcieloT
adamianTa
sazogadoebisa da masze ufro dabla mdgomi cxovelTa sazogadoebis
Sedareba; meore, Cven SegviZlia msoflios gansxvavebul adgilebSi
arsebuli sazogadoebebi SevadaroT erTmaneTs. mesame, Cven SegviZlia
sazogadoebebis gansxvavebuli stadiebis Sedareba drois, anu istoriul
ganaserSi. es bolo qvetipi konts gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad miaCnia.
imdenad, rom zogierTi mkvlevari mas kontis damoukidebel, meoTxe
meTodad ganixilavs istoriuli kvlevis saxiT. 19
konti axdens pozitivistur mecnierebaTa ierarqias. ierarqiis principad
igi iyenebs yvelaze zogadi, abstraqtuli da realuri cxovrebisagan
distancirebuli mecnierebebisgan moZraobas im mecnierebebamde, romlebic
yvelaze kompleqsuri, konkretuli da sainteresoa adamianebisaTvis. es
kibe ase gamoiyureba: maTematika, astronomia, fizika, biologia
(fiziologia), qimia da safuZvelSi _ sociologia. maSasadame, konti
sociologias ganixilavs rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovan disciplinas.

1.2. sami stadiis kanoni

kontis socialuri Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti isaa,
rom igi Seecada daedgina socialuri cxovrebis invariantuli kanonebi.
am kanonebs Soris yvelaze cnobilia e.w. sami stadiis kanoni. esaa
adamianebis inteleqtualuri da socialuri ganviTarebis sami etapi:
1. pirveli stadiaa Teologiuri. am stadiaze goneba movlenis axsnas
cdilobs zebunebrivi Zalebis zemoqmedebiT. am stadias Seesabameba
18

Comte, Auguste (1855): The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. New York: Calvin Blanchard; p. 444.
ix. magaliTad, Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company,
USA; p. 89.
19

15

sazogadoeba, sadac qurumebi da monarqebi batonoben. misi gavla

aucilebelia danarCen or stadiaze gadasasvlelad. aq adamianis goneba
eZebs saganTa namdvil bunebas, anu maT Sesaxeb absolutur, WeSmarit
codnas. am Ziebas is zebunebrivi Zalebis (sulebis da RmerTebis)
aRiarebmde mihyavs: yvela fenomeni Seqmnili da mizanmicemulia RmerTebis
mier. am cnobierebam gaiara gza saganTa gaRmerTebidan (fetiSizmi)
poliTeizmamde da, sabolood, monoTeizmis aRiarebamde.
2. meore stadiaa metafizikuri. am stadiaze batonobs socialuri
kriticizmi, sadac RmerTis adgils spekulaturi azrovneba ikavebs, xolo
mistikur saxeebs abstraqtuli cnebebi cvlis. konts es stadia yvelaze
nakleb mniSvnelovnad miaCnia. is gardamavali safexuria Teologiur da
pozitiur stadiebs Soris.
3. mesame stadiaa pozitivisturi (an mecnieruli). am stadiaze batonobs
mecnieruli codna, dafuZnebuli bunebismetyvelebis meTodologiaze. aq
adamianuri goneba Tavs anebebs ara mxolod sawyisi mizezebis an bolovadi
miznebis Ziebas, aramed abstraqtul (spekulatur) cnebebs anacvlebs
empiriuli
codniT,
romelic
dafuZnebulia
obieqtur
dakvirvebaze,
eqsperimentze da Sedarebaze. konts es etapi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miaCnia.
marTalia, konti pozitivistur etaps, romelSic empiriuli kvlevis
meTodebs wamyvani adgili ukavia, did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, magram sami
stadiis kanoni mas induqciuri wesiT, dakvirvebis safuZvelze ar
Camouyalibebia. isini socialuri samyaros da adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb
spekulaturi azrovnebis Sedegia. Tumca, konti imasac acxadebs, rom man
Tavad moaxdina am kanonis testireba yvela ZiriTadi meTodis (dakvirveba,
eqsperimenti, Sedareba) gamoyenebiT da daasabuTa realuri istoriis
Sesabamisoba TiToeul stadiasTan, razec konkretuli monacemebi mowmobs
(es sakiTxi qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli). movusminoT Tavad konts:
kanonebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad deducirebulia adamianis bunebis abstraqtuli
gamokvlevidan, demonstrirdeba rogorc realuri kanonebi, romlebsac SeuZlia axsnas
adamianuri rasis bedisweris mTeli mimdinareoba. 20

1.3. socialuri statika da dinamika

kontis pozitivizmi ori ZiriTadi koncefcias moicavs: socialur
statikas da socialur dinamikas. es koncefciebi faqtebis or klass ki
ar Seesabameba, aramed warmoadgens socialuri movlenebisadmi erTiani
midgomis or aspeqts. esaa gansxvaveba socialur struqturasa da
socialur cvlilebas Soris.

socialuri

statikis

qveS konti gulisxmobs sazogadoebis mdgradi

komponentebis, anu socialuri struqturebis Seswavlas. socialur
struqturebs Tavisi funqciebi gaaCnia da emsaxurebian sazogadoebis,
rogorc erTiani sistemis (organizmis) SenarCunebas. amdenad, sazogadoebas
konti
ganixilavda
rogorc
funqcionalur
sistemas,
romelic
dafuZnebulia sistemis Semadgenel erTeulebs (socialur struqturebs da

20

Comte, Auguste (1968): System of Positive Polity, Vol. 3. New York: Burt Franklin; p. 535.

16

institutebs) Soris Sromis ganawilebaze (am TvalsazrisiT,

funqcionalizmis 21 erT-erT winamorbedad gvevlineba).

konti

socialuri statikis doneze konti sazogadoebis makro analizs eweva, anu

yuradRebis areSi aqcevs ara individebs, aramed koleqtiur fenomenebs.
yvelaze fundamentur koleqtiur fenomenad konti ojaxs miiCnevs. ojaxi
sazogadoebis WeSmariti socialuri erTobaa, is mcire sazogadoebaa,
romlisganac ufro farTo sazogadoeba Sendeba. ojaxis meSveobiT xdebian
adamianebi socialurebi, ojaxi sazogadoebis skolaa, is xels uwyobs
individebis
sazogadoebasTan
integracias,
akontrolebs
egoistur
impulsebs da xels uwyobs altruizmis ganviTarebas. sxva koleqtiuri
socialuri instituti, romelic sazogadoebis integracias emsaxureba,
religiaa. isic, ojaxis msgavsad, xels uwyobs egoisturi interesebis
daTrgunvas da ganapirobebs koleqtiuri socialuri struqturebis
Camoyalibebas. konti did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, agreTve, enas rogorc
socialur instituts. is qmnis individTa Soris interaqciis safuZvels da
xels uwyobs maT gaerTianebas koleqtiur erTobebad. kontis azriT, amave
funqciis matarebelia Sromis ganawilebis meqanizmi. es ukanaskneli
emsaxureba socialuri solidarobis zrdas, ramdenadac adamianebs
erTmaneTze damokidebulad xdis. mniSvnelovani wvlili sazogadoebis
stabilurobasa da integraciaSi Seaqvs saxelmwifos (xelisuflebas),
ramdenadac mas SeuZlia Zalis gamoyenebiT daTrgunos destruqciuli
faqtorebis moqmedeba.
rac Seexeba socialur dinamikas (socialur kinetikas), igi swavlobs
socialur cvlilebaTa procesebs. socialuri dinamikis Seswavla
imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac igi xels uwyobs reformebs
da
gvexmareba bunebrivi cvlilebebis gamokvlevaSi, romlebic xdeba
socialur struqturaTa daSlis an gardaqmnis Sedegad. socialuri
dinamikis mizania, Seiswavlos socialuri fenomenebis cvlilebaganviTarebis kanonebi. sazogadoeba yovelTvis icvleba, magram es
cvlileba socialur kanonebs emorCileba. esaa evoluciuri procesi,
romelSic sazogadoeba progresirebs pozitivizmis kanonebis Tanaxmad.
socialur
dinamikas
konti
adamianuri
sazogadoebis
bunebrivi
progresis Teorias 22 uwodebs. sazogadoebis evoluciis (ufro zustad,
progresis) Teoria efuZneba kontis mier Camoyalibebul gonebis
ganviTarebis sami stadiis kanons. konti acxadebs, rom istoriis
21

funqcionalizmi mimdinareobaa sociologiasa da socialur anTropologiaSi,

romelic cdilobs socialuri struqturebis arseboba axsnas im funqciebis (rolebis)
mixedviT, romelsac isini asruleben mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. funqcionalistebis
analizi orientirebulia ufro metad sazogadoebis, vidre individis doneze.
sazogadoeba,
am
SemTxvevaSi,
ganixileba
rogorc
urTierTdamokidebul
da
urTierTmaregulirebel nawilTa sistema. marTalia, funqcionalistur midgomas
safuZveli Caeyara me-XIX saukuneSi, igi aqtualuri gaxda me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi,
socialuri anTropologiis britanul skolaSi (radklif-brauni, malinovski). 1950-ian
funqcionalizmi, romelic
wlebSi
Zalze
popularuli
xdeba
struqturuli
dakavSirebulia t. parsonsis saxelTan. igi aviTarebs sistemebis Teorias, romlis
Tanaxmadac, sazogadoebisa da misi calkeuli qvesistemis funqcionireba unda
gaanalizdes imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad asruleben isini gansazRvrul funqcionalur
moTxovnebs (amis Taobaze ufro dawvrilebiT ix. me-5 TavSi).
22

Comte, Auguste (1855): The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte. New York: Calvin Blanchard; p. 515.

17

realuri ganviTareba (mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs dasavleT evropis (TeTri

rasis) istoria) da mis mier Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebi adasturebs
aRniSnuli kanonis validurobas. 23
konti gvTavazobs istoriis dialeqtikur gagebas: igi istoriis yoveli
momdevno safexuris fesvebs wina periodebSi eZiebs. meore mxriv, yvela
safexuri amzadebs safuZvels momdevno safexurisaTvis. maSasadame, istoriis
yovel arsebul etaps aqvs dialeqtikuri kavSiri warsulTan da momavalTan.
konti iwyebs Teologiuri stadiidan, romlis analogs igi antikurobaSi
xedavs. rogorc adre aRiniSna, Teologiur stadias igi sam qvesafexurad
hyofs, romlebic erTimeores misdevs: fetiSisturi, poliTeisturi da
monoTeisturi. adreul fetiSistur stadiaze adamianebi axdenen garegani
obieqtebis personificirebas, aniWeben maT maTive cxovrebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs. poliTeizmi gacilebiT gvian _ egvipteSi,
saberZneTSi da romSi viTardeba. amis Semdeg istoria progresirebs
monoTeizmamde, gansakuTrebiT romauli kaTolicizmis saxiT Sua
saukuneebSi. marTalia, istoriis am periodebSi adamianis goneba
zebunebrivi Zalebis batonobas aRiarebs, magram ukve am safexurze
daiZebneba pozitivisturi stadiis Canasaxebi.
meToTxmete

saukune
istoriis
axali
etapis
dasawyisia,
saidanac
metafizikuri stadia iwyeba. Teologiis gavlena TandaTan sustdeba.
kaTolicizms TandaTan Caenacvleba protestantizmi, romelic sabolood
Camoyalibebul doqtrinad me-17 saukuneSi iqceva. protestantizmi erTgvari
negatiuri doqtrinaa, ramdenadac uaryofs Zvel socialur wesrigs. es
protesti socialur filosofiaSic grZeldeba me-18 saukunis frangi
ganmanaTleblebis (volteri, ruso da sxv.) spekulaturi filosofiis saxiT.
es erTgvari gardamavali periodia Teologiur da pozitivistur etapebs
Soris, romelic, kontis azriT, gamoirCeva krizisiT da qaosiT xelovnebis,
mecnierebisa da filosofiis sferoebSi. xelovneba gaxda umizno,
mecniereba zedmetad specializebuli, xolo filosofia _ carieli. am
krizisma moamwifa socialuri revoluciebi, gansakuTrebiT, safrangeTis
revolucia, romelmac saTave daudo saerTod dasavleT evropis
sazogadoebis pozitivistur reorganizacias. es reorganizacia gamoixata
industriaSi, xelovnebaSi, mecnierebasa da filosofiaSi.

23

samarTlianad SeniSnavs g. ritceri, rom konts ar ganuxorcielebia msoflios

istoriis sistematuri Seswavla ... da mas ar moupovebia monacemebi am istoriis Sesaxeb
(man ubralod ganaxorciela istoriis uzarmazari periodebis zogadi generalizacia).
sxva sityvebiT, konts ar Cautarebia gamokvleva am sityvis pozitivisturi mniSvnelobiT.
sinamdvileSi, kontic acnobierebs amas, ambobs ra, rom yvelaferi, rasac is gvTavazobs
abstraqtuli istoriaa. mecniereba jer kidev ar aris mzad msoflioskonkretuli
istoriis Sesaqmnelad (Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill
Company, USA; p. 99).

18

$2. herbert spenseri

biografiuli cnobebi:
herbert spenseri (Herbert Spencer) daibada 1820 wlis 20 aprils inglisis qalaq derbiSi,
meTodistebis
mimdevar
ojaxSi.
spenseri
izrdeboda
individualizmis
da
antiklerikalizmis ideebis atmosferoSi da damoukideblobis suliskveTebiT. misi
interesebi sakmaod ekleqtikuri iyo, man rknigzis inJinris ganaTleba miiRo, Tumca, Zalian
axalgazrdam radikalurad Seicvala profesia da xeli mihyo Jurnalistikas da politikur
mwerlobas. 1848 wlidan 1853 wlamde spenseri muSaobda yovelkvireul Jurnal ekonomistis
(The Economist) redaqtoris moadgiled da erT-erT avtorad, ramac mas saSualeba misca
kontaqti
daemyarebina
sawinaaRmdego
politikuri
platformis
mqone
sazogado
moRvaweebTan. miuxedavad kontaqtebis mravalferovnebisa, spenseri bolomde erTguli rCeba
Tavisi sakuTari Sexedulebebis da avlens araCveulebriv sijiutes da Tanmimdevrulobas
imaSi, rom principulad ar kiTxulobs im avtorTa naSromebs, romelTac ar eTanxmeba (igi
saerTod cnobili sxvaTa naSromebis arwakiTxvaSi).
wels gamodis spenseris pirveli wigni socialuri statika, anu adamianuri
bednierebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi (termins socialuri statika is kontisagan
1851

sesxulobs). am naSromSi is aviTarebs evoluciur Teorias da icavs individualuri

Tavisuflebis ideas. 1855 wels gamodis spenseris meore wigni fsiqologiis principebi,
romelmac ufro didi warmateba moipova. miuxedavad warmatebisa, am periodSi spensers
seriozuli fsiqikuri problemebi uCndeba, rac mTeli misi darCenili cxovrebis
Tanmdevi xdeba. spenseri izolirebulad cxovrebas irCevs da erideba sajaro adgilebSi
gamoCenas. miuxdavad imisa, rom janmrTelobis mZime mdgomareoba mas uflebas aZlevs
dReSi mxolod ramdenime saaTi weros, igi axorcielebs uzarmazar proeqts da 1862-93
wlebSi asrulebs 9 tomian naSroms sinTezuri filosofiis sistema. am wignSi man
sistematuri saxiT gadmosca misi Sexedulebebi, evolucionizmis WrilSi, biologiis,
sociologiis, eTikisa da politikis sakiTxebze. sinTezuri filosofiis sistemam misi
cnobadoba da gavlena imdenad gazarda, rom 1860-70-ian wlebSi konkurencias uwevda
Carlz darvins. misma gavlenam TviT amerikis SeerTebul Statebamdec miaRwia.
1883 wels spenseri airCies moralur da politikur mecnierebaTa safrangeTis akademiis
wevr-korespondentad. misi reputacia imdenad gaizarda, rom 1902 wels nobelis
premiazec ki waradgines literaturis dargSi. missave sicocxleSi misi Sromebis
milionamde egzemplari gaiyida. es Sromebi iTargmna frangul, germanul, espanur,
italiur da rusul enebze. spenseris janmrTeloba Zlier Seirya 80-iani wlebis bolos.
xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Semdeg igi martoobaSi gardaicvala 1903 wlis 8 dekembers.
herbert spenseris ZiriTadi Sromebi:
socialuri statika (Social Statics) 1851 w.
fsiqologiis principebi (The Principles of Psychology) _ 1855 w.
sociologiis saxelmZRvanelo (The Study of Sociology) _ 1873 w.
sinTezuri filosofiis sistema (9 tomad) (A System of Synthetic Philosophy) _ 1862-93 ww.
sociologiis principebi (3 tomad) (Principles of Sociology) [nawili
Sromisa
sinTezuri filosofiis sistema (6-8 tomebi)] _ 1882-98 ww.

2.1. organicizmi; sazogadoebis evolucionisturi gageba

organicizmi
socialur
mecnierebebSi
biologizmis
nairsaxeobas
warmoadgens. biologisturi mimarTuleba ganviTarda me-19 saukuneSi,
rodesac arnaxul warmatebas aRwevs sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, maT
Soris, biologia. es ukanaskneli cxaddeba socialuri mecnierebebis (maT
Soris, sociologiis) uSualo wanamZRvrad. biologisturi sociologia
warmoiSva rogorc sazogadoebis meqanikur sistemad ganxilvis (romelic
19

me-18 saukunis bolomde batonobda) uaryofa. organicizmis Tavisebureba

isaa, rom igi cdilobs socialuri struqtura biologiuri organizmis
struqturis analogiiT axsnas. swored es warmoadgens spenseris
pozitivisturi socialuri Teoriis ZiriTad amocanas.24
biologiur organizmsa da sazogadoebas Soris analogias spenseri
ZiriTadad maT evoluciur ganviTarebaSi poulobs. spenserisTvis
evolucia
universaluri
procesia,
romelic
moicavs
rogorc
araorganul, ise organul da superorganul (anu, socialur)
samyaroebs. iseve rogorc biologiuri ujredebis SeerTeba qmnis
organizms, aseve superorganizmi, anu sazogadoeba, misi Semadgeneli
elementebis organuli naerTi, anu erTiani sistemaa.
rogor gansazRvravs spenseri evolucias? igi wers:
evolucia aris sagnis integracia da moZraobis paraleluri xarjva; evoluciis procesSi
sagani gadis gzas ganusazRvreli, arakoherentuli homogenurobidan gansazRvrul,
koherentul heterogenurobamde; da romlis drosac mimdinare moZraoba ganicdis paralelur
transformacias. 25

maSasadame, spenseris mixedviT: pirveli, evolucia moicavs progresul

cvlilebas
naklebad
koherentulidan
ufro
metad
koherentuli
formisaken. sxva sityvebiT, is moicavs mzard integracias. meore, mzardi
integracia esaa moZraoba homogenurobidan ufro da ufro meti
heterogenulobisaken;
sxva
sityvebiT,
evolucia
moicavs
mzard
diferenciacias. mesame, es aris moZraoba qaosidan wesrigisaken,
ganusazRvrelobidan
gansazRvruli
wesrigisaken...
sxva
sityvebiT,
evolucia moicavs moZraobas ganusazRvrelidan gansazRvrulisaken...
maSasadame, evoluciis sami ZiriTadi elementia: mzardi integracia,
heterogenuroba da gansazRvruloba. 26
evoluciis universalurobis aRiarebasTan erTad, spenseri acnobierebs,
rom evoluciis process mudam Tan axlavs daSlis (dasrulebis,
dekompoziciis) procesi, romelic Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac evolucia
sruldeba da ganviTarebuli fenomeni iwyebs daSlas.
evolucia, rogorc iTqva, zogadad samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli
bunebrivi
kanonia,
romelic
Tanabrad
moqmedebs
adamianuri
sazogadoebebisaTvisac. rogor esmis spensers sazogadoeba?
amasTan dakavSirebiT igi ganixilavs nominalizmis da realizmis
poziciebs. nominalizmis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba sxva araferia, Tu ara
misi Semadgeneli nawilebis jami. maSasadame, sazogadoeba esaa mxolod
koleqtiuri saxeli individTa raodenobisaTvis. realizmi, piriqiT,
24

spenseris garda, organicizmis warmomadgenlebi arian fulie, Sefle, lilienfildi,

vormsi da sxvebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom biologisturi sociologiis meore nakadia
social-darvinizmi, romlis ZiriTadi amocanaa ara organizmTan analogiis Zieba, aramed
mcenareTa
da
cxovelTa
samyarosaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
kanonebis
gavrceleba
sazogadoebaze, socialuris dayvana biologiurze (warmomadgenlebi: lange, liapuJi,
amoni da sxv.).
25
Spencer, Herbert (1958): First Principles. New York: DeWitt Revolving Fund; p. 394.
26
Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 118.

20

amtkicebs, rom sazogadoeba gansakuTrebuli da damoukidebeli erTeulia,

romelic ar daiyvaneba mis nawilebze. spenseri realizmis poziciaze dgas.
sazogadoeba misTvis organuli mTelia, organizmia, romlis Semadgenel
nawilebs Soris arsebobs mudmivi interaqcia da erTmaneTis saWiroeba. es
interaqcia ganapirobebs sazogadoebis specifikas. ai, ras wers spenseri
Tavis sociologiis principebis I tomSi:
sazogadoeba moicavs mis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris stabilur urTierTobebs, rac qmnis
mTelis gansakuTrebulobas, gansxvavebuls misi nawilebis individualurobisagan... Cven
yovelTvis miviCnevT sazogadoebas rogorc organizms (entity), ramdenadac, imis miuxedavad,
rom igi diskretuli erTeulebisagan Sedgeba, maT gaerTianebaSi specifikuri mTlianoba
yovelTvis igulismeba... 27

sociologias, rogorc mecnierebas, arsebobis ufleba aqvs mxolod

imdenad, ramdenadac is cdilobs am kanonzomierebis aRmoCenas. ufro
zustad, sociologiuri refleqsiis amocanaa, rom aRmoaCinos paralelebi
organul da socialur evolucias Soris, msgavsebebi, rac organuli da
socialuri
fenomenebis
struqturebs
Soris
arsebobs.
swored
biologiurTan
analogiebis
Ziebaa
spenseris
sociologiuri
koncefciisTvis ZiriTadi. organizmTan analogias, spenseris mixedviT, sami
mTavari indikatori aqvs: zrda, struqtura da funqciebis diferenciacia.
a)
zrda:
rogorc
organuli,
ise
socialuri
agregatebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia progresuli mateba zomaSi. socialuri TvalsazrisiT,
zrda ori procesis saSualebiT xorcieldeba: a) zrda aris mosaxleobis
raodenobis matebis Sedegi, rodesac ubralod xdeba erTeulTa
gamravleba, an b) manamde daukavSirebeli erTeulebis gaerTianeba xdeba
jgufebad, xolo jgufebisa _ ufro did jgufebad (mag, tomebis
gaerTianeba ufro did jgufebad).
b) struqtura: erTeulTa zomaSi matebas (zrdas) uciloblad Tan sdevs
maTi struqturis garTulebac (sirTulis xarisxis zrda). zrdis
procesi, amave dros, integraciis procesicaa, xolo, integracia, Tavis
mxriv, organizmebis (biologiuri Tu socialuri) struqturis da
funqciebis progresul diferenciacias gulisxmobs. integracia da
diferenciacia korelaturi procesebia: diferenciaciis zrda iwvevs
nawilebis
urTierTdamokidebulebas
da,
maSasadame,
maT
Soris
integraciis aucileblobas. rac ufro metad izrdeba organizmi
(biologiuri
an
socialuri),
miT
ufo
metad
izrdeba
misi
diferenciaciis, anu mis nawilebs Soris gansxvavebis xarisxi. spenseri
amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebis zrdisTvis aucilebelia mas hqondes
kompleqsurobis maRali done. yvela sazogadoeba aris homogenuri masis
specializaciis Sedegi. 28 cxovelebi, romlebic ganviTarebis dabal
safexurze imyofebian (magaliTad, Canasaxis mdgomareobaSi), SedarebiT
homogenurebi arian, ramdenadac gansxvavebuli nawilebis simciriT
gamoirCevian. asevea ganviTarebis sawyis safexurze myofi sazogadoebac _
mis jgufebsa da erTeulebs Soris gansxvaveba mcirea, magram
sazogadoebis zrdasTan erTad matulobs misi danawilebisa da
difereciaciis xarisxi da, Sesabamisad, matulobs kompleqsurobac.

27
28

Spencer, Herbert (1908): The Principles of Sociology, Vol. 1. New York: Appleton; pp. 447-8.
Spencer, Herbert (1908): The Principles of Sociology, Vol. 3. New York: Appleton; p. 181.

21

spenseri saubrobs gansxvavebaze sazogadoebis maregulirebel (regulative)

da
masazrdoebel
(Semnaxvel,
sustaining)
struqturebs
Soris.
maregulirebeli struqturebi dakavSirebulia samxedro saqmianobasTan,
xolo masazrdoebeli _ ekonomikurTan. sazogadoebis maregulirebeli
sistema akontrolebs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawilis moqmedebas da
uzrunvelyofs
maT
Soris
koordinacias.
socialuri
kontroli
ZiriTadad xorcieldeba sazogadoebis gareT mimdinare procesebze,
eqsternalur movlenebze. biologiur organizmSi maregulirebel
funqcias asrulebs nervomuskulaturi sistema, xolo, sazogadoebaSi _
samTavrobo-samxedro aparati. rac Seexeba masazrdoebel struqturas,
rogorc biologiur, ise socialur organizmebSi is akontrolebs
Sinagan procesebs, raTa SenarCunds organizmis sicocxlisunarianoba.
biologiur organizmSi am funqcias saWmlis momnelebeli organoebi
asrulebs,
xolo,
sazogadoebaSi
_
industriuli
sistema.
maregulirebeli da masazrdoebeli struqturebi kvlav ganicdis Semdgom
diferenciacias. magaliTad, maregulirebeli struqtura TandaTanobiT
iqceva suverenebis, lokaluri mmarTvelebis, mcire ufrosebis da a.S
sistemad. amas moyveba socialur klasebs Soris diferenciacia.
magaliTad, yalibdeba samxedro, religiuri, monaTa da sxv. klasebi.
Semdeg xdeba TiToeul klass SigniT diferencireba, mag., religiuri
klasi diferencirdeba mRvdlebad, spiritualistebad da a.S. maSasadame,
sazogadoeba
moZraobs
mzardi
struqturuli
diferenciaciis
da
kompleqsurobis mimarTulebiT.
g) funqciebis diferenciacia: spenseris azriT, struqturebis gageba
SeuZlebelia maTi funqciebis identifikaciis gareSe. funqcia swored
struqturebis mier garkveuli saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas gamoxatavs.
Sesabamisad, struqturaTa diferenciacias funqciaTa diferenciacia
axlavs. SedarebiT aradiferencirebul sazogadoebebSi, sazogadoebis
gansxvavebul nawilebs SeuZlia erTmaneTis funqciebis Sesruleba.
magaliTad, primitiul sazogadoebaSi mamakacma seiZleba saWmlis
momaragebaze izrunos, xolo qalma ibrZolos, Tu es saWiro gaxda.
Tumca, sazogadoebis struqturuli diferenciaciis da kompleqsurobis
zrdasTan erTad ufro da ufro rTuldeba specializebuli nawilebis
mier
erTmaneTis
funqciebis
sesruleba.
evolucia
struqturul
progresTan erTad funqciaTa diferenciaciis progressac ganapirobebs.
unda iTqvas, rom spenserisTvis sazogadoebis evolucia ar aris
sworxazovani da winaswarganWvretadi procesi. sazogadoebebi mudmivi
cvalebadobis
procesSi
imyofebian,
magram
araaucilebelia
es
cvlilebebi evoluciur xasiaTs atarebdes. SesaZloa, ukusvlasTan
gvqondes saqme.

2.2. sazogadoebis tipologizacia

sazogadoebis tipologizaciis kriteriumad spenseri iyenebs misi
evoluciurobis,
anu
struqturuli
kompleqsurobis
xarisxs.
am
TvalsazrisiT, is ganasxvavebs sazogadoebis oTx tips: martiv, Sedgenil
(rTul), ormagad Sedgenil da sammagad Sedgenil sazogadoebebs.
evolucia martivi sazogadoebebidan sammagad Sedgenil sazogadoebebamde
22

SeiZleba politikuri organizaciis WrilSi iqnes ganxiluli (am

SemTxvevaSi,
evoluciis
etapebi
iqneba:
organizebis
armqone

sporadulad
organizebuli
_
arastabilurad
organizebuli
_
stabilurad organizebuli), an sazogadoebis mkvidrobis wesis (modes of
settlement) mixedviT (etapebi: momTabare (nomaduri) _ nawilobriv
Camoyalibebuli _ Camoyalibebuli). 29

martivi sazogadoebebi ayalibebs calkeul erTobebs, romlebic ar aris

dakavSirebuli arc erT sxva erTobasTan. esaa SedarebiT homogenuri,
araciviluri sazogadoebebi, romelTac ar gauvliaT struqturirebis
(kompleqsur organizmad Camoyalibebis) procesi. esaa politikurad
araorganizebuli
sazogadoeba.
Sedgenili
sazogadoebebi
ukve
heterogenulobis
garkveuli
xarisxiT
gamoirCeva.
politikuri
organizebis TvalsazrisiT, aq ukve gvxvdeba umaRlesi xelisufali
(mTavari), romelic marTavs sxvadasxva martiv jgufebs (SesaZloa, maTi
dapyrobis gziTac). aq moqmedebs ekonomikuri Sromis ganawilebis
principic. ormagad Sedgenili sazogadoebebi ukve rTuli (Sedegenili)
jgufebis
xelaxali
gaerTianebis
Sedegia.
es
tipi,
cxadia,
heterogenurobiskidev
ufro
maRali
xarisxiT
da
civilurobiT
xasiaTdeba. am sazogadoebebis politikuri organizebis xarisxic
maRalia, stabiluri da Camoyalibebuli mTavrobiT. am sazogadoebebs
axasiaTebs, agreTve, ganviTarebuli religiuri ierarqia, ekonomikuri
Sromis rTuli ganawileba, ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura, samarTali
da sxv. sammagad Sedgenili sazogadoebebi erebad Camoyalibebuli,
maRalganviTarebuli
sazogadoebebia,
politikuri
da
socialuri
struqturirebis yvelaze maRali xarisxiT.
zemoaRniSnuli klasifikaciis garda, spenseri gvTavazobs sazogadoebis
tipologizaciis sxva kriteriums. esaa socialuri organizaciis (an
socialuri regulaciis) forma. am SemTxvevaSi laparakia sazogadoebis
Sinagan regulaciaze. aRniSnuli kriteriumis mixedviT spenseri gaarCevs
samxedro da industriul sazogadoebebs. es klasifikacia im variantis
sapirispiroa, romelic tipologizacias evoluciis doneebis mixedviT
axdens. am SemTxvevaSi socialuri struqturis tipi damokidebulia im
urTierTobaze,
rac
mocemul
sazogadoebas
sxva
(mezobel)
sazogadoebebTan aqvs, anu garemoze. sazogadoebis Sinagan struqturasa
da maregulirebel sistemaze gavlenas axdens swored is, es urTierToba
mSvidobiania Tu mtruli. mSvidobiani urTierTobis pirobebSi Sinagani
regulaciis sistemebi SedarebiT susti da difuzuria. Sesabamisad,
sazogadoeba ufro gadarTulia TviTSenaxvaze (industriuli tipi).
mtruli
urTierTobebis
dros
yalibdeba
Zalaze
damyarebuli
centralizebuli kontroli (samxedro tipi). maSasadame, am klasifikaciis
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis Sinagani struqtura damokidebulia ara
evoluciis doneze, aramed mezobel sazogadoebebTan konfliqtis
arseboba-ararsebobaze.

samxedro sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikaa iZuleba. iseve

rogorc jariskacis neba isea mowyobili, rom igi yvelaferSi xdeba
29

amis Sesaxeb ix. Coser, Lewis (1977): Masters of Sociological Thought. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich; p. 93.

23

Tavisi
oficris
nebis
agenti,
aseve
moqalaqis
neba
samxedro
sazogadoebaSi, nebismier, kerZo Tu sajaro, asparezze xelisuflebis
mier imarTeba. es aris iZulebiTi kooperacia, iseve rogorc biologiur
organizmSi garegani organoebi mTlianad fokusirdeba mTavar nervul
centrze. sazogadoebis samxedro tipSi armia da nacia (sazogadoeba)
erTia. ai, ras wers spenseri:
jari aris mobilizebuli nacia, maSin rodesac nacia aris gauaqtiurebeli jari da
romelsac, swored amitom, gaaCnia struqtura, romelic saerToa jarisa da naciisaTvis. 30

piriqiT,
industriuli
sazogadoeba
dafuZnebulia
nebayoflobiT
kooperaciasa
da
individualur
TviTSezRudvaze.
industriul
sazogadoebaSi,
rogorc
iTqva,
dominanturia
Semnaxavi
sistema.
maregulirebeli kontroli ufro metad negatiuria, vidre pozitiuri.
xelisufleba
despoturis
nacvlad,
demokratiulia.
Sesabamisad,
kontroli am sazogadoebaSi decentralizebulia. mas kontraqtuli saxe
aqvs, rodesac am kontraqts nebayoflobiT uerTdebian individebi.
individis interesebi wamyvania, individualuroba daculia da umaRles
Rirebulebas warmoadgens. samxedro sistema emorCileba industriuli
sistemis saWiroebebs.
spenseris TeoriaSi sazogadoebis es ori tipi idealuri tipebia,
romlebic realobaSi wminda saxiT ar arsebobs. realurad arsebobs
mxolod ama Tu im sazogadoebis midrekileba romelime tipisaken, rasac
sxvadasxva faqtorebis zemoqmedeba (teritoria, eTnikuri Semadgenloba,
mosazRvre sazogadoebebi da sxv.) ganapirobebs.
spenseri
kidev
erTxel
usvams
xazs,
rom
samxedro-samrewvelo
sazogadoebebis
dixotomia
ar
aris
damokidebuli
sazogadoebis
kompleqsurobis xarisxze. SedarebiT aradiferencirebuli sazogadoebebi
SeiZleba iyvnen industriuli, xolo maRalganviTarebulebi _ samxedro.

30

Spencer, Herbert (1908): The Principles of Sociology, Vol. 1. New York: Appleton; p. 557.

24

$3. karl marqsi

biografiuli cnobebi:
karl marqsi daibada 1818 wlis 5 maiss germaniis qalaq trierSi, saSualo klasis
ebraul ojaxSi. misi mama iZulebuli gaxda mieRo protestantizmi, raTa SeenarCunebina
mosamarTlis pozicia. marqsi samarTals, filosofiasa da istorias swavlobda bonisa
da berlinis universitetebSi, sadac is hegelis memarcxene mimdevarTa moZraobis _
axalgazrda hegelianelebi _ wevri gaxda. misma radikalizmma igi akademiur karieras
CamoaSora, marqsma 1842 wlidan xeli mihyo Jurnalistobas da gaxda redaqtori
liberaluri gazeTisa Rheinische Zeitung (reinis gazeTi). prusiis xelisuflebam male
iZulebis wesiT daxura gazeTi. 1843 wels marqsi emigraciaSi midis parizSi, sadac igi
aqtiurad ebmeba germanel emigrantTa da frang socialistTa radikalur politikaSi.
1844 wels parizSi Cadis f. engelsi, sadac is xvdeba marqss da isini uaxloesi
megobrebi xdebian.
1844 wels marqsi muSaobs Tavis ekonomikur da filosofiur xelnawerebze, sadac eweva
kapitalizmis filosofiur kritikas. amave wels marqss safrangeTidan sdevnian da igi,
f. engelsTan erTad, briuselSi gadadis. am periodSi gamoqveynda germanuli
ideologia, romelic marqsma engelsTan erTad dawera. 1848 wels gamodis maTi
erToblivi komunisturi manifesti, romelic komunisturi aCrdilis gamoCenas
winaswarmetyvelebs evropaSi. es is droa, rodesac kontinentur evropas revoluciebis
talRam gadauara. amave wels marqsma SeZlo germaniaSi dabruneba, sadac (kerZod, q.
kiolnSi) afuZnebs Tavis radikalur gazeTs Neue Rheinische Zeitung (axali reinis gazeTi),
magram am gamocemamac igive bedi gaiziara da marqsi iZulebuli gaxda emigraciaSi
wasuliyo londonSi, sadac man mTeli darCenili cxovreba gaatara. britaneTSi marqsi
da engelsi agrZeleben TavianT politikur aqtivobas komunistur ligaSi da cdiloben
komunistur moZraobas TavianTi mecnieruli ideebi gaaziarebinon. londonSi marqsi
filosofiuri Sexedulebebidan inacvlebs ekonomikuri Teoriebisken. misi yuradReba
fokusirdeba Sotlandiur da inglisur politikur ekonomiaze, gansakuTrebiT, adam
smitisa da david rikardos Teoriebze. swored am periodSi _ 1850-60-ian wlebSi _
ganaviTara man kapitalizmis zogadi Teoria, romelic dagvirgvinda misi fundamenturi
naSromis kapitalis pirveli tomis dagvianebuli gamocemiT 1867 wels. marqsis
janmrTeloba mkveTrad Seirya 1870-ian wlebSi da mxolod misi sikvdilis (1883 wlis 14
marti) Semdeg ixila dRis sinaTle kapitalis meore da mesame tomebma, romlebic
engelsma gamosca.
karl

marqsis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

kapitali (tomi 1) 1867 w.
Grundrisse _ 1858 w.
germanuli ideologia (f. engelsTan erTad) 1846 w.
komunisturi manifesti (f. engelsTan erTad) 1848 w.
ekonomikuri da filosofiuri xelnawerebi 1844 w.

3.1. istoriis materialisturi gageba

mxolod imis Tqma, rom marqsma sazogadoebis da istoriis ganviTareba
axsna materialuri faqtorebiT, ar iqneboda sakmarisi marqsiseuli
istoriis materialisturi gagebis aRsawerad. materialuri faqtorebis
socialuris mimarT ganmsazRvrelobas marqsamdec usvamdnen xazs,
magaliTad, geografiuli determinizmis warmomadgenlebi, aRiarebdnen ra
geografiul garemos dominantur rols sazogadoebis ama Tu im formiT
ganviTarebaSi. marqsis damsaxureba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man
socialuris ganmsazRvrelad iseTi materialuri faqtorebi gamoacxada,
25

romlebic, Tavisi arsiT, socialuria. sxvanairad rom iTqvas, marqsma

socialuris gareT ki ar dauwyo materialur dominantebs Zieba, aramed
Tavad socialuris SigniT aRmoaCina misi ganmsazRvreli materialuri
pirobebi. esaa warmoebis wesi. es ukanaskneli or elements moicavs:
sawarmoo Zalebsa da warmoebiT urTierTobebs. sawarmoo ZalebSi
ZiriTadad igulisxmeba Sromis iaraRebi da Sromis sxva saSualebebi
(magaliTad, nedli masalebi). sazogadoebas marqsi gansazRvravda rogorc
"sawarmoo ZalTa organizebul erTobliobas". warmoebiTi urTierTobebi
moicavs
Sromis
socialuri
organizaciis
formebs,
romlebic
dafuZnebulia sakuTrebis kanonebze. Tavis politikuri ekonomiis
kritikis SesavalSi (1859) marqsi sawarmoo Zalebsa da urTierTobebs
aRwers rogorc imas, rac qmnis sazogadoebis ekonomikur baziss. am
safuZvelze aRmocendeba superstruqtura rogorc zednaSeni, romelic
Sedgeba
politikuri
institutebisagan,
kulturuli
Cvevebisa
da
Rirebulebebisagan (religiis, xelovnebisa da filosofiis CaTvliT).
superstruqturis
funqciaa
sazogadoebis
ekonomikuri
bazisis
ideologiuri legitimacia. ai, ras wers Tavad marqsi:
TavianTi cxovrebis socialuri warmoebis procesSi adamianebi uciloblad Sedian
gansazRvrul urTierTobebSi, romlebic savaldebuloa da damoukidebelia maTive
survilisagan. esaa warmoebiTi urTierTobebi, romlebic Seesabameba materialuri sawarmoo
Zalebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul safexurs. am sawarmoo urTierTobebis erToblioba qmnis
sazogadoebis ekonomikur struqturas, realur baziss, romelzec aRmocendeba legaluri da
politikuri superstruqtura da romelsac Seesabameba socialuri cnobierebis gansxvavebuli
formebi. materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesi ganapirobebs socialuri, politikuri da
inteleqtualuri cxovrebis procesebs zogadad. ara adamianTa cnobiereba gansazRvravs maT
yofierebas, aramed piriqiT, maTi yofiereba gansazRvravs maT cnobierebas. 31

maSasadame, istoriis materialisturi gagebis Tanaxmad, socialur

cvlilebaTa mTavari mizezi Rirebulebebi da rwmenebi ki araa, aramed
ekonomikuri faqtorebi. rogorc moyvanili citatidan Cans, marqsis
mixedviT, marTalia, warmoebiT urTierTobebs adamianebi amyareben
erTmaneTTan,
magram
maTi
mimdinareoba
damoukidebelia
maTive
survilisagan. es niSnavs, rom warmoebiT urTierTobebi viTardeba
obieqturi kanonzomierebis mixedviT, rac marqsis Teoria istoricizmis,
kerZod, ekonomikuri istoricizmis warmomadgenlad aqcevs. istoricizmi,
rogorc cnobilia, aris Tvalsazrisi, romelic aRiarebs sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis deterministul sqemas da imis SesaZleblobas, rom am sqemis
gacnobierebis
safuZvelze
SesaZlebelia
sazogadoebis
(istoriis)
32
momavlis winaswarganWvreta.
socialuri sistemebi warmoebis erTi
wesidan meoreze gadadian, rac sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciebis
kanonzomier (obieqtur) cvalebadobaSi gamoixateba. am cvalebadobas
xSirad revoluciuri xasiaTi aqvs. marqsma gamoyo xuTi sazogadoebrivekonomikuri
formacia:
pirvelyofili
Temuri,
monaTmflobeluri,
feodaluri, kapitalisturi da socialisturi (komunisturi).

31

Marx, K. (1975): Prefece to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, in: Early Writings, trans. R.
Livingstone and G. Benton, repr. London:Penguin; p. 389.
32
istoricizmi unda ganvasxvavoT istorizmisagan, rom socialuri da kulturuli
cxovreba istoriulad ganpirobebulia da rom adamianis gamocdilebaSi mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs istoriuli dro.

26

sazogadoebis stratifikaciuli modeli ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu

vin flobs warmoebis saSualebebs. Sesabamisad, sazogadoeba iyofa
mmarTvel klasad, romelic axorcielebs kontrols sawarmoo Zalebze
da flobs warmoebis saSualebebs da marTul klasad, romelic aseT
sakuTrebas
moklebulia.
mmarTvel
da
marTul
klasebs
Soris
konfliqtia swored is, rac istoriis ganviTarebis mamoZravebelia, rac
"istoriis Zravaa". rogorc marqsi ityvis, "kacobriobis mTeli istoria
klasobrivi brZolis istorias warmoadgens".

3.2. kapitalizmis Teoria

marqsis
yuradReba
mimarTuli
iyo
cvlilebebze,
romlebic
ukavSirdeboda istoriisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis im etaps, rasac
kapitalizmi hqvia. kapitalizmi iseTi ekonomikuri sistemaa, romelic
Zireulad gansxvavdeba misi istoriuli winamorbedebisagan imiT, rom
axorcielebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis iseT warmoebas, romelic
momxmarebelTa farTo wreze iyideba.
marqsma gansazRvra kapitalisturi warmoebis ori mTavari niSani:
1. pirveli, esaa kapitali, anu nebismieri qoneba, romlis investirebac
SesaZlebelia
axali
mogebis
misaRebad.
kapitalizmi
marqsisTvis
warmoebis iseTi saxea, romelic axdens warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo
sakuTrebis, sasaqonlo produqciis da mogebis principis kombinirebas
konkurentuli, dinamiuri da mzardi bazris pirobebSi. marqsi iziarebs
ingliseli ekonomistis david rikardos mier gatarebul gansxvavebas
obieqtis saxmar Rirebulebasa da mis gacvliT Rirebulebas Soris.
obieqtis saxmari Rirebuleba mdgomareobs mis SesabamisobaSi kerZo
praqtikul miznebTan, xolo gacvliTi Rirebuleba obieqts miewereba
mxolod rogorc vaWrobis sagans rac SeiZleba gamoixatos obieqtis
fasis saxiT. saqoneli aris is swored is sagani, romelic iwarmoeba
gayidvis mizniT, anu eqskluziurad misi gacvliTi RirebulebisaTvis,
bazrisaTvis da mogebisaTvis. marqsis mtkicebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
sasaqonlo produqcia arsebobda winakapitalistur sazogadoebebSic,
kapitalizmis specifikuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sasaqonlo warmoeba
xdeba
mTeli
sazogadoebis
sawarmoo
saqmianobis
dominanturi
maorganizebeli principi. yvela produqcia iqceva saqonlad, anu
produqciad bazrisaTvis da fuli xdeba transaqciis erTaderTi mediumi.
kapitalizmis pirobebSi sasaqonlo warmoeba xdeba cirkulaciuri
procesi, rodesac Rirebuleba realizdeba bazarze rogorc mogeba da
xdeba misi xelaxali investireba warmoebaSi.
kapitalis
dagroveba
upirobod
dakavSirebulia
daqiravebul
SromasTan, romelic kapitalizmis meore ZiriTadi niSania. marqsi, erTi
mxriv, miuTiTebs sakuTriv Sromis Rirebulebaze, romelic moicavs
energiis im raodenobas, romelic ixarjeba warmoebis nebismier aqtSi da
rasac muSa yovel dRe gaiRebs. es Rirebuleba moicavs, agreTve, Sromis
Canacvlebasac WamiT da dasvenebiT, raTa Sromam SeZlos kvlavwarmoeba.
meore mxriv, marqsi laparakobs damatebul (zedmet) Rirebulebaze. es
aris Rirebuleba, romelic emateba Sromas imis iqiT, rac warmoebis
2.

