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1. A Prescon cable, 18.00 m long is to be tensioned from one end to an initial prestressed
of 1040 MPa immediately after transfer. Assume that there is no slack in the cable, that
the shrinkage of concrete is 0.0002 at the time of transfer, and that the average
compression in concrete is 5.50 MPa along the length of tendon. E c = 26.2 GPa; Es = 200
GPa. Compute the length of shims required, neglecting any elastic shortening of the
shims and any friction along the tendon. Ans: 100.98mm
Fig. 1
length of shims
elongation of steel
shortening of concrete
18.00 m
Solution:
Elasttic elongation of steel:
s =
shrinkage
= 0.0002(18x10 3 ) = 3.6mm
ML2
(18.093)(10 2 ) x1012
=
= 3.61 mm
8 EI 8(27.5 x103 )(2.278x109 )
T = s
elastic
+ c
+ c
shrinkage
elastic
Qi
300
200
Fig. 2
Solution:
Exact Method
fc =
Qo
516 x1040
=
= 8.575 MPa
Ac + ( n 1) As ( 200 x300 ) + ( 6 1) 516
G. P. Ancog
Approximate Method
The loss of prestress in steel due to elastic shortening of concrete is approximated
by:
fs = n
Qo
516 x1040
= (6)
= 53 .664 MPa
Ag
200 x300
Approximations introduced:
1. using gross area instead of net area
2. using initial stress in steel instead of the reduced stress
3. A pretensioned member has a section 200mmx300mm. It is eccentrically prestressed
with 516mm2 of high tensile steel wire which is anchored to the bulkheads at a unit
stress of 1040 MPa. The c.g.s. is 100mm above the bottom fiber. Assuming n = 6,
compute the stresses in the concrete immediately after transfer. Ans: fT = 0.00 MPa; fB =
+16.918 MPa
initial cgc
cgc
e
300
200
Fig. 3
cT
final cgc
cB
cgs
100
Beam Section
ys
Transformed section
Solution
Exact Method
( n 1) As = (6 1)( 516 ) = 2580 mm 2
Ag = 200 x300 = 60000 mm 2
e = (300 / 2) 100 = 50 mm
A1 y1 + A2 y 2
(200 x300 )( 0) + 2580 (50 )
=
= 2.06 mm
AT
60000 + 2580
G. P. Ancog
1
bh 3 + Ag ( y o ) 2 + (n 1) As y s
12
200 x300 3
=
+ 60000 ( 2.06 ) 2 + 2580 ( 47 .94 ) 2 = 4.562 x10 8 mm 4
12
IT =
Fiber stresses:
f =
Qi
Q ey
516 x1040
(516 x1040 )( 47 .94 ) y
i
=
AT
IT
60000 + 2580
4.562 x10 8
= 8.575 0.056393 y
Approximate Method
Loss of prestress:
f sL =
nQ i
6(516 x1040 )
=
= 53 .664 MPa
Ag
60000
Net prestress:
f sn = f si f sL = 1040 53 .664 = 986 .336 MPa
Qnet = f sn As = 986 .336 (516 x10 3 = 508 .949 kN
Fiber stresses:
f =
Qnet
Q ey
net
Ag
Ic
60000
200 (300 ) 3
12
= 8.48248 0.0565498 y
=
Approximation introduce:
1. using approximate values of reduced prestressed
2. using the gross area of concrete
4. A post-tensioned beam has a mid span cross-section with a duct of 50mm x 75mm to
house the wires. It is pretensioned with 516mm2 of steel to an initial stress of 1040
MPa. Immediately after transfer, the stress is reduced by 5% owing to anchorage loss
and elastic shortening of concrete. Compute the stresses in the concrete at transfer.
Ans: fT = 4.829 MPa, fB = +23.913 MPa
200
300
Fig. 4
yo
50x75
cgs
75
Beam Section
cgs
75
Solution
Method 1: Using net section of concrete
Ac = Ag Aduct = 200 x300 50 x75 = 56250 mm 2
G. P. Ancog
y s = 75 + y o = 75 + 5 = 80 mm
cT = 150 y o = 150 5 = 145 mm
c B = 150 + y o = 150 + 5 = 155 mm
I =
Q
(Qe ) y
509 .808 x10 3 509 .808 x10 3 (80 )
y
Ac
I
56250
4.257 x10 8
= 9.063 0.095806 y
1
Ag
I
200 x300
( 200 x300 3 )
12
= 8.4968 12 .7452
f =
f T = 4.2484 MPa
f B = 21 .242 MPa
If eccentricity does not occur along one of the principal axes of the section, it is
necessary to further resolved the moment into two components along the two principal
axes.
f =
Q Qe x y Qe y x
A
Ix
Iy
45kN
3.00m
4.50m
300
600
Fig. 5
G. P. Ancog
175
Solution
To be theoretically exact, net concrete section should be used up to the time of
grouting, after which the transformed section should be considered.