27

aqtze ixarjeba. anu, esaa is, rac rCeba im obieqtSi, romelic muSam
awarmova. marqsi aRniSnavs, rom mogeba, romelsac kapitalisti iRebs,
rodesac
produqti
gatanilia
bazarze,
saboloo
angariSiT
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria am damatebis wili aucilebel Sromis
ZalasTan SedarebiT. es wili SeiZleba gaizardos sxvadasxva gziT
ubralod xelfasis SemcirebiT, anda, adamianebis CanacvlebiT teqnikuri
saSualebebiT. maSasadame, Sroma kapitalizmis pirobebSi Tavad xdeba
saqoneli, rac SeiZleba garkveul fasad iyido an gayido bazarze.
daqiravebuli Sroma aerTianebs muSebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT arsebobis
saSualebebi da iZulebulni xdebian kapitalis mflobelebs miaqiraon
Tavi. marqsi Tvlida, rom kapitalis mflobelebi, anu kapitalistebi
mmarTvel klass qmnian, xolo daqiravebuli muSebi _ marTul klass, anu
proletariats.
kapitalis
mflobelebi
da
daqiravebuli
muSebi
damokidebulebi
arian
erTmaneTze,
ramdenadac
kapitalistebs
aucileblad
sWirdebaT
samuSao
Zala,
xolo
daqiravebul
muSebs_xelfasi. aseTi urTierT ganpirobebulobis miuxedavad, am or
klass Soris arsebobs mkveTri asimetria, ramdenadac klasobrivi
urTierTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia eqspluatacia: muSebs ara aqvT
aranairi SesaZlebloba, rom gaakontrolon TavianTi Sroma, xolo
kapitalistebi, mogebis miRebis mizniT, iTviseben sxvaTa Sromis
produqts. kapitalizmi eqsploataciis sistemaa, romelSic damatebiTi
Rirebuleba amorTulia saxelfaso Sromidan da romelSic sasaqonlo
forma dominantobs mSromelis cxovrebaze. muSebi eqsploatirebulni
arian maTi unaris gamo, rom awarmoon saqoneli da Seqmnan damatebuli
Rirebuleba, xolo maTi SromiTi Zala Tavad aris qceuli saqonlad.
amrigad, sasaqonlo forma axorcielebs garegan zwolas adamianze.
marqsi am process gaucxoebas (Entfremdung) uwodebs (es termini marqsma
hegelidan aiRo). gaucxoeba socialur-fsiqologiuri mdgomareobaa
rodesac individi gaeTiSeba Tavis socialur garemos. individebi
gaucxovdebian maTi samyarosagan, ramdenadac am samyaros ganicdian
rogorc
eqsternuls
(garegans)
da
obieqtivirebuls
maTTvis.
kapitalizmis
pirobebSi
muSa
gaucxoebulia
Tavisi
Sromisagan,
ramdenadac, jer-erTi, misi Sroma ara nebayoflobiTi, aramed iZulebiTia,
meorec, Sromis produqti, romelSic man Tavisi cxovreba Cado, mas ar
ekuTvnis. marqsi amtkicebs, rom eqsploataciis da gaucxoebis pirobebSi,
socialuri cxovreba moCans iseTi, razec dominantobs nivTebis
(saqonlis) gacvla, romelSic mediumis rols fuli asrulebs. fuli
aris individTa Soris obieqtivirebuli urTierToba. individebs Soris
socialuri
kavSiri
transformirdeba
nivTTa
Soris
socialur
urTierTobad. amas marqsi sasaqonlo fetiSizmsac uwodebs. es aris
fsevdo obieqturoba, romelic mZimed awveba kapitalizms da uciloblad
iwvevs mis transformacias.
kapitalizmi konkurentuli sistemaa da Sinagani dinamizmi gaaCnia. man
unda moaxdinos sawarmoo Zalebis mudmivi ganaxleba. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi igi damarcxdeba bazris konkurentuli meqanizmebis winaSe.
amdenad, kapitalistebma mudmivad unda eZion axali bazrebi da Sromis
ufro iafi da efeqturi wyaroebi. xelfasis mudmivi dawevis mcdelobis
gamo mSromelebis udides nawili veRar SeZlebs SeiZinos is produqti,
romelsac Tavad awarmoebs. amas mivyavarT gardauval klasobriv
28

konfliqtamde. kapitalizmi Tavad qmnis TviTdestruqciis da uklaso

komunistur sazogadoebad revoluciuri gardaqmnis pirobebs. marqsi
akritikebs im socialistur moZraobebs, romelTa mizani aris ara
kapitalizmis
revoluciuri
damxoba,
aramed
misi
politikuri
reformireba. mxolod revoluciur procesebs SeuZlia eqsploatirebuli
socialuri klasis pirobebis radikaluri Secvla. muSaTa klasma unda
Seicvalos statusi da klasi TavisTavad-idan (class-in-itself) gaxdes
klasi TavisTvis (class-for-itself), anu TviTcnobierebis mqone klasi. ai,
ras weren marsi da engelsi germanul ideologiaSi:
rogorc komunisturi cnobierebis masobrivi donis miRwevisaTvis, ise Tavad faqtis
warmatebisaTvis aucilebelia adamianis cnobierebis gadarTva masis doneze, rac SesaZlebelia
ganxorcieldes mxolod konkretuli moZraobis revoluciis _ saSualebiT. amrigad,
revolucia aucilebelia ara mxolod imitom, rom mmarTveli klasi ar SeiZleba sxva gziT
Seicvalos, aramed imitomac, rom klass, romelic mmarTvelebs gadaagdebs, mxolod
revoluciis gziT SeuZlia moicilos epoqaluri WuWyi da Tavidan moergos axal
sazogadoebas. 33

marqsi uklaso sazogadoebas warmoidgenda rogorc istoriis ucilobel

momavals, sadac ar iqneboda dayofa mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris.
rasakvirvelia, marqsi ar Tvlida, rom socializmis pirobebSi moispoba
adamianebs Soris uTanasworobis nebismieri forma. marqsi Tvlida, rom
komunistur sazogadoebaSi ar iarsebebs dayofa mmarTvel umciresobas
(romelic
axdens
politikuri
da
ekonomikuri
Zalauflebis
monopolizebas) da marTul umravlesobas (romelTac ara aqvT
misasvleli im qonebasTan, rasac isini TavianTi SromiT qmnian) Soris.
ekonomika
gadava
sazogadoebriv
mflobelobaSi,
sazogadoebaSi
damyardeba humanuri wesrigi da Tanasworoba, amaRldeba mTeli
sazogadoebis socialuri keTildReobis done.

33

Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1964): The German Ideology, repr. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

29

$4. georg zimeli

biografiuli cnobebi:
georg zimeli (Georg Simmel) daibada 1858 wlis 1 marts berlinSi. igi yvelaze umcrosi
wevria SvidSvilian ojaxSi. zimelis mama mdidari ebraeli biznesmeni iyo, romelmac
sarwmunoeba gamoicvala da gaqristianda. igi gardaicvala, rodesac zimeli jer kidev
axalgazrda iyo. zimelis dedam, sakmaod dominanturma da distanciurma pirovnebam,
axalgazrda zimeli ojaxuri memkvidreobis gareSe datova.
zimeli swavlobda istorias da filosofias berlinis universitetSi. 1881 wels igi
icavs sadoqtori disertacias: sagnebis buneba kantis fizikuri monadologiis
mixedviT. 1885 wels zimeli xdeba berlinis universitetis privat-docenti (Privatdozent),
oRond anazRaurebis gareSe. is kiTxulobs saleqcio kursebs logikaSi, filosofiis
istoriaSi, eTikaSi, socialur fsiqologiasa da sociologiaSi. 1890 wels zimelma
colad SeirTo filosofosi gertruda kineli (Gertrud Kinel), romelic maria-luiza
enkedorfis (Marie-Luise Enckendorf) fsevdonimiT ibeWdeboda. 1901 wels zimels eniWeba
eqstraordinaruli profesoris (Ausserordentlicher Professor) sapatio wodeba, Tumca, is
mainc kaTedris gareSe rCeba da ver iRebs monawileobas universitetis akademiur
cxovrebaSi. zimeli cnobili iyo rogorc SesaniSnavi reputaciis mecnieri, romelic
leqtorobis araCveulebrivi talantiT gamoirCeoda. miuxedavad amisa, 1914 wlamde igi
akademiur autsaiderad rCeba, ramdenadac ver ikavebs sruli profesoris adgils
germaniis universitetebSi (saqmes verc is Svelis, rom zimels zurgs umagrebs
cnobili mecnierebis rekomendaciebi, TviT maqs veberis CaTvliT).
miuxedavad autsaiderobisa, zimeli aqtiurad monawileobs berlinis inteleqtualur
da kulturul cxovrebaSi, eswreba modur salonur Sexvedrebs da samecniero
(filosofiur-sociologiur) diskusiebs. maqs veberTan da ferdinand tionisTan erTad
zimeli afuZnebs germaniis sociologTa sazogadoebas. mas bevri megobari hyavda
xelovnebis sferoSic. germaniis ori wamyvani poeti, rainer maria rilke da Stefan
george (Stefan George), misi piradi megobrebi arian.
1914 wels zimeli, bolos da bolos, iRebs profesoris pozicias strasburgis
universitetSi. Tumca, pirveli msoflio omis gamo mTeli akademiuri saqmianoba SeCerebul
iqna, saleqcio auditoriebi samxedro hospitalebad gadakeTda. 1915 wels man ganacxadi
gaakeTa haidelbergis universitetSi muSaobis dasawyebad, magram uSedegod. zimeli
gardaicvala omis damTavrebamde cota xniT adre, 1918 wlis 28 seqtembers, RviZlis kiboTi.
georg

zimelis ZiriTadi Sromebi:

socialuri diferenciaciis Sesaxeb (ber sociale Differenzierung) _ 1890 w.
istoriis filosofiis problemebi ( Die Probleme der Geschichtphilosophie) _ 1892 w.
eTikis mecnierebis Sesavali (2 tomad) (Einleitung in die Moralwissenschaft) _ 1892-3 ww.
fulis filosofia (Philosophie des Geldes) _ 1900 w.
sociologia: sociaciis formebis gamokvleva (Soziologie:Untersuchungen ueber die Formen
der Vergesellschaftung.) _ 1908 w.
sociologiis fundamenturi sakiTxebi (Grundfragen der Soziologie) _ 1917 w.

4.1. formaluri sociologiis ZiriTadi principebi

zimelis mTavari Senatani socialuri Teoriis ganviTarebaSi isaa, rom
man sociologias amocanad dausaxa socialuri urTierTobebis wminda
formebis, anu e.w. "sociaciis formebis" analizi. ramdenadac zimeli
fokusirdeba socialur interaqciebze, bevri mkvlevari mas mikro
sociologiis pionerad Tvlis da mis wvlils mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs
30

mcire jgufebis kvlevisa da mikro sociologiuri Teoriebis (simboluri

interaqcionizmi, gacvlis Teoria da sxv.) ganviTarebaSi. 34
ras gulisxmobs zimeli "sociaciis formebSi", romlebsac ganasxvavebs
socialuri urTierTobebis Sinaarsisagan?
nebismier
sazogadoebaSi,
zimelis
azriT,
forma
SeiZleba
gamovacalkevoT
Sinaarsisagan.
imas,
rac
individebSi
arsebobs
miswrafebebis, interesebis, miznebis, fsiqikuri mdgomareobebisa da
moZraobebis
saxiT,
risganac
formirdeba
sxva
adamianebTan
urTierTqmedeba, zimeli uwodebs Sinaarss, anu gansazogadoebis
materias. sazogadoeba uricxvi Sinaarsebisagan Sedgeba: saqmiani
interesi, religiuri impulsebi, erotikuli instinqtebi, Tavdacva an
Tavdasxma, TamaSi an warmoeba, daxmarebisken, swavlisaken swrafva da
bevri sxva motivi adamianSi aRviZebs sxvisTvis, sxvasTan erTad, sxvis
winaaRmdeg moqmedebas. sazogadoeba zogadad warmoadgens adamianTa
urTierTqmedebas, romelic iqmneba individTa gansxvavebuli motivebis,
interesebisa da miznebis safuZvelze da romelSic es motivebi da
interesebi Tavis xorcSesxmas poulobs.
imisaTvis,
raTa
realobis
(Sinaarsebis)
labirinTSi
gaerkvnen,
adamianebi maT garkveul formebSi aqceven, anu qmnian garkveul nimuSebs
(paternebs) Sinaarsebis calkeuli nakadisaTvis. amdenad, realur
movlenaTa labirinTSi wesrigis Sesatanad aqtorebi manipulireben
abstraqtuli formebis gansazRvruli raodenobiT. sociologis amocanac
zustad isaa, rasac Cveulebrivi adamiani akeTebs: is agebs analitikuri
formebis gansazRvrul raodenobas, raTa isini miuyenos socialur
realobas, kerZod, konkretul interaqciebs da amiT maTi analizis
SesaZlebloba
gaaumjobesos. 35
magaliTad,
sociologma
SeiZleba
gansazRvros interaqciis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa batonoba da
daqvemdebareba da isini aRmoaCinos socialur institutTa farTo
wreSi: saxelmwifoSi, iseve rogorc religiur gaerTianebaSi, SeTqmulTa
jgufSi iseve, rogorc ekonomikur asociaciaSi, xelovnebis skolaSi
iseve, rogorc ojaxSi. 36
zimeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom realobis momwesrigebeli formebi
iZenen sakuTar sicocxles, iwyeben arsebobas Sinaarsisagan (Tavisi
fesvebisagan) damoukideblad, anu arsebobas sakuTari TavisTvis.
gansazogadoebis am wminda fomas uwodebs swored zimeli sociacias.37
ai, ras wers igi:
sazogadoebaSi Tanacxovrebis garkveuli Semdeg individis interesebi da motivebi xdeba
cxovrebisagan mowyvetili, im cxovrebisgan, romlisganac isini gamovidnen da romelsac unda
34

ix. magaliTad: Frisby, David (1992): Simmel and Since: Essays on Georg Simmels Social Theory. London:
Routledge; pp. 20-41); Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company,
USA; pp. 260-1.
35
zimelis es Tvalsazrisi amJRavnebs pirdapir analogias veberis idealur tipebTan,
romelTa Sesaxeb saubari iqneba me-4 TavSi.
36
Simmel, Georg (1959): The problem of Sociology. In K. Wolff (ed.), Essays in Sociology, Philosophy and
Aesthetics. New York: Harper Torchbooks: 310-336; p. 317
37
germanul terminsVergesellschaftung inglisurad Targmnian rogorc Sociation an Association,
xolo rusulad _ . warmodgenil naSromSi gamoyenebulia termini sociacia.

31

umadlodnen TavianT arsebobas. xdeba zogierTi energiis gamoTavisufleba da avtonomizacia,

isini ukve aRar arian dakavSirebuli saganTan, romlis gaformebasac eswrafodnen... isini
axla ukve TamaSoben TavisTvis da TavisTavSi, moicaven da qmnian materias, romelic axla
mxolod maTi TviTrealizaciis saSualebaa. 38

ase
magaliTad,
yovelgvari
Semecneba
Tavdapirvelad
warmoadgens
arsebobisaTvis brZolis saSualebas. saganTa namdvili bunebis codna
Zalze mniSvnelovania sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.
Tumca, mecnierebis warmoSoba mowmobs, rom Semecneba mowyda praqtikul
miznebs, iqca Rirebulebad TavisTavad (TavisTavSi), damoukideblad irCevs
Tavis sagans da gardaqmnis mas Tavisi sakuTari moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
aseTive viTarebaa samarTalTan dakavSirebiT. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
aucilebloba axdens adamianTa qcevis garkveuli xerxebis legitimacias.
isini Tavdapirvelad arseboben mxolod mizanSewonilobis gamo. Tumca,
samarTlis gaCenasTan erTad maTi sazrisi xdeba sruliad sxvagvari:
axla isini realizdeba mxolod imitom, rom mxardaWerilia samarTliT,
Tundac im sicocxlisgan damoukideblad, romelmac isini Sva: dae,
Sesruldes marTlmsajuleba, Tundac daiRupos samyaro. maSasadame,
samarTali misi wminda saxiT aRar ukavSirdeba aranair cxovrebiseul
mizans, igi aRar warmoadgens saSualebas, aramed, piriqiT, sakuTari
Tavidan gansazRvravs cxovrebis organizebis wess.
maSasadame, zimeli ara mxolod sociaciis wminda formebis arsebobas
aRiarebs, aramed imasac calsaxad ambobs, rom forma, mas Semdeg rac
iwyebs TavisTvis arsebobas, Tavad gansazRvravs realuri cxovrebis
organizebis wess. movusminoT zimels:
aq yvelaze ukeT Cans 180 gradusiT Semobruneba materiis saSualebiT sicocxlis formis
gansazRvridan, formis meSveobiT materiis gansazRvramde... amas SeiZleba TamaSic ewodos:
cxovrebis realurma Zalebma, moTxovnilebebma da impulsebma Seqmnes Cveni cxovrebis iseTi
mizanSewonili formebi, romlebic Semdeg TamaSis saxiT gadaiqcnen TavisTavad Sinaarsad:
nadiroba, sxeulisa da sulis varjiSi, Sejibri, riski da a.S. yvelaferi es gamovida wminda
cxovrebis nakadidan, gawyvita kavSiri mis materiasTan da moipova ra realuroba sakuTar
TavSi, daiwyo iseTi sagnebis SerCeva da Seqmna, romlebSic sakuTar Tavs inaxavs da axdens
sakuTari Tavis wminda asaxvas. 39

metic, zimeli acxadebs, rom Tuki aRar iarsebebs sociaciis konkretuli

cocxali motivaciebi rogorc gansazogadoebis Sinaarsi, miT ufro met
Zalasa da namdvilobas SeiZens wminda forma. aseTi Tvalsazrisis gamo
zimels xSirad brals sdeben spekulativizmSi, realobis daviwyebaSi,
formalizmSi, rac reifikaciis saSiSroebas Seicavs. aseTi sayvedurebis
sapasuxod, sworad aRniSnavs ritceri: pirveli, is [zimelis formaluri
sociologia] axlos aris realobasTan, ramdenadac Seqmnilia zimelis
mier gamoyenebuli uricxvi realuri cxovrebis magaliTebiT. meorec, is
ar axdens TviTneburi da rigiduli kategoriebis miyenebas socialuri
realobisadmi, aramed amis nacvlad cdilobs formebi socialuri
realobidan gamomdinare gaxados. mesame, zimelis midgoma ar iyenebs
zogad Teoriul sqemas, romelsac socialuri samyaros yvela aspeqti
38
39

, . (1996): ; : . : . . ; . 487
, . (1996): ; : . : . . ; . 488.

32

emorCileba. amdenad, igi Tavidan icilebs Teoriuli sqemis reifikacias,

rac iseTi Teoretikosis dilemad iqca, rogoric parsonsia. da bolos,
formaluri sociologia sawinaaRmdegoa wmindad konceptualizebuli
empirizmisa,
romelic
damaxasiaTebelia
bevri
sociologiisTvis.
rasakvirvelia, zimeli iyenebs empiriul monacemebs, magram isini
emorCileba im Zalisxmevas, rom Seitanos garkveuli wesrigi socialuri
realobis qaotur samyaroSi. 40

naTelia, rom sociaciis cneba zimelTan moicavs urTierTqmedebisa da
gansazogadoebis yvela arsebul formas: Zalauflebisaken miswrafebas,
gacvlas, partiis Camoyalibebas, SemTxveviT Sexvedrebs da daSorebebs,
metoqeobasa da partniorobas, Ralats, revanSs da a.S. da a.S. yvelaferi,
rac cxovrebaSi savsea SinaarsiT, formaTa TamaSSi cxovrobs mxolod
sakuTari, TviTkmari cxovrebiT. am msjelobebs zimeli iyenebs sqesTa
sociologiis mimarTac: erotika gamoimuSavebs Tavis saTamaSo formas _
koketobas, romelic sociaciaSi poulobs gamWvirvale gamoxatulebas. Tu
yvela erotikuli problema trialebs urTierTobisa da uaris garSemo,
maSin koketobis arsi mdgomareobs urTierTobasa da uars Soris daZabul
urTierTobaSi, imaSi, rom miiqcios partnioris yuradReba ise, rom arc
dapirdes arafers da arc xeli hkras mas. koketi qali TiTqos cxovrobs
hosa da aras Soris, ar iRebs ra saboloo gadawyvetilebas.
yvelaferi es koketobas aniWebs idealur xasiaTs da uflebas gvaZlevs
vilaparakoT koketobis xelovnebaze.
igive iTqmis saubris (oratorul) xelovnebazec. cxovrebaSi adamianebi
saubroben garkveuli Sinaarsis gamo, romlis gadacemac, axsnac da
analizic maT surT. sociaciis formis saxiT ki saubari TviTmizania,
rogorc TviTgarTobis xelovneba, romelsac misi sakuTari kanonebi
gaaCnia.

4.2. socialuri geometria

zimelis formaluri sociologiis erT-erTi nawilia misi socialuri
geometria, anu "socialur urTierTobaTa geometria. es ukanaskneli
sxvadasxva simbolos safuZvelze axdens socialur urTierTobaTa
analizs. erT-erTi ZiriTadia ricxvebi. zimelma am sakiTxs specialuri
esse miuZRvna Tavis sociologiaSi: ricxvebis mniSvneloba socialur
cxovrebaSi. 41 zimeli aq atarebs gansxvavebas im SemTxvevebs Soris,
rodesac interaqciaSi CarTul individTa raodenoba ori an samia. aseT
jgufebs zimeli uwodebs diadas an triadas. rodesac laparakia
diadaze (orkacian jgufze), misi darRveva (magaliTad, erT-erTis wasvla
jgufidan) auqmebs interaqcias. diadaSi ar arsebobs damoukidebeli
jgufuri
struqtura.
jgufi
Sedgeba
mxolod
ori
calkeuli
individisagan. TiToeul maTgans individualurobis maRali xarisxi aqvs.
individi ar daiyvaneba jgufis doneze. sruliad sxva viTarebaa triadis
SemTxvevaSi. mesame wevris damateba iwvevs radikalur cvlilebebs.
rodesac jgufSi sami individia CarTuli, urTierTobebi narCundeba im
40

Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; pp. 267-8.
Simmel, Georg (1950): The Significance of Numbers in Social Life. In K. H. Wolff (ed.), The Sociology of Georg
Simmel. New York: Free Press; pp. 87-104.
41

33

SemTxvevaSic, Tu erTi wevri wava jgufidan (ramdenadac arsebobs or

darCenil wevrs Soris interaqciis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba). rac
mTavaria, triadis SemTxvevaSi viTardeba damoukidebeli jgufuri
struqtura. anu, triada mniSvnelobs masSi CarTul individTa miRma. es
niSnavs, rom triada iqceva socialur struqturad, romelic ufro metia,
metic, dominanturia masSi CarTul individebze. amdenad, triadaSi misi
wevrebis individualobas safrTxe emuqreba. triadaSi SesaZlebelia
gaCndes stratifikaciuli da ZalauflebiTi sistemebi. magaliTad,
ojaxSi, romelic sami wevrisagan Sedgeba (mSoblebi da maTi Svili),
SeiZleba Seiqmnas koalicia ori erTi winaaRmdeg. mesame wevrma
SeiZleba Tavisi miznebis sasargeblod gamoiyenos or wevrs Soris
daZabuloba, an Tavad iyos maT Soris konfliqtis inspiratori, raTa
maTze upiratesoba moipovos (dayavi da ibatones principi) da sxv.
es cvlilebebi, romelic gamoiwvia diadis triadad transformaciam,
ufro da ufro rTuldeba jgufis zomis gazrdasTan erTad. cxadia,
yvelaze komleqsuri jgufi sazogadoebaa. sazogadoebas individis mimarT
dialeqtikuri (winaaRmdegobrivi) damokidebuleba aqvs: erTi mxriv,
matulobs individis avtonomiurobis xarisxi, Tumca, meore mxriv, igi
socialuri struqturebis zewolis qveS imyofeba.
zimelis

socialuri geometriis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani cnebaa

distancia. am cnebis ganxilva mizanSewonilia zimelis esses _ ucnobi
_ Suqze 42. es esse eZRvneba ebraelis adgils dasavlur sazogadoebaSi,
sadac is autsaiderad rCeba. Tumca, zimeli konkretuli SemTxvevis
generalizebas axdens. ucnobi aris adamiani, romelic modis dRes da
rCeba xval. amiT gansxvavdeba is mogzaurisagan an bomJisagan. ucnobi
aris ori ZiriTadi da erTmaneTis sapirispiro urTierTobis _ darCenis
da wasvlis _ ganxorcieleba. ucnobi egueba mxolod SezRudul
mimReblobas da garkveuli xarisxiT yovelTvis itovebs sxvis,
araSinauris imijs. es mJRavndeba im interaqciebSi, romelic arsebobs
ucnobsa da adgilobriv mkvidrebs Soris. adgilobrivebis mxridan
ucnobis mimarT reaqcia, erTi mxriv, cnobismoyvareobaa, anu isini
raRacas iZenen ucnobisagan, xolo, meore mxriv, _ agresia, rac SeiZleba
srul miuReblobaSi gadaizardos. ucnobma mudmivad unda SeinarCunos
balansi Zalian axlos da Zalian Sors yofnas Soris. Tu is Zalian
axlos iqneba, maSin Sewyvets arsebobas rogorc ucnobi, xolo Tu _
Zalian Sors, maSin gawyvets jgufTan nebismier kontaqts. is urTierToba,
romelic ucnobs aqvs jgufis wevrebTan, aris siaxlovis da distanciis
erTgvari kombinacia. ucnobis uCveulo (atipiuri) distancia jgufisagan
uflebas
aZlevs
mas
hqondes
jgufis
wevrebTan
interaqciis
gansakuTrebuli standartebi. magaliTad, mas SeuZlia iyos ufro
obieqturi, agreTve, moipovos jgufis wevrebis ndoba da a.S. ase xdeba
ucnobi jgufis organuli wevri. saboloo angariSiT, zimeli ucnobis
socialur
tips
ayalibebs,
anu
axdens
konkretuli
SemTxvevis
formalizacias
da
ucnobobas
ganixilavs
rogorc
socialuri
interaqciis
formas.
ucnobobis,
rogorc
siaxlovis
da

42

ix. Simmel, Georg (1971): The Stranger. In D. Levine (ed.), Georg Simmel. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press; pp. 143-149.

34

distancirebulobis nazavis, garkveuli xarisxi yvela

urTierTobaSi monawileobs, Tundac, yvelaze intimurSi.

socialur

35

Tavi III: socialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi cnebebi

Sesavali
am TavSi ganxiluli iqneba is fundamenturi cnebebi (konceptebi), riTac
socialuri Teoria operirebs. TiToeul konceptTan mimarTebaSi moxdeba
misi ara imdenad enciklopediuri gansazRvreba, aramed problemuri
interpretacia. es am konceptebs uTuod SesZens analitikur Rirebulebas.
Sesabamisad, mocemuli TavisTvis Tavisuflad SeiZleboda gvewodebina
socialuri Teoriis ZiriTadi problemebi.
is cnebebi, romlebic am TavSia ganxiluli, cxadia, socialuri Teoriis
sakuTreba ar aris. isini zogadad socialuri (da ara mxolod)
mecnierebebis analitikuri instrumentebia. Tumca, isic araa sadavo, rom
aRniSnul cnebebs mecnierebebisaTvis saziaro mniSvnelobebis garda,
TiToeuli maTganisaTvis specifikuri datvirTva gaaCnia. magaliTad, iseT
cnebas, rogoricaa deviacia, fsiqologia sxva ganaserSi ganixilavs,
vidre socialuri Teoria. fsiqologia deviacias fsiqikur anomaliebs
daukavSirebs, xolo sociologia _ qcevis maregulirebeli socialuri
normebis Sesustebas. Tumca, socialuri Teoriac da fsiqologiac
Tanxmdebian imaze, rom deviacia gadaxriTi qcevaa. aseve, iseTi cneba,
rogoricaa
kultura,
gansxvavebulad
interpretirdeba
sxvadasxva
mecnierebis mier. Sesabamisad, arsebobs kulturis sociologiuri,
fsiqologiuri, filosofiuri, istoriuli da a.S. interpretaciebi.
Sesabamisad, qvemoT gadmocemuli ZiriTadi kategoriebis analizs uTuod
atyvia socialuri Teoriis kvali.
ufro meti: TviT socialuri Teoriis farglebSic ki esa Tu is cneba
gansxvavebulad ganixileba imis mixedviT, Tu ra paradigmazea agebuli
esa Tu is Tvalsazrisi. magaliTad, funqcionaluri paradigmis
farglebSi struqturis kategoria koleqtiur fenomenebs aRwers rogorc
obieqturad arsebul nivTebs (socialur faqtebs), maSin rodesac,
arafunqcionaluri
paradigmis
farglebSi
struqturebi
mxolod
analitikuri modelebia, an, kidev ufro uaresi _ usargeblo kvazikonstruqciebi. qvemoT gadmocemul analizs ara aqvs pretenzia, rom
ganxiluli
kategoriebis
yvela
sociologiur
interpretacias
gaiTvaliswinebs. aq sxva principia arCeuli: gaanalizebulia is
Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic ama Tu im cnebis met-naklebad kompleqsur
suraTs iZleva, anu axdens mocemuli cnebis garSemo dagrovili
pozitiuri codnis Senaxvas da ganviTarebas. Tumca, isic naTelia, rom
SerCeuli midgomebi mainc subieqturobis, ufro zustad, inteleqtualuri
tendenciurobis velSi rCebian.
socialuri Teoriiskonceptualuri aparati sakmaod farToa. Tu maTgan
yvelaze fundamntur cnebebs SevarCevT, diapazoni mniSvnelovnad
daviwrovdeba. da mainc: qvemoT ganxiluli cnebebis CamonaTvali arc
daviwroebuli diapazonisTvisaa adekvaturi. Tumca, isini socialuri
Teoriis birTvis nawilia. es cnebebia: sazogadoeba, kultura, socialuri
struqtura, deviacia (anomia), socialuri moqmedeba.
36

$1. sazogadoeba 43
Znelia moinaxos socialuri Teoria, romelic Taviseburad ar upasuxebda
kiTxvas, ra aris sazogadoeba? sazogadoebaze refleqsia yvela
socialuri Teoriis savaldebulo amocanaa, ramdenadac isini sxvas
arafers ikvleven, Tu ara sazogadoebas da mis movlenebs. sazogadoebis
cnebis gansazRvrisas SesaZlebelia ori gza avirCioT: a) analizuri, anu
movaxdinoT sazogadoebis im niSnebis identifikacia, romelic mas sui
generis miewereba. am niSnebs adamianTa gansazRvruli erToba unda
atarebdes yvela SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas aqvs pretenzia, sazogadoebad
iwodebodes; b) sinTezuri, rodesac sazogadoebis gansazRvra xdeba imis
mixedviT, Tu ra socialur konteqstSi, garemoSi arsebobs igi. am
SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebas miewereba is niSnebi, romelic mocemul
konteqstSi (anu, realobaSi) mis arsebobas gansazRvravs. 44 am or xerxs
Soris gansxvavebis gamosaxatad SeiZleba g. zimelis terminologiasac
davesesxoT: sazogadoeba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes: a) rogorc wminda
forma, anu nimuSi da b) rogorc gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis mqone, rac
ukavSirdeba konkretul motivebs, interesebs da miznebs. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi laparakia sazogadoebis invariantul maxasiaTeblebze,
romlebic mas yvela realobaSi miewereba, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT sazogadobis am Tu im konkretul (realur)
tipze da, magaliTad, davaxasiaToT misi Sinaarsi rogorc Ria an
daxuruli,
tradiciuli
an
modernuli,
demokratiuli
an
totalitaruli, agraruli an industriuli da a.S.
sazogadoebis cnebis adekvaturi gansazRvrisaTvis umjobesia mivmarToT
mis analizur, wminda formalur daxasiaTebas. am mimarTulebiT
saintereso analizs axdens pitirim sorokini.45
sorokini iwyebs sazogadoebis yvelaze elementaruli niSnidan da
aRniSnavs, rom rodesac sazogadoebas moviazrebT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
ara erTi calkeuli erTeuli, aramed erTeulTa garkveuli simravle.
magram, cxadia, nebismier erTeulTa simravle ver iqneba sazogadoeba.
magaliTad, qvebis grova, an irmebis jogi simravlea, magram maT
sazogadoebas ver mivakuTvnebT. maSasadame, sazogadoeba specifikur
erTeulTa
simravlea.
amasTan,
es
erTeulebi
ermaneTis
mimarT
izolirebul mdgomareobaSi ki ar imyofebian, aramed uerTierTqmedeben
erTmaneTTan.
Tumca,
urTierTqmedeba
zogadad
samyarosTvisaa
43

sazogadoebis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba pitirim sorokinis Sromas zogadi

sociologia. ix. , . (1992): , , . , ; . 25-155.
44
analizuri da sinTezuri ganxilvis wesi i. kantis mier gatarebuli gansxvavebis
analogiuria. rogorc cnobilia, analizur niSnebs kanti uwodebda imaT, romlebic
sagans imanenturad, anu Sinaganad miewereba. rac Seexeba sinTezur niSnebs, maT sagani
garedan, anu gamocdilebis (cdis) safuZvelze iRebs.
45
pitirim
sorokini
(1889-1968)
_
warmoSobiT
rusi
sociologi,
romelic
bolSevikebisagan Seviwroebis gamo iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina ruseTi, sanktpeterburgis universiteti da wasuliyo emigraciaSi jer CexoslovakiaSi, xolo 1923
wlidan _ aSS-Si. sorokini saTaveSi Caudga harvardis universitetSi axlad
Camoyalibebul sociologiis departaments. igi am postze talkot parsonsma Secvala,
romelTanac sorokins xangrZlivi kamaTi da daZabuli urTierToba hqonda. sorokinis
yvelaze cnobili Sromebia: socialuri mobiloba da Tanamedrove sociologiuri
Teoriebi; socialuri da kulturuli dinamika; revoluciis sociologia da sxv.

37

damaxasiaTebeli.
amitom,
saWiroa
dazustdes,
kerZod,
ra
tipis
urTierTqmedeba xdeba im specifikur erTeulebs (urTierTqmedebis
centrebs) Soris, romlebic sazogadoebas Seadgenen? sorokini gamoyofs
sami saxis urTierTqmedebas: araorganuls, organuls da fizikurs.

araorganuli

urTierTqmedeba
fizikur
samyaroSi
mimdinareobs
materialur sxeulebs (nivTebs) Soris. organuli urTierTqmedebis
centrebi cocxali sxeulebi, anu organizmebia. rac Seexeba fsiqikur
urTierTqmedebas, isic organulia, anu, cocxal struqturebs Soris
mimdinareobs,
magram
urTierTqmedebis
centrebi
specifikuri
organizmebia. kerZod, esaa umaRlesi nervuli sistemis mqone arsebebi, anu
adamianebi.
fsiqikuri
urTierTqmedeba
socialur
samyaroSi,
anu
sazogadoebaSi
mimdinareobs.
maSasadame,
rodesac
sazogadoebaze
vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara araorganuli, an biologiuri, aramed
_ fsiqikuri urTierTqmedeba.
urTierTqmedebis TiToeul tips gansxvavebuli disciplinebi Seiswavlis:
materialur sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba fizikis da sxva fizikuri
mecnierebebis Seswavlis sagania; organul (biologiur) urTierTqmedebas
iseTi sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebi swavloben, rogoricaa biologia
da qimia. rac Seexeba fsiqikur urTierTqmedebas, masze socialuri
mecnierebebi fokusirdeba (maT Soris, sociologia).
sorokini kidev ufro detalurad ganixilavs fsiqikur urTierTqmedebas,
raTa sazogadoebis adekvaturi definicia Camoayalibos. is aanalizebs
fsiqikis Sinaarss da masSi sam dones gamoyofs: SemecnebiTs, grZnobademociurs da nebelobiTs. fsikis SemecnebiT doneze adamiani amyarebs
Teoriul mimarTebas garemomcvel samyarosTan. am mimarTebis mizania
mopovos obieqturi, anu WeSmariti codna sagnis (obieqtis) Sesaxeb.
codnis yvelaze elementaruli safexuri SegrZnebebis doneze miRebuli
informaciaa, xolo yvelaze umaRlesi _ cnebiTi codna (SegrZnebasa da
cnebas Soris aRqma da warmodgena monawileobs). SegrZnebebis doneze aq
da amJamad mocemuli sagnis elementarul niSnebs vswavlobT, xolo
cnebebis doneze sagnis arsebiTi niSnebis wvdoma xdeba. es iseTi niSnebia,
romlebic romelime konkretul sagans unikalurad ar miewereba. cneba
abstraqcias axdens sagnis individualuri niSnebisagan da ganixilavs mas
iseT
ganaserSi,
romelic
sagans
garkveuli
klasis
(gvaris)
warmomadgenlad aqcevs. cnebiTi codna SemecnebiTi moRvaweobis yvelaze
rTuli
da
saboloo
produqtia.
rac
mTavaria,
Seemmecnebel
(gnoseologiur) subieqts evaleba Semecnebis procesSi daiviwyos
sakuTari Tavi da sagani Seimecnos misi emociebisagan da grZnobebisagan
damoukideblad. fsiqikis grZnobad-emociur doneze individis ganzraxva
Semecnebisagan diametralurad gansxvavdeba. am doneze sagani ganixileba
mis mimarT simpatiis, anu emociuri damokidebulebis prizmaSi. am doneze
adamianebi raRacas iwoneben an iwuneben, uyvarT an sZulT, siaxloves
ganicdian an gaucxovdebian da a.S. adamianebi mxolod Semmecnebeli
subieqtebi ar arian; isini emociebs, gancdebs xarjaven da garemomcvel
sinamdviles subieqturad aRiqvamen. grZnobebis da gancdebis samyaro
uaRresad mravalferovania, magram, sorokinis azriT, maTi formalizeba
SesaZlebelia tkbobisa da tanjvis kontinuumis farglebSi. fsiqiks
nebelobiTi done gamoxatavs individis unars, garemomcvel sagnebTan
38

urTierToba daamyaros survilze damyarebuli arCevanis safuZvelze. am

urTierTobaSi individi Tavisufali arsebaa.
maSasadame,
fsiqikis
Sinaarsi
Sedgeba
SemecnebiTi
produqtebis,
gancdebisa
da
nebelobiTi
impulsebisagan.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros fsiqikuri urTierTqmedebis Tavisebureba.
fsiqikuri urTierTqmedeba aris umaRlesi nervuli sistemis mqone
erTeulebs (adamianebs) Soris SemecnebiTi fenomenebis (SegrZnebebis,
aRqmebis, warmodgenebisa da cnebebis), gancdebisa da nebelobiTi
impulsebis
gacvla.
Sesabamisad,
SesaZlebelia
CamovayaliboT
sazogadoebis gansazRvrebac:
sazogadoeba, sociologiuri azriT, upirveles yovlisa aRniSnavs adamianTa erTobliobas,
romlebic imyofebian urTierTobis procesSi... maT Soris yoveldRiurad warmoiqmneba
urTierTqmedebis aTasobiT procesi, romlebic fsikuri xasiaTisaa: esaa ideebis (religiuri,
mecnieruli, yoveldRiuri, mxatvruli da a.S.) gacvla, nebelobiTi impulsebis gacvla...
grZnobebis gacvla (siyvarulis, Tanagancdis, siZulvilis niadagze da a.S.). 46

am gansazRvrebaSi sorokini araorazrovnad miuTiTebs sazogadoebad

yofnis Semdeg Taviseburebaze: imisTvis, rom socialuri fenomeni Sedges,
aucilebelia ara mxolod fsiqikis Sinaarsebis arseboba, aramed maTi
gacvla. es niSnavs, rom ideebi da gancdebi, Tu isini wminda saxiTaa
mocemuli, jer kidev ar arian socialuri movlenebi. aseTebad isini
mxolod maSin iqcevian, rodesac moxdeba maTi obieqtivacia da sxvisTvis
gadacema.
obieqtivacia,
rogorc
wesi,
simboloebis
saSualebiT
xorcieldeba. maSasadame, socialur movlenas ori mxare aqvs: Sinagani
fsiqikuri da garegani simboluri. Tu romelime mxare ar arsebobs, maSin
ver Sedgeba socialuri urTierTqmedeba. interaqcia gulisxmobs swored
fsiqikuri Sinaarsebis sxvisTvis gadacemas simboloebis saSualebiT.
sorokini gamoyofs simbolizaciis oTx tips: bgeriTi (sityvebis an
musikaluri
bgerebis
saSualebiT
komunikacia),
feriTi
(ferebis
saSualebiT azrebis an emociebis gadacema), moZraobiTi (Jestebis
saSualebiT
komunikacia)
da
sagnobrivi
(nivTebis
datvirTva
sazrisebiT). sazogadoebaSi adamianebi mudmivad iyeneben simbolizaciis
romelime tips, raTa sxva adamianebTan kominikacia SesaZlebeli gaxadon.
cxadia, ama Tu im kulturiT yvelaze metad daRdasmuli bgeriTi (kerZod,
enobrivi) simbolizaciaa, xolo yvelaze universaluri _ moZraobiTi da
sagnobrivi.
sorokins mxedvelobidan ar rCeba kidev erTi aspeqti: imisaTvis, raTa
komunikacia dasruldes, anu socialuri interaqcia Sedges, aucilebelia
fsiqikuri Sinaarsebis gamaobieqtivirebeli simboloebi isev iqcnen sxva
adamianis fsiqikis kuTvnilebad. sxvanairad rom iTqvas, aucilebelia
moxdes komunikaciisas gamoyenebuli simboloebis adekvaturi aRqma sxva
adamianis mier. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, interaqcia ar Sedgeba. magaliTad,
Tu erTi adamiani meores misTvis gaugebar enaze mimarTavs, maT Soris
komunikacia ver damyardeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi axdens misi
fsiqikis
Sinaarsis
bgeriT
simbolizacias.
komunikaciisaTvis

46

, . (1992): , , . , ; . 29.

39

aucilebelia,
mniSvneloba.

rom

meore

adamians

esmodes

gamoyenebuli

sityvebis

sazogadoebis zemoaRniSnuli gansazRvreba, sorokinis azriT, muSaobs

yvela
socialuri
mecnierebisaTvis
da
aranairad
ar
gamoyofs
sociologiis specifikas.

40

$2. kultura47
2.1. kulturis definicia
socialur TeoriaSi arsebobs tendencia, romelic kulturis da
sazogadoebis cnebebs identuri mniSvnelobiT moixmars. Tuca, maT Soris
gansxvavebasac bevri sociologi atarebs. maT Sorisaa n. smelzeri. 48
kultura, misi azriT, ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis wevrTa cxovrebis wess.
am ukanasknels komponentTa mravalferovneba axasiaTebs: sxvadasxva
ritualebi _ qorwinebis ritualebi, religiuri ceremoniebi, ojaxuri
cxovreba, SromiTi saqmianoba, TviTprezentaciis stilebi, Tavisufali
drois struqturireba (sufra, garToba, dasveneba da a.S), TamaSebi da
sxva. kulturas Seadgens, agreTve, adamianis saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili
materialuri faqtebi (e. w. artefaqtebi): sacxovrebeli nagebobebi,
taZrebi, Zeglebi, wignebi, manqanebi, kompiuterebi da a.S. xSirad isini
adamians mzamzareulad xvdeba sazogadoebaSi da maT SeqmnaSi is ar
monawileobs. rac Seexeba sazogadoebas, igi gulisxmobs erTi kulturis
SigniT mcxovreb adamianTa urTierTobebis, anu interaqciebis sistemas.
kulturasas da sazogadoebas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs: verc erTi
kultura ver formirdeba sazogadoebis gareSe da, Tavis mxriv, verc
erTi sazogadoeba ver ifunqcionirebs kulturisagan damoukideblad.
kultura sazogadoebis kvlavwarmoebisa da SenarCunebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi meqanizmia. kultura adamians rogorc socialur cxovels
sTavazobs sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis orientirebs: azrovnebis, moqmedebisa
da qcevis standartebsa Tu sqemebs, romelTa gareSec adamiani qaoturi
instinqtebis
tyveobaSi
Caketili
asocialuri
arseba
iqneboda,
moklebuli TviTgamoxatvisa da komunikaciis unars.
smelzeri kulturis aseT gansazRvrebas iZleva (aqve gansazRvravs is
subkulturasac):
kulturis
elferi. is
gamoiyeneba
jgufisTvis;
qvejgufebis

Tanamedrove mecnierulma definiciam ukuagdo am cnebis aristokratiuli

axdens rwmenebis, Rirebulebebisa da gamomsaxveli saSualebebis (romlebic
xelovnebasa da literaturaSi) simbolizirebas, romlebic saerToa raime
isini awesrigeben am jgufis wevrTa gamocdilebas da aregulireben maT qcevas.
rwmenebs da Sexedulebebs xSirad subkulturas uwodeben. 49

kulturis aTviseba xdeba daswavlis gziT. cnobilia, rom adamianis

qceva, cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod nawilobrivaa ganpirobebuli
instinqtebiT. cxovelebi floben sakvebis mopovebis da sakmaod rTuli
nagebobebis konstruirebis genetikurad daprogramebul unars. maT ar
sWirdebaT moipovon codna amis Sesaxeb. es codna Cadebulia maTSi
genetikurad da Sesabamisi qceva xorcieldeba avtomaturad. marTalia,
daswavla garkveulwilad gavlenas axdens cxovelis qcevaze, magram igi
47

kulturis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba neil smelzeris saxelmZRvanelos

sociologia. ix. , . (1998): ; . ; . 40-70.
48
neil smelzeri (daibada 1930 wels) _ amerikeli sociologi, romelmac ganicada t.
parsonsis
gavlena.
Seecada
funqcionalizmis
ideebi
gaevrcelebina
istoriis
sociologiaze. misi ZiriTadi Sromaa socialuri cvlileba da industriuli revolucia.
agreTve, parsonsTan erTad Tanaavtoria wignisa ekonomika da sazogadoeba.
49
, . (1998): ; . ; . 41.

41

ZiriTadad
ganpirobebulia
instinqtiT,
romlis
safuZvelzec
SesaZlebeli xdeba cxovelis qcevis mizanSewonili koordinireba
garkveul situaciaSi. adamianuri qceva, piriqiT, yvelaze mcired
ganisazRvreba pirdapiri genetikuri kontroliT. marTalia, adamianebs
axasiaTebT refleqsebi anu avtomaturi reaqciebi stimulebze. magram
adamianuri qcevis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs operaciaTa gacilebiT
rTuli mimdevrobis Sesrulebas. magaliTad, SimSilis dakmayofileba
moiTxovs bankidan fulis gamotanas garkveuli finansuri operaciebis
xarjze, Semdeg mis gadacvlas sakveb produqtebze, romelTa garkveuli
damuSavebis Semdeg miiReba saWmelad vargisi sakvebi. am moqmedebaTa
Sesruleba SesaZlebelia daswavlis gziT. ramdenadac adamians aqvs
nebismieri tipis qcevisadmi daswavlis unari, maT SeuZliaT SeimuSavon
reaqciaTa da qcevis uamravi tipi. adamianTa cxovrebaSi kultura
mniSvnelovanwilad
imave
funqcias
asrulebs,
rasac
cxovelebSi
genetikurad daprogramebuli qceva anu instinqtebi. swored amitom
adamianis qcevas samyaros mimarT SedarebiTi Riaoba axasiaTebs. adamianis
qceva plastikuri da variaciulia, anu misi realizebis diapazoni farTo
SesaZleblobebis mqonea. aqedan gamomdinare, adamians gaaCnia unari ar
iyos Caketili (mijaWvuli) Tavis sasicocxlo garemoSi, gavides mis
farglebs gareT (trancedentirdes) da Seqmnas sazrisebis, miznebis,
mniSvnelobebisa Tu simboloebis sistemebi. am simboluri sistemebis
safuZvelze adamianis moqmedeba ganixileba rogorc orientirebuli ama
Tu im mniSvnelobaze. ufro metic, adamianebma SeiZleba uari Tqvan
TavianTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze sxva ufro mniSvneladi
Rirebulebebis gamo, rasac cxovelTa samyaroSi analogi ar gaaCnia. mag.,
religiuri mosazrebiT adamianebma SeiZleba imarxulon garkveuli drois
manZilze, Tavi Seikavon qorwinebisgan an saerTodac uari Tqvan masze.
marTalia,
adamiansac
axasiaTebs
TviTSenaxvisken
miswrafeba
da
TviTgadarCenis instinqti, magram cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT adamianebs
SeuZliaT am miswrafebasTan dapirispireba. adamianebi Segnebulad
igdeben sicocxles safrTxeSi, magaliTad, siyvarulisa an patriotuli
movaleobis gamo (omSi moxalised wasvla) da a.S.
2.2. kultura da socializacia
ramdenadac kulturis SeZena ar xdeba biologiuri gziT, yoveli Taoba
axdens mis kvlavwarmoebasa da momaval Taobaze gadacemas. es procesi
warmoadgens
socializaciis
safuZvels.
Rirebulebebis,
rwmenebis,
normebis, wesebisa Tu idealebis aTvisebis Sedegad mimdinareobs bavSvis
pirovnebis formireba da misi qcevis regulireba. socializaciis
procesis SeCereba gamoiwvevs mniSvnelovan wyvetas kulturaSi da,
SesaZloa, TviT kulturis daRupvasac.
kultura axdens sazogadoebis wevrTa pirovnebis formirebas da, amdenad,
maTi qcevis regulirebas. kultura maregulirebeli meqanizmebis
erTobliobaa, romelic moicavs moqmedebaTa sqemebs, receptebs, wesebs,
instruqciebs da a.S. yvelaferi es adamianTa qcevis marTvas emsaxureba.
kulturis gareSe adamianebi sruliad dezorientirebulni iqnebodnen.
maTi qceva sruliad umarTavi, spontanuri da emociurad mouTokavi
iqneboda, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida adamianis gamocdilebis formirebas.
swored imis gamo, rom kultura axdens adamianTa qcevis regulirebasa
42

da kontrols, z. froidi 50 saubrobs kulturis represiul bunebaze.

froidma gamoikvlia kulturasa da adamianis instinqtur sawyiss Soris
arsebuli konfliqti. xSirad kultura instinqtebis, umTavresad ki
seqsualuri da agresiuli miswrafebebis daTrgunvas cdilobs. Tumca,
maT mTlianad arasodes gamoricxavs, es SeuZlebelicaa. kultura ufro
gansazRvravs am swrafvebis dakmayofilebis pirobebs. igi akonkretebs
dros, adgilsa da im wesebs, romelTa meSveobiT SesaZlebelia maTi
realizeba.
kultura
mimarTavs
adamianis
agresiul
swrafvebs
gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebiT, magaliTad., sportSi, omis warmoebisas,
konkurenciis procesSi da a.S.
marTalia, kultura gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze, magram misi
SesaZleblobebis gazviadeba marTebuli ar iqneboda. adamianuri qcevis
marTvis SesaZleblebebi SezRudulia mravali konteqstiT. pirvel rigSi, es
SemzRudveli konteqstia adamianis biologiuri SesaZleblobebi, rac
Cadebulia misi organizmis konstituciaSi. SeuZlebelia adamianebs
vaswavloT mravalsarTulian Senobebze axtoma, Tundac sazogadoeba didad
afasebdes amgvar gmirobebs. aseve arsebobs codnis SesaZleblobebi,
romlis aTvisebac SesaZlebelia adamianuri gonebis farglebSi.

2.3. kulturaTa relatiuroba

adamianuri kulturebi TvalsaCinod mravalferovania. Rirebulebebi da
normebi farTod varirebs erTi kulturis sazRvrebSic ki da xSirad
diametralurad gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac sxva kulturaSi normad
miiCneva. rogorc smelzeri aRniSnavs, Cvil bavSvTa Segnebuli mkvleloba
dasavluri kulturebisTvis umZimes danaSaulad iTvleba, maSin roca
tradiciul Cinur kulturaSi arsebobda Rarib ojaxebSi Cvili
gogonebis
daxrCobis
tradicia.
am
tradiciis
safuZvelSi
devs
Sexeduleba, romelic Svils ganixilavs ekonomikuri Rirebulebis
mixedviT, rogorc resurss mZime sameurneo samuSaoebis SesrulebisTvis.
gogona ki, am azriT, Raribi ojaxisTvis mxolod tvirTia. es faqti
gasagebi xdeba mxolod Cinuri kulturuli Rirebulebebis konteqstSi. aq
mTavari Rirebuleba ojaxis gadarCenisTvis brZolis Rirebulebaa.
sxvadasxva kulturebis gacnoba gvarwmunebs, rom maT Soris gansxvavebebi
mravalricxovania. amdenad, Znelia im zogadi niSnebis, e.w. kulturuli
universaliebis
gansazRvra,
romelic
damaxasiaTebelia
yvela
kulturisTvis. smelzeri miuTiTebs j. merdokze, romelic gamoyofs 60-ze
met kulturul universalias: yvela kulturaSi arsebobs ena, ojaxuri
50

zigmund froidi (1856-1939) _ avstrieli ebraeli fsiqiatri da fsiqoanalizis

fuZemdebeli. idevneboda nacistebis mier, Tumca, mxolod maTi xelisuflebaSi mosvlis
Semdeg tovebs venas. fsiqoanalizma... didi gavlena moaxdina socialur Teoriaze da
Tanamedrove
sociologiaze.
froidis
centraluri
aRmoCenebi
_
aracnobieri,
seqsualuri represia, oidiposis kompleqsi da sxv. _ sociologebis mier gamoyenebuli
iqna imisaTvis, raTa gaeanalizebinaT selfi da adamianis subieqturoba, genderi da
seqsualoba, ojaxi da socializacia, ena da ideologia, iseve rogorc kulturuli
identobebis formireba da politikuri batonobis formebi (Antony Elliot: Psychoanalitic Social
Theory. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press, 2005; p. 175).
froidis ZiriTadi Sromebia: sizmrebis interpretacia (1902), siamovnebis principis
miRma (1920), erTi iluziis momavali (1927), civilizacia da misi sirTuleebi (1930).

43

sistemis garkveuli forma, romlis normebi da Rirebulebebi bavSvebze

zrunvas
ukavSirdeba, qorwinebis
instituti, damarxvis
ritualebi,
sakuTrebis ufleba. yvela kulturaSi ama Tu im formiT arsebobs incestis
akrZalva _ seqsualuri kavSiri sisxliT naTesavebs Soris. anTropologebi
CamoTvlian mraval aseT universalur elements: samkaulebi, TamaSebi,
saCuqrebis Cuqebis Cveuleba, xumrobebi, sporti, cekva da a.S da mainc,
kulturuli universalia bevrad mcirea, radgan yovel kategoriaSi uamravi
variacia arsebobs. mag., incestis akrZalvas Tu aviRebT, incestis gageba
bevr kulturaSi sakmaod gansxvavdeba. yvelaze xSirad incestad miiCneva
seqsualuri urTierTobebi erTi ojaxis wevrebs Soris. magram bevr
kulturaSi akrZalva vrceldeba meore Taobis naTesavebzec, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, erTi gvaris mqone adamianebzec.
2.4. kulturis Semadgeneli elementebi
smelzeri gadmoscems uord gudenaus Tvalsazriss, romelic kulturis
oTx elements gamoyofs:
pirveli elementia cnebebi (konceptebi), romlebic enis Semadgeneli
nawilia. cnebebi (zogadad, ena) axdens kulturuli gamocdilebis
kondensirebas, Senaxvas. swored amitom, sxvadasxva enis da maTi
Semadgeneli konceptebis analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva
kulturaze gasvla da maTi specifikis dasabuTeba.
kulturis meore elementia urTierTobebi. adamianebi ara mxolod
cnebebSi aqceven TavianT kulturul gamocdilebas, aramed am cnebebs
Soris urTierTobebs da kavSirebs gansazRvraven. es urTierTobebi
SeiZleba iyos kauzaluri (mizezobrivi), miznobrivi, Tanaarsebobis
gamomxatveli da sxv. cnebaTa Soris urTierTobis xasiaTis safuZvelzec
SesaZlebelia kulturaTa wakiTxva.
mesame elementia Rirebulebebi. isini abstraqtuli ideebia, romlebisken
swrafvac fiqsirdeba ama Tu im kulturaSi. sxvanairad rom iTqvas,
Rirebulebebi kulturulad aRiarebuli anu institucionaluri miznebia,
romlis miRwevasac sazogadoebis wevrebi cdiloben.
meoTxe elementia normebi. imisaTvis, raTa Rirebulebebma realurad
imuSaon,
saWiroa
maTi
normebad
Targmna.
nebismieri
normis
safuZvelSi kulturulad aRiarebuli Rirebuleba devs. xSirad normebs
ama Tu im Rirebulebis realizebis saSualebebsac uwodeben. isini
ganixileba rogorc socialuri cxovrebis regulaciebi, romlebic erTi
kulturis SigniT adamianTa Soris sxvadasxva (samarTlebriv, saqmian,
pirovnul Tu genderul) urTierTobas awesrigebs. amrigad, normaTa
sistemebi socialuri cxovrebis organizebis wesebia. am wesebis
Sesruleba da dacva sazogadoebaSi mosalodnelia. maSasadame, normebi
sociumSi institucionalurad dadgenil molodinTa erTobliobas
Seesabameba. normebTan dakavSirebulia sanqciaTa (sasjeli an jildo)
sistemebis arseboba. sanqciebis saSualebiT normebi funqcionirebadi anu
qmediTi xdeba. sanqciebi ori tipisaa: 1. pozitiuri, jildos saxiT,
romlis
funqciaa
kulturuli
Rirebulebebis
gaZliereba
da
kvlavwarmoeba da 2. negatiuri, sasjelis saxiT,
romlis funqciaa
normasTan dakavSirebul akrZalvis amoqmedeba.
44

$3. socialuri struqtura 51

3.1. socialuri struqturis definicia
Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic socialuri struqturis cnebis garSemo
arsebobs, SesaZlebelia or jgufad dalagdes. rogorc e. kodua
aRniSnavs: sakiTxi ismis ... socialuri struqtura obieqturi realobaa,
romelzedac Semecnebis procesSi vaxdenT refleqsias, Tu is subieqturi
warmonaqmnia, Semecnebis saSualebaa, iqneb sulac Semecnebis procesSi
Seqmnili realobaa. 52
ufro gavrcelebuli da gaziarebulia is Tvalsazrisi, romelic
socialur struqturas subieqtur, analitikur kategoriad miiCnevs. amave
azrisaa k. levi-strosi. 53 igi miuTiTebs socialuri struqturis cnebis
bundovanebaze da mohyavs krioberis sityvebi: nebismieri tipiuri

pirovneba SesaZloa ganixilebodes misi struqturis TvalsazrisiT,

arada, aseve SesaZloa ganixilebodes nebismieri organizmic, nebismieri
sazogadoeba, yvela kultura, kristalebi da manqanebi. yvelafers, Tuki
is amorfuli ar aris, gaaCnia struqtura. amrigad, termini struqtura
raime axlis aRmoCena ki ar aris, ubralod, pikanturi sanelebelia.
ZiriTadi principi, romelsac levi-strosi icavs, isaa, rom socialuri
struqturis cneba ganekuTvneba ara empiriul moRvaweobas, aramed
empiriuli moRvaweobis msgavsad agebul models. swored amaSi poulobs
is gansxvavebas socialuri struqturisa da socialuri urTierTobis
cnebebs Soris. socialuri urTierTobebi ZiriTadi masalaa im modelebis
asagebad, romelTa saSualebiTac unda gamovlindes Tavad socialuri
struqtura.
socialuri struqtura ar unda gavaigivoT im socialur
urTierTobebTan, romlebzec xdeba dakvirveba.
maSasadame, levi-strosis azriT, struqtura analitikuri kategoriaa,
empiriuli moqmedebis msgavsad agebuli Teoriuli modelia. magram,
nebismieri modeli ar "imsaxurebs" struqturis kvalifikacias. imisaTvis,
rom modelebs struqturis saxeli daerqvas, levi-strosis azriT,
aucilebelia 4 pirobis Sesruleba:
1. pirvel rigSi, struqtura aris garkveuli sistema, Semdgari iseTi
elementebisagan, roca erT-erTi maTganis Secvla yvela danarCenis
Secvlas iwvevs.
2. nebismieri modeli SeiZleba Seicvalos (gardaisaxos), magram
Seesabamebodes erTi da imave modelis tips. ase rom, am
gardasaxvaTa simravle ar arRvevs modelebis tipologizacias.
51

socialuri struqturis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba klod levi-strosis

Sromas struqturis cneba eTnologiaSi. ix. -, . (1985): ,
; . 245-86.
52
kodua, e. (1998): sociologia. nakveTi I, Tbilisi, Tsu; gv 95-6.
53
klod levi-strosi (daibada 1908 wels) _
frangi anTropologi da sociologi.
struqturalizmis warmomadgeneli, romelic iziarebda sosiuris struqturuli
lingvistikis
principebs.
misi
ZiriTadi
Sromebia:
naTesaobis
elementaruli
struqturebi (1949), Tristes Tropiques (1955), struqturuli anTropologia (1958), The
Savage Mind (1966), miTologebi (1964-71).

45

3.

4.

zemoaRniSnuli Tviseba saSualebas iZleva gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu

ragvari reagireba eqneba models misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli
elementis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
modeli imgvarad unda iyos agebuli, rom misi gamoyeneba moicavdes
yvela dasakvirvebel movlenas.

levi-strosi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs modelebis asagebad saWiro

movlenaTa dakvirvebas da Tavad modelebze Catarebul eqseriments.
eqsperimentSi
igulisxmeba
im
meTodebis
erToblioba,
romelTa
saSualebiTac irkveva, Tu rogor reagirebs mocemuli modeli sxvadasxva
cvlilebaze da xdeba sxvadasxva tipis modelebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba.
dakvirvebisas ZiriTad, Tu ara erTaderT, wesad miCneulia dakvirvebis
sizuste da yvela faqtis aRwera. amave dros, ar aris daSvebuli faqtTa
bunebisa da mniSvnelobis damaxinjeba.

3.2. struqturaTa klasifikacia

struqturis saxiT arsebuli modelebi, frangi sociologis azriT,
SeiZleba iyos gacnobierebuli da gaucnobierebeli im donis mixedviT,
romelzec isini funqcionireben. movlenaTa jgufi struqturul analizs
ufro kargad emorCileba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sazogadoebas ar
gaaCnia maTi axsnisa da dasabuTebis cnobieri modeli. struqtura,
romelic gaucnobierebelia, ufro SesaZlebels xdis modelis arsebobas,
romelic, rogorc Sirma, gamohyofs am struqturas koleqtiuri
azrovnebisagan. gacnobierebuli modelebi (maT, rogorc wesi, normebs
uwodeben) yvelaze Raribia, ramdenadac maTi funqciaa rwmenisa da
Cveulebebis dafuZneba da ara maTi safuZvlebis axsna.
levi-strosi ganasxvavebs, agreTve, meqanikur da statistikur modelebs. es
gansxvaveba vlindeba maSin, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT modelTa skalasa da
movlenaTa skalas. models, romlis Semadgeneli elementebi miekuTvneba
movlenaTa skalas, meqanikuri ewodeba, xolo statistikuri is modelia,
romlis elementebi Tavad movlenis skalisagan gansxvavdeba. magaliTad
SeiZleba davasaxeloT saqorwino wesebi. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli es wesebi SeiZleba warmovadginoT modelebad, romlebic
gamoxatavs individTa faqtobriv dajgufebas naTesaobebisa da klanebis
mixedviT. es meqanikuri modelebia. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi SeuZlebelia
amgvari modeli moviSvelioT, radgan qorwinebis sxvadasxva tipi aq
damokidebulia ufro zogad faqtorebze: pirveladi da meoradi jgufebis
sidideze, romlebsac miekuTvneba wyvilebi, sxvadasxva socialur fenaTa
dinebaze, informaciis raodenobaze da sxv. Sesabamis models statistikuri
xasiaTi eqneboda.
SesaZloa moviyvanoT sxva, magaliTad, TviTmkvlelobis magaliTi. misi
gaanalizeba ori TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba. calkeuli SemTxvevebis
analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs avagoT TviTmkvlelobis meqanikuri modeli.
aseTi modeli dainteresdeba msxverplis pirovnebis tipiT, misi
individualuri istoriiT, pirveladi da meoradi jgufebis (romlebsac
Tavad
miekuTvneboda)
TvisebebiT
da
sxv.
Tumca,
SeiZleba
TviTmkvlelobis
statistikuri
modelis
agebac.
aseTi
modeli
46

dafuZnebulia
romeliRac
mocemul
periodSi
erT
an
ramdenime
sazogadoebaSi, agreTve, sxvadasxva tipis pirvelad da meorad jgufebSi
TviTmkvlelobis analizze. statistikuri modeli validuri iqneboda: a)
TviTmkvlelobis
ramdenime
formisaTvis;
Bb)
sxvadasxva
sazogadoebisaTvis da g) socialur movlenaTa sxvadasxva tipisaTvis.
sociologia imiT gansxvavdeba eTnografiisa da istoriisagan, rom Tu es
ukanasknelni kavdebian masalebis SekrebiTa da sistematizaciiiT,
sociologia ufro dakavebulia modelebis SeswavliT, romlebic
agebulia am monacemebis safuZvelze da maTive daxmarebiT.

47

$4. socialuri moqmedeba

4.1. qceva, moqmedeba, socialuri moqmedeba
socialuri moqmedebis kategoria erT-erTi fundamenturia socialuri
TeoriisaTvis. maqs veberi socialur moqmedebas sociologiis sagnadac
ki acxadebs. 54 miRebulia, rom gatardes gansxvaveba sam cnebas _ qceva,
moqmedeba, socialuri moqmedeba _ Soris. miuTiTeben, rom moqmedeba
qcevaa, oRond ara nebismieri, aramed, mxolod gansazRvruli xasiaTis
qceva. aseve, socialuri moqmedebac moqmedebis gvarSi Sedis, oRond misi
specifikuri saxea. yvela SemTxvevaSi saWiroa pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas: ra
kriteriumis
safuZvelze
xdeba
amgvari
gansxvavebebis
gatareba?
SesaZlebelia,
gamovyoT
ramdenime
Tvalsazrisi,
romlebic
amis
naTelyofas axdens.
pirveli yvelaze seriozuli mcdeloba, am TvalsazrisiT, ekuTvnis
vebers. igi qcevasa da moqmedebas Soris wyalgamyofad miiCnevs
subieqturi
sazrisis
flobis
faqtors. 55
adamianis
moqmedebis
specifikas veberi ukavSirebs swored subieqturi sazrisis (mniSvnelobis)
qonas.
adamianebi
TavianT
qcevaSi
gansazRvrul
mniSvnelobebs,
racionalurs an emociurs, deben. amasTan, SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT
sazrisis or tipze: a) empiriul sazrisze, romelic ukavSirdeba
realurad moqmedi aqtoris mier qcevaSi nagulisxmev mniSvnelobas
konkretul
istoriul
situaciaSi
da
b)
sazrisis
Teoriulad
konstruirebul wminda tipze, romelic ara realurad, aramed
hipoTeturad moqmed subiqts ukavSirdeba. esaa e.w. idealuri tipi,
rogorc
analitikuri
konstruqcia,
romelic
veberTan
realobis
SemecnebisTvis, kerZod, idealurTan misi SedarebisTvis gamoiyeneba. 56
mniSvnelobis
(realuri
an
idealuri)
matarebeli
moqmedebisagan
gansxvavebulia qceva, romelic usazrisoa. es niSnavs, rom igi
gamRizianebelze avtomatur reaqcias warmoadgens. usazrisod qcevis
yvelaze meti riski, veberis Tanaxmad, aqvs afeqtur da tradiciul
moqmedebebs. isini SeiZleba gavidnen gasazrisianebuli moqmedebis
farglebs gareT da, Sesabamisad, dakargon moqmedebis kvalifikacia.
talkot parsonsma kidev ufro gamoadiferencira moqmedebis komponentebi,
daukavSira ra igi mizans (saganTa momaval mdgomareobas), empiriul
situacias da am situaciaSi aqtoris normatiul orientacias.
saintereso Tvalsazriss aviTarebs am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove
ingliseli sociologi jon elsteri. Tumca, es Tvalsazrisi, ZiriTadad,
veberis da parsonsis TeoriebiT aris nasazrdoebi. kerZod, qcevasa da
moqmedebas Soris gansxvavebis mTavar kriteriumad igi intencionalobis
kategorias iyenebs da moiTxovs, rom erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT
, . (1990): , : . , .
, ; . 602-3.
55
iqve.
56
veberis Tvalsazrisi idealuri tipebis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad ganxilulia me-4
Tavis $1-Si.
54

48

intencionaluri da araintencionaluri qcevebi. 57 am gansxvavebis

Tanaxmad, moqmedeba ganixileba rogorc intencionaluri qceva. Ara aris
am gansxvavebis arsi? intencionaluria qceva, romelic sruldeba
imisaTvis, raTa miRweul iqnes gansazRvruli mizani. aseTi qceva
aucileblad ukavSirdeba momavals. moqmedebis intencionalur axsnas
mimarTaven maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia miTiTeba movlenaTa momaval
mdgomareobaze, risi miRwevac sasurvelia. aseTi moqmedeba imarTeba
miznis safuZvelze, romelic ar arsebobs rogorc faqti, jerjerobiT
ararealuria da arsebobs mxolod warmosaxvis da warmodgenis doneze.
j. elsteriAmiuTiTebs intencionaluri qcevis kidev erT specifikaze:
rodesac gvsurs avxsnaT qcevis modeli misi grZelvadiani pozitiuri
Sedegebis safuZvelze, viTvaliswinebT ra agreTve mis moklevadian
negatiur
Sedegebs,
Cven
impliciturad
vvaraudobT
cnobieri
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi agentis arsebobas. cnobiereba SeiZleba
ganisazRvros, rogorc reprezentaciis saSualeba, rogorc individis
unari, ganaviTaros pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri strategiebi da ipovos
gamosavali
Tvisebrivad
axali
situaciebidan.
amrigad,
intencia
yovelTvis cnobieria, aracnobieri intenciis cneba alogikuria. cxadia,
es ar niSnavs, rom aracnobiers araviTari datvirTva ara aqvs. piriqiT,
misi mniSvneloba ueWveli xdeba, Tu aracnobiers ganvsazRvravT rogorc
meqanizms, romelmac siamovnebaTa labirinTebSi unda gagvarkvios. magram,
absurdia, aracnobieri warmovidginoT rogorc unari, romelic uSualod
xelmZRvanelobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis process da mizan-saSualebaTa
mixedviT moqmedebas.
moqmedebasa da qcevas Soris zemoaRniSnul gansxvavebas eTanxmeba erTerT Tanamedrove sociologiur leqsikonSi 58 mocemuli definicia,
romelic moqmedebas ganixilavs, rogorc qcevis specifikur saxes. qceva,
zogadad, ukavSirdeba iseT movlenebs, romlebSic individebi arian
CarTulni da romlebic SeiZleba iyos, an arc iyos, ganzraxuli da
dagegmili. amdenad, qcevas SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva wyaro
emociebiT
da
instinqtebiT
dawyebuli,
racionalur
azrovnebiT
damTavrebuli. ar aris aucilebeli, rom qceva yvela SemTxvevaSi
Seicavdes cnobierad dagegmil mizans. qcevis is SemTxveva, romelic
dakavSirebulia cnobierad dagegmil mizanTan da intencionalobasTan,
aris swored moqmedeba. Sesabamisad, moqmedeba ganisazRvreba rogorc
mizandasaxuli
qceva,
instinqturi
qcevis
sapirispirod,
rodesac
moqmedeba gauazrebelia da avtomaturad xorcieldeba.
qcevasa da moqmedebas Soris gansxvavebis naTelyofis Semdeg, dgeba
sakiTxi moqmedebasa da socialur moqmedebas Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb.
ufro zustad rom iTqvas, sakiTxi exeba moqmedebis socialurobis
kriteriums. saqme isaa, rom yvela socialuri moqmedeba, zogadad,
moqmedebis gvarSi erTiandeba, magram ara piriqiT moqmedebis mxolod
specifikuri saxe CaiTvleba socialurad. raSi mdgomareobs es specifika?
misi naTelyofa saTaves isev veberis naazrevidan iRebs. veberi sagangebod
aanalizebs aRniSnul problemas da daaskvnis, rom moqmedeba mxolod
57
58

Elster, Jon (1983): Explaining Technical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; pp. 69-70.
Lawson, T. and Garrod, J. (1996): The complete A-Z Sociology Handbook. Hodder & Stoughton; pp. 2, 18.

49

maSin xdeba socialuri, rodesac igi, subieqturi mniSvnelobidan

gamomdinare, Seefardeba sxva adamianis (adamianebis) moqmedebas da
orientirdeba
masze. 59
maSasadame,
moqmedebis
socialurobisTvis
aucilebelia sxvaze orientacia, Tumca, ara nebismieri, aramed cnobieri
(sazrisis mqone) orientacia.
sxvaze mimarTuli yvela moqmedeba rodia sazrisis matarebeli da,
Sesabamisad,
socialuri
xasiaTis.
veberi
aanalizebs
sazRvriT
situaciebs, rodesac moqmedebis sxvaze orientacia ar aris sakmarisi
misi socialurad CaTvlisTvis:

garegani moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia fizikur nivTze

(materialur saganze) ar aris socialuri moqmedebis identuri;
socialuri moqmedebis identuri ar aris arc Sinagani moqmedeba,
romelic sakuTar Tavze orientirdeba (mag., rodesac individi
loculobs martoobaSi, an rodesac is misdevs meurneobas mxolod
sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, es araa socialuri xasiaTis);
ori adamianis iseTi urTierTqmedeba, romelic atarebs wminda
reaqtiul, maSinalur xasiaTs, aseve ar CaiTvleba socialurad (mag.,
ori velosipedistis SemTxveviTi Sejaxeba ar scildeba bunebrivi
movlenis farglebs. magram Tu Sejaxebas aqvs mizanimarTuli
xasiaTi, an Tu individebi mizanmimarTulad cdiloben aicilon
Sejaxeba da misgan gamowveuli yvela uaryofiTi Sedegi, maSin es
ukve socialuria);
adamianTa erTgvarovani moqmedeba ar aris socialuri moqmedebis
identuri (Tu, magaliTad, individebi wvimis dros qolgebs Slian,
es mxolod reaqciaa gare gamRizianebelze da ara orientacia
erTmaneTis moqmedebaze; Tumca, Tu individi Segnebulad Slis
qolgas imisaTvis, rom partniori daicvas wvimisagan, aseTi
moqmedeba ukve socialuri xasiaTs atarebs).
socialuri ar aris arc iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ganpirobebulia
individis masaSi arsebobiT, anu masobriobis zegavleniT. masaSi
arseboba (masis wevrad yofna) SesaZlebelia rogorc uSualod, ise
gaSualebulad (mag., teleauditoriis wevrad yofna). saqme isaa, rom
masaSi, marTalia, xdeba sxvaze orientacia, magram amas ara aqvs
sazrisiseuli xasiaTi, anu amgvari orientacia yvelaze naklebadaa
individis Tavisufali da cnobieri arCevaniT dadasturebuli.
masaSi individi kargavs pirovnulobas, igi iTqvifeba masSi da
xdeba iseTi rogorc yvela danarCeni. masaSi moqmedi kanoni
aiZulebs individs iqces upirobod morCil arsebad. es ki mis
moqmedebas arTmevs socialurobas. amave tipisaa, magaliTad,
mibaZvis is SemTxvevebi, rodesac mibaZvis procesi ar atarebs
gacnobierebul da ganzraxul xasiaTs da wmindad reaqtiulad
xorcieldeba. aseTi mibaZva ar SeiZleba iyos socialuri moqmedebis
identuri.

59

, . (1990): , : . , .
, ; . 603.

50

sxva adamianis qcevaze orientacia, veberis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba atarebdes

racionalur da emociur sazrisebs. Tu racionaluri sazrisis mqone
moqmedeba yvela SesaZlo Sedegs iTvaliswinebs, maSin saqme gvaqvs mizanracionalur moqmedebasTan. xolo, Tu moqmedebis racionaluri mizania
Rirebulebis realizacia (damatebiTi Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe),
maSin saxezea RirebulebiT-racionaluri moqmedeba. sxva mxriv, Tu sxvaze
mimarTuli qceva emociuri mniSvnelobiTaa datvirTuli, maSin laparakia
afeqtur moqmedebaze. Tumca, rogorc aRiniSna, afeqturi moqmedeba
socialurobis zRvarze imyofeba, ramdenadac SeiZleba gasazrisianebuli
moqmedebis farglebs gascdes. 60
veberis Tvalsazriss inarCunebs sociologiis leqsikonSi mocemuli
ganmartebac,
romlis
Tanaxmad,
socialur
moqmedebis
arsebobas
ganapirobebs sxvaTa arseboba, igi Tavis TavSi moicavs sxvaTa qcevis
gagebas da interpretacias. amrigad, socialuri moqmedeba, pirdapir Tu
arapirdapir, Seicavs interaqcias. pirdapiri (uSualo) formis magaliTad
SeiZleba
davasaxeloT
saubari
sxvasTan.
arapirdapi
socialuri
moqmedebis magaliTia igive sityvebis werilis saxiT dawera, raTa igi
Semdeg sxvam waikiTxos. amrigad, aRniSnuli ganmartebac moqmedebis
socialurobis kriteriumad miiCnevs sxvaze orientacias, Tanac,
gagebasa da interpretaciaze dafuZnebuls. 61

60
61

veberis socialuri moqmedebis tipebis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad ixileT me-4 Tavis $1-Si.
Lawson, T. and Garrod, J. (1996): The complete A-Z Sociology Handbook. Hodder & Stoughton; p. 252.

51

$5. deviacia (anomia) 62

5.1. deviaciis (anomiis) definicia
deviaciis problemis mimarT socialuri Teoriis fundamenturi interesis
specifika isaa, rom is cdilobs ganaxorcielos deviaciis sociologiuri
analizi da ar Caanacvlos igi fsiqologiuri an biologiuri
interpretaciiT. es niSnavs, rom socialuri Teoria fokusirdeba
deviaciis socialuri safuZvlebis kvlevaze. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc aseTi
kvleva ganaxorciela emil diurkemia. mniSvnelovani wvlili deviaciis
problemis sociologiur analizSi r. mertons 63 miuZRvis.
rogorc mertoni aRniSnavs, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda tendencia,
rom negatiuri procesebi sazogadoebaSi aexsnaT arasakmarisi socialuri
kontroliT adamianis Zlier biologiur impulsebze. am Tvalsazrisis
Tanaxmad, dasawyisSi arseboben adamianis biologiuri impulsebi,
romlebic sruli gamoxatvisken iswrafvian. Semdeg Cndeba socialuri
wesi am impulsebis marTvis aparatis saxiT, raTa gaauvnebelyos
socialuri daZabulobebi. mertons arc deviaciis fsiqologiuri analizi
akmayofilebs,
romlis
Tanaxmadac
devianturi
qcevis
safuZveli
fsiqikuri anomaliaa. gadaxriTi qcevis zogierTi forma fsiqologiurad
iseTive normaluria, rogorc regulaciebis Sesabamisi qcevis formebi.
deviaciis biologiuri an fsiqologiuri axsna veranairad ver auqmebs
kiTxvas: ratomaa sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gadaxriTi qcevis sixSire da
forma gansxvavebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi sociologiuri aspeqtebis
Semotanas moiTxovs. mTavari amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, raTa gavigoT,

Tu rogor ubiZgebs socialuri struqtura sazogadoebis zogierT wevrs

regulaciebis Seusabamo qcevisken.
socialuri da kulturuli struqturebis mraval elements Soris
mertoni gamoyofs or gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan - elements. isini
gansxvavdebian analitikurad, Tumca, mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli
konkretul situaciebSi. pirveli elementia gansazRvruli kulturuli
miznebi rogorc kanonieri miznebi mTeli sazogadoebisTvis, an misi
calkeuli fenisTvis. amdenad, arsebobs swrafva maT misaRwevad.64
62 deviaciis cnebis analizi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba robert mertonis Sromas: socialuri

Teoria da socialuri struqtura. ix. Merton, Robert (1968): Social Theory and Social Structure. New
York: Free Press.
aseTi arCevani ganapiroba iman, rom mertonis koncefcia garkveulwilad inaxavs da
aviTarebs am cnebis analizis garSemo socialur TeoriaSi arsebul gamocdilebas (aq,
pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba emil diurkemis mier anomiis analizi).
63
, ., . . ., 1992, 2,3,4.
64 rogorc mertoni wers, amerikul kulturaSi, magaliTad, damkvidrebulia fuladi
warmatebis miRwevis mizani. fuli es aris maRali mdgomareobis, prestiJis simbolo.
fuladi warmatebis xarisxi ganusazRvrelia (amerikelebs surT qondeT Tundac 25%iT meti, vidre maT aqvT). ojaxi, skola da samsaxuri pirovnebis struqturis da
amerikelTa miznebis formirebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi uzrunvelyofen intensiur
aRmzrdelobiT zemoqmedebas am TvalsazrisiT. skola warmoadgens gabatonebuli
Rirebulebebis gadacemis oficialur saSualebas. igi iyenebs didi raodenobiT
saxelmZRvaneloebs,
romlebic
Riad
amtkiceben,
rom
ganaTlebas
mivyavarT

52

kulturuli struqturis meore elementia kulturaSi aqcentirebuli

miznebis miRwevis socialurad misaRebi, anu instituciuri normebi.
sazogadoebis
aRniSnuli
ori
elementis
urTierTmimarTebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mertoni iZleva deviaciis (gadaxriTi qcevis) ganmartebas:
gadaxriTi qceva, sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc
uTanxmoeba kulturiT gansazRvrul miznebsa da maTi realizaciis socialurad daSvebul,
instituciur saSualebebs Soris. 65

arc
erTi
sazogadoeba
ar
arsebobs
misi
wevrebis
qcevebis
maregulirebeli normebis gareSe. Tumca, sazogadoebebi arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba am normebis (institucionaluri wesebis) gaTvaliswinebis
xarisxis mixedviT. rodesac sustdeba qcevis instituciuri xerxebi,
sazogadoeba
xdeba
arastabiluri,
daSlili,
uunaro
moaxdinos
urTierTobaTa regulacia. masSi viTardeba movlena, romelsac diurkemma
anomia (anu unormoba) uwoda.
SeiZleba
moviyvanoT
trivialuri
magaliTi
_
anomia
sportul
SejibrebebSi,
rodesac
gamarjvebisken
svlis
gzebi
ar
aris
instutuciurad ganmtkicebuli da warmateba ganixileba rogorc mogeba
TamaSSi, vidre mogeba TamaSis wesebis mixedviT. am SemTxvevaSi
gamarjvebas
aRweven
arakanonieri,
Tumca,
teqnikurad
efeqturi
saSualebebis (mag., dopingis) gamoyenebiT. miznis aqcentirebis Sedegad,
mkveTrad mcirdeba SejibrebaSi ubralo monawileobiT miRebuli
siamovneba. sportuli konkurencia mikro ilustraciaa socialuri
makrokosmosis.
miznis
gandideba
warmoSobs
demoralizacias,
e.i.
saSualebaTa deinstitucionalizacias. am ukanasknels adgili aqvs
nebismier jgufSi, sadac socialuri struqturis ori komponentis
(miznisa da instituciuri normebis) integracia ar aris maRali.

5.2. sazogadoebaSi individTa Seguebis tipebi

kulturuli miznebi da instituciuri normebi, romlebic erToblivad
qmnian qcevis gabatonebul formebs, ar arian erTmaneTTan ucvlel
urTierTobebSi. gansazRvruli miznebis kulturuli aqcentireba icvleba
instituciur saSualebaTa aqcentirebis xarisxisagan damoukideblad.
miznebisa da saSualebebis gansxvavebuli kombinacia sazogadoebaSi
individTa
Seguebis
sxvadasxva
tips
qmnis.
mertoni
gamoyofs
sazogadoebaSi
individebis Seguebis xuT tips, romelic sqematurad
warmodgenilia cxrilSi (ix. cxrili):

inteligenturobasTan - maSasadame, karg samuSaosTan da fulad warmatebasTan. amrigad,

amerikul kulturaSi miRebulia Semdegi sami aqsioma: 1. yvelam unda ibrZolos maRali
miznebis misaRwevad; 2. dRevandeli warumatebloba sxva araferia, Tu ara Sualeduri
punqti sruli warmatebis gzaze; 3. namdvili warumatebloba mdgomareobs mxolod
pretenziaTa SemcirebaSi, anda maTze uaris TqmaSi.
65
, ., . . ., 1992, 2, . 120.

53

Seguebis formebi

kulturiT gansazRvruli
miznebi

instituciuri saSualebebi

1, konformuloba
+
+
2. inovacia
+
3. ritualizmi
+
4.retritizmi
5. amboxi
+_
+_
SeniSvna: + niSnavs miRebas (gaziarebas), _ uaryofas, xolo + _ gabatonebuli
miznebis/instituciuri normebis uaryofas da maT Secvlas axliT.

ganvixiloT Seguebis TiToeuli tipi cal-calke:

1. konformuloba: rac ufro didia sazogadoebis stabilurobis xarisxi,
miT ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli Seguebis es tipi Sesabamisoba
rogorc
kulturul
miznebTan,
aseve
instituciur
saSualebebTan.
sxvagvarad
SeuZlebeli
iqneboda
sazogadoebis
stabilurobis
da
memkvidreobiTobis SenarCuneba. socialuri wesrigi efuZneba sazogadoebis
wevrTa sasurvel qcevas, romelic Seesabameba kulturis nimuSebs. swored
ZiriTad kulturul Rirebulebebze qcevis sayovelTao orientaciis
Sedegad SeiZleba laparaki adamianTa erTobaze, rogorc sazogadoebaze.
2.
inovacia:
Seguebis
am
formas
iwvevs
kulturuli
miznebis
mniSvnelovani aqcentireba da instituciurad akrZaluli, Tumca,
teqnikurad efeqturi saSualebebis gamoyeneba maT misaRwevad. aseTi
reaqcia
warmoiSoba
maSin,
rodesac
individma
moaxdina
miznis
aqcentirebasTan asimilacia im instituciuri normebis tolZalovani
aTvisebis gareSe, romlebic aregulireben am miznis miRwevis gzebs. am
hipoTeturad polarul SemTxvevaSi, daSvebulia qcevis nebismieri xerxi,
romelic gvpirdeba aqcentirebuli miznis miRwevas. inovacia deviaciis
klasikuri formaa, romelic miuTiTebs sustad integrirebuli kulturis
arsebobaze. aseT kulturaSi, sadac Rirebulebebis sistema ganadidebs
warmatebul miznebs (romlebic saerToa mosaxleobisTvis) da, amasTan,
socialuri struqtura mkacrad zRudavs (an sruliad ketavs) misasvlels
am miznebis misaRwev daSvebul xerxebTan es iwvevs gadaxriTi qcevis
masStabebis gazrdas.
SedarebiT Zlieri miswrafeba gadaxriTi qcevisken aqvT dabal socialur
stratebs (fenebs). dabali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebs kultura
uyenebs erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebel moTxovnebs. magaliTad, erTi mxriv,
isini TavianTi qcevis orientacias axdenen did simdidreze. meore mxriv
ki, mniSvnelovnad moklebulni arian SesaZleblobas miaRwion mas
kanonieri gziT. am struqturul SeuTavseblobas mivyavarT gadaxriTi
qcevis maRal xarisxTan. fulad warmatebaze kulturul aqcentirebasa da
SezRudul SesaZleblobebs Soris winaaRmdegobis msxverplni yovelTvis
ver acnobiereben TavianTi warumateblobis struqturul wyaroebs. is,
vinc mis wyaros socialur struqturaSi xedavs, SeiZleba gaucxovdes
misgan. am SemTxvevaSi, mosalodnelia, gaCndes Seguebis mexuTe forma
amboxi. Tumca, rogorc wesi, umravlesoba Tavis problemebs xsnis ufro
mistikuri, vidre
socialuri mizezebiT. kerZod, yvelaferi aixsneba
bednieri SemTxvevis, gamarTlebis faqtorebis moqmedebiT.
am Teoriuli analizis safuZvelze cdilobs mertoni axsnas danaSaulsa da siRaribes
Soris cvalebadi urTierToba. siRaribe ar aris izolirebuli cvladi, aramed

54

CarTulia urTierTdakavSirebul socialur da kulturul maCvenebelTa sistemaSi.

mxolod siRaribe da misi Tanmdevi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi ar aris sakmarisi
imisTvis, raTa danaSaulis mniSvnelovani done gamoiwvios. magram danaSaulis maRali
xarisxi Cveulebriv movlenad iqceva, rodesac siRaribe da gaWirveba sazogadoebis
wevrebis mier aRiarebuli kulturuli RirebulebebisTvis brZolaSi uerTdeba fulad
warmatebaze kulturul aqcentirebas, rogorc dominirebul mizans. mxolod cvladTa
mTeli kompleqsis (siRaribe, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi da kulturuli miznebi)
ganxilvisas
iqmneba
safuZveli
avxsnaT
siRaribesa
da
danaSauls
Soris
urTierTkavSiri (mertons mxedvelobaSi amerikuli sazogadoeba aqvs).

3. ritualizmi: Seguebis es tipi gulisxmobs warmatebis maRali miznebis

mitovebas (an daviwyebas). Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli
moTxovna ecade, warmatebas miaRwio am samyaroSi _ uariyofa,
grZeldeba
instituciuri
normebis
TiTqmis
upirobo
dacva.
am
SemTxvevaSi, ritualur mniSvnelobas iZens erTguleba instituciurad
dawesebuli qcevisadmi. aseT pirobebSi dabalia axali pirobebisadmi
Seguebadoba. viTardeba tradiciebze dafuZnebuli wminda sazogadoeba,
romelsac axasiaTebs siaxlisadmi SiSi neofobia.
Seguebis es tipi, zogadad, ar warmoadgens socialur
miuxedavad imisa, rom ritualisturi qceva, principSi, ar
gadaxriTad, igi warmoadgens kulturuli etalonisagan
romelic sazogadoebis wevrebs avaldebulebs, imoZraon
ierarqiaSi win da maRla.

problemas.
CaiTvleba
gadaxvevas,
socialur

socialuri ritualizmis Sinagani filosofia gamoixateba kulturaSi

arsebuli Semdegi gamoTqmebiT: me vcdilob, Tavi ar wamovyo, me
frTxilad vTamaSob, ar daisaxoT maRali miznebi ar iqneba
imedgacruebac. did gegmebs da pretenziebs moaqvs imedgacrueba da
safrTxe, xolo mcires kmayofileba da simSvide. aseTi mdgomareoba
damaxasiaTebelia muSisTvis, romelic SeSinebuli imiT, rom samsaxuridan
daiTxoven, Tavisi Sromis mwarmoeblurobas yinavs gansazRvrul arc
zrdad da arc klebad doneze. es aris im individis Seguebis tipi,
romelic iswrafvis gaeqces warumateblobis risks ZiriTad kulturul
miznebze uaris Tqmis meSveobiT da im rutinuli wesrigisadmi
erTgulebiT, romlebic usafrTxoebis garantias iZleva.
mertonis
mixedviT,
ritualistebi
upiratesad
saSualo
klasis
warmomadgenlebi arian. am klasisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri disciplina,
romelic amZafrebs moraluri sasjelis gancdas da amcirebs inovaciis
mosalodnelobas.
4. retritizmi: retritizmi socialuri struqturis orive elementis _
kulturuli
miznebisa
da
instituciuri
saSualebebis
uaryofaa.
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, retritistebi warmoadgenen namdvil
ucxoebs. isini imyofebian sazogadoebaSi, Tumca, mkacri azriT, arc
ekuTvnian
mas,
ramdenadac
ar
iziareben
saerTo
RirebulebiT
orientaciebs, ganudgebian realobas da iketebian TavianT Sinagan
samyaroSi. moxetialeni, mawanwalebi, gamogdebulebi, alkoholikebi da
narkomanebi _ tipiuri retritistebia, romlebmac, erTi mxriv, uari Tqves
kulturis mier dawesebul miznebze, xolo, meore mxriv, maTi qceva ar
Seesabameba instituciur normebs.
55

mertoni aanalizebs retritizmis socialur-struqturul wyaroebs da

askvnis, rom Seguebis es tipi warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac individi
mTlianad iTvisebs, iwonebs da maRal Sefasebas aZlevs rogorc
kulturul miznebs, aseve maTi miRwevis instituciur meTodebs, magram
misTvis xelmisawvdomi instituciuri saSualebebiT warmatebas ver
aRwevs. saxezea ormagi konfliqti: moraluri valdebuleba imisa, rom
gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod instituciuri saSualebebi ewinaaRmdegeba
garegan iZulebas mivmarToT akrZalul, magram efeqtur saSualebebs. es
konfliqti grZeldeba manamde, vidre jer kidev ar aris uaryofili
mizan-warmatebis umaRlesi Rirebuleba. konfliqti gadaiWreba orive
elementis rogorc miznebis, aseve saSualebebis _ ukugdebis gziT.
retritizmi Seguebis ufro individualuri tipia, vidre koleqtiuri.
5.
amboxi:
esaa
koleqtiuri
Seguebis
tipi.
mas
adamianebi
arsebulisocialuri struqturebis sazRvrebs gareT gahyavs da ubiZgebs
maT Seqmnan axali, e.i Zalze saxeSecvlili socialuri struqtura.
amboxi gulisxmobs gabatonebuli miznebisagan da standartebisgan
gaucxoebas. isini CaTvlilia wminda TviTnebur konstruqtebad, xolo
maTi pretenzia kanonierebaze usafuZvlod, ramdenadac rogorc miznebi,
aseve standartebi, savsebiT SesaZlebelia sxvagvari yofiliyo.
amboxi, mertonis azriT, unda ganvasxvavoT Seguebis sxva tipisagan,
romelic garegnulad Zalze emsgavseba mas. esaa resentimenta
(ressentimenta). resentimenta warmoadgens urTierTobis tips, romelsac ar
sdevs Rirebulebebis sruli gadafaseba. Tu amboxis SemTxvevaSi,
sasurveli, magram miuRwevadi, arsebiTad wyvets arsebobas rogorc
Rirebuli, resentimenta, piriqiT, ar moiTxovs namdvil RirebulebiT
cvlilebebs. misi moTxovnebi mxolod fasadur, kvazi-transformaciebSi
gamoixateba.
mertoni analogias atarebs meliisa da yurZnis igavTan. am igavSi melia ar ambobs, rom
man saerTod dakarga tkbili yurZnis mimarT survili. is mxolod amtkicebs, rom
swored es gansakuTrebuli yurZeni ar aris tkbili. es resentimentas SemTxvevaa. melia
meamboxe advilad ambobs uars mwife yurZnis mimarT Tavis siyvarulze. Tu
resentimentas SemTxvevaSi dagmobilia is, rac farulad isurveba, amboxis SemTxvevaSi.
dagmobilia survili TavisTavad.

amboxi warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac arsebuli sistema kanonierad

aRiarebul mizanTa miRwevis gzaze dabrkolebad iqceva. amboxSi, rogorc
organizebul politikur moRvaweobaSi monawileobisTvis, aucilebelia
ara mxolod gabatonebuli socialuri struqturis erTgulebaze uaris
Tqma, aramed axali miTis Seqmna. miTis funqciaa miuTiTos masobrivi
imedgacruebis
socialur-struqturul
safuZvlebze
da
gamoxatos
alternatiuli struqtura, romelic aRar gamoiwvevs imedgacruebas. am
TvalsazrisiT, gasagebi xdeba konservatorebis kontrmiTis daniSnuleba.
kontrmiTis mixedviT, masobriv gulgatexilobaTa wyaro ar unda
davinaxoT arsebul sazogadoebriv wyobaSi. imedgacrueba TviTon saganTa
bunebaSia da damaxasiTebelia nebismieri socialuri sistemisTvis. amas
garda, konservatorul miTs ukmayofileba socialuri struquridan
individze gadaaqvs, rogorc uiRbloze: yoveli adamiani sinamdvileSi
iRebs imas, rac daebedeba.
56

Tavi

IV.

subieqtze/agentze

orientirebuli

socialuri

Teoriebi

(veberis interpretaciuli sociologia, garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia)

Sesavali
subieqtze (agentze, aqtorze) orientirebuli socialuri Teoriebi eqceva
im
paradigmis
farglebSi,
rasac
aqtori/struqturis
dixotomiis
paradigmad moixsenieben. aRniSnuli dualizmis safuZvelze, socialuri
Teoriebis
klasifikacia
SesaZlebelia
or
zogad
jgufad:
makroTeoriebad
da
mikroTeoriebad.
socialuri Teoriis
sfero,
66
ZiriTadad, swored am ori tipis Teoriebs Sorisaa ganawilebuli.

makroTeoriebi aqcents svamen koleqtiur fenomenebze _ socialur

struqturebsa da sistemebze, romlebic aqtoris mimarT distanciuria
(garemdebarea) da maiZulebeli zemoqmedebis mqone. 67 mikroTeoriebi,
piriqiT, aqcents svamen agentze (aqtorze) da mis saqmianobaze.
mikroTeoriebis
farglebSi
tradicias gaarCeven:

socialuri

Teoriis

mkvlevrebi

or

1. erTia interpretaciuli sociologia, anu interpretivizmi. es

tradicia yvela im midgomis aRmniSvnelia, romlebic gamokveTs
soacialuri
samyaros
moqmedebebsa
da
institutebSi
mocemuli
subieqturi sazrisebis mniSvnelovnebas. is, kerZod, ukavSirdeba maqs
veberisa da georg zimelis meTodologiur ideebs da maT gavlenas
momdevno Taobis mecnierebze. interpretaciuli midgoma, agreTve, moicavs
imas, rac cnobilia alfred Siutcis (Alfred Schutz) fenomenologiuri
sociologiis da codnis sociologiis midgomebis saxiT, romlebic
iseT moazrovneebs ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa karl manheimi (Karl Mannheim),
piter bergeri (Peter Berger) da tomas lukmani (Thomas Luckmann). 68
2. meore tradiciaa interaqcionizmi, anu simboluri interaqcionizmi,
romelsac safuZveli 1930-ian wlebSi Cauyara amerikulma Cikagos
skolam, iseTi warmomadgenlebis saxiT, rogoricaa jorj herbert midi
(George Herbert Mead) da herbert blumeri (Herbert Blumer). 69 amave tradiciaSi
eqceva
sxva
amerikelebis
_
erving
gofmanis
(Erving Goffman)
dramaturgiuli Teoria da harold garfinkelis (Harold Garfinkel)
eTnomeTodologia.

66

Tumca, uaxlesi sociologiuri azrovneba amJRavnebs miswrafebas, rom gadailaxos

dualizmi _ mikro/makro, moRvaweoba/struqtura da ganxorcieldes maT Soris sinTezi,
raTa sazogadoebis mecnieruli suraTi analitikuri kompleqsurobis farglebSi
moeqces. amis mcdelobas warmoadgens pier burdies Teoria praqtikis logikis Sesaxeb,
entoni
gidensis
struqturaciis
Teoria,
margaret
arCeris
(Margaret Archer)
morfogenezis Teoria da sxv. (burdies da gidensis Tvalsazrisebi ganxiluli iqneba
me-6 TavSi).
67
makroTeoriebis arsi ufro detalurad ganxiluli iqneba me-5 TavSi.
68
Outhwaite, William (2005): Interpretivism and Interactionism. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin
Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 110.
69
simboluri interaqcionizmis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT: iago kaWkaWiSvili (2001):
socialuri moqmedebis Teoriebi. Tbilisi, mecniereba. Tavi V.

57

marTalia, es es ori tradicia garkveul aspeqtebSi erTmaneTisagan

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, magram maT saziaroc imdeni aqvT, rom
SesaZlebelia monaTesave midgomebad (kerZod, mikroTeoriul midgomebad)
ganxilva da erT arxSi moTavseba. kargad wers erT-erTi Tanamedrove
mkvlevari: analizis es ori tradicia erTad jgufdeba... ramdenime
urTierTdakavSirebuli sakiTxis garSemo, romlebic orientirdeba
interpretaciis, moqmedebis, interaqciis, codnis, mniSvnelobis da enis
cnebebze. 70 maSasadame, orive tradicia aRiarebs, rom mTavari isaa, Tu
rogor moqmedeben individebi da rogor ageben isini maT garSemo
socialur samyaros. es mSenebloba sterilur struqturebs ki ara,
aqtorebis subieqtur mniSvnelobebs eyrdnoba. maT Sesabamisad warmarTavs
individi Tavis moqmedebas mizanTa sarealizaciod, erTveba socialur
urTierTobebSi
da
iTvisebs
socialur
rolebs,
rogorc
am
urTierTobebis Sedegs. socialuri Teoriis analizis masalas swored
subieqturi
mniSvnelobebi
warmoadgens,
romlebic
CarTulia
interaqciaTa fluidur mimdinareobaSi. aseTi midgoma gulgrilia
socialuri struqturebis analizis mimarT. isini araTu ar ganixileba
rogorc aqtorTa moqmedebis madeterminirebeli faqtorebi, aramed, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, saerTod ugulebelyofilia.
agentze orientirebuli Teoriebis zemoaRniSnuli ori tradiciidan
ganxiluli iqneba ori nimuSi: maqs veberis interpretaciuli sociologia
da harold garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia. 71

70

Outhwaite, William (2005): Interpretivism and Interactionism. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin
Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 111.
71
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi mkvlevari eTnomeTodologias ar ganixilavs
ara mxolod makrosociologiis, aramed, mikrosociologiis nawiladac. ase fiqrobs,
magaliTad,
r.
hilberti.
misi
azriT,
eTnomeTodologia
gadis
mikro/makro
dapirispirebis miRma da ikvlevs socialur moqmedebebs, romlebic arian rogorc
mikrostruqturebis, ise makrostruqturebis (agreTve, nebismieri am or sferos Soris
dasaSvebi kavSiris) Seqmnis meTodebi (Hilbert, Richard A. (1990): Ethnomethodology and the MicroMacro Order. American Sociological Review 55:794-808; p. 794).

58

$1. maqs veberis interpretaciuli sociologia

biografiuli cnobebi:
maqs veberi (Max Weber) daibada germaniaSi, qalaq erfurtSi, 1864 wlis 21 aprils. mis
ojaxSi mama cnobili iyo rogorc avtoritaruli pirovneba, xolo deda _ kalvinisturi
religiis Tavgadakluli mimdevari. veberma ganaTleba haidelbergis, berlinisa da
gotingenis uiversitetebSi miiRo da mcire xniT armiaSic msaxurobda.
1893 wels veberma droebiTi pozicia moipova berlinis universitetSi, ramac mas pirveli
damoukidebeli Semosavali da imis SesaZlebloba moutana, rom daetovebina saxli da
daqorwinebuliyo. ori wlis Semdeg, 1895 wels, misi SesaniSnavi samecniero reputaciis
gamo, igi xdeba politikuri ekonomiis profesori fraiburgis universitetSi. erTi wlis
Semdeg igi imave pozicias ikavebs haidelbergis universitetSi. 1898 wels, erTwliani
ojaxuri krizisis Semdeg, vebers nervuli aSlilobis gamo klinikaSi aTavseben.
hospitalizacia garkveuli periodulobiT grZeldeba 1903 wlamde. am xuTwlian
periodSi
igi
Tavs
anebebs
akademiur
saqmianobas.
normaluri
cxovrebis
dabrunebisTanave, veberi muSaobas iwyebs rogorc Tanaredaqtori Jurnalisa Archiv fr
Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, romelic imdroindel germaniaSi wamyvani Jurnali xdeba
socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi.
1904 wels veberi mogzaurobs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
sadac kiTxulobs
leqciebs Temebze, romlebic mogvianebiT safuZvlad daedeba mis cnobil naSroms
protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli (1905). pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisas
igi mxars uWerda germaniis miznebs da moxalisedac ki wavida armiaSi. magam, 1915 wels
veberi icvlis pozicias da xdeba pacifisti. omis Semdeg veberma monawileoba miiRo
vaimaris respublikis konstituciis daweraSi da daarsa germaniis demokratiuli partia.
Tumca, TandaTan igi CamoSorda politikur asparezs. 1919 wels veberi iniSneba
erovnuli ekonomikis profesorad miunxenis universitetSi. am qalaqSi gardaicvala igi
1920 wlis 14 ivniss filtvis infeqciiT.
maqs veberis ZiriTadi Sromebi:
protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli (1904-5);
politika rogorc xeloba (1919);
mecniereba rogorc xeloba (1919);
ekonomika da sazogadoeba (1920-2).

maqs veberi socialur mecnierebaTa bevri sferos fuZemdebeli an

SemoqmedebiTad ganmaviTarebelia. misi memkvidreobidan am naSromSi
ganxilulia ramdenime sakvanZo sakiTxi:
axsna da gageba;
socialuri
moqmedebis
cneba
da
tipologia;
socialuri
urTierToba;
racionalobis koncefcia da racionalobis tipebi;
idealuri tipebi Teoria;
religiis sociologia (protestantuli eTikisa da kapitalizmis
kavSiri).

59

1.1. axsna da gageba

veberis
socialuri
Teoria
organulad
jdeba
hermenevtikul
tradiciaSi, romelsac safuZveli germaniaSi, veberis winamorbed vilhelm
dilTais filosofiur TeoriaSi, Caeyara. veberi mihyveba dilTais xazs,
rodesac adamians ganixilavs rogorc interpretaciul cxovels. es
niSnavs, rom individebi garemoSi arseboben ara rogorc neitraluri
sxeulebi, aramed isini mniSvnelobas (sazriss) aniWeben realobas, anu
axdenen
mis
interpretacias.
mxolod
am
azriT
SeuZliaT
maT
realobasTan urTierToba (komunikacia) da adaptacia. am konteqstSi
Semoaqvs vebers gagebis (verstehen) cneba, romelic aRniSnavs process,
rodesac xdeba im mentaluri procesebis wvdoma, romlebic individebma
TavianT moqmedebebSi Cades, gansakuTrebiT iseT moqmedebebSi, romlebic
sxvazea orientirebuli (aseT moqmedebas veberi socialurs uwodebs,
razec
qvemoT
iqneba
saubari).
socialuri
fenomenebis
gageba
SesaZlebelia mxolod maTSi monawile individebis mentaluri procesebis
(subieqturi
sazrisebis)
wvdomiT.
swored
amaSi
mdgomareobs
meTodologiuri individualizmis arsi, romelsac farTod iyeneben
kulturis Semswavleli mecnierebebi.
veberi acxadebs, rom moqmedebebi SeiZleba gansxvavebul sazrisebs
atarebdes da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebul doneze xdebodes maTi gageba.
arsebobs moqmedebis racionaluri da emociuri (araracionaluri)
mniSvnelobebi. racionaluri sazrisis wvdoma moqmedebis gagebis
logikur-maTematikur sicxades aRwevs, xolo, emociuri sazrisis wvdoma
- gagebis emociur da mxatvrulad receptul sicxades. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi gagebas uzrunvelyofs individis logikuri azrovnebis
unari, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi - Tanagancdis, mgrZnobelobis unari.
rodesac, magaliTad, msurs gavigo im mentaluri procesebis mniSvneloba,
romliTac adamiani logikur daskvnas agebs, am SemTxvevaSi, am
SemTxvevaSi mivmarTav gonebas (racios), romelic uzrunvelyofs
daskvnis WeSmaritebis adekvatur wvdomas. magram, Tu minda adanianis
religiuri aqtebis sazrisebs vwvde, am SemTxvevaSi, qmediT daxmarebas
ver gamiwevs inteleqti, aramed gageba miiRweva Tanagancdis meSveobiT
(morwmune adamianis qcevas verasodes gaigebs adekvaturad aTeisti).
gagebisagan gansxvavebul amocanas warmoadgens socialuri fenomenebis
axsna. es ukanaskneli mimarTulia movlenaTa mizezebis gamorkvevaze.
magaliTad, rodesac adamiani SeSas Cexavs, misi moqmedebis gageba
gulisxmobs moqmedebis mniSvnelobis (sazrisis) wvdomas, anu pasuxs
kiTxvaze: ra aris misi moqmedeba? Tumca, gansxvavebuli amocanaa
adamianis amgvari moqmedebis mizezebis gamorkveva ratom iqveva adamiani
ase: gaTbobisaTvis masalas imaragebs, gasamrjelos iRebs, erToba Tu
raime sxva motivacia amoZravebs? maSasadame, axsna ar warmoadgens gagebis
alternativas, orives erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli funqcia gaaCnia.
Tumca, isic cxadia, rom axsna gagebisagan damoukideblad ar miiRweva.
amitom veberi zogjer moqmedebis axsnas mis motivaciur gagebas
uwodebs. veberis mier sociologiis gansazRvrebac swored amas
iTvaliswinebs:

60

sociologia aris mecniereba, romelic mowodebulia interpretaciulad gaigos

adamianis moqmedeba imisaTvis, raTa miaRwios misi mimdinareobisa da Sedegebis
mizezobriv axsnas. 72

axsnisa da gagebis TanamSromlobas sxva datvirTvac aqvs: subieqturi

wesiT, anu gagebis safuZvelze miRebuli codna safuZvlad edeba
socialuri moqmedebis Teoriuli modelebis Camoyalibebas (maT veberi
idealur tipebs uwodebs). es Teoriuli modelebi ki, Tavis mxriv,
gamoiyeneba moqmedebis realuri kursis analizisTvis (axsnisTvis), am
ukanasknelis
Teoriul
modelTan
Sedarebis
gziT (amaze ufro
dawvilebiT qvemoT iqneba saubari).
aq xazi unda gaesvas erT garemoebas: miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi
interpretaciuli sociologiis da meTodologiuri individualizmis
warmomadgenelia,
xolo
interpretaciuli
procesebi
yovelTvis
calkeuli individebis TavebSi mimdinareobs, es ar niSnavs, rom veberi
uaryofs
koleqtiurobis,
saerTo
interesebis,
qcevis
modelebis
(nimuSebis, paternebis) arsebobas. individebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTar
praqtikebs aTavseben erTmaneTTan. ase iqmneba individTa simravlisgan
koleqtiuroba, saerTi interesebi, romlebic erTobliv moqmedebebs
ganapirobebs da a.S. es e.w. statusuri jgufebis Camoyalibebis
safuZvelicaa.

1.2. socialuri moqmedeba da socialuri urTierToba

veberis Tanaxmad, adamianis moqmedeba sociologiisaTvis mxolod imdenad
aris mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac igi SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros empiriul
analizs. individis moqmedebas veberi gansazRvravs, rogorc qcevas,
romelsac
aqtori
an
aqtorebi
ukavSireben
subieqtur
sazriss
(mniSvnelobas). Sesabamisad, sociologias (rogorc empiriul mecnierebas)
ar SeiZleba ainteresebdes moqmedebis obieqturad mniSvneladi an
metafizikuri mniSvneloba.
ra niSani unda miematos adamianuri moqmedebis am gansazRvrebas, raTa
moqmedeba CaiTvalos socialurad? ai, ras wers veberi:
socialur moqmedebas vuwodeb aqtoris qcevas, romelic masSi nagulisxmevi subieqturi
mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, Seefardeba sxva aqtorTa qcevebs da orientirdeba maTze. 73

am gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare, socialur moqmedebad ar CaiTvleba: a)

garegani moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia nivTobrivi obieqtebis
qcevaze;
b)
individis
Sinagani
moqmedeba,
Tu
igi
mxolod
TviTorientacias, anu sakuTar TavTan mimarTebas gulisxmobs; g) ori
adamianis
urTierTqmedeba,
romelic
mniSvnelobis
mqone,
anu
gasazrisianebul orientacias ar warmoadgens (mag., wminda reaqtiuli
, . (1990): , : . , .
, ; . 602.
73
, . (1990): , : . , .
, ; . 603.
72

61

urTierTqmedeba); d) mravali adamianis erTgvarovani qceva, romelic

motivirebulia ara
sxvaTa qcevaze orientaciiT, aramed gare
(arasubieqturi) gamRizianeblisagan TavdacviT; e) iseTi moqmedeba,
romelic
sruldeba
adamianTa
jgufebis,
masis
zegavlenis
qveS
(masobriobiT ganpirobebuli moqmedeba);Bv) mibaZviTi moqmedebis is
SemTxveva, romelic reaqtiuli xasiaTisaa, anda, SesaZloa, cnobier
Sinaarss atarebs, Tumca, sxvaTa qcevaze orientaciis gareSe. 74
veberi iZleva socialuri moqmedebebis klasifikacias, romelic oTxi
tipis moqmedebas moicavs (klasifikaciis kriteriumad gamoyenebulia
moqmedebis racionalobis xarisxi): 1. mizan-racionaluri moqmedeba,
rodesac individi orientirebulia mizanze da mis misaRwevad iyenebs
gare samyaros nivTebis da sxva adamianTa qcevebs (qcevis molodinebs),
rogorc miznis miRwevis saSualebebs. am dros aqtori yovelTvis
iTvaliswinebs imas, Tu ra damatebiTi (meorexarisxovani) Sedegebi moyveba
miznis ganxorcielebas; 2. RirebulebiT-racionaluri moqmedeba, romelic
dafuZnebulia TviTkmari Rirebulebebis (religiuri, eTikuri, esTetikuri
da sxva) upirobo rwmenaze. am dros aqtori racionalurad iRwvis
Rirebulebis realizaciisaTvis. Tumca, socialuri moqmedebis es tipi
SefardebiTad racionaluria, ramdenadac igi mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs
moqmedebis
meorexarisxovan
Sedegebs.
RirebulebiT-racionaluri
moqmedeba antiutilitaristulia - individi moqmedebs Rirebulebebis da
ara praqtikuli saWiroebebis Sesabamisad. 3-4. afeqturi da tradiciuli
moqmedebebi, romlebic, mkacri azriT, arc warmoadgens socialurs,
ramdenadac imyofebian gasazrisianebuli moqmedebebis zRvarze da xSirad
zRvars miRmac. afeqturi moqmedeba ganisazRvreba rogorc individis
emociuri mdgomareobiT ganpirobebuli, xolo tradiciuli moqmedeba
warmoadgens xangrZliv Cvevaze dafuZnebul qcevas. afeqturi da
tradiciuli moqmedebebi araracionaluri subieqturi sazrisis mqonea,
Tumca, araaucileblad - iracionaluri mniSvnelobis mqonec. am
ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi
isini
usazriso
moqmedebebad
iqcevian,
Sesabamisad, kargaven socialurobis statuss.
socialuri moqmedebis oTxive tipi idealuri tipebia. isini wminda
saxiT
realobaSi
ar
arsebobs,
aramed
warmoadgens
Teoriul
konstruqciebs,
romelic
gamoiyeneba
SemecnebiTi
(analitikuri)
miznebisaTvis. kerZod, maT safuZvelze SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes
realuri moqmedebebis analizi idealur tipebTan maTi Sesabamisobis an
maTgan gadaxris xarisxis gansazRvriT.
socialur urTierTobas veberi gansazRvravs, rogorc ramdenime aqtoris
moqmedebaTa
urTierTorientacias,
am
moqmedebebSi
nagulisxmevi
subieqturi mniSvnelobebidan gamomdinare. socialuri urTierToba
arsebobs maSin, rodesac masSi monawile TiToeuli wevri mxedvelobaSi
iRebs sxvaTa qcevas. sociologias socialur urTierTobaTa empiriulad
mravlferovani Sinaarsis Seswavla unda ainteresebdes da ara misi
normatiulad swori, anda metafizikurad WeSmariti mniSvnelobis
kvleva.

74

amis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad ix. me-3 Tavis $5-Si.

62

socialuri urTierToba obieqturad calmxrivia maSin, rodesac

moqmedebaTa
urTierTorientacia,
amave
dros,
ar
warmoadgens
urTierTgagebas, anu ar miiRweva sazrisTa erTgvarovneba. piriqiT, maSin,
roca
urTierTorientaciis
procesSi
partniorTa
ganwyobebi
da
molodinebi Tanxvdeba, aseTi urTierToba obieqturad ormxrivs
warmoadgens. obieqturad calmxrivi urTierTobis dros arsebobos
subieqturi molodini imisa, rom ganwyoba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
erTi mxarisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli iqneba misi partniorisTvisac.
socialuri urTierToba ar Sedgeba, Tu ar arsebobs aseTi subieqturi
molodinic ki.
socialuri urTierTobis Sinaarsi, Tu igi droSi xangrZlivi aRmoCnda,
yalibdeba supra-individualur
normebad, romelTa dacvasac yvelaze
metad moelian, xolo garkveul SemTxvevebSi, moiTxoveba kidec, anu
savaldebuloa. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac socialuri urTierToba CvevaSi
gadaizrdeba, saqme gvaqvs zne-CveulebasTan. adaTi iseTi zne-Cveulebaa,
romelic moqmedebaTa gacilebiT xangrZliv ganmeorebadobas moicavs da,
amasTan, ganpirobebulia saerTo interesebiT (interesTa konstelacia).
rogorc zne-Cveulebebi, ise adaTebi, veberis Tanaxmad, ar arian
mniSvneladi socialuri urTierTobebi. es niSnavs, rom isini aravisagan
moiTxoven maT dacvas da Seicaven normebs, romlebic sruldeba
valdebulebis SegrZnebis gareSe. maTgan gansxvavebiT, legitimuri
wesrigi
iseT
maqsimebze
orientirebul
socialur
urTierTobas
warmoadgens, romelTa dacva savaldebuloa. es niSnavs, rom legitimuri
wesrigi ~mniSvneladia - igi ZalaSia maSinac ki, rodesac mas arRveven. am
tipis wesrigis dacvaze monitorings uzrunvelyofs administraciuli
sistema, romelsac individze zemoqmedebis gansxvavebuli instituciuri
berketebi aqvs.

1.3. racionalobis koncefcia

racionalobis qveS veberi gulisxmobs im fenomens, rodesac socialur
moRvaweobaSi aqtorebi gamiznulad eZieben yvelaze efeqtur saSualebebs
miznebis misaRwevad, cdiloben miaRwion maTi moRvaweobis Sedegebis
maqsimalur winaswarmetyvelebas. sasurveli miznebis misaRwevad yvelaze
efeqturi saSualebebis kalkulacia gulgrilia Tavad am miznebis
saboloo
eTikuri
mniSvnelobebis
mimarT.
veberis
mixedviT,
modernulobis
yvelaze
arsebiTi
niSani
swored
racionalobaSi
mdgomareobs. socialuri cxovrebis gansxvavebuli sferoebi (politika,
ekonomika, mecniereba, samarTali, xelovneba, TviT erotkuli cxovrebac
ki)
ganicdis
sistematur
racionalizacias.
miznis
misaRwevi
instrumentebis
teqnikuri
efeqturoba,
mogebisken
swrafva
da
administrireba
TandaTan ikavebs religiis, miTis da metafizikis (an
metafizikuri moralis) adgils Tanamedrove samyaroSi. mecniereba,
politika da ekonomika konfliqtSia religiasTan, xolo erotikuli
cxovreba _ moralTan. socialuri cxovrebis yvela sfero iwyebs
avtonomiur ganviTarebas da sakuTari validurobis dadasturebas.

63

racionalobas, veberis mixedviT, sxvadasxva doneebi da formebi aqvs.

pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa gamoikveTos gansxvaveba obieqtur da subieqtur
racionalobas Soris. subieqturi racionaloba exeba aqtorTa mentalur
procesebs, romlebic CarTulia moqmedebis gagebaSi. igi mxedvelobaSi
iRebs
ganzraxul
(cnobier)
moqmedebebs
da
orientirebulia
saSualebebze, romlebic subieqtis mier koreqtulad CaiTvleba mocemuli
miznisaTvis. rac Seexeba obieqtur racionalobas, igi orientirdeba
supra-individualur,
instituciur
normebze
da
maT
Sesabamis
moqmedebebze, romlebic socialuri legitimuri wesrigis wyaros
warmoadgens.
mentalur procesebs ori konteqsti aqvs: logikur-maTematikuri gageba da
empaTikuri
gageba.
pirveli
subieqturi
racionalobis
predikats
warmoadgens, xolo meore - subieqturi araracionalobis. aRniSnul
konteqstebsa da socialuri moqmedebis formebs Soris arsebobs
korelacia: mizan-racionaluri da RirebulebiT-racionaluri moqmedebebi
subieqturi racionalobis korelaturia, xolo, tradiciuli da afeqturi
moqmedebebi - subieqturi araracionalobis.
A
veberi ganixilavs obieqtur racionalobis oTx formas:
a) konceptualuri (Teoriuli, inteleqtualuri) racionaloba. mis qveS
veberi gulisxmobs nebismier abstraqtul kognitur process, romelic
realobis marTvas axorcielebs abstraqtuli cnebebis agebis gziT (da
ara uSualod moqmedebaze zewoliT). igi warmoadgens kognitur
konfrontacias adamianis realur gamocdilebasTan iseTi azrovnebiTi
procesebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa logikuri deduqcia da induqcia,
mizezobriobis miwera, simboluri mniSvnelobebis Fformacia da sxv.
b) instrumentaluri (praqtikuli) racionaloba. es tipi adamianis
moRvaweobas (activity) ganixilavs wminda pragmatul da egoistur
interesebTan mimarTebaSi. igi warmoadgens mocemuli praqtikuli miznis
meTodur ganxorcielebas adekvaturi - teqnikurad efeqturi da operatiuli - saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. instrumentalur racionalobas
ainteresebs moqmedebis modelebi, ganxiluli ara TviTkmar RirebulebaTa
sistemis, aramed utilitaruli poziciebidan.
g) substanciuri (TviTmyofadi) racionaloba. igi dakavSirebulia
SefasebiT standartebTan. racionalobis es forma ayalibebs validur
wesebs da kriteriumebs, romlebic moicavs eTikur imperativebs
(idealebs),
Sefasebis
esTetikur
kriteriumebs,
samarTlebriv
da
politikur maqsimebs da a.S. maT safuZvelze SeirCeva, gaizomeba da
Sefasdeba empiriul movlenaTa erToblioba. substanciuri racionalobis
mier moqmedebis daqvemdebareba gansazRvruli etalonebisadmi ar
warmoadgens ubralod mizan-saSualebaTa gamoTvlas rigiTi rutinuli
problemebis gadasaWrelad, aramed - realobis marTvas RirebulebiT
postulatTan mimarTebaSi, romelic moicavs siRrmiT, Sinagani simtkiciT
da SinaarsiT gansxvavebul RirebulebaTa nakrebs.
d) formaluri racionaloba. es tipi ayalibebs abstraqtul procedurebs
(wesebs) cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, raTa minimumamde daiyvanos
pirovnuli kavSirebis da sazogadoebrivi Tvalsazrisebis gavlena da
maqsimalurad gazardos qmedebebis gaTvlis SesaZlebloba. igi socialur
64

moqmedebebs da urTierTobebs aqcevs kalkulirebadi wesrigis farglebSi.

formalur racionalobas ara aqvs interciviluri xasiaTi, igi
ifargleba mxolod industrializaciis epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
cxovrebis
sferoebiT
da
Zalauflebis
struqturebiT.
marTalia,
formaluri
racionaloba,
praqtikuli
racionalobis
msgavsad,
orientirdeba
kalkulirebad
moqmedebaze,
magramMTu
praqtikuli
racionaloba yovelTvis amodis pragmatuli kerZo interesebidan,
formaluri racionaloba mizan-saSualebaTa racionalur gamoTvlas
axdens universalurad gamoyenebadi wesebis, kanonebis Tu normebis
safuZvelze. aseTi gamoTvlis Sesabamisad gadawyvetilebebi miiReba
pirovnebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebis gareSe 75. moqmedebis orientacia
formalur wesebze da kanonebze uaryofs nebismier TviTnebobas,
ramdenadac saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs individis personalur Tvisebebs.
veberi
formaluri
racionalobis
gamokveTil
indikatorad
biurokratiul Zalauflebas miiCnevs.
obieqturi racionalobis oTxive formas gaaCnia Tavisi korelati
subieqturi racionalobis formebs Soris. kerZod, logikur-maTematikuri
gageba Seesabameba konceptualur racionalobas; mizan-racionaluri
orientacia
TanxmobaSia
instrumentalur
racionalobasTan;
RirebulebiT-racionaluri
orientaciis
dublikatia
substanciuri
racionaloba; miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi ar iZleva termins im
subieqturi orientaciis aRsaniSnad, romelic formaluri orientaciis
paraleluri iqneba, igi xSirad aRwers aqtorTa mentalur tendencias,
rom maregulirebeli normebis SeTvisebiT daicvan abstraqtuli da
upirovno wesrigi.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, obieqturi racionalobis instrumentaluri,
substanciuri da formaluri tipebi uSualo, xolo konceptualuri tipi
- gaSualebul SexebaSia socialur moqmedebasTan. kerZod,
a) instrumentaluri racionaloba uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis normebis
teqnikur efeqturobas. igi warmoadgens mizan-racionaluri moqmedebis
gansaxorcieleblad adamianTa unarebis manifestacias.
b) substanciuri racionaloba uzrunvelyofs moqmedebaTa motivaciur
erTianobas, cdilobs
ra
dauqvemdebaros
moqmedeba
gansazRvrul
TviTkmar Rirebulebebs.
g) formaluri racionaloba axdens moqmedebebis dagegmvas da maTi
momavali msvlelobis gaTvlas.
d) konceptualur racionaloba, romelic warmoadgens simboluri
sistemebis, da ara socialuri moqmedebis, predikats, realobas marTavs
azrovnebis meSveobiT. am formas ara uSualo, magram iribi Sexeba aqvs
moqmedebasTan: realobasTan Teoriul konfrontacias SeuZlia Seqmnas
moqmedebis axali regulaciebi, arapirdapir Semoitanos moqmedebis
etalonebi. maSasadame, konceptualuri racionaloba uzrunvelyofs
Teoriul safuZvels wminda adaptaciuri praqtikuli racionalobisaTvis.

75

Weber, M. (1968): Economy and society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, eds. G. Roth and C. Wittich. New
York: Bedminster; pp. 225, 244.

65

1.4. idealuri tipebi

termini
idealuri
tipi
sociologiaSi
(saerTod,
socialur
mecnierebebSi) Semotanilia maqs veberis mier. vebers ainteresebs, Tu ra
zomiT gamoiyenebs socialuri, anu, rogorc Tavad uwodebs, kulturis
Semswavleli mecnierebebi zogad cnebebs? veberi uaryofs Tvalsazriss,
rom socialuri (kulturuli) fenomenebi yovelTvis istoriulia, anu
isini TavianT mniSvnelobas iZenen imis mixedviT, Tu sad, rodis da
rogor warmoiSvnen. veberis azriT, yvela mecnieruli diskursi metnaklebad zogad cnebebs moixmars, xolo is, rac am TvalsazrisiT
kulturis mecnierebebs ganasxvavebs bunebis mecnierebebisagan isaa, rom
socialur
menierebebSi gamoiyeneba
idealur-tipuri cnebebi, anu,
idealuri
tipebi.
idealuri
tipebi
konceptualuri,
Teoriuli
konstruqciebia, romlebic gamiznulad aris Seqmnili socialur
mecnierTa mier, raTa sistemuri gziT moxdes socialur samyaroSi
dakvirvebadi fenomenebis kategorizeba, analizi da Sedareba. idealuri
tipi ar aris realobisgan mowyvetili, igi agebulia realur cxovrebaSi
dakvirvebadi
qcevebisa
da
urTierTobebis
gansazRvruli
maxasiaTeblebisagan. es maxasiaTeblebi aRwers moqmedebis logikurad
arawinaaRmdegobriv, wminda (racionalur an emociur) Sinaarss da
abstragirebas axdens iracionaluri (usazriso) motivebisagan. ai, ras
wers veberi:
idealuri tipi formirdeba erTi an meti Tvalsazrisis tendeciuri aqcentirebis Sedegad,
im uamravi difuzuri, diskretuli, met-naklebad saxeze myofi da SemTxveviT gamqrali
konkretuli individualuri fenomenis sinTezis Sedegad, romelic mowesrigebulia im
tendenciurad gamokveTili Tvalsazrisebis Sesabamisad erT analitikur konstruqciaSi...
Tavisi konceptualuri siwmindis gamo, es mentaluri konstruqcia... ar SeiZleba sadme
realobaSi empiriulad iqnes moZiebuli. 76

ase iqmneba moqmedebis Teoriuli, wminda modelebi, rogorc idealuri

konstruqciebi, romlebic erTgvarad edeba, faravs realobas, xolo
realuri moqmedebebi bolomde verasodes amowuravs maT. idealuri tipi
gansazRvruli
spekulaturi
standartia,
romelTan
mimarTebaSic
arsebuli fenomenebi an SesabamisobaSia an gadaxrilia. maSasadame,
idealuri tipebi mxolod analitikuri iaraRebia, raTa gatardes
gansxvavebebi da Sedarebebi dakvirvebad fenomenebs Soris. isini
gamoiyeneba
kerZo
SemTxvevebis
interpretaciisaTvis,
rogorc
Sesadarebeli konstruqciebi. idealur tipebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze
SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros realuri moqmedebis idealurisagan gadaxris

(deviaciis) zoma.
vebers mohyavs aseTi magaliTi: samxedro brZolis idealuri tipi
mxedvelobaSi iRebs am brZolasTan dakavSirebul yvela ZiriTad
komponents: mowinaaRmdegeTa Zalebs da strategias, maTi daZlevis
saSualebebs, resursebs da damxmare Zalebs, Zalauflebis centrebs da
liderobis Tvisebebs. realuri brZola, rogorc wesi, ar iTvaliswinebs
yvela am elements. magram, amis dadgena da gaanalizeba mxolod maSinaa
SesaZlebeli,
Tu
cnobilia
samxedro
brZolis
idealur-tipuri
76

Weber, Max (1949): The Methodology of the Social Sciences, Edward Shils and Henry Finch (eds.) New York:
Free Press; p. 90.

66

maxasiaTeblebi. swored maTTan Sedarebis safuZvelze dgindeba realuri

brZolis naklovanebis (gadaxris) zoma.
erT-erTi idealuri tipi, agreTve, aris biurokratia. misi niSnebia:
Sromis ganawileba, romelic ganpirobebulia garkveuli wesebiTa da kanonebiT;
Zalauflebis ierarqiuli struqtura;
sajaro ofisi (kancelaria an biuro), sadac inaxeba werilobiTi dokumentebi
dawesebulebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb;
Statis TanamSromlebi;
wesebi, romlebic axdens muSaobis reJimis regulirebas;
Tanamdebobis pirTa momzadebis oficialuri procedura;
organizaciis mimarT TiTieuli muSakis loialuroba, anu miswrafeba imisaken,
rom dacul iqnes wesebi.
biurokratiis es niSnebi gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas: ramdenad
akmayofilebs esa Tu is realuri organizacia biurokratiulobis moTxovnebs?

iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa ekonomikuri gacvla, kapitalizmi, eklesia,

seqta,
qristianoba
da
mravali
sxva,
socialur-Teoriuli
konstruqciebia, romlebic realobis Sesamecneblad gamoiyeneba. idealur
tipebs miekuTvneba, agreTve, socialuri moqmedebis is tipebi, romlebzec
zemoT iyo saubari.
veberi kategoriulad gvafrTxilebs, rom idealuri tipis mizani ar aris
Seqmnas srulyofili (absoluturi) nimuSi. idealuri ar niSnavs
normatulad sasurvels, isini mxolod analizis iaraRebia da arasodes
ara aqvT pretenzia iyvnen marTlac idealuri, fundamenturad mosawoni
konstruqciebi. maTi gamoiyeneba miznad ar isaxavs adamianuri qcevis
kanonebis da kidev ufro naklebad, istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonebi.s
dadgenas.

1.5. religiis sociologia (protestantuli eTikisa da kapitalizmis kavSiri)

veberis religiis sociologiis arsebiTi nawilia misi fundamenturi
Sroma protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli, romelic pirvelad
gamoica 1904-05 wlebSi, xolo meored (ufro Sevsebuli gamocema) _ 1920
wels.
veberi religias miiCnevs socialuri transformaciebis erT-erT yvelaze
gavlenian agentad. religias aqvs unari, rom moaxdinos socialur
danawesTa stabilizacia, Seinaxos socialur jgufTa identuroba,
moaxdinos im konteqstebis struqturireba, romlebSic gansxvavebuli
jgufebi erTmaneTs edavebian. ufro zogadad Tu vityviT, gansxvavebuli
religiebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs gansxvavebuli kulturebisa da
civilizaciebis Camoyalibebasa da SenaxvaSi, iseve rogorc maT
transformaciaSi.
protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli exeba konkretulad erTi
religiis _ kalvinizmis 77 _ mier ganpirobebul socialur cvlilebebs.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom veberi religias ar ganixilavs rogorc
77

kalvinizmi religiuri moZraobaa, romelsac safuZveli Cauyara Sveicarielma-frangma

protestantma Teologma jon kalvinma (1509-64). martin luTeris Semdeg, igi
mniSvnelobiT meore figuraa evropis protestantul reformaciaSi.

67

socialuri cvlilebebis maprovocirebel erTaderT gadamwyvet faqtors.

religiuri faqtorebi yovelTvis kavSirSia sxva kulturul da
socialur faqtorebTan (politikur ZalauflebasTan, ekonomikur da
teqnologiur cvlilebebTan da sxv.).
ras amtkicebs veberi Tavis erT-erT yvelaze fundamentur naSromSi?
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben am naSromis xuT ZiriTad Tezisze 78:
1. vebers surs aCvenos, rom Tanamedrove kapitalizmis (romelic me-17
saukunis bolodan iRebs saTaves evropaSi) Camoyalibeba ganapiroba ara
mxolod
materialurma
da
instituciurma
pirobebma,
romelTa
arsebobazec marqsi miuTiTebda, aramed ideologiurma faqtorebma, rasac
veberi
kapitalizmis
suls
uwodebs. 79
kapitalizmis
sulma
istoriulad specifikuri gza gaiara da gamoxatavs individTa survils,
rom
komerciuli
operaciebis
meSveobiT
(romlebic
legalurad
xorcieldeba bazarze) miiRon mogeba. es suli uzrunvelyofs garkveul
fsiqologiur valdebulebas individebisaTvis da aZlevs maT motivacias,
rom cxovrebiseul proeqtebs miuZRvnan ara marto maT xelT arsebuli
kapitali da teqnikuri codna da unarebi, aramed, agreTve, upirveles
yovlisa, maTi muyaiTad muSaobis unari, personaluri pasuxismgeblobis
grZnoba, maTi survili, rom moaxdinon wina momgebiani operaciebis
Sedegebis
investireba
momdevno
operaciebSi,
gamoamJRavnon
inovaciebisadmi Riaoba daqiravebul muSakTa Sromis organizebaSi,
ganaviTaron axali produqtebi da axali servisebi, moiZion axali
momxmareblebi da axali bazrebi. veberis azriT, yvelaferi es ar
SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc ubralod materialuri warmatebis
mopovebis egoisturi survili. es garkveuli eTika, anu moraluri
mdgomareobaa ekonomikuri warmatebis misaRwevad. es mdgomareoba
SeiZleba
aRiniSnos
asketizmis
cnebiT,
romelic
aRniSnavs
TviTSezRudvis (TviTkontrolis), adamianur siamovnebebze uaris Tqmis da
komfortisgan distancirebis unars.
2.
erTi
SexedviT
Cans,
rom
kapitalizmis
suli
totalurad
arareligiur xedvas gamoxatavs. tradiciuli qristianoba (iseve rogorc
sxva religiebi) ekonomikuri warmatebisken da mogebisken swrafvas uTuod
monaTlavda rogorc moralurad saeWvos. Tumca, veberi fiqrobs, rom
kapitalizmis suli ver ganviTareboda religiuri legitimaciis gareSe.
kapitalistebis
pirvel
Taobas
mxolod
im
SemTxvevaSi
SeeZlo
moepovebina moraluri dadastureba, Tu maT saqmianobas religiuri
gamarTleba eqneboda. magram aseTi garantia SeiZleboda yofiliyo
mxolod
qristianobis
axleburi
gageba,
romelic
moitana
protestantulma reformaciam. mas safuZveli germanelma mRvdelma,
martin luTerma Cauyara me-16 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.
protestantul religiurobasa da adreuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebas
Soris kavSiri im TvalsazrisiT, rom protestantizmi iziarebs Sromis
78

Poggi, Gianfranco (2005): Classical Social Theory, III: Max Weber and Georg Simmel, in: Modern Social
Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; pp. 67-9.
79
, . (1990): , : . ,
. , ; .70-71.

68

eTikas, veberamdec iyo aRiarebuli mecnierTa mier. Ria rCeboda erTi

sakiTxi: protestantizmis
konkretulad
romelma
formam iTamaSa
gadamwyveti roli kapitalizmis sulis CamoyalibebaSi? am kiTxvas
swored veberma upasuxa, rodesac safuZvliani mecnieruli argumentaciis
safuZvelze aCvena, rom reformuli qristianobis gansxvavebul formebs
Soris mxolod erTma, kerZod, kalvinizmma (an puritanizmma) uzrunvelyo
kapitalizmisTvis religiuri mtkicebulebis Seqmna.
3. kalvinizmis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo bedisweris, winaswar
gansazRvrulobis
(predestination)
Teologiuri
doqtrina,
romlis
mixedviTac RmerTma yvela adamians, da ara mxolod morwmuneebs, uboZa
cxovrebis Semdgomi maradiuli xsna (cxoneba). arcerT, Tundac yvelaze
Rrmad morwmunes ar SeuZlia am gansazRvrulobis Secvla. es doqtrina
morwmuneSi aRZravs SfoTvis (wuxilis) mwvave gancdas, romelic ar
SeiZleba
gadailaxos
sakramentuli
aqtebis,
kargi
qcevebis
an
eklesiisadmi Sewirulobebis saSualebiT. kalvinizmi uaryofs msgavsi
aqtebis legitimurobas, radgan maT uyurebs rogorc magiuri praqtikebis
analogiurs da, amdenad, crus. Tumca, SfoTvam SeiZleba gamosavali
hpovos asketizmis istoriulad Camoyalibebul formaSi, rodesac
morwmuneebi mTel Tavis energias axmaren TavianTi saqmianobis, xelobis
(Beruf) 80
racionalur,
mowesrigebul
praqtikas,
rogorc
RvTis
wyalobisadmi maTi madlierebis gamoxatulebas.
4. marTalia, kalvinisturi doqtrina eqspliciturad ar mouwodebs
morwmuneebs
kapitalisturi
warmoebisken,
magram,
veberis
azriT,
cxovrebisa da moqmedebis is wesi, romelsac kalvinizmi aRiarebs,
moralur Rirsebas da Rirebulebas aniWebs am tipis warmoebas. is
legitimacias aniWebs mogebisaken mudmiv swrafvas. aseTi protestantuli
eTosi, veberis azriT, ganxorcielda me-18 saukunis amrikeli saxelmwifo
moRvawisa da biznesmenis benjamin franklinis 81 cxovrebaSi.
5. kalvinistur religiurobasa da kapitalistur mewarmeobas Soris
ganuzraxvelma Sinaganma kavSirma (anu, bunebrivma msgavsebam, rogorc
mas veberi uwodebs) paradoqsuli Sedegebi moitana. biznesis gziT
mogebaze orientirebam daiwyo misi adreuli religiuri garantiisagan
daSoreba: is gaxda TviTkmari da TviTlegitimirebadi, Tavdapirvel
religiur mniSvnelobasa da Sinaarss mowyvetili. kapitalisturi
sistemis gamarjvebam Tavad kapitalizmis suli daaknina, ramdenadac,
veberis
mtkicebiT,
sistema
individebs
(rogorc
mewarmeebs,
ise
daqiravebul muSebs) avaldebulebs Seasrulon maTi profesiuli
saqmianoba yovelgvari eTikuri da metafizikuri sazrisis gareSe. Tu
adre puritanis survili iyo, rom yofiliyo profesiuli mowodebis
matarebeli, dRes aseTi ram ukve iZulebad iqca yvelasTvis. asketizmi
gascda puritanebis wres da gaxda Tanamedrove ekonomikuri wesrigis
universaluri principi.

80

xelobis, saqmianobis adekvaturi germanuli gamoTqma _ Beruf _ Semotali iqna martin

luTeris mier bibliis miseul TargmanSi.
81
benjamin franklini (1706-90) _ cnobili amerikeli saxelmwifo moRvawe, amerikis elCi
safrangeTSi, monawileobda 1776 wlis amerikis damoukideblobis deklaraciis
SemuSavebaSi; misdevda puritanul morals, mas ekuTvnis cnobili gamoTqma dro fulia.

69

$2. harold garfinkelis eTnomeTodologia

biografiuli cnobebi:
harold garfinkeli (Harold Garfinkel) daibada aSS niu-jersis Statis q. niuarkSi (Newark)
1917 wlis 29 oqtombers, ebraul ojaxSi. misi mama biznemeni iyo, romelsac surda misi
vaJi biznesis gzas gahyoloda. haroldma biznesis kursebic ki aiRo niuarkis
universitetSi. Tumca, misi namdvili akademiuri kariera daiwyo 1935 wels, rodesac
garfinkeli niuarkis universitetis ekonomikis fakultetis studenti gaxda. es
fakulteti man 1939 wels daamTavra da zafxuli kvakerebis SromiT banakSi gaatara
jorjiis Statis soflebSi. swored aq Seityo man, rom CrdiloeT karolinis
universitets hqonda programa sociologiaSi, romelic orientirebuli iyo iseTive
sajaro proeqtebis ganxorcielebaze, romelSic Tavad iRebda monawileobas. swored am
universitetSi iRebs garfinkeli samagistro xarisxs sociologiaSi 1942 wels. meore
msoflio omSi amerikis jarSi samsaxuris gavlis Semdeg, garfinkeli 1946-52 wlebSi
swavlas agrZelebs Hharvardis universitetis socialur urTierTobaTa fakultetze,
sadac misi xelmZRvaneli iyo talkot parsonsi. sadoqtoro xarisxs garfinkeli icavs
harvardis universitetSi 1952 wels. amis Semdeg ori wlis ganmavlobaSi igi samxedro
saqmes swavlobs ohaios Statis universitetSi. 1954 wlidan garfinkeli akademiur
saqmianobas ubrundeba kaliforniis universitetSi (los-anjelesi), sadac is muSaobas
iwyebs profesoris asistentad. am universitetSi moRvaweobda igi 1987 wlamde, pensiaSi
gasvlamde. amJamad garfinkeli los-anJelesis universitetis sociologiis sapatio
(emeritus) profesoria.
harol garfinkelis ZiriTadi Sromebi:
eTnomeTodologiuri gamokvlevebi (Studies in Ethnomethodology) _ 1967 w.
eTnomeTodologiis programa: diurkemis aforizmis damuSaveba (Ethnomethodology's
program: Working out Durkheim's aphorism) _ 2002 w.

2.1. ras swavlobs eTnomeTodologia?

termini "eTnomeTodologia" Semoitana garfinkelma (igi momdinareobs
berZnulidan da aRniSnavs Cveulebrivi adamianebis meTodologias).
eTnomeTodologia fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor amyareben individebi
komunikacias yoveldRiuri interaqciis procesSi. socialuri interaqciis
Taviseburebebis
Seswavla
saerToa
aqtorze
orientirebuli
mikrosociologiuri TeoriebisaTvis. is, rac garfinkelis Teorias
sxvaTagan gamoarCevs, misi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, minimalizmi da
provokaciulobaa:
eTnomeTodologia
aqcents
svams
socialuri
interaqciis SiSvel empiriul konteqstze, situaciurobaze, da, amasTan
(iqneb, pirvel rigSic) _ situaciis yvelaze SeumCnevel, dafarul mxareebze.
ai, ras wers eTnomeTodologiis erT-erTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari:
garfinkelma... Tavisi analizi ganaviTara sami mTavari mimarTulebiT: pirveli, man SedarebiT
detalurad ganixila is saazrovno procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac adamianebi garkveuli
saxiT gansazRvraven situaciebs. meore... man moaxdina socialuri wesrigis problemis da misi
SenarCunebis Sesaxeb parsonsis mier dasmuli sakiTxis xelaxali formulireba yoveldRiuri
interaqciis konteqstis TvalsazrisiT. Tu parsonss omisa da mSvidobis pirobebi mTeli
sazogadoebis doneze aRelvebda... garfinkeli dainteresebuli iyo wesrigis SenarCunebiT
mikrokosmosur interaqciebSi. mesame, garfinkelma gaacnobiera, rom implicituri wesebi,
romlebic marTavs socialur interaqcias, SesaZloa identificirdes situaciebis (romlebSic

70

isini erTvebian) Seswavlis saSualebiT, da rom mas da mis studentebs SeuZliaT am wesebis
ganzrax gamowveva maTi kategorizaciisaTvis. 82

maSasadame, garfinkels ainteresebs im wesebis (meTodebis) analizi,

romlebsac adamianebi impliciturad iyeneben yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
sakuTari qmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad da maTTvis mniSvnelobebis
misacemad. eTnomeTodebis gamoyenebiT dgeba konteqstSi Semdgari
interaqciebis Sesaxeb refleqsuri angariSebi ('reflexive accounts'). es
ukanaskneli
aRwers
yoveldRiur
praqtikebs
da
cdilobs
imis
gamorkvevas,
Tu
rogoraa
socialuri
praqtikebi
refleqsurad
damokidebuli im konteqstze, romelic iqmneba aqtorTa pirispir
Sexvedrebis dros. agreTve, konteqstis ra axali fragmentebi yalibdeba
am Sexvedrebis nebismieri cvlilebisas. maSasadame, refleqsuri angariSi
cdilobs moixelTos yoveldRiuri, banaluri praqtika. ai, ras wers
garfinkeli eTnomeTodologiur gamokvlevebSi:
eTnomeTodologiis centraluri rekomendacia isaa, rom qmedebebi, romelTa meSveobiTac
individebi qmnian da awesrigeben organizebul yoveldRiur movlenebs, identuria im
procedurebisa, rodesac individebi am garemos xdian moxelTebads (aRwerads). 83

eTnomeTodologia ZiriTadad dakavebulia yoveldRiuri praqtikebis im

nawilis analiziT, rasac saubari Seadgens, anu, saubris analiziT
(conversation analysis). am tipis praqtikisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi
Taviseburebebi:
1. saubrisas yovelTvis gamoiyeneba iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa da a.S.,
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu, arauSavs, axla, aq, me, Sen da sxv. am tipis
"indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs" 84 uwodebs. maT
gamoTqmebs
garfinkeli
mniSvneloba eZleva mxolod mocemul (dro-sivrcul) konteqstSi.
2. saubris racionaluri xasiaTi imiT gamoirCeva, rom mTxrobeli da
msmeneli erTmaneTs ergeba, maT Soris arsebobs kognituri Tanxmoba.
swored amitomaa, rom iqedan, rac individebs Soris iTqmeba, bevri ram
konkretulad, anu sityvebiT (verbalurad) ar aRiniSneba.
3. saubris Sinaarsi mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia situaciaze,
konteqstze. eTnomeTodologia ikvlevs socialur faqtebs rogorc
individualuri
situaciis
Sedegs,
romelSic
CarTulia
interpersonaluri komunikacia.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ufro
mTavari amocana. garfinkeli wers:

konkretdeba

eTnomeTodologiis

"me viyeneb termins eTnomeTodologia, raTa Sevexo indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebisa da sxva

praqtikuli qmedebebis, rogorc yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad ganaxlebadi produqtis,
racionaluri Tvisebebis kvlevas". 85

maSasadame, garfinkeli ndobas ucxadebs im praqtikas, romelic enis

sazriszea agebuli da mJRavndeba komunikaciaSi. Tumca, igi enas ar
82

Outhwaite, William (2005): Interpretivism and Interactionism. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin
Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 117-8.
83
Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1967; p.1.
84
termini indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi garfinkelma lingvistebisagan aiRo.
85
Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1967; p.11.

71

uyurebs rogorc iseT fenomens, romelsac aqvs yvelasTvis Tanaziari,

mudmivi mniSvneloba (sazrisi). garfinkeli amtkicebda, rom Tavad
enobrivi sityvebi ki ar warmoadgens komunikaciis safuZvels, aramed is
interaqciebi,
romlebSic
es
sityvebi
situaciurad
gamoiyeneba.
garfinkeli individebis mier sityvebis gamoyenebas xsnida rogorc
saSualebas imisaTvis, raTa moxdes adamianuri komunikaciis mier
Seqmnili socialuri problemebis naTelyofa, an maTi koreqtireba. rac
mTavaria, adamianuri komunikaciis sazrisi, garfinkelis azriT, aris ara
is, rac iTqmeba, aramed _ rac ar iTqmeba. garfinkelisTvis gacilebiT
mniSvnelovania is, rac rCeba saubris miRma, anu is, Tu rogor
urTierToben mosaubre da msmeneli araverbalurad, vidre realuri,
verbalizebuli sityvebi. iqamde, sanam diskursis konotaciebi Tavidan
bolomde eqspansirebulia verbaluri enis mier, WeSmariti komunikacia
arc SeiZleba arsebobdes. komunikaciis monawileebi iyeneben wina
interaqciebis gamocdilebas. wina saubrebSi manamde SeTanxmebuli
movlenebi gagebis etalonebad iqceva. pirispir Sexvedrebis TiToeuli
monawile SeiaraRebulia manamdeli komunikaciis am etalonebiT. isini
uzrunvelyofs
komunikaciis
konotaciebs
(niuansebs),
romlebic
yovelTvis ar verbalizdeba saubris monawileebis mier. maSasadame,
komunikaciebi qmnis gamocdilebas, romelic brundeba (monawileobs)
momaval komunikaciebSi. rac ufro didia gamocdileba, miT ufro
advilad miiRweva gageba komunikaciis procesSi.

2.2. indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi da situaciis refleqsuri angariSebi

rogor xorcieldeba yoveldRiuri praqtikebis aRwera, anu rogor dgeba
maT Sesaxeb refleqsuri angariSebi?
ukve iTqva, rom eTnomeTodologiis Tanaxmad, saubari, rogorc
komunikaciuri
praqtika,
yovelTvis
gamoiyenebs
e.w.
indeqsur
gamonaTqvamebs. maT qveS moiazreba saubrisas gamoyenebuli aforizmebi,

nawilobriv
formulirebuli
rCevebi,
nawilobrivi
aRwerebi,
arapirdapiri gamonaTqvamebi, situaciuri SeniSvnebi, alegoriebi da a.S.
eTnomeTodologiis
amocanaa
aseTi
gamonaTqvamebis
racionaluri
Tvisebebis kvleva. garfinkeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs
indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis Taviseburebebs da komunikaciis procesisaTvis
maT mniSvnelovnebas.
rogorc
garfinkeli
aRniSnavs,
indeqsuri
gamonaTqvamebis
qveS
logikosebi gulisxmoben garkveul lingvistur simboloebs, romelTa
Sinaarsis
gamoaSkaraveba
mxolod
garkveul
ambavTan
kavSirSia
SesaZlebeli.
garfinkeli
miuTiTebs,
magaliTad,
huserlze. 86
igi
saubrobs gamonaTqvamebze, romelTa sazrisi ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes
gamoTqmis gamomyeneblis biografiisa da miznebis, gamoTqmis garemoebebis,
wina msjelobis mimdinareobis an gamomTqmelsa da msmenels Soris
interaqciis konkretuli Taviseburebebis codnis (gaTvaliswinebis)
86

edmund huserli (1859-1938) _ germaneli ebraeli filosofosi, fenomenologiuri

filosofiis fuZemdebeli. didi gavlena moaxdina socialur TeoriaSi interpretaciuli
midgomis
moazrovneebze,
gansakuTrebiT,
alfred
Siutcze.
saxeli
gaiTqva
fsiqologizmis kritikiT logikaSi.

72

gareSe. maSasadame, indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi exeba garkveul adamians,

dros,
adgils, anu
garkveul
socialur
konteqsts
(situacias).
praqtikuli sociologiuri azrovnebis Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi
cdilobs gaaumjobesos individebis laparakisa da qcevis indeqsuri
maxasiaTeblebi.
saubris eTnomeTodologiuri (e.i. mecnieruli) analizi moiTxovs, rom
moxdes indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis Canacvleba obieqturi gamonaTqvamebiT.
sxvanairad es niSnavs, rom indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi iTargmnos
sxvadasxva
situaciisaTvis
homogenuri,
tipuri,
intersubieqturi,
racionaluri maxasiaTeblebis enaze. ra qmnis aseTi Canacvlebis
safuZvels da, Sesabamisad, maT Sesaxeb refleqsuri angariSebis Sedgenis
SesaZleblobas? garfinkeli
principulad iziarebs Teziss, rom
socialuri interaqciebis konteqstebSi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis yvelaze
Cveulebriv saqmianobebSi arsebobs kognituri wesrigi. yoveldRiuri
praqtikebi socialurad organizebul xasiaTs atarebs. Sesabamisad,
indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis racionaloba inarCunebs rutinuli praqtikis
xasiaTs. am wesrigs aqtorebi TavisTavad nagulisxmevad miiCneven da
latenturad axorcieleben maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Tu am gzaze
raime winaaRmdegoba an dabrkoleba iqmneba, individebs euflebaT
frustracia. garfinkelis mTavari interesi mimarTulia wesrigis agebis
ara fsiqikur, aramed socialur procedurebze. wesrigis aRmoCenis
(eqsplikaciis)
es
procedurebi
gulisxmobs
swored
indeqsuri
gamonaTqvamebis (maTi Semcveli winadadebebis) Canacvlebas obieqturi
gamonaTqvamebiT.E
Tumca, Canacvlebis procedura ar aris iolad gansaxorcielebeli.
arsebulma dublikatebma SeiZleba ver moaxdinos ama Tu im diskursSi
mocemuli
indeqsuri
gamonaTqvamebis
adekvaturi
Targmna.
amitom
dublikatebis sia SeiZleba ganusazRvrelad gafarTovdes. garfinkeli
ayalibebs indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis gamoyenebis Taviseburebebs:
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
indeqsuri
gamonaTqvamebi
farTod
gamoyenebadia, isini mouxerxebelia formaluri diskursisaTvis;
gansxvaveba obieqtur gamonaTqvamebsa da indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs
Soris ara mxolod procedurulad aris koreqtuli, aramed mas
Tavidan ver aicilebs veravin, vinc mecnierebiTaa dakavebuli;
obieqtur da indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs Soris gansxvavebis da
obieqturi gamonaTqvamebis upiratesi gamoyenebis gareSe uazroa
generalizebis, simkacris, mecnieruli kvlevis miRweva _ amis
gareSe logikaSi, maTematikasa da zogierT fizikur mecnierebaSi
yovelgvari
monapovari
marcxs
ganicdida,
xolo
arazusti
mecnierebebis mimarT ndoba gaqreboda;
zusti mecnierebebi arazusti mecnierebebisagan imiT ganirCeva, rom
zusti
mecnierebebis
SemTxvevaSi
indeqsuri
gamonaTqvamebis
Canacvleba
obieqturi
gamonaTqvamebiT
realur
amocanas
warmoadgens
problemis
formulirebisaTvis,
meTodebisaTvis,
kvleva-ZiebisaTvis, adekvaturi dasabuTebisaTvis da sxv., maSin
rodesac
arazusti
mecnierebebis
SemTxvevaSi
amgvari
Canacvlebadoba bolomde ararealizebad programad rCeba;

73

gansxvaveba obieqtur da indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs Soris

aRwers
gansxvavebas mecnierebasa da xelovnebas (magaliTad, bioqimiasa da
dokumentur kinos) Soris.

amrigad, obieqturi gamonaTqvamebi axdens praqtikis SeumCneveli,

TavisTavad nagulisxmevi wesrigis demonstrirebas. cxadia, Secdoma
iqneba vifiqroT, rom obieqturi gamonaTqvamebi, ramdenadac isini
situaciis homogenuri maxasiaTeblebia, Sordeba konteqsts da kargavs
situaciur bunebas. obieqturi gamonaTqvamebi aRwers konceptualizaciis
im dones, rasac garfinkeli ad hoc konceptebs 87 uwodebs da rasac
sxvanairad situaciuri cnebebi SeiZleba ewodos. Tu cnebis klasikuri
gansazRvreba
gulisxmobs
movlenis
arsebiT
niSanTa
gadmocemas,
romlebic empiriuli konteqstisagan damoukidebeli da zedroulia, ad hoc
konceptebis SemotaniT eTnomeTodologia cdilobs, rom cnebebis uryevi
da zedrouli Sinaarsi aqcios lokalurad pirobiT konstruqciebad,
romlebic yovelTvis eqvemdebareba cvlilebas: cneba, romelic raRac
momentSi interaqciis dros seriozuli msjelobis mniSvnelobas atarebs,
sxva
konteqstSi
SeiZleba
gamoixatos
rogorc
ironiuli
an
araseriozuli. maSasadame, nebismieri cneba, Sexeduleba socialurad
konstruirebulia.
garfinkeli acxadebs, rom, Cveulebriv, mkvlevrebi ad hoc procedurebs
ganixilaven rogorc analizis arasrulyofil gzas. prevalirebs
Tvalsazrisi, rom kvalificiurma mkvlevarma minimumamde unda daiyvanos
an sulac gamoricxos iseTi viTarebebi, romlebSic aseTi konceptebi
iqneboda gamoyenebuli. garfinkelis Tanaxmad, Tu ad hoc maxasiaTeblebis
gamoyenebas Secdomad CavTvliT, es Zalian waagavs im sayvedurs, rom Tu Senobis
kedlebi iqna gamoclili, adamiani ukeTesad SeZlebs imis danaxvas, Tu ras eyrdnoba
saxuravi. 88 Tu mkvlevars ganzraxuli aqvs realuri situaciebis
refleqsuri gaanalizeba, maSin is gverds ver auvlis ad hoc konceptebis
gamoyenebas.
mxolod
isinia
relevanturi
situaciis
mecnieruli
moxelTebisaTvis.
imisaTvis, raTa ad hoc konceptebis saSualebiT kognituri wesrigis
gamomJRavneba
naTelyos,
garfinkels
Tavis
ZiriTad
wignSi
(eTnomeTodologiuri
gamokvlevebi)
mohyavs
magaliTi
realuri
praqtikidan: 89 studentebs miecaT davaleba, rom gadmoecaT colsa da
qmars Soris saubari ise, rom furclis marcxena mxares daeweraT is, rac
saubris monawileebma realurad (eqspliciturad) Tqves, xolo, marjvena
mxares _ rac studentebma amoikiTxes am saubris gamoumJRavnebeli
konteqstidan (anu, daeweraT situaciis refleqsuri angariSi). qvemoT
mocemulia erT-erTi varianti:

87

ad hoc laTinuri gamoTqma, romelic aRniSnavs am konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis,

improvizirebuli (am wuTieri) miznisaTvis.

88

89

Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall; p. 22
Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hal; p. 26.

74

qmari:

danam
warmatebiT
SeZlo
Caegdo
fuli
manqanis
parkingis drois gamzomSi
ise, rom ar dasWirda xelSi
ayvana.

coli:

igi firfitebis
waiyvane?

qmari:

ara _ fexsacmlis SekeTebis

maRaziaSi.

coli:

risTvis?

qmari:

me viyide ramdenime axali

fexsacmlis
zonari
Cemi
fexsacmelebisTvis.

coli:

Sens
yoveldRiur
fexsacmelebs
Zalian
sWirdeba axali quslebi.

maRaziaSi

dRes, SuadRiT, rodesac Cveni oTxi

wlis vaJi, dana, saxlSi sabavSvo
baRidan momyavda, manqana gavaCere
parkingis zonaSi, sadac danam
warmatebiT SeZlo xeli miewvdina
sakmao simaRleze, raTa manqanis
parkingis drois gamzomSi fuli
Caegdo.
manamde
mas
yovelTvis
sWirdeboda xelSi ayvana, raTa xeli
am simaRlemde miewvdina.
radganac man fuli Caagdo gamzomSi,
es niSnavs, rom rodesac manqana
daayene, is SenTan imyofeboda. me
vici, rom Sen manqana firfitebis
maRaziasTan gaaCere. es SegeZlo
gagekeTebina an maSin, rodesac mis
wamosayvanad midiodi, an _ ukana
gzaze. moxda Tu ara es ukana gzaze,
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom is SenTan
imyofeboda, Tu Sen firfitebis
maRaziasTan manqana masTan mimaval
gzaze gaaCere da Semdeg sadRac
sxvagan, rodesac ukan brundebodi?
me manqana firfitebis maRaziasTan
mis
wamosayvanad
mimaval
gzaze
gavaCere,
xolo
fexsacmelebis
SekeTebis
maRaziasTan
_
ukana,
saxlisken momaval gzaze, rodesac
is CemTan erTad iyo.
me vici erTi mizezi, ris gamoc Sen
SeiZleboda manqana fexsacmelebis
SekeTebis maRaziasTan gageCerebina.
ratom gaaCere sinamdvileSi?
rogorc gaxsovs, me gamiwyda zonari
Cems
yavisfer
inglisur
fexsacmelebze.
manqana
imitom
gavaCere, raTa meyida fexsacmlis
axali zonarebi.
kidev sxva raRaca SegeZlo geyida,
razec mec vfiqrobdi. Sen SegeZlo
iq
Seni
Savi
yoveldRiuri
fexsacmelebi wageRo, romlebsac
Zalian sWirdeba quslebis gamocvla.
SenTvis ukeTesia, Tu maTze male
izruneb.

colsa da qmars Soris realuri saubari (cxrilis marcxena mxare)

mimdinareobs konteqstSi, romelic impliciturad moicavs maT Soris
SeTanxmebas. swored es ganapirobebs, rom arc erTi maTgani ar saWiroebs
amomwurav informacias (yvelafris gaSifvras) da iolad aRweven
urTierTgagebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom iyeneben indeqsur gamonaTqvamebs.
eqsperimentma aCvena, rom studentebs Zalian gauWirdaT situaciis
refleqsuri angariSis Sedgena. raSi mdgomareobda es sirTule?
studentebs, pirvel rigSi, erTmaneTisagan unda ganesxvavebinaT is, rac
verbalurad gamoiTqva, imisagan, ris Sesaxebac iyo saubari. is, rac
individebma Tqves, unda ganxiluliyo rogorc arazusti, fragmentuli,
SeniRbuli da iribi versia imisa, ris Sesaxebac individebma isaubres.
75

maSasadame, studentebs yuradReba unda mieqciaT raRac sxvaze _

gamoumJRavnebelze, raTa daedginaT saubris ekvivalenturi Sinaarsi.
studentebi cdilobdnen gamoecnoT, Tu ra hqondaT mxedvelobaSi
mosaubreebs, raze fiqrobdnen isini, risi sjerodaT maT, an ra
hqondaT ganzraxuli. maT Tavad unda daejerebinaT, rom aRmoaCines is,
rac mosaubreebs realurad, da ara savaraudod, hqodaT mxedvelobaSi.
kidev meti: sxvasac unda SeZleboda saubris or gadmocemul Sinaars
Soris Sesabamisobis danaxva. amis miRweva garfinkels SesaZleblda
miaCnia imitom, rom zemoaRniSnul saubars gaaCnia intersubieqturi sqema.
es niSnavs, rom colsa da qmars Soris saerTo gagebas, romelic miiRweva
interpretaciuli procesis Sinagani dinebiT, aucileblad aqvs
operacionaluri struqtura. analitikosi iyenebs swored interaqciis am
struqturis Sesaxeb saRi azris codnas.
garfinkels mohyavs sxva magaliTi amave wignidan: 90 sasamarTlo ayalibebs
formalur moTxovnebs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac mosamarTleebma unda
aagon ama Tu im kriminaluri movlenis Sesaxeb argumentirebuli da
adekvaturi angariSi. Tumca, mosamarTleebi aucileblad rodi miyvebian
formalur wesebs. isini iyeneben axsnis, improvizirebis sakuTar
meTodebs, anu mimarTaven im praqtikebs, romelTac isini iyeneben
araoficilur garemoebebSi (mag., sakuTar saxlSi). ase ibadeba swored
situaciuri, ad hoc ganmartebebi, romlebic exmareba sasamarTlos
verdiqtebis gamotanaSi. aseTi praqtika SeiZleba generalizdes yvela
saxis interaqciasTan mimarTebaSi, ramdenadac socialuri interaqciebi,
rogorc iTqva, latenturad Seicavs kognitur wesrigs, romlis
dafiqsirebac SesaZlebelia. rodesac kognituri wesrigi irRveva, Sedegad
vRebulobT anomias.
eTnomeTodologia, garfinkelis Tanaxmad, exeba swored praqtikuli
moqmedebebis Seswavlas im wesebis (meTodebis) Sesabamisad, romlebic
uzrunvelyofs analitikuri angariSebis sicxades, logikurobasa da
kompetenturobas. am wesebis wyalobiT, indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebi xdeba
racionaluri, anu aSkarad demonstrirdeba. indeqsuri gamonaTqvamebis
gamJRavnebuli
racionaluri
Tvisebebi
yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis
organizebuli saqmianobebis mudmivi nawilia.

90

Garfinkel, Harold (1967): Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall; chapter IV.

76

Tavi V. struqturaze/sistemaze orientirebuli socialuri Teoriebi

(parsonsis struqturuli funqcionalizmi, lumanis sistemebis Teoria)

Sesavali
socialur struqturaze/sistemaze orientirebuli Teoriebi amodis im
mtkicebidan, rom koleqtiuri socialuri formebi (struqturebi da
sistemebi) gansazRvravs adamianis moqmedebas da mis Taviseburebebs,
zRudavs aqtoris avtonomiurobas da mis sazogadoebaSi arsebobas
gansazRvrul mimarTulebas uZebnis. aseT Teoriebs sxvanairad makro
Teoriebis an socialuri sistemis sociologiis saxelwodebis qveS
aTavseben.
ufro konkretulad, ra socialuri fenomenebi igulisxmeba struqturaze
orientirebuli Teoriebis kvlevis diapazonSi? am kiTxvas ase pasuxoben
Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi:
stuqtura
exeba
socialuri
cxovrebis
regularul, SedarebiT myar, obieqtur da generalizebul Tvisebebs.
rogorc wesi, struqtura moicavs socialur institutebs, an sistemebs,
Zalebs an nakadebs... am azriT, struqtura exeba socialur faqtebs,
romlebic damoukidebelia individebisgan da SeuZliaT gansazRvron da
SezRudon individis moqmedeba. 91
makro Teoriebis Tanaxmad, pirovnuli identifikacia da socialuri
interaqciebi
determinirebulia
socialuri
sistemis
moTxovnebiT.
individebi socializdebian sazogadoebis centralur RirebulebaTa da
normaTa sistemaSi, asruleben am sistemis Sesabamis socialur rolebs
Sromis ganawilebaSi da ikaveben socialur pozicias, romelic
gamomdinareobs socialuri sistemis funqcionaluri saWiroebebidan.
amdenad, individi totalurad manipulirebadi aqtoria sufTa dafaa
(tabulae rasae), romelzedac TviTkmari da TviTgansazRvradi socialuri
sistema aRbeWdavs Rirebulebebs da qceviT standartebs. isini yovelTvis
inarCuneben prioritets misi wevrebis mimarT. am sazRvrebSi aqtori
socialuri
sistemis,
rogorc
manqanis,
pasiuri
nawilia,
xolo
socialuri moqmedeba arsebiTad warmoadgens socialuri sistemis
produqts.
struqturaze orientirebuli Teoriebis Taviseburebebi xazs usvams maT
obieqtivistur xasiaTs. aq is igulisxmeba, rom struqturebi ar
reducirdeba individis cnobierebaze an moqmedebaze. aseT midgomas,
rogorc cnobilia, safuZveli emil diurkemma Cauyara, romelmac
socialuri faqtebi gansazRvra rogorc nivTebi. aq ori ram
igulisxmeba: a) socialuri faqtebi garegania individTan mimarTebaSi da
b) maT maiZulebeli zemoqmedeba aqvT individis mimarT. 92 ai, ras wers
diurkemi:
91

King, Anthony (2005): Structure and Agency. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford
University Press; p. 215.
92
diurkemi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs materialur da aramaterialur socialur
faqtebs. erT-erTi aramaterialuri socialuri faqtia, magaliTad, koleqtiuri
cnobiereba, romelsac diurkemi gansazRvravs rogorc erTi da igive sazogadoebis
saSualo moqalaqisaTvis saerTo Sexedulebebisa da atitudebis erTobliobis

77

socialuri faqti aris qmedebaTa yoveli wesi mdgradi an aramdgradi, romelsac ZaluZs
moaxdinos individze gavlena gare iZulebis saSualebiT an sxvagvarad: rac gavrcelebulia
mocemuli sazogadoebis mTel sivrceze da imavdroulad gaaCnia sakuTari, Tavisive
individualuri gamovlinebisagan damoukidebeli arseboba. 93

imis Taobaze, rom makroTeoriul midgomas fesvebi diurkemis TeoriaSi

aqvs, kargad wers j. ritceri: fokusirdeba ra makro donis socialur
faqtebze, esaa erT-erTi mizezi, ratomac diurkemis Sromam iTamaSa
centraluri roli struqturuli funqcionalizmis
ganviTarebaSi,
romelsac msgavsi makro donis orientacia aqvs... diurkemi sazogadoebas
ganixilavda rogorc organoebisagan (socialuri faqtebisagan), an
socialuri struqturebisagan Semdgars, romlebic sxvadasxva funqcias
asruleben sazogadoebaSi. 94
makro
Teoriebs,
rogorc
wesi,
ganekuTvneba:
struqturuli
funqcionalizmi, konfliqtis Teoria, struqturalisturi marqsizmi,
lumanis sistemebis Teoria da sxv. qvemoT ganxiluli iqneba ori nimuSi:
talkot parsonsis struqturuli funqcionalizmi da niklas lumanis
sistemebis Teoria.

determinantul sistemas, romelsac Tavisi sakuTari arseboba aqvs (Durkheim, Emile (1964):
The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press; p. 79). aramaterialur socialur faqtebs
unda mivakuTvnoT, agreTve, sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Rirebulebebi da normebi, an, ufro
farTo azriT, kultura (Ritzer, 2000).
93
diurkemi, emil (2001): sociologiuri meTodis wesebi. Tbilisi, ioane petriwi; gv. 47.
94
Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 185.

78

$1. talkot parsonsis struqturuli funqcionalizmi

biografiuli cnobebi:
talkot parsonsi (Talcott Parsons) daibada 1902 wlis 13 dekembers aSS kolorados Statis
qalaq kolorado-sfrinsgSi, inteleqtualur da religiur ojaxSi. Tavdapirvelad igi
niu-iorkis erT-erT saSualo skolaSi (Horace Mann High School) swavlobda, romlis
dasrulebis Semdeg swavlas amherstis kolejSi agrZelebs. 1924 wels parsonsi
amTavrebs kolejs biologis specialobiT, Tumca, misi interesebi sociologiis mimarT
ukve gamokveTilia. amave wels parsonsi londonis ekonomikis skolis doqtoranturaSi
Sedis da ori disciplinis _ sociologiisa da ekonomikis _ problemebze muSaobs.
londonSi swavlis dawyebidan maleve parsonss sTavazoben adgils haidelbergis
universitetSi (germania), sadac Tavis droze moRvaweobda maqs veberi da sadac veberis
gavlena kvlav didi iyo. am gavlenas verc parsonsi acda. haidelbergis universitetSi
parsonsi aswavlis ekonomikas da sociologias da 1927 wels icavs sadoqtoro
disertacias. amave wels igi qorwindeba.
1931 wlidan parsonsi xdeba harvardis universitetis sociologiis departamentis wevri
da eweva pedagogiur moRvaweobas. 1937 wels igi aqveynebs Tavis pirvel fundamentur
Sromas socialuri moqmedebis struqtura, sadac aviTarebs socialuri moqmedebis
sistemur Teorias. male is xdeba sociologiis sruli profesori. misi gavlena sul
ufro matulobs. 1946 wels parsonsi harvardis universitetSi, sociologiis
departamentis bazaze, ayalibebs socialur urTierTobaTa departaments da mas saTaveSi
udgeba. 1949 wels parsonsi amerikis sociologiuri sazogadoebis prezidentic xdeba.
1951 wels gamodis misi kidev erTi fundamenturi naSromi socialuri sistema.
parsonsis avtoriteti arnaxulad izrdeba. is yvelaze gavleniani figura xdeba
amerikul sociologiaSi 1950-ian wlebSi da 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.
prasonsi harvardis universitetSi 1973 wlamde, pensiaSi gasvlamde, moRvaweobs. igi
garadicvala 1979 wlis 8 maiss germaniis qalaq miunxenSi.
talkot parsonsis ZiriTadi Sromebi:
socialuri moqmedebis struqtura (The Structure of Social Action) 1937 w.
socialuri sistema (The Social System) _ 1951 w.
struqtura da procesi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi (Structure and Process in Modern Societies) _1960w.
sociologiuri Teoria da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba (Sociological Theory and Modern Society) _1968w.
politika da socialuri struqtura (Politics and Social Structure) _ 1969 w.

1.1. ras amtkicebs struqturuli funqcionalizmi?

funqcionalistur midgomas safuZveli me-XIX saukuneSi Caeyara ogiust
kontis (socialuri statika) da, gansakuTrebiT, herbert spenseris mier,
romelic
sazogadoebas
ganixilavda
biologiur
organizmTan
95
analogiiT.
funqcionalizmze
didi
gavlena
moaxdina,
agreTve,
diurkemma,
romelmac
kauzaluri
axsnis
paralelurad
Semoitana
funqcionaluri axsnis idea. kauzaluri axsna, rogorc cnobilia,
gulisxmobs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgenas, rodesac erTi
movlena win uswrebs da aucileblobiT iwvevs meores. funqcionaluri
axsna ki, diurkemis Tanaxmad, gulisxmobs im funqciebis gamovlenas,

95

amis Taobaze ufro ufro dawvrlebiT ix. me-2 Tavis $1 da $2-ebSi.

79

romelsac movlena asrulebs. 96 maSasadame, funqcionalizmi cdilobs

socialuri struqturebis arseboba axsnas im funqciebis (rolebis)
mixedviT,
romelsac
isini
asruleben
mTeli
sazogadoebisaTvis.
funqcionaluri analizi orientirebulia ufro metad sazogadoebis,
vidre individis doneze. sazogadoeba, am SemTxvevaSi, ganixileba rogorc
urTierTdamokidebul da urTierTmaregulirebel nawilTa sistema.
Sesabamisad,
analizis
fokuss
warmoadgens
urTierTdamokidebuli
nawilebis urTierTmimarTeba da is, Tu ratomaa TiToeuli nawilis
funqcionireba aucilebeli sistemis (mTelis) sicocxlisunarianobis
SenarCunebisaTvis.
sazogadoebis
Seswavlis
idea
misi
nawilebis
(struqturebis) mier Sesrulebuli funqciebis mixedviT, aqtualuri gaxda
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, socialuri anTropologiis britanul skolaSi
(artur radklif-brauni, bronislav malinovski).
a. radklif-braunma (Arthur Radcliffe-Brown) da b. malinovskim (Bronislaw Malinowski),
primitiuli sazogadoebis analizis safuZvelze, Camoayalibes funqcionalizmis sami
ZiriTadi postulati: sazogadoebis funqcionaluri erTianobis; b) universaluri
funqcionalizmis da g) aucileblobis. pirveli postulatis Tanaxmad, socialuri da
kulturuli standartebi funqcionaluria mTeli sazogadoebis da misi TiToeuli
wevrisaTvis.
sazogadoebas
gaaCnia
erTianobis
specifikuri
forma,
rasac
funqcionaluri erTianoba SeiZleba ewodos. esaa sazogadoeba, romelic arsebobs
rogorc erTiani sistema, romlis nawilebi met-naklebad harmoniul urTierTobaSi
imyofebian erTmaneTTan, anu urTierTobisas ar qmnian Rrma konfliqtebs, romelTa
daregulireba iyos SeuZlebeli. meore (universaluri funqcionalizmis) postulatis
Tanaxmad, socialuri da kulturuli standartebi mxolod pozitiur rols asrulebs
sazogadoebis funqcionirebaSi, anu ar arsebobs e.w. disfunqciuri movlenebi,
romlebic socialuri konfliqtis, dezorganizaciis, socialuri daZabulobis wyaroa.
mesame (aucileblobis) postulatis Tanaxmad, socialuri da kulturuli standartebi
Caunacvlebelia, anu maTi (da maT mier Sesrulebuli) funqciebis arseboba aucilebelia
imisaTvis, raTa sazogadoebam iarsebos. robert mertoni akritikebs aRniSnul
postulatebs da cdilobs Camoayalibos funqcionalizmis paradigma, romelic
imuSavebs Tanamedrove (modernuli) sazogadoebebisaTvis. es paradigma iTvalsiwinebs
sazogadoebis funqcionalur interpretacias disfunqciaebis da alternatiuli
struqturebis (funqcionaluri ekvivalentebis) aRiarebis fonze.

1950-ian wlebSi Zalze popularuli xdeba talkot parsonsis Teoria,

romelic struqturuli funqcionalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. parsonsi
aviTarebs
moqmedebis
sistemebis
Teorias,
romlis
Tanaxmadac,
sazogadoebisa da misi calkeuli qvesistemis funqcionireba unda
gaanalizdes imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad asruleben isini gansazRvrul
funqcionalur moTxovnebs. moqmedebis sistemaTa analizisaTvis parsonss
Semoaqvs emerjentuli Tvisebebis cneba. igi aRniSnavs sistemis
nebismier Tvisebas, romelic ar SeiZleba martivad aixsnas sistemis
warmoSobis an calkeuli Semadgeneli nawilis mixedviT, im principidan
gamomdinare, rom mTeli gacilebiT metia, vidre misi nawilebis jami.
sxvanairad, emerjentuli Tvisebebi moqmedebaTa koordinaciis produqtia
da ar daiyvaneba mxolod erTeuli aqtis analizis doneze. ai, ras wers
parsonsi Tavis pirvel fundamentur SromaSi socialuri moqmedebis
struqtura:

96

ai, ras wers diurkemi: rodesac saWiroa socialuri fenomenis axsna, Cven cal-calke
unda moviZioT efeqturi mizezi, romelic mas warmoSobs da funqcia, romelsac is
asrulebs (Durkheim, Emil (1982): The Rules of Sociological Method. London: Macmillan).

80

moqmedebis sistemebs gaaCnia Tvisebebi, romlebic warmoiSoba mxolod kompleqsurobis

garkveul doneze, erTeul aqtTa erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi. es Tvisebebi ar SeiZleba
danaxul iqnes arc erT calkeul erTeul aqtSi, romelic ganixileba imave sistemaSi sxva
aqtebTan misi urTierTobis gareSe. isini ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes erTeuli aqtis
Tvisebebis uSualo generalizaciis procesis gziT. 97

maSasadame, emerjentuli Tvisebebi moqmedebis generalizebuli sistemis

maxasiaTeblebia, sistemisa, romlis nawilebi, rogorc iTqva, garkveul
funqcionalur urTierTobaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan da maT arsebobas
mxolod imdenad aqvs azri, ramdenadac mTelis arsebobas emsaxurebian.
aq, rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, parsonsi meTodologiuri holizmis
poziciaze
dgas,
romelic
upirispirdeba
meTodologiur
individualizms rogorc mikro Teoriuli analizis instruments. 98
moqmedebis
mogvianebiT
elementebis
rasac Tavad
1.2.

analizis
sistemuri
done
parsonsis
sociologiaSi
Semodis. manamde misi interesi erTeuli aqtis da misi
analizs ukavSirseba. aq parsonsi aviTarebs Tvalsazriss,
moqmedebis voluntaristul Teorias uwodebs. 99

moqmedebis (voluntaristuli) Teoria

rogorc j. ritceri samarTlianad wers: parsonsis moqmedebis Teoriis

gulSi sami cnebaa moTavsebuli _ erTeuli aqti, voluntarizmi da
verstehen. 100 maT Soris ZiriTadi erTeuli aqtis cnebaa.
~erTeuli aqti, parsonsis Tanaxmad, Semdeg oTx elements Seicavs: a)
agents (anu aqtors); b) mizans, anu movlenaTa momaval mdgomareobas,
romelzec orientirdeba moqmedeba; g) situacias, romelSic sruldeba
aqti. es ukanaskneli ori tipis elementebisagan Sedgeba: moqmedebis
pirobebisagan, romelTa gakontroleba da Secvla aqtors ar SeuZlia
da
moqmedebis
saSualebebisagan,
romelTa
gakontrolebis
SesaZleblobac mas aqvs; d) moqmedebis normatuli orientacia, romelic
aqtors
ganusazRvravs
mocemul
situaciaSi
miznis
misaRwevi
alternatiuli saSualebebidan arCevans.
maSasadame, miznis misaRwev saSualebaTa arCevani ar aris qaoturi. mas
gansazRvrul mimarTulebas aZlevs norma. norma moqmedebis sistemis is
elementia,
romelic
moqmedebas
miznis
ganxorcielebis
mimarT
adekvaturad aqcevs. moqmedebis orientacia mizanze subieqturia da
gansxvavdeba
situaciis
aqtorisagan
damoukidebeli,
obieqturi
elementebisagan (situaciis pirobebisagan). norma swored situaciis
subieqtur msvlelobas uzrunvelyofs, umorCilebs mas miznisken
swrafvas. is im moqmedebis subieqtur legitimacias axdens, romelic
miznis mimarT relevanturia. socialuri moqmedeba yovelTvis gaazrebul
97

Parsons, Talcott (1937): The Stucture of Social Action: A Study in Social Theory with Special Reference to a Group of

Recent European Writers. New York: McGraw-Hill; p. 718.

98
Holmwood, John (2005): Functionalism and its Critics. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington),
Oxford University Press; p. 94.
99
, (2000): . : ,
, ; . 58.
100
Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 437.

81

unda iqnes moqmedebis ori gansxvavebuli _ normatuli da situaciuri

(anu, subieqturi da obieqturi) _ tipis elementebs Soris daZabulobis
konsteqstSi. moqmedeba, rogorc procesi, warmoadgens situaciuri
elementebis cvalebadobas normebTan SesabamisobiT. am ori elementidan
romelimes ignorirebas moqmedebis Teoria ukiduresobamde mihyavs.
kerZod, normatuli aspeqtis gamoricxvas radikalur pozitivistur
poziciamde mivyavarT. am poziciis Tanaxmad, aqtori obieqturi situaciis
produqtia da misi moqmedeba aris situaciasTan mxolod pasiuri
adaptaciis procesi. meore mxriv, situaciuri aspeqtis eliminacias
idealistur paradigmamde mivyavarT, romlis Tanaxmad moqmedeba aris
mxolod pasiuri orientacia winaswar mocemul sazrisze, rogorc misi
emanacia.
swored normatuli (subieqturi) orientacia aqcevs aqtoris moqmedebas
voluntaristulad.
saWiroa
xazi
gaesvas
erT
garemoebas:
voluntaristuli Tvalsazrisis farglebSi, norma ar aris instutuciuri
(socialurad
aRiarebuli)
regulacia,
romelsac
RirebulebiTi
safuZveli aqvs (anu, norma ar aris arc socialuri sistemis nawili da
arc socialuri wesrigis piroba). is saSualebebs Soris wminda wylis
subieqturi arCevanis gamoxatulebaa. parsonsis Tanaxmad, adamiani
~aqtiuri, Semoqmedi, Semfasebeli arsebaa. igi moqmedebs imisaTvis, raTa
realoba SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos Tavis miznebTan, idealebTan. rogorc
miznis,
ise
saSualebebis
SemTxvevaSi
aqtors
aqvs
arCevanis
SesaZlebloba. swored esaa misi voluntarizmis safuZveli. arCevani
antideterminizmis gamoxatulebaa, romelic xazs usvams socialuri
moqmedebis Riaobas. rogorc iTqva, adamianis moqmedebis aseT gagebas
parsonsi pozitivisturi da idealisturi tradiciebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTavs, romelic adamians ~pasiur, Semguebel, receptul~ arsebad
miiCnevs.
agreTve, xazs usvams imas, rom moqmedeba subieqturad
relevanturia. es niSnavs, rom moqmedeba mimdinareobs ise, rogorc is
aqtors warmoudgenia, anu aqtorisaTvis gasagebad. swored esaa is, rasac
parsonsi aRniSnavs terminoT verstehen. amdenad, moqmedebis gaanalizeba
SesaZlebelia subieqturi perspeqtividan.
parsonsi,

1.3. moqmedebis sistemebi

parsonsi afarToebs Tavis Teoriul interess erTeuli moqmedebidan
socialuri moqmedebis sistemebamde. es aris gadanacvleba individualuri
aqtoris moqmedebidan societaluri integraciis doneze. parsonsi
amtkicebs, rom Tu aqtorebi gayvebian mxolod maT kerZo, damoukidebel
miznebs, maSin Tavidan ver avicilebT T. hobsiseul 101 ~oms yvelasi yvelas
101

Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) _ me-17 saukunis ingliseli filosofosi, romelic amtkicebda, rom
adamianebis bunebrivi mdgomareoba isaa, rodesac isini miyvebian TavianT egoistur
miznebs, rasac mosdevs omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg. hobsi monarqis absoluturi
suverenobis damcvelia, ramdenadac mxolod mas SeuZlia sayovelTao konfliqtis Tavidan
acileba da wesrigis damyareba. hobsi cnobilia Tavisi wigniT leviaTani (1651), romelic
man inglisis 1640-50 wlebis samoqalaqo omis konteqstSi dawera.

82

winaaRmdeg,
anu
dezintegrirebul
sazogadoebas.
sazogadoebas
yovelTvis SeuZlia da unda flobdes integraciis da, aqedan
gamomdinare, wesrigis garkveul xarisxs. wesrigi mxolod moqmedebaTa
koordinaciis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. sxvanairad es niSnavs, rom moqmedeba
sistemis saxiT moiazreba, sistema ki wesrigs gulisxmobs. parsonsi
gaarCevs moqmedebis saerTo sistemis sam dones: pirovnuls, socialurs
da kulturuls (mogvianebiT igi meoTxesac umatebs bihevioruli
organizmis saxiT 102). ufro zustad Tu vityviT, es realuri sistemebi ki
ara, moqmedebis sistemuri analizis gansxvavebuli doneebia.
a) pirovnuli
organizebuli

sistema

calkeuli (individualuri) aqtoris garSemo

moqmedebaa.
am
sistemaSi
mTavari
individis
moTxovnilebiTi dispoziciebia ('need-dispositions'). esaa sistema, romelic
sami aspeqtisagan, an orientaciisagan Sedgeba:
a) "dakmayofilebis"
aspeqti, romelsac parsonsi "kateqtikur orientacias" uwodebs. es
orientacia individis obieqtTa samyarosTan urTierTobas imis mixedviT
gansazRvravs, Tu ras iRebs igi am urTierTobidan da rad "uRirs" mas es
urTierToba. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, "dakmayofilebis aspeqti
"me"-s
urTierTobas obieqtTan an obieqtebTan gansazRvravs misi pirovnulobis
b)
dakmayofileba-daukmayofileblobis
balansis
SenarCunebiT"; 103
kognituri
orientacia
(anu
"SemecnebiTi
sqematizacia"),
rodesac
individebi imecneben socialuri obieqtis Tvisebebs da arkveven "ra aris
es obieqti"; g) SefasebiTi aspeqti, rodesac individebi afaseben da
gansazRvraven, alternativebs Soris romeli mimarTulebiT warmarTon
TavianTi energia, raTa miaRwion maqsimalur kmayofilebas an obieqtis
adekvatur Semecnebas.
b) socialuri sistema ori an meti aqtoris interaqciis
organizebul moqmedebas gulisxmobs. ai, ras wers parsonsi:

garSemo

socialuri sistema moicavs erTmaneTTan interaqciaSi myof individualur aqtorTa

simravles im situaciaSi, romelic flobs, sul cota, fizikur anu gare samyaroul aspeqts;
aqtorebs, romlebic motivirebulni arian dakmayofilebis optimizaciis tendenciis
TvalsazrisiT da romelTa urTierToba situaciebTan, erTmaneTTan urTierTobis CaTvliT,
gansazRvruli da gaSualebulia kulturis mier struqturuli da saziaro simboloebiT. 104

socialuri sistemis erTeuls da birTvs socialuri statusi da roli

warmoadgens.
isini
pirovnebis
sazogadoebaSi
orientaciis
maorganizebeli meqanizmebia. statusi socialur sistemaSi arsebuli
struqturuli poziciaa, xolo roli _ am poziciis farglebSi
Sesrulebuli funqcia. rodesac urTierTqmedeba ~ego-sa da ~sxvebs~
Soris iZens met-naklebad myar, organizebul xasiaTs, yalibdeba
rolebrivi
molodinebi:
individi
elodeba,
rom
sxva
moiqceva
gansazRvruli wesiT, moqmedebis alternativebis diapazonis farglebSi.
102

bihevioruli organizmi rogorc moqmedebis erT-erTi sistema parsonsTan im

funqcias asrulebs, rom igi energiis wyaroa yvela danarCeni sistemisaTvis (Ritzer,
2000). Tumca, am sistemis Taviseburebebs parsonsi naklebad aanalizebs. swored amitomaa,
rom parsonsis Teoriis mkvlevrebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, arc miuTiTeben mis arsebobaze.
103
, (1996): . :
, , ; . 465.
104
Parsons, Talcott (1951): The Social System. New York: Free Press; pp. 5-6.

83

individis mier socialur rolTa aTvisebis procesi aris swored

~socializaciis arsi. parsonsisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba imas
aqvs, rom socialuri statusebi da rolebi is meqanizmebia, romelTa
saSualebiTac socialur sistemaSi xdeba RirebulebiTi standartebis
integracia,
anu
institucionalizacia.
socialuri
sistema
institucionalizebul
RirebulebaTa,
anu
normaTa
sistemaa.
Rirebulebebi, Tavis mxriv, kulturuli sistemis nawilia.
g) kulturuli sistema formirdeba Rirebulebebis, normebis da
simboloebis organizaciis meSveobiT. parsonsis mixedviT, kulturul
sistemas sami ZiriTadi Tviseba aqvs:
kultura gadacemadia, is ayalibebs memkvidreobas, anu socialur tradicias; meore, is
daswavladia, anu ar aris, kerZo azriT, adamianis genetikuri struqturis gamoxatuleba; da
mesame, is saziaroa. kultura, amgvarad, aris adamianis socialuri interaqciis sistemebis,
erTi mxriv, produqti, xolo, meore mxriv, maTi determinanti. 105

kulturuli sistemis birTvi RirebulebiTi

gansazRvravs parsonsi Rirebulebas? igi wers:

standartebia.

rogor

Rirebuleba SeiZleba ewodos sayovelTao simboluri sistemis elements, romelic

warmoadgens kriteriums an standarts orientaciis arsebul alternativebs Soris arCevanis
gasakeTeblad. 106

maSasadame, Rirebulebebis safuZvelze aqtori moqmedebis alternatiuli

SesaZleblobebidan axorcielebs SerCevis aqts. aq aSkara paralelizmi
arsebobs moqmedebis voluntaristul TeoriasTan, rodesac parsonsi
erTeuli aqtis struqturaSi normatul orientacias akisrebs miznis
misaRwevi alternatiuli saSualebebidan arCevanis gansazRvras. Tumca,
moqmedebis sistemebis doneze RirebulebiTi orientacia sxva datvirTvas
iZens. Rirebuleba ar aris situaciis subieqturi elementi. is obieqturi,
aqtorisagan ganyenebuli standartia. Tumca, misi integracia, anu
internalizeba
SesaZlebelia
pirovnul
sistemebSi.
aqtorma
RirebulebiTi standartebi SeiZleba sakuTar principebad aqcios.
parsonsi ar tovebs aqtors (e.i. pirovnul sistemas) dakmayofilebis
optimizaciaze mimarTuli motivaciuri orientaciis amara. motivaciuri
orientaciis
TiToeuli
donis
paralelurad
parsonss
Semoaqvs
RirebulebiTi standartebi (Sesabamisad, RirebulebiTi orientaciebi),
romlebic marTavs empiriul motivaciebs: a) kognituri standartebi,
romliTac dgindeba SemecnebiT msjelobaTa validuroba. isini exmareba
aqtorebs imis gansazRvraSi, Tu romeli informacia an monacemia
mniSvnelovani;
b) damadasturebeli (appreciative) standartebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac xdeba gansxvavebuli socialuri obieqtebis vargisianobis
Sefaseba kateqsisaTvis (kmayofilebis optimizaciisaTvis). g) moraluri
standartebi, romlebic axdenen moqmedebis mTeli sistemis Sefasebas da
regulirebas, iqneba es pirovneba Tu sazogadoeba, an maTi subsistemebi.
parsonsi maT ~ukanaskneli instanciis msajulebs~ uwodebs.
105

Talcott, Parsons (1951): The Social System. New York: Free Press; p. 15.
, (1996): . :
, , ; . 469.
106

84

maSasadame, kulturuli sistema, pirovnuli da socialuri sistemebisagan

gansxvavebiT, ar warmoadgens empiriul sistemas. Tumca, kulturuli
sistemis elementebi (RirebulebiTi standartebi) SeiZleba gadaerTos
socialuri da pirovnuli sistemebis ~reJimSi. swored amas warmoadgens
~institucionalizaciis
da
~internalizaciis
procesi.
institucionalizebuli Rirebulebebi normebia, romlebic socialuri
sistemis nawilia. rodesac individi am normebis mixedviT moqmedebs da
asrulebs maT Sesabamis socialur rolebs, amiT xdeba internalizebuli
kulturuli etalonebis pirovnul sistemaSi internalizacia, anu
standartebi aqtoris ~sakuTar Rirebulebebad iqceva.
moqmedebis sami _ kulturuli, socialuri da pirovnuli _ sistemis
ierarqiaSi, pirovnuli sistema yvelaze daqvemdebarebul pozicias
ikavebs. igi determinirebulia rogorc RirebulebaTa saerTo sistemis,
ise socialuri sistemis mier. sazogadoebis individualuri wevrebi
iziareben saerTo miznebsa da Rirebulebebs. sazogadoebis, socialuri
erTobebis da socialuri jgufebis integracia moiTxovs maTi wevrebis
mier normaTa da RirebulebaTa saerTo sistemis aRiarebas. es sistema
moraluri Zalauflebis mqonea da igi ar daiyvaneba calkeul aqtorTa
nebaze. parsonsi aRiarebs aseTi socialuri moralis Zalas.
1.4. AGIL
moqmedebis yvela sistemas waeyeneba gansazRvruli moTxovnebi, romelTa
dakmayofileba aucilebelia sistemis TviTSenaxvisa da operirebisaTvis.
parsonsi gamoyofs oTx ZiriTad funqcionalur moTxovnas, romlebic
cnobilia saxelwodebiT - AGIL: es ukanaskneli Teoriuli sqemaa, idealuri
tipia, romelic srulad arasodes xorcieldeba empiriul sistemebSi:
1. adaptacia (A: adaptation) exeba sistemis urTierTobas mis garemosTan.
es imperativi moiTxovs, rom nebismieri sistema adaptirdes garemosTan;
2. miznis miRweva (G: goal-attainment) moiTxovs, rom yvela sistemam
gansazRvros
Tavisi
miznebi
da
axdendes
sakuTari
resursebis
mobilizebas maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis;
3. integracia (I: integration) _ moiTxovs, yvela sistemam SeinarCunos
(daicvas) misi nawilebis Sinagani koordinacia da ganaviTaros deviaciis
daZlevis gzebi;
4. latenturoba (L: latency) _ yvela sistemam unda SeinarCunos da
ganaviTaros kulturuli standartebi. es uzrunvelyofs wonsworobas
motivaciur da RirebulebiT orientaciebs Soris. parsonsi am moTxovnas
etalonebis SenarCunebasac (pattern maintenance) uwodebs.
rogorc iTqva, aRniSnuli moTxovnebi moqmedebis yvela sistemas da
qvesistemas waeyeneba. TiToeuli qvesistema aRniSnuli oTxi moTxovnidan
erT-erTs asrulebs. magaliTad, moqmedebis zogadi (totaluri)
sistemisTvis adaptaciis funqcias bihevioruli organizmi asrulebs;
miznis miRwevis funqcias _ pirovnuli (qve) sistema; integraciis
funqcias _ socialuri (qve) sistema, xolo latenturobis moTxovnas _
85

kulturuli (qve) sistema. Tu socialur sistemas calke ganvixilavT,

misi qvesistemebi inawileben gansxvavebuli funqciebis Sesrulebas
socialuri sistemis SenaxvisaTvis. kerZod, ekonomikis qvesistema
adaptaciis moTxovnas pasuxobs, politikis qvesistema miznis miRwevas
emsaxureba, societaluri erToba socialuri sistemis integracias
uzrunvelyofs, iseTi qvesistemebi, rogoricaa ojaxi, skola da sxv. _
latenturobas.

1.5. etalonuri cvladebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom individi gansazRvrulia kulturuli da socialuri
sistemebiT, mas mainc rCeba RirebulebiT etalonebs Soris arCevanis ufleba.
es aris arCevani gansazRvrul dilemebs Soris, romelTac individi
situaciaSi orientirebisas awydeba. parsonsi gamoyofs xuT dilemas
(dixotomias), romelTac etalonur (tipobriv) cvladebs (Pattern Variables)
uwodebs.
maSasadame,
etalonuri
cvladebi
parsonsisaTvis
aqtoris
situaciaSi orientaciis saSualebebia, rodesac arCevani keTdeba imisaTvis,
rom situaciam individisaTvis gansazRvruli mniSvneloba SeiZinos.
etalonuri cvladebi erTgvari teqnikacaa, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba
ori sazogadoebis specifikuri aspeqtebis Sedareba, raTa dadgindes maT
Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi. es gza SeiZleba
gamoyenebul
iqnes
socialur
cvlilebaTa
Sedegebis
generalizaciisaTvis. etalonuri cvladebis gansazRvris saSualebiT
parsonsi Seecada eCvenebina gansxvavebebi tradiciul da Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebs Soris.
parsonsi aRwers etalonuri cvladebis xuT diqotomiur wyvils:
1. afeqturoba_afeqturi neitraloba: afeqturobis normatuli etaloni
aqtors karnaxobs, rom man mocemul situaciaSi upiratesoba mianiWos
uSualo emociuri dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas. piriqiT, afeqturi
neitralobis etaloni aqtorisagan moiTxovs, rom man Tavi Seikavos
emociuri kmayofilebis miRebisagan da upiratesoba mianiWos SefasebiT
midgomas;
2. orientacia sakuTar Tavze_orientacia koleqtivze; pirvel SemTxvevaSi
aqtors ufleba eZleva mocemul situaciaSi ganaxorcielos kerZo
interesebi. koleqtivze orientaciis etaloni, piriqiT, aqtorisagan moiTxovs
im Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebas, romlebic saerToa jgufisaTvis;
3. universalizmi_partikularizmi: universalizmis etaloni aqtors
avaldebulebs obieqtze orientirebas saerTo standartebis da ara
obieqtTa unikaluri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. partikularizmis
etaloni aqtorisagan moiTxovs, mocemul situaciaSi, upiratesoba
mianiWos obieqtis mimarT kerZo kavSirebs;
4. Tviseba_rezultaturoba: pirveli etaloni aqtors avaldebulebs, rom
upiratesoba mianiWos obieqtTa unarebs da ara SeZenil (miRweul)
Tvisebebs, rasac moiTxovs rezultaturobis etaloni;
5. specifikuroba_difuzuroba: pirveli etaloni moiTxovs, rom aqtorma
obieqtis mimarT damokidebuleba gansazRvros mxolod calkeul
sferoebSi da ar CarTos masSi empiriulad SesaZlo sxva urTierTobebi.

86

difuzurobis etaloni ki piriqiT, aqtors avaldebulebs,

reagireba moaxdinos nebismieri relevanturi xerxiT.

obieqtze

87

$2. niklas lumanis sistemebis Teoria

biografiuli cnobebi:
niklas lumani (Niklas Luhmann) daibada 1927 wlis 8 dekembers germaniis qalaq
luneburgSi (Lueneburg). 1944 wels, 15 wlis asakSi msaxurobda germaniis sahaero ZalebSi,
damxmare personalad. 1945 wels igi Seipyres amerikelma samxedroebma. 1946-49 wlebSi
lumani swavlobs iurisprudencias q. fraiburgSi. 1954 wels samoqalaqo saqmeebis
garCeviT aris dakavebuli luneburgis umaRles administraciul sasamarTloSi. 1955-62
wlebSi lumani qveda saqsoniis federaluri Statis parlamentis mrCevelia, xolo
mogvianebiT _ mTavrobis mrCevelic. 1960-61 wlebSi iRebs Sesvenebas da saswavleblad
miemgzavreba harvardis universitetSi (aSS) talkot parsonsTan. 1960 wels qorwindeba
kidec.
1964 wels n. lumani aqveynebs Tavis pirvel wigns formaluri organizaciis funqciebi
da Sedegebi. 1965 wels igi iniSneba dortmundis socialuri kvlevebis centris
ganyofilebis gamged. 1968 wels lumani xdeba sociologiis profesori bilfeldis
universitetSi (University of Bielefeld). lumanis samecniero muSaoba ZiriTadad mimarTulia
im meqanizmis kvlevas, rac sistemis Seqmnis safuZvelia.
1971 wels lumans gardaecvala meuRle, igi sam SvilTan erTad agrZelebs cxovrebas
Tavis saxlSi _ orlinghauzenSi.
1984 wels n. lumani aqveynebs Tavis mTavar Sromas socialuri sistemebi. 1988 wels
lumanss aniWeben hegelis prizs, q. StutgartSi.
niklas lumani naadrevad gardaicvala 1998 wlis 6 noembers kiboTi.

2.1. lumani da parsonsi

lumanma daamuSava sociologiuri midgoma, romelic Tavis sazrdos,
mniSvnelovanwilad, parsonsis struqturuli funqcionalizmisgan iRebs.
lumani parsonsis Teorias miiCnevs erTaderT zogad Teoriad, romlis
safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia axali sociologiuri midgomebis gaCena.
Tavisi Sromebis gamoqveyneba lumanma 1960-iani wlebidan daiwyo da maTi
umravlesoba iyo erTgvari dialogi parsonsis funqcionalizmTan.
lumanis ZiriTadi Sroma "socialuri sistemebi", romelic 1984 wels
gamovida,
didadaa
davalebuli
parsonsis
evoluciuri
107
funqcionalizmisgan. Tumca, rogorc mkvlevrebi
aRniSnaven, lumani
parsonss principulad Sordeba ramdenime sakiTxSi:
a) parsonsis TeoriaSi araferia naTqvami sazogadoebis, rogorc sistemis,
"TviTreferenciaze" (TviTmimarTvaze, TviTaRweraze). arada, lumanis
azriT, sazogadoebas aqvs unari, mimarTos sakuTar Tavs. sazogadoebis
nebismieri TviTaRwera or sivrces Semoxazavs: erTia is, rac ar aris
sazogadoeba (anu, is, rac "garemoa"), xolo meorea is, rasac qmnis aRwera
sazogadoebis SigniT. TviTreferencia nebismieri sistemis maxasiaTebelia.
lumani wers:

ix. magaliTad, , (2002): (5- ). .:

; . 219-20. agreTve, Delanty, Gerard (2005) Modernity and Postmodernity: Part II. In: Modern Social
Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 284.
107

88

"TviTreferencia niSnavs, rom sistemebs aqvs unari, ganasxvavon maTi sakuTari

funqcionireba yvela danarCenisgan da rom sistemas ZaluZs gamoyos sakuTari Tavi
garemosgan".108

b) rogorc j. ritceri SeniSnavs, parsonsi ar aRiarebs SemTxveviTobas.

es sxvanairad imas niSnavs, rom parsonsi aRiarebs sazogadoebis
arsebobis erT models (kerZod, imas, romelic Seesabameba AGIL sqemas) da
gamoricxavs misi sxvagvarad funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas. AGIL sqemas
parsonsi uyurebs ara rogorc SesaZlebel models, aramed rogorc
faqts. struqturuli funqcionalizmi yvela sistemis (da qvesistemis)
arsebobis aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs OoTxi (adaptacia, miznis miRweva,
integracia,
latenturoba)
funqcionaluri
moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebas. Sesabamisad, aRiarebs
sazogadoebis
sworxazovani
evoluciuri procesis ideas. lumanis mixedviT, nebismieri sistema
TviTorganizebadia: is Tavad gansazRvravs misi funqcionirebis pirobebs.
TviTorganizeba
gamoricxavs
determinizms.
nebismieri
gansxvaveba
sistemasa da garemos Soris gagebul unda iqnes rogorc SesaZlebloba
(SemTxveviToba), anu is, rac SesaZlebelia sxvanairi yofiliyo.
g)
Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba,
lumanis
Tanaxmad,
funqciurad
diferencirebuli sistemaa, romlis qvesistemebic erTmaneTis da,
saerTod,
mTeli
sistemis
mimarT
avtonomiurobas
inarCuneben.
parsonsisagan gansxvavebiT, lumani uaryofs sistemuri mTlianobis
SesaZleblobas.
igi
ar
uyurebs
socialur
sistemas
rogorc
integrirebul
organizms,
romelic
normatuli
RirebulebebiTaa
Sekruli. lumans aqcenti integraciidan diferenciaciaze gadaaqvs. igi
amtkicebs, rom yoveli sistema (an subsistema) TviTkmari da TviTqmnadia.
lumani wers:
amrigad, ar arsebobs araviTari normatuli integracia individebisa sazogadoebaSi. sxva
sityvebiT, ar arsebobs araviTari normebi, romelTagan vinmes SeuZlia gadaixaros, Tu amis
survili eqna... arsebobs mxolod ekvivalenturi dakvirvebadi sqema, romelSic damkvirvebeli
TviTgansazRvravs imaze dakvirvebas, qceva eTanxmeba Tu Sordeba normas. da es damkvirvebeli,
agreTve, SeiZleba iyos komunikaciuri sistema _ sasamarTlo, masmedia da a.S. Tu Cven gvinda
vikiTxoT, Tu ra aris sinamdvileSi normebis an konsensusis safuZveli, maSin Cven unda
davakvirdeT damkvirvebels. da Tu Cven RmerTs aRar miviCnevT samyaros damkvirveblad, maSin
arsebobs sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebi. 109

2.2. sazogadoeba rogorc autopoezisuri sistema

lumanis azriT, arsebobs sazogadoebis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli sami
epistemologiuri winaRoba, romelsac tradiciuli socialuri Teoria
qmnis:
1. pirveli winaRoba exeba mosazrebas, rom sazogadoeba Sedgeba
adamianebisagan, an adamianebs Soris urTierTobebisagan. lumani amas
humanistur gaugebrobas uwodebs. Tu sazogadoeba adamianebisagan
108

Luhmann, Niklas (1994): '"What Is The Case" and "What Lies Behind It?" The Two Sociologies and The Theory
of Society', in Sociological Theory Vol.12, No. 2.
109
Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory,
Blackwell Publishers; p. 152.

89

Sedgeba, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom parikmaxeri sazogadoebas Wris

Tmas? an rom sazogadoebas zogjer insulini sWirdeba? 110
2. meore Secdoma
mdgomareobs
imis
aRiarebaSi, rom arsebobs
teritoriulad
mravalgvari
sazogadoebebi
(magaliTad,
CineTis,
braziliis, paragvais da a.S. sazogadoebebi). rasakvirvelia, arsebobs
gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva teritoriebis sacxovrebel pirobebs Soris,
magram es gansxvavebebi unda aixsnas rogorc sazogadoebis SigniT da ara
sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. Tu aqcents teritoriul
gansxvavebebze gavakeTebT, maSin sociologia geografias dauTmobs
Tavisi centraluri problemis gadaWras.
3. mesame Secdoma exeba gansxvavebas subieqts da obieqts (azrovnebasa da
yofierebas, kogniciasa da sagans) Soris. kognicia, rogorc aseTi,
gamocalkevebuli iyo misi obieqtisagan. am dayofis Tanaxmad, mxolod
subieqts gaaCnia TviTreferenciis privilegia, xolo sagnebi rCebian
iseTi, rogoric arian.
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Teoriebi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Teoriebia. amis
gareSe ar arsebobs sazogadoebis adekvaturi cneba. sxva sityvebiT,
sazogadoebis cneba unda formirdes autologikurad. is unda Seicavdes
sakuTar Tavs sakuTar TavSi.
lumani moiTxovs, rom sistema ganvixiloT specifikuri gansxvavebis
konteqstSi. esaa gansxvaveba sistemasa da garemos Soris. lumani wers:
sistema esaa gansxvavebis forma, romelsac, Sesabamisad, ori mxare gaaCnia: sistema
(rogorc formis Sida mxare) da garemo (rogorc formis gareTa mxare). mxolod es ori
mxare erTad qmnis gansxvavebas, qmnis cnebas. amrigad, garemo am formisaTvis iseTive
mniSvnelovania da aucilebeli, rogorc Tavad sistema... yvelaferi, rasac SeiZleba
davakvirdeT da aRvweroT am gansxvavebasTan mimarTebaSi, miekuTvneba an sistemas, an
garemos.111

lumani Tavad svams kiTxvas: rogor iqmneba forma, anu gansxvaveba

sistemasa da garemos Soris? lumanis pasuxi am kiTxvaze aseTia: sistema
TviTqmnadia, anu Tavad qmnis gansxvavebas massa da garemos Soris. swored
amas aRniSnavs sistemis autopoezisuroba.112 lumani moiTxovs, rom
autopoezisis cneba ganvasxvavoT autopraqsisis cnebisagan. es
ukanaskneli TviTdakmayofilebaze mimarTul saqmianobebs ukavSirdeba,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tambaqos moweva, curva, Woraoba, msjeloba.
autopoezisi, amisagan gansxvavebiT, kavSirSia imasTan, rasac lumani
sistemis operaciul daxurulobas uwodebs. sazogadoebis erT-erTi
lumaniseuli gansazRvreba swored amas gulisxmobs: sazogadoeba
110

Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory,
Blackwell Publishers; p. 144.
111
Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory,
Blackwell Publishers; p. 145.
112
autopezisis (autopoiesis) cnebis Semotana, lumanisave aRiarebiT, dakavSirebulia
umberto maturanas (Humberto Maturana) saxelTan, romelmac es termini cocxali
organizmebis mimarT gamoiyena. biologiur organizms, rogorc sistemas, aqvs sakuTari
Tavidan misi Semadgeneli nawilebis kvlavwarmoebis unari.

90

operaciulad

daxuruli

autopoezisuri

sistemaa. 113

es ar niSnavs
sistemis izolaciurobas, avtarqias. lumanis azriT, is im trivialur
viTarebas gamoxatavs, rom arcerT sistemas ar SeuZlia operireba mis

sazRvrebs gareT.
marTalia, lumani saubrobs sazogadoebis cnebaze, magram sistemebis
operaciuli Caketilobis mizeziT, sazogadoeba, rogorc aseTi, arc
arsebobs. is, rac arsebobs, aris mxolod socialur sistemebs Soris
komunikacia. sazogadoebis cneba lumanTan mxolod saxelia socialur
sistemaTa erTobliobis aRsaniSnavad. lumani amtkicebs, rom Tanamedrove
sazogadoebas ara aqvs centri da ar arsebobs erTi centraluri
subsistema,
rogoricaa,
magaliTad,
saxelmwifo
an
samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebs axasiaTebs kompleqsuroba, rac
funqcionaluri
diferenciaciis
Sedegia.
diferenciaciis
da
ara
integraciis saSualebiT xdeba sazogadoebis funqcionireba. socialuri
cvlilebebi
SesaZlebelia
swored
funqcionaluri
gansxvavebebis
wyalobiT. swored amitom, lumanis mixedviT, sazogadoeba ukve aRar
SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc mTliani. SeuZlebelia laparaki
sistemur integraciaze. autopoezisis cneba ukavSirdeba nebismier
sistemas _ ekonomikas, politikur sistemas, sakanonmdeblo sistemas,
samecniero sistemas, biurokratias da a.S.
autopezisuri sistemebi, rogorc iTqva, adgenen Tavis sakuTar sazRvrebs
imiT, rom atareben gansxvavebas imas, rac Tavad sistemas miekuTvneba da
garemos
Soris. kargad
wers ritceri:
autopezisuri sistemebi
TviTorganizebadia ori azriT: isini axdenen, erTi mxriv, Tavisi
sakuTari sazRvrebis da, meore mxriv, Tavisi Sinagani struqturis
organizebas... magaliTad, ekonomikuri sistema yvelafers, rac iSviaTia
da rasac SeiZleba fasi daedos, Tvlis ekonomikuri sistemis nawilad.
haeri yvelgan uricxvi raodenobiT arsebobs, amitomac mas fass ar adeben
da is ar warmoadgens ekonomikuri sistemis nawils. Tumca, haeri garemos
aucilebeli nawilia. 114
operaciulad
daxuruli
sistema
sakuTari
Tavidan
gamoricxavs
adamianebs, rogorc cocxal da cnobier arsebebs, iseve rogorc _
gansxvavebul
qveynebs,
Tavisi
geografiuli
da
demografiuli
TaviseburebebiT. es ar niSnavs imas, rom adamianebi da qveynebi
uCinardeba sistemebis TeoriisaTvis. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom isini
ara sazogadoebis (sistemis), aramed misi garemos nawilebia. lumanisaTvis
mxolod sistemebi da ara socialuri aqtorebia CarTuli komunikaciaSi.
lumani moiTxovs, rom subieqtis
filosofiam adgili dauTmos
TviTaRmweri sistemebis Teorias. igi wers:
Tu Zalze mkacri formiT CamovayalibebT, individis monawileoba sazogadoebaSi
gamoricxulia. ar arsebobs araviTari komunikacia individsa da sazogadoebas Soris,
ramdenadac komunikacia yovelTvis aris socialuri sistemis Sinagani operacia.
sazogadoebas arasodes SeuZlia gavides sakuTari Tavis gareT Tavisi sakuTari
procedurebiT da moicvas individi. mas SeuZlia mxolod misi sakuTari procedurebis
113

Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory,
Blackwell Publishers; p. 146.
114
, (2002): (5- ). .: ; . 221.

91

kvlavwarmoeba misive sakuTari procedurebiT. sazogadoebas ar SeuZlai operireba misi

sakuTari sazRvrebis gareT. 115

maSasadame, gansxvavebis cneba centraluria lumanis TeoriaSi. bazisuri

kodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac informacia muSavdeba, binarulia da
qmnis gansxvavebas Sidas da gares Soris. lumanis argumenti isaa, rom
gansxvaveba SeiZleba gakeTdes mxolod mocemuli sistemis SigniT. ar
arsebobs absoluturi da damoukidebeli aTvlis wertili, saidanac
sazogadoeba Tavis Tavs daakvirdeba an reprezentacias moaxdens
(rogoricaa, magaliTad, RmerTi, saxelmwifo an imperatori).
autopoezisur sistemasa da mis sabazo elementebs Soris arsebobs
urTierTdamokidebuleba
da
urTierTganpirobebuloba.
magaliTad,
politikuri sistemis (romelic erT-erTia sxva sistemaTa Soris) sabazo
elementi Zalauflebaa. Zalauflebis mniSvneloba da misi gamoyenebis
xerxebi ganisazRvreba Tavad politikuri sistemis mier. meore mxriv,
politikuri sistema Zalauflebis gareSe kvazi-sistemaa. msgavsad amisa,
ekonomikuri sistemis sabazo elementi fulia, romelic am sistemis
gaCenamde ar arsebobda. fulis Tanamedrove forma da ekonomikuri
sistema erTad warmoiSva da erTmaneTzea damokidebuli. SeuZlebelia
warmovidginoT Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sistema fulis gareSe. Tavis
mxriv, fuli ekonomikuri sistemis gareSe mxolod qaRaldis an liTonis
naWeria da sxva araferi. 116
yvela garegani pozicia, saidanac dakvirveba SeiZleba iwarmoebodes,
uCinardeba. amis nacvlad lumani amtkicebs, rom yvela dakvirvebam unda
miiRos TviTdakvirvebis an TviTaRweris forma. operacionalurad
Caketili sistemebi ar moiTxoven garedan mniSvnelobis (sazrisis)
miniWebas imisaTvis, raTa ifunqcioneron. subsistemebma unda moaxdinon
TviTdakvirveba, raTa ganasxvavon sakuTari Tavi maTi garemosagan, e.i.
sxva
subsistemebisagan.
am
azriT,
subieqti
rogorc
naratori
Canacvlebulia
subieqti-damkvirvebliT.
dakvirvebas
rogorc
TviTdakvirvebas da TviTaRweras lumani "meore rigis dakvirvebas"
uwodebs. 117 lumanis idea meore rigis dakvirvebebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba
davinaxoT sazogadoebis bevr sferoSi. magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azri
politikaSi funqcionirebs rogorc gansxvavebuli jgufebis sarke.
xelovnebaSi meore rigis dakvirvebebi cvlis pirveli rigis dakvirvebebs,
ramdenadac xelovneba aRar axdens imis reprezentacias, rac mis gareTaa
da upiratesad TviTreferenciuli xdeba. mecnierebaSi meTodologiis
sakiTxebi xdeba yvelaze mniSvnelovani da a.S.

2.3. komunikacia

115

Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory,
Blackwell Publishers; p. 152.
, (2002): (5- ). .: ; . 221.
Luhmann, Niklas (1994) '"What Is The Case" and "What Lies Behind It?" The Two Sociologies and The Theory
of Society', in Sociological Theory Vol.12, No. 2.
116
117

92

lumanis sistemebis TeoriisaTvis centraluria komunikaciis cneba.

lumans mniSvnelovnad miaCnia sakiTxi: romelia is operacia, romelic
qmnis sistemas da qmnis mas misi produqtebisgan, anu kvlavqmnis sistemas?
lumani am kiTxvaze pasuxis safuZvlad iRebs komunikaciis cnebas. Tumca,
lumanTan komunikacia iseTi pirobaa, romelsac kavSiri aqvs gawyvetili
socialur moqmedebasTan. swored komunikaciis cnebam unda gadarTos
sociologiuri Teoria moqmedebis Teoriidan sistemis Teoriaze. saqme
isaa, rom moqmedebis cnebis SemTxvevaSi Cven Tavidan ver avicilebT
garegan mimarTvebs iseTi socialuri fenomenebisadmi, rogoricaa:
moqmedebis sagani, individi, adgili sivrceSi. socialuri sistema
(rogorc operaciulad daxuruli sistema) Sedgeba mxolod misi sakuTari
operaciebisagan, romlebic kvlaviqmneba komunikaciebis saSualebiT isev
komunikaciebisagan. mxolod komunikaciis cnebis daxmarebiT SegviZlia
vifiqroT socialur sistemaze rogorc autopoezisur sistemaze. sistema
Sedgeba komunikaciebisagan, romlebic axdenen sistemis warmoebas da
kvlavwarmoebas isev komunikaciis qselis saSualebiT. lumani wers:
sazogadoeba aris sruli sistema yvela komunikaciisa, romlebic kvlavqmnian TavianT Tavs
autopoetikurad komunikaciaTa ganaxlebadi qselis saSualebiT, romelic qmnis axal (da
yovelTvis sxva) komunikaciebs... amrigad, aseTi sistemis kvlavwarmoeba moiTxovs imis
kompetencias, rom moaxdinos gansxvaveba sistemasa da garemos Soris. komunikaciebs SeuZliaT
moaxdinon komunikaciebis identifikacia da maTi gansxvaveba sxva movlenebisagan, rac
miekuTvneba garemos im azriT, rom vinmes namdvilad SeuZlia maT Sesaxeb da ara maTTan
komunikacia. 118

Tu komunikacia sistemis Sida struqturas exeba, maSin konkretuli

adamianebi ar arian misi Semqmnelebi, ramdenadac adamianebi ara sistemis,
aramed misi garemos nawilebia. lumanis azriT, TiTqmis araviTari azri
ara aqvs imis Tqmas, rom sazogadoeba Sedgeba adamianTa Soris
urTierTobebisagan. komunikaciis qveS, lumanis azriT, gacilebiT
specifikuri sqema
igulisxmeba
_
esaa
gansxvavebis
dafiqsireba
informacias, komunikaciis aqtsa da gagebas Soris. komunikacia am sami
aspeqtis sinTezia. maT Soris gansxvavebis dakvirvebis gareSe arc erTi
komunikacia ar Sedgeba. ar aris, magaliTad, sakmarisi, rom vinme uyurebs
an usmens sxvas, aucilebelia sakuTar qcevaze dakvirveba im gansxvavebis
daxmarebiT, romelic arsebobs informaciasa da komunikaciis aqts Soris.
mxolod komunikacia TavisTavad warmoadgens socialur operacias.
komunikaciis cneba naTels xdis, rom sazogadoeba aris TviTaRmweri da
TviTdakvirvebadi sistema. Tundac umartivesi komunikacia SesaZlebelia
mxolod adreuli da Semdgomi komunikaciebis ganaxlebad qselSi. aseT
qsels SeuZlia gaxdes sakuTari Tavis sagani, SeuZlia moaxdinos
sakuTari Tavis informireba misive komunikaciebis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia eWvi
Seitanos
informaciaSi, uaryos
igi da
a.S. yvela
komunikacia
sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi pirobadadebulia sazogadoebis mier. ar
arsebobs gareSe damkvirvebeli, romelic raime, Tundac ramdename
adekvatur kompetencias flobs.

118

Luhmann, Niklas (1999): The Concept of Society, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory,
Blackwell Publishers; p. 149.

93

nebismieri komunikacia xorcieldeba kodebis saSualebiT. kodi esaa

sistemebis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi ena, romelic axdens sistemis
elementebis gamocalkevebas im elementebisagan, romlebic sistemas ar
ekuTvnis. magaliTad, mecnierebis sistemis ZiriTadi kodi WeSmaritebaa,
samarTlis sistemis kodi _ kanoniereba, ekonomikis sistemis kodi _
gadaxda da a.S. lumanis mixedviT, sistemebi TavianTi kodebiT
avtonomiuri da Caketilia: arc erTi sistemas ar iyenebs sxva sistemis
kodebs. metic: sistemebisTvis gaugebaria erTmaneTis kodebi. ar arsebobs
meqanizmi, romelic erTi romelime sistemis kods gadaitans sxva sistemis
kodur reJimSi. mocemul sistemas sxva sistemis Sefaseba an misdami
mimarTva
SeuZlia
mxolod
sakuTari
saTvaleebiT.
magaliTad,
ekonomikis sitemas mecnierebis sistemis danaxva SeuZlia mxolod
mogebis an kapitaldabanedbis ganaserSi.
rogorc zogierTi mkvlevari aRniSnavs 119, lumanis socialuri Teoria
axloa postmodernizmTan, ramdenadac is centralur mniSvnelobas
aniWebs
gansxvavebas.
sazogadoeba
aRar
aris
raRac,
rac
integrirebulia
kerZo
aqtorebis
an
socialuri
institutebis
Zalauflebis mier. is komunikaciebis gansxvavebuli procesebis sistemaa.

119

Delanty, Gerard (2005) Modernity and Postmodernity: Part II, Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin
Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 285

94

Tavi VI. agentsa da struqturas Soris mediaciaze orientirebuli

socialuri Teoriebi
(p. burdies sinTezuri Teoria da e. gidensis struqturaciis Teoria)

Sesavali
agentsa da struqturas Soris mediatorul Teoriebad isini moiazreba,
romlebic cdiloben daabalanson subieqtisa da struqturis gavlena da
sociumis es ori erTeuli urTierTganmapirobeblad dasaxon.
aseT Teoriad miiCneven pier burdies sinTezur midgomas da mis
fundamentur cnebas _ habitusa, romelic mowodebulia gadaWras
dapirispireba obieqtivizmsa da subieqtivizms Soris da moaxdinos
struqturisa da subieqtis sinTezi. habitusi qmnis kognitur da
motivaciur sistemaTa struqturas. igi, erTi mxriv, arsebuli istoriuli
pirobebis produqtia (da, am azriT, obieqturia), Tumca, meore mxriv,
inkorporirebulia individis cnobierebaSi (am azriT, is socialuri
moqmedebis agentis ganuyofeli nawilia).
mediatorul Teoriad iTvleba, agreTve, entoni gidensis struqturaciis
Teoria, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs socialuri moqmedebis ara
subieqtur sazrisze (rogorc, magaliTad, maqs veberi), an, miT ufro,
moqmedebis obieqtur mniSvnelobaze, aramed moqmedebis Sesrulebaze,
socialuri cxovrebis mimdinareobaze, performaciaze. swored moqmedeba
rogorc procesi, anu rogorc yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kvlavwarmoeba
xdis SesaZlebels, rom struqtura moqmedebis gareT ki ar iqnes
gatanili, aramed mis organul nawilad iqces rogorc misi produqti.
maSasadame, is, rac burdies da gidensis Teoriebs erTmaneTTan
anaTesavebs isaa, rom miuxedavad maT mier gansxvavebuli terminologiis
gamoyenebisa, orive cdilobs socialuri struqturebis kvlavwarmoeba
axsnas individebis moqmedebebis saSualebiT, romlebic SesabamisobaSia
kulturul wesebTan da resursebTan. 120
arsebiTi msgavsebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi (mag., e. kingi)
imasac aRniSnaven, rom burdie, romelic franguli sazogadoebis
stratifikaciul models ikvlevda, bolomde erTguli darCa empiriuli
monacemebis, maSin rodesac gidensis Teoria moklebulia empiriul
sociologiur sicxades.
qvemoT swored es ori Teoria iqneba gadmocemuli. 121

120

King, Anthony (2005): Structure and Agency. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin Harrington), Oxford
University Press; p. 217.
121
agentsa da struqturas Soris mediaciaze orientirebul yuradsaReb Teoriebs
miakuTvneben, agreTve, Tanamedrove britaneli sociologis margaret arCeris (Margaret S.
Archer) morfogenetikur midgomas.

95

$1. pier burdies sinTezuri Teoria

frangi sociologi, anTropologi da filosofosi pier burdie (Pierre Bourdieu) daibada
1930 wels samxreT dsavleT safrangeTis erT-erT sofelSi (Denguin). skolaSi igi
gamorCeulad niWier mowafed iTvleboda da, agreTve, saxeli gaiTqva rogorc ragbis
SesaniSnavma moTamaSem. igi gadavida parizSi, sadac swavlobda cole normale superiure
(sxvaTa Soris, misi jgufeli am saswavlebelSi iyo Jak derida). burdie dainteresda
merlo-pontis, huserlis, haidegeris da axalgazrda marqsis SromebiT. filosofiaSi
xarisxis mopovebis Semdeg burdie erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda maswavleblad.
Semdeg is gaiwvies jarSi, alJirSi, sadac 2 weli imsaxura.
1962 wels burdie qorwindeba. is intensiurad swavlobs anTropologias da sociologias.
Tavadac aswavlis jer parizis universitetSi (1960-62), xolo Semdeg _ lilis universitetSi
(Univesity of Lille, 1962-64). 1968 wels burdie xdeba Centre de Sociologie Europenne direqtori, sadac
kolegebTan erTad iwyebs farTomasStabian kvlevebs iseT problemasTan mimarTebaSi,
rogoricaa Zalauflebis sitemis SenarCuneba dominanturi kulturis gavrcelebis
(transmisiis) saSualebiT. mis SromebSi erT-erT centralur sakiTxs ikavebs is, Tu rogor
iqceva kultura da ganaTleba socialur klasebs Soris gansxvavebis ZiriTad safuZvlad.
Tavis SromaSi La Reproduction (1970) burdie amtkicebda, rom franguli ganaTlebis sistema qmnis
sazogadoebis socialur diferenciacias safrangeTSi.
1975 wels burdie aarsebs Jurnals Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, romlis misia isaa, rom
moaxdinos im meqanizmis dekonstruqcia, romelTa saSualebiTac kulturuli produqcia
xels uwyobs sazogadoebis dominanturi struqturis SenarCunebas. 1981 wels burdie ikavebs
sociologiis kaTedris gamgis tanamdebobas prestiJul universitetSi Collge de France. 80-iani
wlebis bolosTvis burdie xdeba erT-erTi yvelaze citirebadi frangi mecnieri aSS-Si.
burdie aqtiurad monawileobs, agreTve, araakademiur aqtivobebSi. is exmareboda rkinigzis
gaficul muSebs, gamodioda usaxlkaroebis dasacavad, iRebda monawileobas satelevizio
programebSi. 1966 wels burdie aarsebs sagamomcemlo kompanias Liber/Raisons d'agir. Tavisi
studentebisTvis is namdvili guru xdeba.
burdie gardaicvla simsivniT parizis erT-erT saavadmyofoSi 2002 wlis 24 ianvars.
pier burdies ZiriTadi Sromebi:
ganaTlebis, sazogadoebisa da kulturis reproduqcia (J.k. paseronTan erTad) (La
reproduction. Elments pour une thorie du systme d'enseignement) _ 1970 w.
praqtikis Teoriis monaxazi (Esquisse d'une thorie de la pratique) 1972 w.
gansxvaveba. gemovnebis gansjis socialuri kritika (La distinction. Critique sociale du jugement) 1979 w.
praqtikis logika (Le sens pratique) 1980 w.
ena da simboluri Zalaufleba (Ce que parler veut dire. L'conomie des changes linguistiques) 1982 w.
maskulinuri dominantoba (La domination masculine) 1998 w.

1.1. refleqsuri sociologia

burdies
Tanaxmad,
klasikuri
socialuri
Teoria
xasiaTdeba
subieqtivistur da obieqtivistur midgomebs Soris dapirispirebiT.
subiqtivisturi midgoma aqcents svams agentebis atitudebze, survilebsa
da Sefasebebze da socialur samyaros ganixilavs rogorc maT
Sesabamisad mowyobils. piriqiT, obieqtivisturi Tvalsazrisi socialur
azrovnebas da moqmedebas xsnis materialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis,
socialuri struqturebis an kulturuli logikis TvalsazrisiT. es
ukanasknelni ganixileba rogorc is, rac prevalirebs da gansazRvravs
agentebis simbolur konstruqciebs, gamocdilebasa da moqmedebebs.

96

mniSvnelovan SromebSi rogoricaa praqtikis Teoriis

monaxazi
da
praqtikis
logika,
burdie
akritikebs
rogorc
obieqtivizmis
calmxrivobas
(gansakuTrebiT,
levi-strosis
struqturalizms), ise subieqtivizmis araadekvaturobas (kerZod, sartrs
da, zogadad, fenomenologiur midgomas). burdies azriT, socialuri
cxovreba gagebul unda iqnes ise, rom kanonieri gaxados rogorc
obieqturi socialuri da kulturuli struqturebi, ise individebis
mier Seqmnili praqtika da gamocdileba.
Tavis

iseT

saerTod, burdie socialur mecnierebebSi codnis mxolod iseT

generacias emxroba, romelic Teoriuli da empiriuli kvlevis sinTezs
axdens. movusmonoT Tavad burdies:
mTeli Cemi mecnieruli naazrevi marTlac im rwmeniTaa STagonebuli, rom socialuri
samyaros logikas yvelaze Rrmad maSin Caswvdebi, Tuki empiriuli realobis Taviseburebas
CauRrmavdebi,
romelic
istoriulad
daTariRebuli
da
adgilmiCenilia,
rogorc
SesaZleblis kerZo SemTxveva, rogorc gaston baSlari brZanebda, e.i. rogorc figuris
erTi SemTxveva SesaZlo konfiguraciaTa sasrul samyaroSi. 122

burdiesTvis miuRebelia socialuri mecnieris iseTi pozicia, rodesac is

socialuri procesebis neitraluri, anu garedan damkvirvebelia. aseTi
obieqtivizmis pirobebSi ar xdeba socialuri cxovrebis adekvaturi
reprezentacia. garedan damkvirvebeli qmnis rukebs, modelebs da wesebs,
raTa gaerkves misTvis ucxo da ucnobi kulturis TaviseburebebSi.
magram, es instrumentebi mkvlevris mier kulturaSi Setanili da
misTvis Tavs moxveuli iaraRebia, romlebic kuturis namdvili
bunebisagan gvaSorebs. burdie mxars uWers imas, rasac is refleqsur
sociologias uwodebs. am koncefciis mixedviT, sociologebma TavianTi
poziciis formireba unda moaxdinon im praqtikebTan zedmiwevniT
SesabamisobaSi, romelTa monawileebsac isini swavloben. am SemTxvevaSi,
aqtoris moqmedeba da mkvlevris moqmedeba erTmaneTs emTxveva. esaa
dakvirveba Signidan da ara garedan. refleqsurma sociologiam unda
moicvas aqtoris virtuozuloba, anu is, rom aqtorebs gaaCniaT e.w.
TamaSis grZnoba. es niSnavs, rom aqtorebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
moqmedeben ara abstraqtuli da aprioruli wesebis mixedviT, aramed
improvizirebulad. isini floben situaciaSi myisieri garkvevis da imis
arCevis unars, rac mocemuli konteqstisTvis adekvaturia. amiT aqtorebi
virtuoz moTamaSeebs emsgavsebian. Tumca, burdie xasgasmiT miuTiTebs,
rom TamaSis grZnoba ar aris individualisturi. is Cndeba socialuri
interaqciebidan, anu gansazRvrulia aqtoris jgufSi arsebobiT da
jgufis
wevrebis
mxridan
moqmedebis
gansazRvruli
msvlelobis
dadasturebiT (aRiarebiT). jgufuri molodinebi da normebi (maTTan
dakavSirebul
sanqciebTan
erTad)
qmnis
swored
individisaTvis
struqturul konteqsts. es konteqsti myari da ucvleli ki ar aris,
aramed fluiduri da cvalebadia. swored aseT struqturul garemoSi
yalibdeba individi socialur arsebad. burdie wers:
is, rac mTel meqanizms amoZravebs, ar aris raRac abstraqtuli principi... da arc wesebis
is wyeba, romelic am pricipidan gamomdinareobs, aramed pativiscemis grZnoba, ganwyoba,
122

burdie, p., praqtikuli goni. wignSi: Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria (qrestomaTia),

Tb. 2003; (beWduri varianti); gv. 317-18.

97

romelic gamomuSavebulia cxovrebis adreul wlebSi da mudmivad mxardaWerilia jgufis

mxridan wesrigis moTxovniT. 123

maSasadame, burdiesTvis struqtura CarTulia yoveldRiur praqtikaSi,

misi nawilia da masTan erTad cocxlobs. swored am poziciidan axdens
burdie sosiuris (saerTod, struqturalizmis) debulebebis kritikul
gadasinjvas. kerZod, Tu sosiuris TeoriaSi kultura da ena (langue)
winaaRmdegobaSi modis praqtikasTan da metyvelebasTan (parole), burdie
cdilobs am winaaRmdegobis moxsnas da axali midgomis, e.w. kulturuli
praqtikis ganviTarebas.
socialuri
cxovrebis
mimarT
refleqsuri
midgoma,
romlis
saSualebiTac burdie cdilobs gadalaxos klasikuri socialuri
Teoriis winaaRmdegobebi, eyrdnoba sam fundamentur cnebas. esenia:
habitusi, kapitali da veli.

1.2. habitusi
habitusis cneba centraluria burdies praqtikis TeoriaSi. 124 am cnebis
saSualebiT burdie cdilobs daZlios praqtikis ori, erTmaneTis
sawinaaRmdego
gageba:
erTi
gageba
ekuTvnis
meTodologiur
da
ontologiur individualizms (fenomenologia), romelic praqtikas
makonstruirebels.
meore
gageba
ganixilavs
rogorc
mxolod
dakavSirebulia struqturalizmTan (levi-strosi) da struqturulfunqcionalizmTan (diurkemi da misi mimdevrebi), romlis Tanaxmadac
praqtika
mxolod
konstruirebuli
SeiZleba
iyos.
burdiesTvis
socialuri
cxovreba
(praqtika)
iseTi
interaqciaa
struqturebs,
ganwyobebsa da moqmedebebs Soris, romelic ormxrivi konstruirebiT
xasiaTdeba. kerZod, socialuri struqturebi rogorc moqmedebis
ganmeorebadi orientaciebi qmnis am struqturebis Sesaxeb empiriul
(amdenad, lokalur) codnas, xolo, es codna, Tavis mxriv, aris
socialur struqturaTa makonstruirebeli. amdenad, socialuri praqtika
iseTi xanieri orientaciebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic erTsa da imave dros
mastruqturirebelicaa da struqturirebulic. aseTia praqtikis
Sinaarsi. habitusi, burdies mixedviT, swored praqtikis struqturirebis
unaria. igi zogadi kognituri sqemebis sistemaa. esaa ganwyobaTa
(dispoziciaTa) sistema, romelic obieqturicaa da subieqturic. es
niSnavs, rom igi arsebobs moqmedi subieqtis (selfis) konstituciaSi,
Tumca, amave dros, intersubieqturicaa. habitusi subieqtis (sxeulebriv)
moZraobebs obieqtur socialur Zalas uTavsebs. sxvanairad es niSnavs,
rom subieqturi aqtebi datvirTulia farTo socialuri da kulturuli
mniSvnelobebiT. individTa moqmedeba mowesrigebulia im kulturiT,
romlis wevrebic isini arian. maSasadame, kultura ar SeiZleba gagebul
iqnes voluntaristuli gziT. mas gaaCnia obieqturoba, romelic
xelmZRvanelobs individualur codnas da gagebas. habitusi swored im
kognitur struqturebs da cocxal ganwyobebs moicavs, romlebic
123

Bourdieu, Pierre (1977): Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; pp. 14-15.
es termini burdiem klasikuri memkvidreobidan aiRo, kerZod, maqs veberisgan da
norbert eliasisgan.
124

98

axdenen
individis
organizebas.

moqmedebis

da

samyaroze

misi

Sexedulebis

habitusi ar aris aprioruli unari. is amozrdilia obieqturi socialurekonomikuri pirobebidan. ufro zustad, habitusis saSualebiT individebi
axdenen obieqturi socialuri pirobebis internalizebas. individebi
TavianTi socialuri poziciis Sesabamis socialur praqtikebs asruleben.
maSasadame, habitusi ibadeba im struqturuli socialur-ekonomikuri
poziciebidan, romlebSic individebi sakuTar Tavs naxuloben. burdie wers:
kognituri struqturebi, romelTa implimentaciasac socialuri agentebi axdenen
socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb maT praqtikul codnaSi, internalizebuli, xorcSesxmuli
socialuri struqturebia. 125

Tumca, aucileblad aRsaniSnavia, rom habitusi, burdies mixedviT,

socialuri praqtikis regulaciis erT-erTi saxea, gansxvavebuli iseTi
saxeebisagan,
rogoricaa
eqsplicituri
normebi
an
racionaluri
kalkulacia. habitusis specifika imaSia, rom is praqtikebs qmnis
aracnobieri, ganuzraxveli gziT. isaa modus operandi (operaciis
nairsaxeoba), romelic ar aris cnobierad mowyobili, spontanobaa _
cnobierebis an Tundac nebis arsebobis gareSe. maSasadame, praqtika
habitusis mier struqturirebis uSualo da gaTvlili rezultati ki ar
aris, aramed improvizirebuli procesis Sedegia. habituss burdie
struqturirebis improvizirebis unarsac uwodebs. igi funqcionirebs
aracnobier
doneze.
Sesabamisad,
individebi
rutinulad
axdenen
obieqturi pirobebis internalizebas. amgvari bunebis gamo, habituss
ekisreba
gansakuTrebulad
mniSvnelovani
regulaciuri
roli
im
sazogadoebebSi, sadac cota ramaa kodificirebuli. Sesabamisad, igi
naklebad mniSvnelovania racionalizebul, kodificirebul, maRali
xarisxiT diferencirebul sazogadoebebSi.
zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare,
habitusTan
dakavSirebiT
Cndeba
kontrargumenti: Tu is spontanuri da araracionalizebulia, maSin
rogor
SeuZlia
mas
uxelmZRvanelos
mecnierul
gamokvlevas,
romlisTvisac aucileblad damaxasiaTebelia cnobieri TviTmonitoringi
da racionaluri TviTanalizi? ra adgili SeiZleba hqondes mecnierebas
habitusis aracnobier, nebis armqone strategiaSi?
am argumentis sapasuxod, saWiroa gaifantos erTi mniSvnelovani
gaugebroba: habitusis kvleva im azriT, rom igi aracnobierad da
ganuzraxvelad awarmoebs socialur praqtikebs, ar niSnavs imas, rom misi
validuroba
Semofarglulia
aradiferencirebuli
da
araracionalizebuli
socialuri
droiTa
da
sivrciT.
arsebobs
specializebuli praqtikebi, romelTa Sesruleba ar moiTxovs cnobier
gamiznulobas
da
ganzraxul
moZraobebs
da
regulirebulia
integrirebuli (inkorporirebuli) ganwyobebiT. aseTia, magaliTad, yvela
is praqtika, romelic dafuZnebulia daswavlil sxeulebriv moZraobebze:
musikalur
instrumentze
dakvra,
manqanis
marTva,
beWdva,
kvalificirebuli xelsaqme (mag., qsova) da a.S. SesaZlebelia, amave wesiT,
125

Bourdieu, Pierre (1984):Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London: Routledge; p. 468.

99

visaubroT
iseT
praqtikebze,
romlebic
moiTxovs
simboloebiT
manipulacias. magaliTad, wera, geometriuli dasabuTebis ageba da sxv.
Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom es moqmedebebi sruldeba mxolod
cnobierad da ganzraxuli wesrigiT. mweralic da mecnieric aucileblad
moixmaren metainstrumentebs: mwerals exmareba ritmisa da frazeologiis
(diqciis) mosmena, xolo mecniers _ argumentebis SegrZneba.
amdenad, habitusi aris struqturisa da moqmedebis, sazogadoebisa da
individis
dinamikuri
gadakveTa.
agentis
moqmedeba,
erTi
mxriv,
obieqturad koordinirebuli da regularuli wesebis produqtia, xolo,
meore mxriv, gaucnobierebeli da improvizirebuli.
burdie Taviseburad scems pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra igulisxmeba socialuri
(an sociologiuri) Teoriis qveS? logikur terminebSi gamoTqmuli
pasuxi am kiTxvaze aseTia: Teoria logikuri erTeulebis (cnebebis,
cvladebis, aqsiomebis, winadadebebis da sxv.) struqturaa; am erTeulebs
axasiaTebs garkveuli logikuri Tvisebebi (zogadoba, abstraqtuloba,
sizuste da sxv.) da imyofebian erTmaneTTan garkveul logikur
urTierTobaSi (igiveoba, dapirispirebuloba, implikacia da a.S.); am
erTeulebze SesaZlebelia garkveuli logikuri operaciebis (deduqcia,
generalizacia, kodifikacia da sxv.) Catareba. burdie miiCnevs, rom
Teoriis aseT logocentrul interpretacias ar SeuZlia naTelyos misi
praqtikuli mimarTuleba da mwarmoebluri (generaciuli) Zala. Teoriis
praqtikuli
efeqturobis
naTelyofa
mxolod
mis
sociologiur
interpretacias SeuZlia. am interpretaciis Tanaxmad, Teoria mxolod
maSinaa legitimuri, Tu is imarTeba praqtikuli da ara Teoriuli
logikiT,
Tu
is
Sedgeba
internalizebuli
ganwyobebisagan
(dispoziciebisagan) da ara kodificirebuli winadadebebisagan. anu,
burdies mixedviT, Teoria mxolod maSin xdeba Rirebuli, Tu is
gajerebulia (gansazRvrulia) sociologiuri habitusis mier. nebismieri
habitusis msgavsad, sociologiuri habitusi aris xanieri da mobiluri

ganwyobebis (dispoziciebis) sistema, romelic qmnis da aregulirebs

praqtikaTa usasrulo variaciebs. habitusi gansazRvravs im problemebs,
romlebic wamoiWreba, gvTavazobs axsnas da problemebis gadawyvetis
instrumentebs (konceptualurs, meTodologiurs an statistikurs).
amrigad,
sociologiuri
aRqma
SeiZleba
imarTebodes
habitusis
Semadgeneli ganwyobebiT. es niSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros
ganwyobaTa seria, romlebic moaxdens sociologiuri aRqmisa da
praqtikis struqturirebas. anu, habitusma warmarTos konkretuli
sociologiuri praqtika _ misces mas mimarTuleba, problematurad
miiCnios is, rac sxvebs cxadad miaCniaT, struqturirebuli paternebi
CaTvalos uwesrigo variaciebad, fokusireba moaxdinos niSnebze, rasac
sxvebi umniSvnelod CaTvlidnen da a.S.
Tumca, burdies Tanaxmad, es ar niSnavs, rom sociologiuri samuSao
imarTeba an unda imarTebodes mxolod habitusis mier. ufro piriqiT:
habitusis ganuzraxveli SemoqmedebiToba aris da unda balansirdes,
gakontroldes da koreqtirdes sxva regulaciuri xerxebiTa da
meqnizmebiT. amgvari regulacia aucileblad
moiTxovs
habitusis
obieqtivirebuli produqtis arsebobas. aseTi produqti SeiZleba iyos
100

dawerili,
an
sxva
xerxiT
CaniSnuli
teqsti,
romelic
Riaa
inspeqciisaTvis. dawerili produqcia SesaZlebels xdis davubrundeT
imas, rac ukve iTqva vinmes mier, rac, Tavis mxriv, diskursis Tanmdevi
momentebis mimarT konfrontaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva. naweri axdens
praqtikis sinqronizirebas da, amdenad, SesaZlebels xdis gakontroldes
praqtikebis
Tanmdevi
momentebi.
amdenad,
logikuri
kontroli
amavdroulad socialuri kontrolic aris. kontrolis Semdgomi
gaumjobeseba xdeba publikaciis meSveobiT. kodificirebuli, sajaro
naweri, burdies Tanaxmad, socialuri da logikuri kontrolis efeqturi
saSualebaa.
kodificireba
niSnavs
imas,
rom
Semotanil
iqnes
eqsplicituri normatuloba, praqtikuli sqema transformirebul iqnes
lingvistur kodad, sagnebi gaxdes martivi, naTeli da transmisiuri. 126
Tumca, socialur da logikur kontrols TavisTavad aqvs dispoziciuri
(iseve rogorc teqnikuri da instituciuri) safuZveli. naweri (miT ufro,
kondensirebuli
da
kodificirebuli)
Seadgens
Teoriebis,
anu
analitikuri
paradigmebis
(mertoni)
Sinaarss.
maTi
kontrolis
efeqturi ganxorcieleba damokidebulia mecnieruli sferos paternebze
(etalonebze), rasac burdie kritikul an refleqsur ganwyobas uwodebs.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sociologiuri habitusis socialuri da
logikuri kontroli, unda aigos Tavad habitusSi. mecnieruli habitusi
sxva habitusebisagan gansxvavdeba swored refleqsurobiT, Sesabamisad,
refleqsurobaa is, rac ganasxvavebs mecnierebas sxva praqtikebisagan.
refleqsurobas SeuZlia da unda iyos inkorporirebuli habitusSi,
dispoziciis formaSi, raTa ganaxorcielos misi sakuTari produqtebis
monitoringi da Cawvdes codnis warmoebis sakuTar principebs. es niSnavs,
rom kriticizms da codnis zrdas aqvs dispoziciuri, iseve rogorc
instituciuri, safuZveli, rac kidev erTxel usvams xazs imas, rom
habitusis aracnobieri samuSaos refleqsuri regulacia sruldeba
rogorc Tavad habitusis Semadgeneli nawili.
1.3. kapitali

kapitalis

cneba burdiesTan Sorsaa marqsistuli da, saerTod,

formalur-ekonomikuri gagebisagan. igi aRniSnavs adamianis unars,
akontrolos rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvaTa momavali. am azriT, kapitali
Zalauflebis formaa. amave dros, am cnebas mediatoruli funqcia aqvs
individsa da sazogadoebas Soris. erTi mxriv, societalur doneze,
sazogadoebis
struqturireba
xdeba
kapitalis
gansxvavebuli
ganawilebiT. meore mxriv, individebis doneze, isini ibrZvian, rom
moaxdinon sakuTari kapitalis maqsimizireba (anu, agentebs surT
sargeblobis maqsimizacia im socialuri poziciidan gamomdinare,
romelic
maT
ukaviaT
ama
Tu
im
velSi).
kapitali,
romlis
akumulirebasac
isini
axerxeben,
gansazRvravs
maT
socialur
traeqtorias (anu, maT cxovrebiseul Sansebs); ufro metic, kapitali,
agreTve, axdens klasobrivi gansxvavebebis reproducirebas.

126

Bourdieu, Pierre (1990): In Other Words: essays toward a reflexive sociology, trans. M. Adamson. Cambridge:
Polity; Stanford: Stanford University Press; pp. 98-99.

101

burdie ganasxvavebs sami tipis kapitals: socialurs, kulturuls da

ekonomikurs. ekonomikuri kapitali kapitalis yvelaze ufro efeqturi
formaa. igi, rogorc kapitalizmis maxasiaTebeli, SeiZleba gamoixatos
zogadi, anonimuri, universaluri da konvertirebadi fuladi erTeulis
saxiT, romelic gadaecema erTi Taobidan meores. ekonomikuri kapitalis
konvertireba ufro advilad SesaZlebelia simbolur, anu socialur da
kulturul kapitalSi. Tumca, SesaZlebelia piriqiTac moxdes, anu
simboluri kapitali, saboloo angariSiT, transformirdes ekonomikuri
kapitalis
saxiT.
ekonomikuri
kapitalis
floba
sazogadoebaSi
klasobrivi gansxvavebulobis safuZvelia. burdie am sakiTxSi marqss
enaTesaveba da ekonomikur kapitals kulturisa da istoriis materialur
determinantad miiCnevs. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikaa arsebiTi
ganmsazRvreli, burdie miiCnevs, rom is unda iyos simbolurad
gajerebuli (Sefasebuli). saqme isaa, rom ekonomikuri kapitali axdens
Zalauflebisa da simdidris Ria prezentacias da aaSkaravebs maTi
ganawilebis subieqtur (TviTnebur) xasiaTs. simboluri kapitalis
funqciaa, rom SeniRbos mmarTveli klasis ekonomikuri dominacia da amiT
gamowveuli legitimuri ierarqia. amas is axerxebs imiT, rom axdens
socialuri poziciis (statusis) gamniSvnelovanebas da naturalizebas. es
niSnavs,
rom
araekonomikuri
velebi
klasobrivi
urTierTobebis
gamoxatvas, reproducirebasa da legitimacias araidentificirebis
(misrecognition)
saSualebiT
axdens.
klasi
da
statusi,
romelic
kategoriulad gayo veberma, burdiesTan urTierTdakavSirebuli xdeba
(maSasadame, statuss gansazRvravs simboluri kapitali, xolo klasobiv
kuTvnilebas _ ekonomikuri).
1.4. veli

velis

cneba
burdiesTan
gulisxmobs
socialur
poziciaTa
multiganzomilebian
sivrces,
romelSic
agentebs
gansxvavebuli
poziciebi ukaviaT. veli qmnis farTo instituciur garemos, struqturas
im socialuri urTierTobebisaTvis, romlebSic individia CarTuli.
burdie acxadebs, rom socialur urTierTobaTa struqtura ar aris
mibmuli
velSi
CarTul
individebze.
es
struqtura
arsebobs
individebisagan damoukideblad da gansazRvravs maT Soris brZolas.
maSasadame, vels aqvs obieqturi statusi. burdie wers:
is, rac arsebobs socialur samyaroSi, urTierTobebia _ ara interaqciebi agentebs Soris
da intersubieqturi kavSirebi individebs Soris, aramed obieqturi urTierTobebi, romlebic
arsebobs, rogorc marqsi ambobs, individualuri cnobierebisa da nebisagan damoukideblad...
analitikuri azriT, veli SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc poziciaTa Soris obieqtur
urTierTobaTa qseli, an konfiguracia. 127

habitusi velSi TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols, ramdenadac efeqturad

akavSirebs individs velSi mis poziciasTan da uzrunvelyofs, rom
individma, adekvaturi moqmedebebis saSualebiT, moaxdinos misi poziciis
kvlavwarmoeba. Tavis mxriv, es pozicia gansazRvrulia kapitalis
Sesabamisi formis ganawilebiT. socialur poziciaTa buneba da ranJireba
icvleba socialurad da istoriulad.
127

Bourdieu, Pierre, and Wacquant, Loic J. D. (1992): An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge: Polity
Press; p. 97

102

velis cnebis SemotaniT burdie cdilobs gaaRrmavos habitusis gageba. is

aCvenebs, Tu rogor xdeba velSi jgufebis brZola upiratesobisTvis da
socialuri gamorCeulobisTvis. magaliTad, muSaTa klasis ekonomikuri
pozicia
ganapirobebs
imas,
rom
isini
burJuaziul
Cveulebebs
upativcemulod
moeqcnen.
maSasadame,
muSaTa
klasis
habitusi
dakavSirebulia velSi mis ekonomikur poziciasTan da axdens individis
moqmedebis da misi Sexedulebebis organizebas. sxva mxriv, maRali klasis
jgufebi maT qvemoT mdgomebs, rogorc wesi, miiCneven ukulturo da
ugemono statusis matareblad. amave dros, vidre maRali statusis mqone
jgufebi cdiloben garkveuli kulturuli praqtikebis monopolizebas,
daqvemdebarebuli jgufebi eswrafvian daeuflon am praqtikebs, raTa
daasuston maRali jgufebis statusi da maTi gamorCeuloba. magaliTad,
Zviri moduri samkaulebis SeZenas saSualo klasis jgufebis mier
SeiZleba amoZravebdes ganzraxva, rom moxdes maTi imitireba mdidrebTan
da cnobilebTan da, Sesabamisad, TandaTan daikargos maRali klasis
gamorCeuloba.
TiToeuli
veli
naxevrad
avtonomiuria
da
hyavs
sakuTari
madeterminebeli agentebi (mag., studentebi, mwerlebi, mecnierebi da a.S.)
da maTi velebi. magaliTad, mecniereba qmnis vels, romelic moicavs
mecnierTa mier agebul konstruqciebs da mecnieruli qcevis motivaciebs.
TiToeuli veli axdens sakuTari istoriis kondensirebas, moqmedebs
sakuTari logikiT da gaaCnia kapitalis sakuTari formebi. Tumca,
rogorc aRiniSna, velebi ar arian urTierTSeuRwevadi. kapitali,
romelic dagrovilia erT velSi, SeiZleba gadavides (transferirdes)
meoreSi. metic, calkeuli veli CarTulia Zalauflebis instituciur
velSi an, ufro zogadad, klasobriv urTierTobaTa velSi. TiToeuli
veli brZolis arenaa. brZola mimdinareobs mocemuli velebis SigniT da
velebs Soris ZalauflebisaTvis.
burdies azriT, socialuri gamorCeulobisaTvis brZola empiriulad
Semowmebadi
procesia,
romelsac
burdie
aRwers
Tavis
wignSi:
gansxvaveba: gemovnebis gansjis socialuri kritika.
*

burdie erTmaneTTan akavSirebs zemoaRniSnul sam cnebas. socialuri

praqtika misTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara klasis habitussa da arsebul
kapitals Soris interaqcia, romelic realizdeba mocemuli velis
specifikuri logikis farglebSi. agentis kapitali, Tavis mxriv, aris
habitusis
produqti,
xolo
esa
Tu
is
specifikuri
veli
_
obieqtivirebuli istoria, romelic realurs xdis im agentebis habituss,
romlebic am velSi operireben. maSasadame, yovel wuTas xdeba praqtikaSi
habitusis gacocxleba. habitusi TviTrefleqsuria, igi Tavis Tavs
aRmoaCens xorcSesxmuli da obieqtivirebuli istoriis saxiT.
am sami cnebis safuZvelze burdie cdilobs socialuri cxovrebis
mimarT
refleqsuri
midgomis
SemuSavebas,
romelic
aaSkaravebs
socialuri struqturisa da masTan dakavSirebuli ganwyobebisa da
atitudebis warmoebis pirobebis TviTnebur xasiaTs. aseTi midgoma
103

mibmulia emansipaciis cnebasTan. burdies Tanaxmad, adamianTa cxovrebis

Seswavla mxolod imitom Rirs, igi exmareba agentebs, Cawvdnen TavianTi
moqmedebebis
sazriss.
refleqsuri
midgoma
cdilobs
naTelyos
uTanasworobis socialuri da kulturuli safuZveli araadekvaturobis
(misrecognition) procesebis analizis meSveobiT, anu, imis gamokvleviT, Tu
rogor SeuZlia gadafaros dominanturi jgufebis habitusma maTdami
subordinaciis pirobebi, rasac burdie simbolur agresias (symbolic
violence) uwodebs.
refleqsuri midgoma erTaderTi adekvaturi midgomaa burdiesaTvis.
misTvis warmoudgenelia arsebobdes neitraluri, dauinteresebeli
perspeqtiva. Tavad burdiec ar aris mxolod sazogadoebis analitikosi,
igi, amave dros, misi aqtoricaa. burdiesaTvis refleqsuroba nebismieri
kritikuli socialuri TeoriisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa.

104

$2. entoni gidensis struqturaciis Teoria

biografiuli cnobebi:
entoni gidensi (Anthony Giddens) daibada 1938 wels edmontonSi (CrdiloeT londoni). 195659 wlebSi igi iRebs sociologiisa da fsiqologiis bakalavris xarisxs hulis
universitetSi (University of Hull). samagistro xarisxs sociologiaSi icavs 1959-61 wlebSi
londonis ekonomikisa da politikur mecnierebaTa skolaSi (LSE), xolo 1976 wels xdeba
kembrijis universitetis sociologiis doqtori. leqciebis wakiTxvas gidensi iwyebs
lisesteris universitetSi (University of Leicester), sadac moRvaweobs 1961-70 wlebSi; 1967-68
wlebSi profesoris asistentad iwveven simon frezeris universitetSi (Simon Fraser
University) (vankuverni, kanada), xolo 1968-69 wlebSi _ kaliforniis universitetSi (UCLA)
(los-anjelesi, aSS). 1970 wlidan igi iwyebs muSaobas kembrijis universitetSi jer
leqtorad (Reader), xolo Semdeg _ profesorad. 1997 wels gidensi dainiSna londonis
ekonomikisa da politikur mecnierebaTa skolis (LSE) direqtorad da es posti ekava 2003
wlamde. gidensi aris Tanadamaarsebeli (1985 wels) da direqtori saqveynod cnobili
gamomcemlobisa Polity Press Ltd.
gidensi 35 wignis avtoria, romlebic gamoqveynebulia 30 enaze. sociologiaSi mis mier
dawerili saxelmZRvanelo dReisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro popularulia. garda
amisa, mas ekuTvnis 200-ze meti samecniero statia.
e. gidensis ZiriTadi Sromebi:
kapitalizmi da Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria (Capitalism and Modern Social Theory) _ 1971 w.
sociologiuri meTodis axali wesebi (New Rules of Sociological Method) _ 1976 w.
sazogadoebis agebuleba (The Constitution of Society) _ 1984 w.
modernulobis Sedegebi (The Consequences of Modernity) _ 1990 w.
modernuloba da TviTidentoba (Modernity and Self - Identity) _ 1991 w.
intimurobis transformacia (The Transformation of Intinacy) _ 1992 w.
mesame gza (The Third Way) _ 1998 w.

"struqturaciis Teoriis" Seqmnamde gidensi iTvleboda eTnomeTodologiuri

problematikis mkvlevrad. 1976 wels, rodesac es Teoria pirvelad Cndeba
asparezze,
Cndeba
misi
fundamenturi
pretenziac
_
gadaiWras
sociologiisaTvis
tradiciuli
dualizmebi:
moqmedeba/struqtura,
subieqti/obieqti,
mikro/makro,
voluntarizmi/determinizmi,
sinqronia/diaqronia.
am
amocanis
ganxorcielebaSi
fundamenturi
mniSvnelobisaa socialuri praqtikis (anu, rogorc gidensi uwodebs
socialuri "praqsisis") axleburi gageba, romelic "struqturaciis Teorias"
eTnomeTodologiisagan gamoarCevs.
2.1. socialuri "praqsisis" gageba
socialur "praqsiss" gidensi zogadad gansazRvravs rogorc socialuri
cxovrebis
warmoebisa
da
kvlavwarmoebis
process.
eTnomeTodologebisagan gansxvavebiT, gidensi praqtikas ganixilavs
rogorc ufro mets, vidre mxolod lokalurad da situaciurad
gansazRvrul qcevas. yvela praqtika, garda imisa, rom igi lokalurad
arsebobs, xels uwyobs sistemuri urTierTobebisa da struqturuli
etalonebis warmoebas. maSasadame, socialuri "praqsisi" mediumia
struqturasa da aqtors Soris. man Tavidan unda aicilos subieqts
(socialur aqtors) da obieqts (socialuri qcevis dadgenil formebs,
anu struqturebs) Soris dapirispireba. kerZod, is aris gza, romlis
saSualebiTac subieqtis aqtivoba obieqtur mocemulobad iqceva, magram
105

romelic, TavisTavad aRebuli, arc erTia da arc meore. ufro zustad

Tu vityviT, socialuri praqsisi, gidensis azriT, saSualebas iZleva, rom
struqtura rogorc koleqtiurobis societaluri forma, moqmedebisa da
situaciis gareT ki ar iqnes gatanili (maTi determinantis saxiT),
aramed CaerTos moqmedebis performaciis procesSi. swored amitomaa, rom
gidensi termins "struqtura" anacvlebs terminiT struqturacia.
struqturacia aRniSnavs realur process, xolo struqtura mxolod
analitikuri abstraqciaa, mexsierebis nakvalevia. rogorc erT-erTi
mkvlevari aRniSnavs, gidensis mizania, "struqturis statikuri cneba
struqturaciis dinamikur kategoriad gardaqmnas". 128
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac calkeuli socialuri praqtika narCundeba, anu
meordeba, adgili aqvs praqtikaTa kvlavwarmoebas (reproducirebas), rac
socialuri institutebis, anu rutinebis arsebobis pirobaa. socialuri
institutebis, anu reproducirebuli praqtikebis farglebSi aqtorebi
TavianT qcevas ganixilaven rogorc TavisTavad nagulisxmevs (taken for
granted).
rutinuli
socialuri
praqtika
gamoricxavs
socialuri
cvlilebebis SesaZleblobas. socialuri cvlileba moiTxovs xanieri
socialuri
praqtikis
Sewyvetas,
anu
praqtikis
transformacias.
socialur institutebs yovelTvis gaaCnia konteqsti. konteqstualoba
dakavSirebulia dro-sivrculi interaqciis ganlagebasTan da moicavs
interaqciis sazRvrebs, aqtorTa Tanayofnas (ZiriTadad, fizikurs, Tumca,
SesaZloa, virtualursac) da maT Soris komunikacias.
rodesac socialuri institutebis modelireba xdeba drosa da sivrceSi,
maSin saxezea socialuri sistema. sistema exeba yvela saxis Sida
jgufuri urTierTobebis etalonebs _ patara jgufebidan dawyebuli,
socialuri qselebiT da farTo organizaciebiT damTavrebuli. gidensi
erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavebs
socialur integracias da sistemur
integracias. socialuri integracia gulisxmobs wesrigs, romelic
Seqmnilia pirispir interaqciis Sedegad. Tumca, aqtorebi SeiZleba
erTmaneTTan
urTierTobas
amyarebdnen
arapirdapiri
gziTac,
anu
interaqcia gaSualebuli iyos droiTi intervaliT da sivrculi
distanciiT. am tipis interaqcia SesaZlebeli gaxda eleqtronuli
komunikaciebisa da meqanikuri transportirebis pirobebSi, rodesac
interaqcia gacda lokalur mocemulobas da gadainacvla sferoSi,
romelic moicavs ardamswre agentebs Soris urTierTobaTa qsels.
socialuri integracia moqmedebis donea, xolo sistemuri integracia _
societaluri
done.
gidenss
surs
daasabuTos
am
ori
donis
urTierTkavSiri.

2.2. struqtura da struqturis dualoba

gidensi amtkicebs, rom socialuri praqtika xorcieldeba gansazRvruli
wesebisa da resursebis safuZvelze. wesebs praqtikaTa mawarmoeblis
funqcia ekisreba. arsebobs: a) proceduruli wesebi, romlebic miuTiTebs,
Tu rogor Sesruldes, konstruirdes moqmedeba da b) moraluri wesebi,
128

Sztompka, P. (1994): Evolving Focus on Human Agency in Contemporary Social Theory. In: P.Sztompka (ed.)
Agency and Structure, Reorienting Social Theory. Gordon and Breach; p. 39.

106

romlebic miuTiTebs, Tu ra aris saWiro normatuli qmedebis

uzrunvelsayofad. koncefcia qcevis wesebis Sesaxeb ukavSirdeba
"saziaro codnis" (mutual knowledge) cnebas, romelic martivad gulisxmobs
codnas imisa, Tu rogor moviqceT. saziaro codnas inawilebs yvela, vinc
CarTulia socialuri praqtikebis SesrulebaSi. gidensi aRniSnavs, rom es
codna bolomde ar daiyvaneba qcevis romelime specifikur situaciamde.
es miuTiTebs qcevis wesebis transsituaciur bunebaze: uamravma aqtorma,
sruliad gansxvavebul garemoebaSi, SeiZleba gamoiyenos saziaro codnis
erTi da igive forma. garda amisa, wesebis Sesaxeb codna implicituric
SeiZleba iyos (magaliTad, aseTia wesebi, romlebsac saubris dros
vicavT, Tumca, iSviaTd vflobT diskursul codnas maT Sesaxeb).
rac
Seexeba
resursebs,
gidensi
gamoyofs
ori
tipis
_
materialur/alokaciur (allocative) da
ZalauflebiT/administraciul
(authoritative)
_
resursebs.
materialuri
resursebi
iZleva
imis
SesaZleblobas, rom aqtorebma gamoiyenon materialuri obieqtebi:
teqnikuri iaraRebi, warmoebis, gacvlis saSualebebi, nedli masalebi da
sxv. ZalauflebiTI resursebi aramaterialuri resursebia, romlebic imis
SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom aqtorebma gavlena moipovon pirovnebebze. maT
miekuTvneba:
socialuri
droisa
da
sivrcis
organizacia,
TviTganviTarebisa da TviTgamoxatvis SesaZleblobebi da sxv.
wesebsa da resursebs Seaqvs struqtura socialuri cxovrebis
qmnadoba-warmoebis procesSi. gidensi struqturas gansazRvravs swored
wesebisa da resursebis TvalsazrisiT, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis
moqmedebis ganxorcielebas. Tumca, struqtura ara mxolod praqtikaTa
kvlavwarmoebis saSualebaa (mediumia), aramed misi Sedegic. swored amaSi
mdgomareobs struqturis dualobis arsi. gidensi Segnebulad xmarobs
termins dualoba (Duality)
da ara dualizmi, ramdenadac mas
mxedvelobaSi aqvs struqturis ara ori erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli
Tviseba (swored am SemTxvevaSi miviRebdiT dualizms), aramed erTi da
igive procesis ori analitikuri ganzomileba. gidensi wers:
"struqturaciis Teoria moicavs struqturis dualobas, romelic kavSirSia socialuri
cxovrebis fundamenturad ganaxlebad xasiaTTan da gamoxatavs struqturisa da saqmianobis
urTierTdamokidebulebas. struqturis dualobis qveS me vgulisxmob imas, rom socialuri
sistemebis struqturuli Tvisebebi warmoadgens socialur sistemaTa Semadgeneli
praqtikebis rogorc mediums, ise Sedegs" 129.

moviyvanoT martivi magaliTi: rodesac, Cveulebriv, sworad vmetyvelebT,

viyenebT (rogorc wesi, latenturad) enis gramatikul wesebs, romlebic
aucilebeli pirobaa swori metyvelebisaTvis. Tumca, metyvelebis
procesSi Cven vaxdenT am wesebis kvlavqmnas, reproducirebas, anu wesebi
am procesis Sedegsac warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, struqturas
gidensi
ganixilavs
rogorc
adamianis
SemecnebiTuanarianobis
(knowledgeability) safuZvels, romelic moqmedebaSi meyseulad erTveba.

129

: Giddens, Anthony (1979): Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social
Analysis ( London: Macmillan/Berkely: University of California Press. gv. 69.

107

struqturis dualobam, gidensis azriT, unda daZlios dualizmi _

moqmedeba/struqtura: struqtura ara mxolod qmnis moqmedebas (calke
aRebuli, struqturis primati), aramed, amavdroulad, kvlaviqmneba
moqmedebis procesSi (calke aRebuli, moqmedebis primati). sxvanairad Tu
vityviT, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi garkveuli qmedebebis Sesasruleblad
aqtorebi iyeneben struqturis, anu wesebisa da resursebis Sesaxeb
codnas, Tumca, amave dros, axdenen am codnis, e.i. struqturis
kvlavwarmoebas, Sedegis saxiT. amrigad, moqmedeba da struqtura
urTierTganmapirobebeli fenomenebia, struqtura CarTulia moqmedebaSi,
ar arsebobs moqmedebis "gareT" da gareSe.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, struqtura rogorc moqmedebis wesebisa da
resursebis Sesaxeb codna, analitikuri abstraqciaa. realurad arsebobs
mxolod struqturaciis dinamikuri, drosa da sivrceSi realizebuli
procesi. amdenad, struqturacia socialuri realobis ontologiuri
substratia. mas arsebiTad ukavSirdeba kidev erTi _ refleqsurobis _
cneba. refleqsia is gzaa, romlis saSualebiTac aqtori sakuTar
moqmedebas akonstruirebs. refleqsuroba, gidensis mixedviT, ar unda
iqnes gagebuli ubralod rogorc TviTcnobiereba, aramed rogorc
socialuri cxovrebis mimdinare nakadis makontrolebeli maxasiaTebeli.
adamianuri agentebis SemecnebiTunarianobis gansakuTrebiT refleqsuri
forma isaa, romelic yvelaze Rrmadaa CarTuli socialuri praqtikebis
ganaxlebad wesrigSi.

2.3. agentis stratifikaciul modeli

is, rasac gidensi moqmedi piris stratifikaciul models uwodebs,
moicavs moqmedebis refleqsuri monitoringis, racionalizaciisa da
motivaciis Seswavlas.
agentis stratifikaciuli modeli
rogorc es mocemulia naxazze: 130

SeiZleba

moqmedebis refleqsuri
monitoringi
moqmedebis
araaRiarebuli
pirobebi

warmodgenil

iqnes

ise,

moqmedebis
ganuzraxveli
Sedegebi

moqmedebis racionalizacia

moqmedebis motivacia

130

Giddens, Anthony (1979): Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social
Analysis ( London: Macmillan/Berkely: University of California Press; gv..56-7.

108

moqmedebis

racionalizacia

exeba
moqmedebis
rogorc
procesis
intencionalobas. danarCeni ori ganzomilebis msgavsad, is aris
adamianuri qcevis rutinuli maxasiaTebeli, romelic TavisTavad
nagulisxmevi
gziT
sruldeba.
moqmedebis
racionalizaciis
qveS
igulisxmeba is, rom aqtorebi rutinulad aRweven maTi moqmedebis
safuZvlebis uwyvet Teoriul gagebas. es fenomeni sabazisoa moqmedebis
interpolaciisaTvis
dro-sivrcul
mimarTebebSi,
rasac
gidensi
"Tanayofnas" uwodebs. moqmedebis racionalizacia mTavari safuZvelia
sxvaTa mier aqtorTa kompetenciis Sesafaseblad.
refleqsuri
monitoringi
yoveldRiuri
moqmedebis
mudmivi
maxasiaTebelia. misi saSualebiT aqtorebi ara mxolod akontroleben
maTi qmedebebis nakadis mimdinareobas (da amis gakeTebas sxvebisganac
moelian), aramed, agreTve, rutinulad akontroleben im socialur da
fizikur pirobebs, romelTa konteqstSic isini moqmedeben. xazgasmiT
unda aRiniSnos, rom refleqsuri monitoringi gidensTan ar aris qcevis
kerZo aspeqtebis mizezebis diskursuli wvdoma. aqtorebis mier kiTxvebis
dasma (anu, diskursuli cnobierebis Careva) xdeba mxolod maSin,
rodesac qcevis raRaca nawili gansakuTrebiT bundovania, an rodesac
arsebobs Cavardna movlenaTa rutinul mimdinareobaSi. maSasadame,
Cveulebriv, Cven ar vekiTxebiT sxva adamians, Tu ratomaa igi CarTuli
saqmianobaSi, romelic sayovelTaod miRebulia im jgufis an kulturis
mier, romlis wevric is aris.
gidensi refleqsur monitoringsa da moqmedebis racionalizacias
ganasxvavebs moqmedebis motivaciisagan. Tu pirveli ori exeba moqmedebis
safuZvlebs, motivebi exeba survilebs, romlebic iwvevs moqmedebas.
motivacia ar aris uSualod mibmuli moqmedebis uwyvetobasTan, rogorc
moqmedebis refleqsuri monitoringi an racionalizacia. motivacia ufro
metad exeba moqmedebis potencias, vidre im gzas, romliTac moqmedeba
rutinulad sruldeba agentis mier. Cveni yoveldRiuri qcevebis didi
nawili ar aris uSualod motivirebuli. motivebi moqmedebaze uSualo
gavlenas mxolod SedarebiT uCveulo garemoebebSi axdens _ situaciebSi,
romlebic, garkveuli azriT, Sordeba rutinas. umetes SemTxvevaSi
motivebi
uzrunvelyofs
mTlian
gegmas
an
programas,
romlis
farglebSic qcevis jaWvi sruldeba.
agentis

stratifikaciuli modeli moicavs moqmedebis

Sedegebs. ras gulisxmobs gidensi amgvari Sedegebis qveS?

ganuzraxvel

yoveldRiuri

cxovreba,
gidensis
Tanaxmad,
warmodgeba
rogorc
moqmedebebis nakadi. xSirad miiCneoda, rom adamianis
moqmedeba SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxolod ganzraxvebTan mimarTebaSi. es
niSnavs, rom qcevis nebismieri forma, imisaTvis, raTa mas moqmedeba
ewodos, unda ganizraxavdes raimes gakeTebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi qceva
mxolod reaqtiuli pasuxi iqneba gamRizianebelze. zogierTi moazrovne
kidev ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom imisaTvis, raTa raime
xdomileba moqmedebis magaliTad CaiTvalos, sul mcire, aucilebelia,
rom is iyos intencionaluri gansazRvruli aRweris ZaliT, Tundac
agenti cdebodes am aRwerisas. wyalqveSa gemis oficeri, romelsac
ganzraxuli aqvs Secvalos kursi, eqaCeba berkets, magram, nacvlad amisa,
SecdomiT awveba ra sxva berkets, iwvevs gemis CaZirvas. man raRac

ganzraxuli

109

ganzraxulad gaakeTa, Tumca, ara is, rac mas warmoedgina, Sedegad ki

misi moqmedebis gamo gemi CaiZira. kidev, Tu vinme ganzrax daRvris yavas
da SecdomiT fiqrobs, rom es Caia, yavis daRvra am adamianis aqts
warmoadgens, Tumca, is ar iyo Cadenili ganzraxulad; sxva aRweris
farglebSi, rogoricaa Cais daRvra, igi intencionaluria.
gidensi mcdarad miiCnevs im Tvalsazriss, rom moqmedeba SeiZleba iyos
intencionaluri mxolod garkveuli aRweris ZaliT da svams kiTxvas: ras
niSnavs, rom gaakeTo raRac araganzraxulad? aris ki es gansxvavebuli
imisagan, rom araganzraxulad awarmoo Sedegebi? imis gasagebad, Tu ras
niSnavs raRacis araganzraxulad gakeTeba, pirvel rigSi, naTeli unda
gaxdes is, rogor unda iqnes gagebuli Tavad ganzraxulis cneba. ai,
ras wers gidensi:
"ganzraxuli moqmedeba moqmedebis iseTi daxasiaTebaa, rodesac misma Semsrulebelma
icis an sjera, rom qmedebas eqneba konkretuli Tviseba an Sedegi da rodesac es
codna gamoiyeneba moqmedebis avtoris mier am Tvisebis an Sedegis misaRwevad". 131
maSasadame, gidensis azriT, unda gamovacalkevoT sakiTxi, Tu ras
akeTebs agenti, imisagan, Tu ras ganizraxavs igi, anu imis
intencionaluri aspeqtebisagan, rac gakeTebulia. moqmedeba Seexeba
keTebas. warmovidginoT moqmedebebis aseTi jaWvi: individi Camokravs
xels CamrTvels oTaxis gasanaTeblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom es
ganzraxulia, is faqti, rom CamrTvelis CarTva afrTxilebs mZarcvels _
ara. davuSvaT, rom mZarcvels, romelic quCaSi garbis, iWers policieli.
mZarcvels asamarTleben saxlis gatexvisaTvis da igi erT wels atarebs
cixeSi. aris Tu ara yvelaferi es CamrTvelze xelis Camokvris aqtis
ganuzraxveli Sedegebi?
CamrTvelze xelis Camokvra da sinaTlis
anTeba iyo raRac, rac agentma gaakeTa, da mZarcvelis gafrTxilebac iyo
raRac, rac agentma gaakeTa. es iyo ganuzraxveli, ramdenadac aqtorma ar
icoda, rom mZarcveli saxlSi iyo da is ar cdila es codna mZarcvelis
gasafrTxileblad
gamoeyenebina.
konceptualurad,
ganuzraxveli
qmedebebi
SeiZleba
gamovacalkevoT
qmedebebis
ganuzraxveli
Sedegebisagan, TumcaRa, es gansxvaveba saerTod ar miiReba mxedvelobaSi
maSin, rodesac sakiTxis fokusireba xdeba intencionalursa da
araintencionalurs Soris gansxvavebaze. amdenad, yvela garemoeba, rac
mZarcvels SeemTxva CamrTvelze xelis Camokvridan moyolebuli, aqtis
ganuzraxveli Sedegebia, mxedvelobaSi viRebT ra imas, rom individma ar
icoda mZarcvelis iq arsebobis Sesaxeb da, amdenad, Sedegi Semoitana
ganuzraxvelad.
gidensis azriT, marTlac arsebobs zogierTi aqti, romelic ar SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes agentis mier maTi ganzraxvis gareSe. TviTmkvleloba
swored aseTi SemTxvevaa: ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TviTmkvleloba moxda,
vidre ar arsebobs TviTdestruqciis garkveuli ganzraxva. adamianze,
romelic quCas gadakveTs da gzaze momavali manqanis msxverpli gaxdeba,
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man TviTmkvleloba Caidina, Tu es movlena
SemTxveviTi xdomilebaa. es ufro isaa, rac xdeba individis Tavs, vidre
is, rasac individi sCadis. Tumca, TviTmkvleloba, gazraxvebTan
131

Giddens, Anthony (1976): New Rules of Sociological Method. London: Hutchinson/New York: Basic Books. gv. 76

110

mimarTebaSi, ar aris umetesi adamianuri aqtebisTvis tipuri. aqtebis

umravlesobas ar axasiaTebs aseTi Tavisebureba. moqmedebebs aqvT
ganuzraxveli Sedegebic. gidenss mohyavs magaliTi: mSobliur enaze Cemi
sworad laparakisa da weris erT-erTi regularuli Sedegia inglisuri
enis (rogorc mTlianis) kvlavwarmoebisaTvis xelSewyoba. inglisurad
Cemi sworad laparaki aris ganzraxuli; is xelSewyoba, romelsac me
vewevi enis kvlavwarmoebis mimarT _ ganuzraxveli Sedegi.
sociologebi adrec ganixilavdnen ganuzraxveli moqmedebebis bunebas. am
TvalsazrisiT, gidensis yvelaze met simpatias imsaxurebs rober mertoni.
igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs aSkara da latentur funqciebs (manifest
functions and latent functions). mertoni, erTi mxriv, saubrobs im obieqtur
Sedegebze, romlebsac SeaqvT TavianTi wvlili sistemis regulirebasa da
SeguebadobaSi da romlebic, amave dros, Sediodnen sistemis monawile
subieqtebis
ganzraxvaSi da cnobierdebodnen maT
mier (aSkara
funqciebi), xolo, meore mxriv, gamoyofs im obieqtur Sedegebs, romlebic
ar Sediodnen sistemis monawile subieqtebis ganzraxvaSi da xdeboda
maTi gacnobiereba (faruli funqciebi). magaliTad moaqvs indiel tomebSi
gavrcelebuli wvimis cekvis rituali, romlis daniSnulebaa wvimis
gamowveva (aSkara funqcia), Tumca, am rituals moaqvs, agreTve,
socialuri integraciis zrda, romelic sulac ar aris ganzraxuli
monawileTa mier (latenturi funqcia) 132. amrigad, rituali SeiZleba
asrulebdes jgufis identurobis gaZlierebis latentur funqcias, im
ganaxlebadi viTarebis uzrunvelyofiT, rodesac jgufis gafantuli
wevrebi Tavs iyrian, raTa CaerTon saerTo saqmianobaSi.
ganuzraxvel Sedegebs, ukukavSiris saxiT, SeuZlia sistematurad iyos
momavali moqmedebebis gaucnobierebeli pirobebi. anu, gidensis mixedviT,
moqmedebis
ganuzraxveli
Sedegebi
axdens
momavali
moqmedebis
gacnobierebuli pirobebis formirebas.
subieqturobis doneebi
gidensi miuTiTebs ori tipis refleqsiaze: aqtiursa da pasiurze.
aqtiuri refleqsia diskursuli cnobierebis doneze xorcieldeba,
romelic msjelobis da dasabuTebis donea. rac Seexeba pasiur
refleqsias, amas axorcielebs praqtikuli cnobiereba, romelic exeba
qcevis rutinuli formebis nagulisxmev (tacit), implicitur codnas:
aqtori moqmedebs struqturis, e.i. wesebis da resursebis Sesabamisad
ise, rom maTze aqtiur refleqsias ar axdens. sazRvari diskursul da
praqtikul cnobierebas Soris meryevi da Riaa rogorc individualuri
agentis gamocdilebaSi, aseve socialuri moRvaweobis gansxvavebul
konteqstebSi, sadac aqtorTa Soris Sedarebebia SesaZlebeli. maT Soris
ar arsebobs raime iseTi barieri, rogoric arsebobs aracnobiersa da
diskursul cnobierebas Soris. aracnobieri Seicavs kogniciisa da
impulsurobis iseT formebs, romlebic an mTlianad gandevnilia
cnobierebidan, an Cndeba cnobierebaSi mxolod deformirebuli saxiT.
132

Merton, R. (1963): Manifest and latent functions in Merton Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe: Free
Press, 1963, gv. 64-5.

111

praqtikuli cnobiereba SesaZlebels xdis, rom praqtikebi Sesruldes

uSualo motivaciis gareSe. praqtikuli cnobiereba arsebiTad emsgavseba
garfinkelis eTnomeTodologiaSi araverbaluri komunikaciis, faruli
kognituri wesrigis gagebas. praqtikuli cnobierebis kalapotSi Tavsdeba
yoveldRiuri qcevebis didi nawili (Tu igive magaliTs mivmarTavT:
saubrisas vicavT enis wesebs, magram maT Sesaxeb aqtiur codnas ar
vflobT). rutinuli qmedebebis (romlebic yoveldRiurobis ZiriTadi
nawilia) refleqsuri monitorings axorcielebs praqtikuli cnobiereba.
moqmedebaTa diskursul identifikacias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac
rutinaTa Sesrulebas xvdeba winaaRmdegoba. aqtiuri refleqsiisa da
dasabuTebis unari (e.i.diskursuli cnobiereba) mobilizdeba rutinaTa
Sewyvetis, an, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, _ kritikuli msxvrevis dros.
es
procesi
zogjer
winaswarmetyvelebadia
(mag.,
universitetis
damTavreba an samsaxuridan gadadgoma), xolo zogjer rutinata Sewyveta
gaufrTxileblad xdeba (magaliTad, seriozuli daavadebis dros). yvela
SemTxvevaSi, am process, saboloo jamSi, socialuri cvlilebebi moaqvs.
ZiriTadad praqtikuli cnobierebis safexurze arsebobs, agreTve, is,
rasac gidensi moqmedebis racionalizacias uwodebs. esaa procesi,
rodesac agenti sakuTari qcevis monitorings axdens misive ganzraxvebis
(intenciebis) poziciidan. intencionalobis cneba gidensTan exeba
subieqtis codnas an rwmenas imisa, rom gansazRvrul
praqtikebs
aRmoaCndeba kerZo Tviseba da moitans garkveul Sedegs. am dros agentebi
inarCuneben imis, xSir SemTxvevaSi, implicitur codnas, Tu risi miRweva
SeuZlia maT qmedebebs socialur cxovrebaSi. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom
moqmedebis
racionalizacia
uzrunvelyofs
agentTa
moqmedebebis
Sedegebis srul gaTvlas. ase Semodis struqturaciis TeoriaSi
ganuzraxveli Sedegebis cneba. es ukanaskneli, gidensis aRiarebiT,
kavSirSia robert mertonis latenturi funqciebis cnebasTan, romelic
aRwers process, rodesac individTa erToblivma saqmianobam, misi
uSualo miznis ganxorcielebis garda, SeiZleba gamoiwvios iseTi
Sedegebic, rac winaswar ganzraxuli ar yofila.
ganuzraxveli Sedegebi, gidensis Tanaxmad, Tavis mxriv, momavali
moqmedebis anonimur pirobebs warmoadgens. magaliTad, koreqtuli
laparaki an wera warmoadgens ganzraxul rezultats, magram is, rom
amasTan erTad veweviT enis reproduqcias _ ganuzraxveli Sedegia,
romelic, piruku, yoveli axali saubris anonimuri pirobaa. am
SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs struqturis dualurobis meqanizmi: moqmedebis
Sedegi iqceva momavali moqmedebis pirobad.
is, rac mocemul etapze warmoadgens moqmedebis ganuzraxvel Sedegebs da
anonimur pirobebs, garkveuli istoriuli droidan SeiZleba gaxdes
diskursulad gacnobierebuli, rogorc agentTa qcevis mosalodneli
Sedegi. es potencia uSualod ukavSirdeba socialuri cvlilebebis
SesaZleblobas: agentebi, romlebic xvdebian, rom maTi saqmianoba xels
uwyobs socialur institutTa damTrgunveli da arasasurveli qselis
SenarCunebas, iwyeben mizanmimarTuli zomebis gatarebas, raTa Secvalon
qcevis rutinuli formebi.

112

gidensi ganasxvavebs subieqturobis kidev erT _ aracnobier dones. igi

adgens, Tu ratom mimarTaven aqtorebi praqtikebis kvlavwarmoebas an
Secvlas. am doneze ar xorcieldeba kontroli rutinaTa yoveldRiur
reproduqciaze,
igi
uzrunvelyofs
zogad
motivacias,
romelic
gulisxmobs
aqtorTa
adreuli
bavSvobidan
wamosul
aracnobier
moTxovnilebas imisa, rom ganicadon socialuri samyaros mimarT
siaxlove, daeuflon am samyaros stabilur maxasiaTeblebs, gamoimuSaon
ontologiuri
usafrTxoebis
gancda,
raTa
ganTavisufldnen
SfoTvisagan da sxvadasxva arasasiamovno stimulisagan.
aracnobieri
motivacia
aris
adamianuri
qcevis
mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebeli, romelic ZiriTadad praqtikuli cnobierebis doneze
arsebobs. praqtikuli cnobierebis cneba fundamenturia struqturaciis
TeoriisaTvis. gidensi samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom es aris adamianuri
agentis an subieqtis is maxasiaTebli, romlis mimarTac gansakuTrebiT
brma iyo struqturalizmi 133 da obieqtivisturi azrovnebis sxva tipebi.
sociologiur
tradiciaSi
mxolod
fenomenologiasa
da
eTnomeTodologiaSi SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT praqtikuli cnobierebis
detaluri da faqizi kvleva.
Tumca, diskursul da praqtikul cnobierebas Soris gansxvavebas gidensi
ar miiCnevs xistad da uryevad. maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba
Seicvalos agentis socializaciisa da gamocdilebis bevri aspeqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT. diskursul da praqtikul cnobierebas Soris ar
arsebobs raime barieri; maT Soris mxolod is gansxvavebebia, rac
SeiZleba gamoiTqvas da gansakuTrebiT martivad Sesruldes. Tumca,
arsebobs barierebi, principulad fokusirebuli represiaze, diskursul
cnobierebasa da aracnobiers Soris.
gidenss es cnebebi (diskursuli cnobiereba, praqtikuli cnobiereba,
aracnobieri motivebi) Semoaqvs tradiciuli fsiqoanalitikuri triadis
_ ego, super-ego da idi _ nacvlad 134.

133

Giddens, Anthony (1979): Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure, and Contradiction in Social
Analysis ( London: Macmillan/Berkely: University of California Press; Tavi 1.
134
idi, ego, super-ego froidis fsiqoanalitikur TeoriaSi aRniSnavs individis
fsiqikuri cxovrebis sam dones. idi instinqturi, aracnobieri safexuria, romelic
Seesabameba SiSvel seqsualur energias (libido). am umimarTulebo swrafvas zRudavs
ego, romelic, ZiriTadad, kognitur procesebs moicavs. es procesebi damcavi
meqanizmebia, romlebic Suamavlis rols asrulebs idis instinqtur swrafvasa da superegos akrZalvebs Soris. es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia eTikur da moralur
standartebTan, romlebsac individi socializaciis procesSi iTvisebs rogorc
kulturis mier nakarnaxev maqsimebs.

113

Tavi VII. postmodernuli socialuri Teoria

Sesavali: postmodernizmi da postmodernuloba
rogorc
bevri
Tanamedrove
mkvlevari
aRniSnavs,
Tu
mkacr
terminologiur
gamijvnebs
mivmarTavT,
saWiroa
erTmaneTisagan
ganvasxvavoT postmodernizmisa da postmodernulobis cnebebi. b. smarti
am gansxvavebas ase aRwers: "termini postmodernizmi gamoiyeneboda imisaTvis,
raTa Sexebodnen esTetikur, mxatvrul da arqiteqturul stilebs, iseve rogorc
azrovnebis stils... rac Seexeba postmodernulobas, es termini kerZo socialuri
viTarebis, axali "socialuri konfiguraciis" aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda". 135
maSasadame,
"postmodernuloba"
sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaSi
gansazRvruli periodis arsebobaze miuTiTebs, xolo "postmodernizmi" _
azrovnebisa da refleqsiis gansazRvrul wesze rogorc xelovnebaSi, ise
mecnierebasa da filosofiaSi. Sesabamisad, postmodernuli socialuri
Teoria postmodernizmis koncefciis velSi unda moviazroT. am
Tvalsazriss
iziarebs
j.
ritceri,
romelic
moiTxovs,
rom
erTmaneTisagan
gavmijnoT
postmodernuloba
da
postmodernuli
socialuri Teoria: "postmodernuloba esaa axali istoriuli epoqa, romelic
agrZelebs modernul eras, anu modernulobas. postmodernuli socialuri Teoria
esaa postmodernulobis Sesaxeb azrovnebis axali gza. samyaro imdenad gansxvavebuli
xdeba, rom igi moiTxovs azrovnebis sruliad axal gzas". 136
ra niSnebi axasiaTebs postmodernizms, modernizmis sapirispirod?
xSirad daismis kiTxvebi: aris Tu ara postmodernizmi marTlac
radikaluri daSoreba modernizmisgan, Tu is mxolod amboxia modernizmis
farglebSi, maRali modernizmis gansazRvruli formebis winaaRmdeg..? aris Tu ara
postmodernizmi marTlac stili, Tu mas mxolod unda SevxedoT rogorc
periodizaciis cnebas (rodesac kamaTi SeiZleba gaimarTos imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis
iwyeba igi 1950-ian, 1960-ian Tu 1970-ian wlebSi)? marTlac aqvs ki mas
revoluciuri potenciali imis gamo, rom upirispirdeba metanarativebis yovelgvar
formas (marqsizmis, froidizmis, ganmanaTlebluri gonebis yvela formis CaTvliT)
da mWidro interess amJRavnebs sxva samyaroebis da sxva xmebis mimarT, romlebic
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miCumaTebuli iyo (qalebi, homoseqsualebi, Savkanianebi,
kolonizebuli adamianebi maTi sakuTari istoriebiT)? iqneb is mxolod modernizmis
komercializacia da moSinaurebaa _ misi dayvanaa yvelaferi gasaRebadias sabazro
ekleqtizmis miznamde? amdenad, axdens Tu ara is neokonservatuli politikis
integrirebas? 137
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema scada i. hasanma, romelmac sqematurad
warmoadgina gansxvaveba modernizmsa da postmodernizms Soris: 138
135

Smart, Barry (2005): Modernity and Postmodernity: Part I. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin
Harrington), Oxford University Press; p. 256.
136
Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 79.
137
Harvey, David (1999): Postmodernism. In: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell
Publishers; p. 305-6.
138
Hassan, I. (1985): 'The culture of postmodernism'. In: Theory, Culture and Society 2, (3); pp.119-32.

114

modernizmi
forma (mowesrigebuli, Caketili)
mizani
dagegmva
ierarqia
xelovnebis obieqti/dasrulebuli samuSao
distancia
qmna/totalizacia/sinTezi
daswreba (presence)
centrirebuli
Janri/sazRvari
paradigma
metafora
siRrme
interpretacia/analizi (reading)
aRniSnuli
narativi/grandistoria
tipi
metafizika
determinacia
transcendencia

postmodernizmi
antiforma (mouwesrigebeli, Ria)
TamaSi
SemTxveva
anarqia
procesi/performansi/xdomileba
monawileoba
dekreacia/dekonstruqcia/antiTezisi
ardaswreba (absence)
dispersiuli
teqsti/interteqsti
sintagma
metonimi
zedapiri
interpretaciis sawinaaRmdego/misreading
aRmniSvneli
antinarativi/mcire istoria
mutanti
ironia
indeterminacia
imanencia

zogierTi avtori (B. McHale, 1987) postmodernul narativs ukavSirebs

epistemologiuridan ontologiur centrze gadanacvlebas. esaa
perspeqtivis, xedvis Secvla: epistemologiuri xedva gulisxmobs
kompleqsuri,
erTaderTi
realobis
sazrisis
wvdomas,
xolo
ontologiuri perspeqtiva SesaZlebels xdis radikalurad gansxvavebuli
realobebis Tanaarsebobas da urTierTSeRwevadobas.
filosofiaSi postmodernuli talRis gaCena ukavSirdeba amerikul
pragmatizms, frangul poststruqturalizms da postmarqsizms (1960-iani
wlebis bolos). es talRa miemarTeboda humanizmisa da ganmanaTlebluri
memkvidreobis sapirispirod da gamsWvaluli iyo Rrma siZulviliT
nebismieri proeqtis mimarT, romelic moiTxovda universalur humanur
emansipacias
teqnikis,
mecnierebisa
da
gonebis
Zalauflebis
mobilizaciis gziT. Tu ganmanaTlebluri azrovnebis ganzraxvas
warmoadgenda adamianis emansipacia Sua saukuneebis Teologiuri
tradiciis sapirispirod da aRiareba principisa: TviToba (Self) RmerTis
gareSe,
magram
gonebis
Zalauflebis
xelSi
_
postmodernuli
perspeqtiva uaryofs gonebis Zalauflebasac da sayovelTao liberaluri
sekularizmis momxrea.
saboloo
jamSi,
literaturaSi:

postmodernizms

ase

gansazRvraven

Tanamedrove

"postmodernizmi aRniSnavs
azrovnebis
Tanamedrove
moZraobas, romelic uaryofs
totalobebs, universalur Rirebulebebs, diad istoriul narativebs, adamianuri arsebobis
uryev safuZvlebs da obieqturi codnis SesaZleblobas. postmodernizmi skeptikuradaa
ganwyobili WeSmaritebis, erTianobis da progresis mimarT, ewinaaRmdegeba elitizms

115

kulturaSi, ixreba kulturuli relativizmis mimarTulebiT da pativs scems pluralizms,

arastabilurobasa da heterogenulobas". 139

rac
Seexeba
postmodernulobas,
rogorc
iTqva,
is
miuTiTebs
gansazRvrul periodze sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi, romelic agrZelebs
modernul epoqas. postmodernizmis msgavsad, rodesac "postmodernul
eraze" saubroben, mxedvelobaSi yovelTvis ara aqvT fundamenturi, anu
kulturuli,
socialuri
da
ekonomikuri
wesrigis
eqstensiuri
paradigmatuli
cvlileba. 140
sakmarisia
vilaparakoT
garkveul
kulturul
transformaciaze,
romelsac
mohyva
mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi socialuri praqtikebisa da diskursis formirebaSi, rac
postmodernul gamocdilebas ganasxvavebs modernuli periodisagan.
sazogadoebis postmodernul transformacias bevri indikatori gaaCnia..
Tu, magaliTad, arqiteqturasTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT, modernulobis
dasasruls ukavSireben 1972 wlis 15 ivliss, rodesac sent luisSi 3.32
saaTze
aafeTqes
Pruitt-Igoe-s
samosaxlo
kompleqsi,
rogorc
arasacxovrebeli garemo dabali Semosavlis mqone xalxisaTvis. es iyo
amboxi
xelovnebaSi
abstraqtuli,
Teoriuli
da
doqtrinaluri
idealebis winaaRmdeg da popularuli, provinciuli arqiteqturuli
garemos dacva, romelic gamiznulia Cveulebrivi adamianebisaTvis da ara
zekacebisaTvis. axali (postmodernuli) arqiteqturisaTvis yvela
abstraqtuli ornamenti Seuarcxyofis (danaSaulis) tolfasi iyo,
individualobaze xazgasma sentimentaloba, xolo romantizmi _ kiCi.141
arqiteqturaSi postmodernizmi im SenobaTa esTetikis aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyenes, romelic asaxavda istoriis sxvadasxva periodidan aRebuli
konkretuli arqiteqturuli stilebis ekleqtur kolaJs. igive tendencia
SeimCneoda qalaqdagegmarebaSi 1960-iani wlebis bolodan. es iyo qalaqis
ganviTarebisaTvis pluralisturi strategiis Zieba. es strategia qalaqs
warmoadgenda rogorc gansxvavebuli sivrceebisa da kombinaciebis
kolaJs, rac uaryofda funqcionalur dagegmarebas da monumenturobas.
yvelaferi es aRwerda im negatiur reaqcias, romelic arsebobda
esTetikuri modernizmis kulturaze.
saboloo jamSi, j. ritceri, f. jeimsonze dayrdnobiT, ase axasiaTebs
postmodernul sazogadoebas:
"pirveli, postmodernuloba siRrmis armqone, zedapiruli samyaroa. esaa simulaciis samyaro
(magaliTad, disnei lendis junglebSi kvazimogzaureba). meore, esaa samyaro, romelic
moklebulia afeqtsa da emocias. mesame, esaa istoriaSi vinmes adgilis Ziebis usazrisoba;
Zneldeba erTmaneTisagan warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis gansxvaveba. meoTxe, modernulobis
cvalebadi,
mzardi
da
produqtuli
teqnologiebis
(magaliTad,
saavtomobilo
sakonstruqcio xazebis) nacvlad postmodernul sazogadoebaSi dominirebs moxerxebuli,
reproduqciuli teqnologiebi (magaliTad, televizia). am da sxva niSnebiT, postmodernuli
sazogadoeba Zalze gansxvavdeba modernuli sazogadoebisagan". 142

139

Eagleton, T. (2003): After Theory. New York: Basic Books; p. 13.

Huyssens, A. (1984):'Mapping the post-modern', New German Critique, 33, pp. 5-52;
141
Harvey, David (1999): Postmodernism. In: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell
Publishers; p. 304.
142
Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 79.
140

116

$1. postmodernuli socialuri Teoria

rogorc
Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi
miuTiTeben,
postmodernizmisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sayovelTao da prinipuli "dedifenciacia".143 kerZod,
postmodernizmi
ugulebelyofs
sxvadasxva
disciplinaTa
iseT
TanamSromlobas, romelic TiToeul maTgans Tavis avtonomiurobas
unarCunebs. igi gvTavazobs filosofiidan, literaturidan, sociologiidan,
fsiqoanalizidan, semiotikidan da a.S. miRebuli cnebebisa da ideebis
Tavisufal narevs. mecnierebaTa Soris sazRvrebis uaryofa, analizis mikro,
mezo da makro doneebis uaryofasTan erTad, iseT produqts qmnis, romelic
calke arc erTi disciplinisTvis araa adekvaturi. swored esaa yovelgvari
strategiisagan Tavisufali dediferenciacia, gansxvavebebisa da sazRvrebis
moSla, rac iwvevs situacias, sadac yvelaferi misaRebia da sadac
kompleqsuri fenomenebi reduqcionistulad aixsneba niSnebis, teqstebis,
aracnobieris da a.S. TvalsazrisiT. aseTi qmedebebi, mkvlevarTa azriT,
gvabrunebs diurkemamdel mcdelobebTan socialuri movlenebi axsniliyo
instinqtebis, rasis, klimatis an geografiuli pirobebis TvalsazrisiT.
gansxvaveba
mxolod
isaa,
rom
dRes
postmodernistebi
TavianT
reduqcionistul axsnebs ufro metad iReben fsiqoanalizidan da
lingvistikidan, vidre biologiidan da geografiidan.
am viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gasakviri araa, rom postmodernuli
Teoretizacia xasiaTdeba relativizmiT, romelic cdilobs dagvarwmunos,
rom nebismieri Teoriuli konstruqcia imdenadve WeSmariti an mcdaria,
rogorc nebismieri sxva danarCeni. gasakviri araa, agreTve, rom
postmodernuli Teoria iswrafvis SeiZinos iseTi stili, sadac siRrmiseuli
da arsebiTi analizi Canacvlebulia kvazi-poeturi eniT, sityvaTa
ambivalenturi TamaSiT. movusminoT ras wers erT-erTi mkvlevari:
sazRvari mxatvrulobasa da mecnierulobas Soris rbildeba _ postmodernuli samyaros
gmirebs xSirad aviwydebaT, romeli samyaros warmomadgenlebi arian da rogor unda moiqcnen
maTTan mimarTebaSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu problemis dayvana moxdeba avtobiografiul
perspeqtivaze, Tavidan ver avicilebT labirinTs (rogorc borxesis erT-erTi gmiri ambobs):
vin viyavi me? dRevandeli TviToba (Self) mouwesrigebelia (aburdulia), guSindeli _
daviwyebuli; xvalindeli _ ganusazRvreli. 144

aseT viTarebaSi, sociologia kargavs avtonomiuri disciplinis statuss

da gadaiqceva ekleqtur "socialur Teoriad", romelic "kars uRebs"
nebismier Teoriul refleqsias. ra niSnebi gamoarCevs postmodernul
socialur Teorias?
ingliseli mkvlevari n. mouzelisi postmodernuli socialuri Teoriis
sam ZiriTad Taviseburebaze miuTiTebs: a) antidafuZnebadoba; b) subieqtis
decentrireba; g) empiriuli dadasturebis (reprezentaciis) uaryofa. 145
a) antidafuZnebadoba: postmodernisti avtorebi uaryofen yvela Teoriul
Zalisxmevas, raTa moZebnil iqnes universaluri kriteriumi, romelic
143

Mouzelis, Nicolas: The Poverty of Sociological Theory. Sociology Vol. 27, #4, November 1993; p. 689.
Harvey, David (1999): Postmodernism. In: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell
Publishers; p. 304-5.
145
Mouzelis, Nicolas: The Poverty of Sociological Theory. Sociology Vol. 27, #4, November 1993; p. 684.
144

117

SeZlebda socialuri Teoriis uzrunvelyofas uryevi safuZvlebiT. isini

epistemologiuri dafuZnebis nebismier mcdelobas, pirveladi principebis
dadgenis nebismier Zalisxmevas utopiad miiCneven. aseTive utopiad Tvlian
nebismier Teorias, romelic cdilobs, Camoayalibos zogadi kanonebi an
zogadi sqemebi, romlebic daexmareba sazogadoebis an socialuri
ganviTarebis holistur axsnas. isini amtkiceben, rom socialuris myife,
qaoturi, warmavali da wyvetadi xasiaTis fonze, nebismieri socialuri
Teoria socialur samyaros Tavs axvevs wesrigs da sistemurobas, rac,
sinamdvileSi, mxolod socialur mecnierTa gonebaSi arsebobs.
zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs imas, rom sabolood da mTlianad iqnes
uaryofili yvela holisturi midgoma. gansxvaveba unda gatardes
substanciur generalizaciasa da im generalizacias Soris, romelic
upiratesad
meTodologiuri xasiaTisaa. am ukanasknelis mizania
konceptualuri
iaraRebiT
uzrunvelyofa
saintereso
SekiTxvebis
dasasmelad da socialuri samyaros empiriuli kvlevisaTvis niadagis
mosamzadeblad. am gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT, araferia cudi imaSi,
rom agebul iqnes holisturi konceptualur-meTodologiuri CarCoebi,
romelTa daxmarebiTac vinmes SeuZlia gamoikvlios socialuri mTelis
agebis, kvlavwarmoebis an transformaciis sakiTxebi.
b) subieqtis decentrireba: postmodernizmis meore Seteva mimarTulia
socialuri
Teoriis
erT-erT
fundamentur
(fenomenologiur
da
hermenevtikul) tendenciaze, rom subieqti ganxilul iqnes rogorc
nebismieri analizis safuZveli, anu socialuri fenomenebi aixsnas
individisa da koleqtiuri aqtorebis gegmebisa da strategiebis
TvalsazrisiT. aseTi midgomis sapirispirod, postmodernizmi analizis
centrSi svams ara individualur subieqts, aramed socialur praqtikebs,
romlebic gaTiSulia maTi Semqmneli aqtorebisagan. es gamoxatavs
Tvalsazriss, rom praqtikebs ar hyavs erTi konkretuli Semqmneli, iqneba
es klasi, elita Tu interesTa jgufi. sxva sityvebiT es niSnavs, rom
postmodernizmisaTvis socialur danawesebs ar hyavs avtori an ara aqvs
saboloo
mizani.
socialuri
fenomenebi
moklebulia
zogad
koherentulobas _ centrs, romelic uzrunvelyofs maT saxelmZRvanelo
principebiTa da zogadi miznebiT. amrigad, Tu Tanamedrove kultura
gvTavazobs RmerTis sikvdils, postmodernizmi gvTavazobs adamianis
sikvdils, an, ufro zustad, subieqtis sikvdils.
g) empiriuli dadasturebis ideis uaryofa: postmodernuli socialuri
Teoria uaryofs ara mxolod holistur Teoriebs, aramed igivenairad
upirispirdeba reprezentaciisa da empiriuli dadasturebis ideas. igi ver
egueba ideas, rom socialur Teorias, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, SeuZlia an
valdebulia moaxdinos sadRac iq arsebuli socialuri realobis
reprezentacia _ realobisa, romelic struqturirebulia da mimdinareobs
droSi, Teoriisagan damoukideblad an Teoriis mxedvelobaSi miRebis
gareSe. postmodernistebisaTvis ar arsebobs araferi gareT, rasac
socialuri Teoria aRwerda an axsnida. ar arsebobs araviTari dualizmi an
raime saxis distancia Teoriasa da empiriul realobas Soris. nebismieri
socialuri fenomeni, pirvel rigSi, simboluri, anu, rac igivea, Teoriuli
konstruqciaa. tradiciuli socialuri azrovneba aris materiis naivurad
miRebis msxverpli. sinamdvileSi, mikro da makro fenomenebi sxva araferia,
118

Tu ara simboluri konstruqciebi, romlebic miRebulia iqedan, rom

socialuri aqtorebi, erTmaneTTan interaqciis procesSi mudmivad ageben
Teoriebs sxvebis da, aseve, sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.
kidev erTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari
postmodernul socialur Teorias:

j.

ritceri

ase

axasiaTebs

"pirveli, postmodernistebi uaryofen grandnarativebs, romliTac xasiaTdeba klasikuri

socialuri Teoriis didi nawili. 146 amis nacvlad, postmodernistebi upiratesobas aniWeben
ufro SezRudul interpretaciebs, an saerTod uaryofen nebismier axsnas. meore, uariyofa
tendencia imisa, rom gaivlos sazRvrebi disciplinebs Soris _ SenarCunebul iqnes is,
rasac sociologiur (socialur) Teorias uwodeben, rac gansxvavdeba, vTqvaT, filosofiuri
azrovnebisagan, an Tundac, novelisturi Txrobisagan. mesame, postmodernistebi xSirad ufro
metad dainteresebulni arian mkiTxvelis SokirebiT an gaognebiT, vidre damuSavebuli da
safuZliani akademiuri diskursiT. da bolos, sazogadoebis fundamentze (rogoricaa,
magaliTad, racionaloba, an kapitalisturi eqsploatacia) yuradRebis miqcevis nacvlad,
postmodernistebi fokusirdebian sazogadoebis ufro metad periferiul aspeqtebze". 147

* * *
socialuri Teoriis postmodernuli interpretaciis mimarT orgvari
damokidebuleba arsebobs: sociologTa erTi, pozitiurad ganwyobili,
nawili fiqrobs, rom tradiciuli socialuri Teoriis postmodernulma
kritikam daangria "miTebis" gansazRvruli raodenoba da aiZula socialuri
Teoretikosebi gadaefasebinaT TavianTi zogierTi ZiriTadi postulati.
Tumca, meore mxriv, zogi sociologi imasac aRiarebs, rom postmodernul
relativizms da nihilizms uciloblad mivyavarT Teoriul Cixamde,
romelic ufro aferxebs, vidre exmareba socialuri Teoriis progress. n.
mouzelisis azriT, postmodernistebis Seteva empirizmze gaumarTlebel
ukidures relativizmSi vlindeba. idea imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri
fenomenebi simboluri konstruqciebia da rom, saboloo jamSi, socialuri
TeoriisaTvis araferia gareT, rasac asaxavda da warmoadgenda _
aucileblobiT ar iwvevs Teoriasa da mis empiriul referents Soris
nebismieri gansxvavebis gauqmebas. kerZod, Tu, magaliTad, vinme CaTvlis, rom
socialur fenomenebs safuZvlad udevs "Teoriebi", romlebic Seqmnilia
araprofesionali
adamianebis
mier
maTi
erTmaneTTan
komunikaciis
mcdelobisas, maSin socialuri Teoriebi ubralod meore rigis Teoriuli
konstruqciebia _ isini "Teoriebia Teoriebis Sesaxeb". es formulireba ar
iwvevs arc relativizms da arc postmodernul nihilizms, rac uaryofs
empiriuli dadasturebis nebismier ideas.
postmodernuli socialuri Teoriis yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlebi
frangi moazrovneebia: J. f. lioTari. m. fuko, J. bodriari, j. derida, r.
barti, g. deliozi; agreTve, amerikelebi: f. jeimsoni, r. rorti;
polonuri warmoSobis britaneli z. baumani da sxv.
qvemoT gadmocemulia postmodernuli socialuri
klasikosis, Jan-fransua lioTaris naazrevi.

Teoriis

erT-erTi

146

"postmodernuli mdgomareobis" rogorc "grandnarativebis kolafsis" koncefcia

ekuTvnis frang moazrovnes J. f. lioTars. es konefcia dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli
amave Tavis $2-Si.
147
Ritzer, George (2000): Classical Sociological Theory, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Company, USA; p. 79.

119

$2. J. f. lioTari: postmodernuli mdgomareoba

biografiuli cnobebi:
Jan-fransua lioTari (Jean-Franois Lyotard) daibada 1924 wels, safrangeTis qalaq
versalSi. 1950 wels man miiRo xarisxi (agrg) filosofiaSi da 1950-52 wlebSi Tavisi
kariera daiwyo skolis filosofiis maswavleblad alJirSi, q. konstantineSi. 1959 wels
igi ikavebs pozicias parizis sorbonis universitetSi da Semdgomi 39 wlis manZilze
eweva akademiur da kvleviT moRvaweobas safrangeTis sxvadasxva universitetebSi. 12
wlis ganmavlobaSi (1954-66 wlebi) is aqtiuri wevri iyo memarcxene orientaciis
revoluciuri jgufisa, saxelwodebiT "socializmi an barbarizmi". 1955 wlidan am
jgufis Jurnalis alJirel komentatoradac ki muSaobda, vidre alJirma ar gaimarjva
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi 1962 wels. 1966 wels LlioTari kavSirs wyvets am
jgufTan, tovebs sorbonis universitetsac da gadadis nanteris (Nanterre) universitetSi,
romelic 1968 wlis studenturi protestis centri xdeba. igi aqtiurad exmareba
demonstraciebis
organizebas
da
kvlav
ganicdis
frustracias
memarcxeneebis
pasiurobis gamo. 1970 wels lioTari tovebs nanteris universitets da gadadis parizi
VIII - vinsenis universitetSi (University of Paris VIII-Vencennes). erTi wlis Semdeg igi
asrulebs sadoqtori disertacias da aqveynebs Tavis pirvel ZiriTad filosofiur
naSroms "diskursi, figura". 1979 wels lioTari aqveynebs Tavis saxelganTqmul wigns
"postmodernuli mdgomareoba: raporti codnis Sesaxeb", romelic bevr mkvlevars
postmodernuli azrovnebis dasawyisad miaCnia. 1983 wels lioTari TanadamfuZnebeli
xdeba filosofiis saerTaSoriso kolejisa (Collge Internationale de Philosophie).
J. f. lioTari gardaicvala 1998 wels.
lioTaris ZiriTadi Sromebi:
diskursi, figura (Discours, Figure) _ 1971 w.
conomie libidinale _ 1974 w.
postmodernuli mdgomareoba: raporti codnis Sesaxeb (La Condition postmoderne) _ 1979 w.
Le Diffrend _ 1983 w.

lioTari
sininimuri
mniSvnelobiT
moixmars
postindustriuli
sazogadoebis da postmodernuli kulturis cnebebs. sazogadoebisa da
kulturis am tipad transformacias is ukavSirebs 1950-iani wlebis
bolos evropaSi momxdar mniSvnelovan transformaciebs, rac ZiriTadad
Seexo teqnologiur cvlilebebs. aman, Tavis mxriv, saTave daudo enasTan
da komuniciasTan dakavSirebuli axali problemebisa da Teoriebis
gaCenas (komiuteruli enisa da Targmanis problemebi, informaciis
Senaxvisa
da
monacemTa
bankis
problemebi,
informatikisa
da
lingvistikis Tanamedrove Teoriebi da a.S). transformacia gamoixata,
agreTve, 1930-60 wlebSi kapitalizmis reorganizaciiT liberalizmis
mimarTulebiT, ramac biZgi misca individualuri warmoebisa da
momsaxurebis sferos ganviTarebas.

2.1. "grandnarativebis" kolafsi

lioTari postmodernulobas grandnarativebis kolafss uwodebs. ai,
ras wers igi:

120

grandnarativebma dakarges ndoba. sulerTia, ra tipis narativzea saubari _ spekulaciur

narativze Tu emansipaciis narativze. 148

rogor SeiZleba daxasiaTdes "grandnarativi" (lioTari mas sxvanairad

"metanarativsac" uwodebs)? zigmund baumanis azriT, esaa nebismieri
diskursi, romelsac pretenzia aqvs iyos supraindividualuri da
suprakomunaluri
msajuli
_
universaluri
etaloni
sanimuSo
149
cxovrebisaTvis.
esaa diskursi, romelSic batonobs dostoevskiseuli
algoriTmi: Tu RmerTi ar arsebobs, yvelaferi nebadarTulia (anu, am
diskursis Tanaxmad, RmerTi (rogorc universaluri msajuli) arsebobs,
amdenad, dasaSvebia mxolod is, rac misgan modis). Tu am midgomas
sociologiis "enaze" vTargmniT, grandnarativis magaliTad gamodgeba
diurkemis Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac asocialuria nebismieri
qceva, romlis identifikaciac ar xdeba koleqtiur konsensusTan (anu,
koleqtiur cnobierebasTan). koleqtiuri cnobierebaa swored diurkemTan
universaluri
standartebis
wyaro.
"grandnarativad"
CaiTvleba
nebismieri Teoria, romelic sazogadoebis axsnas cdilobs erTi
universaluri principis safuZvelze, iqneba es socialuri progresis,
revoluciis, racionalizaciis, emansipaciis, humanurobis, absoluturi
gonebis da a.S. principebi.
universalistebs sjeraT, rom arsebobs adamianuri unda, romelic
araorazrovania da es araorazrovneba absoluturad saimedo sayrdenia
sociumis mowyobisaTvis.
meore kiTxva, romelsac pasuxi unda gaeces, isaa, Tu ratom gaxda saWiro
grandnarativebis,
anu
universaluri
etalonebis
SemoReba?
aq
sxvadasxva pasuxi SeiZleba gaices, magram mTavari argumenti isaa, rom
amgvari etalonebis gareSe SeuZleblad Tvlian moraluri da socialuri
wesrigis dafuZnebas. saqme isaa, rom wesrigi moiTxovs obieqtur
kriteriums, normas, romlisganac yovelgvari gadaxveva (anu, gansxvaveba)
qaosis da deviaciis maniSnebelia. modernizmis socialur TeoriaSi
gansxvavebuloba gaxda swored deviaciis sinonimi.
universaluri standartebis Ziebas yovelTvis hqonda politikuri foni.
Zalauflebis
matareblebi
yovelTvis
cdilobdnen
gamoericxaT
"ambivalenturoba rogorc socialuri ganviTarebis safuZveli" (z. baumani).
esaa kvlav sxvis, gansxvavebulobis mimarT Seurigebloba. aseTi politikuri
fonis pirobebSi, inteleqtualebi cdiloben gaamarTlon ualternativobis
moTxovna da amtkiceben, rom socialuri wesrigi iseTia, rogoric unda iyos.
modernulobis ideologiis kraxi mdgomareobs swored universaluri da
ueWveli standartebis uaryofaSi, rac postmodernizmis arss Seadgens.
lioTaris azriT, Rirebuleba dakarga modernuli epoqis yvela
grandnarativma: emansipaciam, racionalizaciam, humanizmma, progresma da
a.S. modernuloba es iyo proeqti, romlisTvisac ligitimaciis mopovebis
sakiTxi windawinve iyo gadawyvetili: socialuri ganviTarebisa da
148

Lyotard, J-F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge (trans. G. Bennington and B. Massumi).
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; p. 39.
149
Bauman, Zygmunt (1999): Postmodernity, or Living with Ambivalence, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary
Social Theory, Blackwell Publishers; p. 363.

121

politikuri
wesrigis
legitimizacia
unda
ganxorcielebuliyo
koleqtiuri
emansipaciisa
da
bednierebis
garantiiT.
Tumca,
es
ganuxorcielebeli proeqti aRmoCnda. rogorc a. elioti wers wers:
modernizmis narativebi wesrigis Seqmnisa da qaosis damarcxebis Sesaxeb Tavad
Seiryvna modernulobis bneli mxariT. holokostiT dawyebuli da monopolisturi
kapitalizmis krizisiT damTavrebuli, modernizmma Tavad gaiTqva Tavi ZalmomreobiT,
sisastikiTa da agresiiT. modernizmis amgvarma diskreditaciam Sva iseTi atitudebi
rogoricaa eWvi da ambivalenturoba, romlebic lioTars centralurad miaCnia
postmodernizmis mdgomareobaSi Sesasvlelad. 150
ra emarTeba "grandnarativebs" postmodernizmis pirobebSi? riTi xdeba
maTi Canacvleba? lioTaris azriT, postmodernizmi, uaryofs ra
absolutur standartebs, universalur, zeistoriul kategoriebs, ixreba
lokaluri, istoriulad konteqstualizebuli da pragmatuli tipis
naraciisken. aseTi codna tolerantulia socialuri diferenciaciis,
gaurkvevlobis,
konfliqtebis
mimarT.
universaluri
gonebis,
racionaluri codnis da misiT SeiaraRebuli subieqtis adgils iWers
"mravali" goneba, subieqti da codna, romlebic asaxavs
gansxvavebul
socialur lokaciebs da istoriebs. maSasadame, nebismieri narativi esaa
mxolod sxvadasxva (uamravi) socialuri gamocdilebis (praqtikis)

reprezentacia da interpretacia.
lioTaris naazrevSi (iseve rogorc zogadad postmodernul socialur
TeoriaSi) centralur adgils iWers subieqtis decentrirebis idea.
modernul metanarativebs Soris erT-erTia _ logocentruli, romlis
Tanaxmadac subieqti humanistia da samyaros centrSi imyofeba. aseTi
versia subieqts ganixilavs rogorc suverenul, racionalur, logikur,
koherentul arsebas, romelic qmnis moqmedebas da komunikaciur
praqtikebs. lioTari angrevs subieqtze aseT Sexedulebas: subieqti aRar
ganixileba rogorc mTliani, stabiluri da moqmedebisTvis mniSvnelobis
mimcemi. subieqti lingvisturi konstruqciaa, ideologiuri fiqciaa. enaa
is, rac akonstruirebs subieqts, axdens mis interpretacias. subieqti
danaxulia rogorc is, rac aigeba enobriv diskursSi an formirdeba
sxvadasxva
ideologiis
mier.
amitom
subiqti
unda
Canacvldes
diskursuli
praqtikebiT.
es
praqtikebi
(Sesabamisad,
subieqtebi)
bevrnairia _ winaaRmdegobrivi da iracionaluri.
grandnarativebis kvdomis process lioTari sxvanairad delegitimacias
uwodebs, rac yvelaze kargad Cans mecnieruli codnis magaliTze.

2.2. mecnieruli codnis krizisi

postmodernuli kulturis specifikas lioTari ganixilavs codnis da,
konkretulad, mecnieruli codnis rogorc specifikuri diskursis,
delegitimaciis magaliTze.

150

Elliot, Anthony (1999): Introduction, in: Anthony Elliot (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, Blackwell
Publishers. gv. 25.

122

lioTari miiCnevs, rom codnis statusi principulad modificirda

postmodernizmis eraSi. rogorc iTqva, postmodernuli kultura (an
postindustriuli
sazogadoeba)
gansxvavebulad
wyvets
codnis
legitimaciis problemas. "grandnarativebi" aRar CaiTvleba legitimur
codnad. Sesabamisad, icvleba mecnieruli codnis statusic. adre
mecnierul codnas legitimacias aniWebda "grandnarativebTan" misi
"mibmuloba". kerZod, mecnierebis legitimuroba wydeboda imis mixedviT,
Tu ramdenad emsaxureboda is "grandiozul" socialur, ekonomikur da
politikur
praqtikebs
_
emansipacias,
racionalizacias,
Sromis
Tavisuflebas, humanurobas... postmodernul eraSi mecniereba wyvets iyos
raRac iseTi, romelsac yovelTvis SeeZleba moitanos Tavisufleba da
keTilReoba.
irRveva
Zveli
kavSiri
mecnierul
codnasa
da
"grandnarativebs" (metanarativebs) Soris. es iwvevs saerTod mecnieruli
codnis legitimaciis dakargvas.
mecnieruli codnisTvis legitimaciis dabrunebis erT-erT gzad miiCneven
codnis "performaciulobas" (am gzas lioTari problemis pozitivistur
gadawyvetas uwodebs). "performaciulobis" qveS igulisxmeba informaciis
konteqstze, anu lokalur relobaze kontroli. lioTari sxva
gadawyvetas emxroba: mecnierulma codnam legitimacia unda moipovos
"lingvistur praqtikasa da komunikaciur interaqciaSi". es niSnavs, rom
mecniereba "TamaSobs" sakuTar enobriv TamaSs, amatebs da qmnis axal da
specifikur enebs (genetikuri kodebi, programirebis ena da sxv.). es ar
aris universaluri metaena. mecniereba Tavs anebebs emansipaciis mizans
da sakuTar Tavs mihyveba, sakuTar "TamaSs TamaSobs". es postmodernuli
TamaSia, romlis arsi lingvisturi komunikaciaa.
maSasadame, postmodernuli interpretacia amodis enobrivi TamaSebis
ideidan. codnis legitimacias swored es enobrivi TamaSebi axdens, rac
faqtobrivad delegitimaciis tolfasia, ramdenadac arsebobs enobrivi
TamaSis uamravi forma (sxvadasxva enebi), romelTac ara aqvT pretenzia
raime obieqturi sferos monopolizebaze. es sxvadasxva Sedegs iwvevs:
jer erTi, mecnierul disciplinebs Soris sazRvrebi rbildeba, xdeba
sxvadasxva sferoebis gadafarva da axali analitikuri sivrceebis gaCena.
meore, azri ekargeba menierebebs Soris nebismier ierarqias. mesame,
mecniereba kargavs nebismier garantias, iyos legitimuri sxva enobriv
TamaSebTan
SedarebiT
da
uxelmZRvanelos
socialur
procesebs.
movusminoT Tavad lioTars:
klasikuri gamyofi xazebi mecnierebis gansxvavebul sferoebs Soris kiTxvis niSnis qveS
dgeba _ disciplinebi uCinardeba, mecnierebebs Soris sazRvrebi faravs erTmaneTs da Cndeba
axali teritoriebi. codnis spekulaciuri ierarqia adgils uTmobs kvlevis areebis
imanentur da gluv qsels, romelTa Soris sazRvrebi mudmivad cvalebadia. Zveli
fakultetebi iSleba yvela juris institutebad da fondebad da universitetebi kargavs
spekulaciuri
legitimaciis
funqcias...
aseTi
delegitimacia
gzas
uxsnis
postmodernulobas: mecniereba sakuTar TamaSs TamaSobs; is uunaroa moaxdinos sxva enobrivi
TamaSebis legitimacia... magram, mTavari isaa, rom is uunaroa moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis
legitimaciac, rogorc amas spekulacia amtkicebda 151.

151

Lyotard, J-F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge (trans. G. Bennington and B. Massumi).
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; pp. 40-41.

123

da mainc, rogoria mecnierebis "ena" da mecnieruli komunikacia?

lioTaris mixedviT, teqnologiurma transformaciebma mniSvnelovani
gavlena iqonia mecnierul codnaze, kerZod, mis or ZiriTad funqciaze _
kvlevasa da transmisiaze (codnis gadacemaze). teqnikis miniaturizaciam
da komercializaciam Secvala codnis SeZenisa da moxmarebis gza,
mniSvnelovnad gazarda codnis cirkulaciis SesaZlebloba. msgavsad
imisa, rogorc satransporto sistemebma miaRwia warmatebas adamianTa,
xolo media sistemebma _ vizualuri imijebisa da xmis cirkulaciasTan
dakavSirebiT.
teqnologiuri transformaciebis konteqstSi mecnieruli codnis winaSe
dadga moTxovna: codna mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaxdes operaciuli, Tu
misi Targmna moxdeba informaciis erTeulebSi, anu kompiuteris enaze.
codnis mwarmoeblebi da gamomyeneblebi unda daeuflon aseTi Targmnis
saSualebebs, da, Sesabamisad, imis receptebs, Tu romeli debuleba
CaiTvleba codnis matareblad. is principi, rom codnis SeZena
dakavSirebulia gonebis wvrTnasTan _ ukve dromoWmulia. codna aris
gacvlis obieqti imas, vinc mas awarmoebs da imas Soris, vinc mas
moixmars. codna iqca informaciul saqonlad. postindustriul xanaSi
igi ZiriTadi mwarmoebluri Zalaa, da, Sesabamisad, Zalauflebis
mwarmoebelic
(mTavari
moTamaSe
ZalauflebisaTvis
brZolaSi).
lioTaris
azriT,
eri-saxelmwifoebi
iseve
daiwyeben
brZolas
informaciis
kontrolisaTvis,
rogorc
warsulSi
ibrZodnen
teritoriebis, nedli masalebisa da iafi muSaxelisaTvis.
Tumca, amas meore aspeqtic aqvs: codnis warmoeba da gadacema aRar aris
eri-saxelmwifoebis
privilegia.
postindustriul
sazogadoebaSi
informaciuli
mesijebi
xelmisawvdomi
xdeba
damuSavebisaTvis.
komunikaciuri gamWvirvaloba codnis komercializaciis Tanmdevia.
amdenad, saxelmwifos (rogorc Caketili sazRvrebis mqones) funqcia
bundovani xdeba. codnis cirkulacia iseve arRvevs nacionaluri
saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs, rogorc ekonomikuri kapitalis cirkulacia
transnacionaluri korporaciebis farglebSi. codna xdeba ara erisaxelmwifos,
aramed
ufro
farTo
korporaciis
_
samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis sakuTreba.
ra emarTeba aseT SemTxvevaSi socialur subieqts? rogorc lioTari
amtkicebs, is qreba enobrivi TamaSebis difuziaSi. socialuri kavSiri
mxolod lingvisturia, Tumca, ar aris dakavSirebuli arc erT calkeul
mimarTulebasTan.
socialuri
interaqcia
fabrikaa,
romelic
formirebulia sxvadasxva lingvisturi TamaSis qselisagan. TiToeuli
TamaSi gansxvavebul wesebs mihyveba. lingvisturi TamaSebis, e.i. enebis
raodenoba sul ufro izrdeba. me-20 saukunis bolos, magaliTad,
lingvistur qsels daemata manqanuri ena, TamaSis Teoriis matricebi,
musikaluri notaciis axali sistemebi, logikis aradenotaciuri formebi
(temporaluri logika, deonturi logika, modaluri logika), genetikuri
kodis ena da a.S. lioTari am SemTxvevaSi Tavs vitgenStainis
Tanamzraxvelad ganixilavs.

124

Tu yvela laparakobs Tavis enaze, Tu ar arsebobs aranairi

universaluri metaena, maSin xom ar qmnis es pesimizmis safuZvels?
lioTari Tvlis, rom adamianTa umravlesobam dakarga "grandnarativebis"
mimarT nostalgia. mecnierebis delegitimacias ar unda SevxedoT
pesimisturad (rogorc es vitgenStains da "venis wres" daemarTa me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi). imas, rom codnis legitimacia SeiZleba daefuZnos
mxolod lingvistur praqtikas da komunikaciur interaqcias, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar mosdevs araciviluri pirobebis tyveobaSi moqceva.
postmodernuli kultura garkveuli spekulaciuri TamaSia, romelsac
wesebis Tavisi sistema aqvs. lioTars mohyavs magaliTi: aviRoT aseTi
spekulaciuri debuleba: mecnieruli debuleba codnad CaiTvleba

mxolod maSin, Tu mas SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos Semoqmedebis

universalur procesSi. Cndeba kiTxva: aris Tu ara es debuleba codna
rogorc is mas Tavad gansazRvravs? aq mxolod unda vivaraudoT, rom
aseTi SemoqmedebiTi procesi (sulis cxovreba) arsebobs da rom es
debuleba Tavad aris am procesis gamoxatva. aseTi varaudi aucilebelia
spekulaciuri enobrivi TamaSisaTvis. amis gareSe mecnierebis ena ar
iqneboda legitimuri.

125

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