Section Properties:
Ag = bh = 300 x 600 = 180000 mm 2
Ig =
1
1
bh 3 =
(300 x 600 3 ) = 5.4 x10 9 mm 4
12
12
Initial condition
M =
f =
wL 2 4.4 x12 2
=
= 79 .2 kN m
8
8
Qo
Q ey
My
1560 x10 3 1560 x10 3 (125 )( 300 ) 79 .2 x10 6 (300 )
o
Ag
Ig
Ig
180000
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
Final condition
Live load moment at mid-span:
M L = Pa = 45 ( 4.5) = 202 .5 kN m
wL 2
4.4(12 2 )
=
= 79 .2 kN m
8
8
Q Qey M T y
Ag
Ig
Ig
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
= 7.389 9.236 15 .65
f =
G. P. Ancog
Note:
For pre-tensioned beam, steel is always bonded to the concrete before any external
moment is applied. Values of A, y and I should be computed on the basis of transformed
section. For approximation, gross area of concrete can be used in calculation.
For post-tensioned and bonded beams, for any load applied after the bonding has
taken place, transformed section should be used.
For post-tensioned unbonded beams, the net concrete section is the proper one for
all stress calculation.
45 kN
4.50 m
1.50 m
13.8202 MPa
T
0.976 MPa
C = T, M = C = T
M
M
281 .7 x10 6
=
=
= 211 .8 mm
C
T
1330 x10 3
= e = 211 .8 125 = 86 .8 mm
Stresses:
C Cy
A
I
1330 x10 3 1330 x10 3 (86 .8)( 300 )
=
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
= 7.389 6.413
f =
G. P. Ancog
f
My
=
E
Ec I
My
dx
Ec I
ave =
1
L
My
dx
cI
Section properties:
A = bh = 300x600 = 180000.00 mm2
I = bh3/12 = 300(600)3/12 = 5.4x109 mm4
c = h/2 = 600/2 = 300 mm
Mo
x
Parabolic moment diagram
x
y
yo
Parabolic y diagram
Solution 1:
Moment at mid-span:
Mo =
wL 2 15 .4(12 ) 2
=
= 277 .2kN m
8
8
G. P. Ancog
fs =
x
y = y o 1
L 2
n
fs =
LI
x 2
L 2 M o y o 1 L 2 dx
L 2
L/2
nM o y o
2 x3
x5
=
+
x
LI
3 ( L 2 ) 2 5( L 2 ) 2 L 2
8 nM o y o
8
(15 .258 ) = 8.137 MPa
=
15
I
15
.85fc
a/2
a = 1c
= 0.0034
c
d
z
T
As f s '
C
=
.85 f c ' b .85 f c ' b
z = d a 2
M = As f s ' ( d a 2 )
G. P. Ancog
Solution
Total tension of steel at rupture
T = 937 .5(1650 ) x10 3 =1546 .875 kN
C =T
.85 f c ' ba = T
a=
T
1546 .875 x10 3
=
=176 .34 mm
.85 f c ' b
.85 (34 .4)( 300 )
Ultimate moment
M u = As f su ( d a 2 )
Solution
Section properties:
A = 300 x 600 = 180 x10 3 mm 2
1
I =
(300 )( 600 ) 3 = 5.4 x10 9 mm 4
12
600
c=
= 300 mm
2
wL 2
4.4(6) 2
=
= 79 .2 kN m
2
2
A
I
I
3
1560 x10
1560 x10 3 (125 )300 79 .2 x10 6 (300 )
=
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
= 8.667
10 .833
4.4
f T = 8.667 10 .833 4.4 = 6.566 MPa
f =
G. P. Ancog
372.69
124.23
M
79 .2 x10 6
=
= 50 .77 mm
Q
1560 x10 3
e=
2T
2(1560 x10 3 )
=
= 47 .19 MPa
by
300 ( 220 .38 )
Assu min g a rec tan gular stress block :
fc =
T
1560 x10 3
=
= 35 .39 MPa
by
300 (146 .92 )
9. Determine the total dead and live uniform load moment that can be carried by the
beam with a simple span of 12m:1. for zero tensile stress in the bottom fibers. 2. for
cracking in the bottom fibers at a modulus of rupture of 4.13 MPa and assuming
concrete to take up tension up to that value. Ans: Case 1: wT = 16.21 kN/m; Case 2: wT
= 20.34 kN/m
13.853
4.13
18.534
0
291.78 kN-m
10
4.13
74.34 kN-m
4.13
366.12 kN-m
G. P. Ancog
Solution
Section properties:
A = bh = 300 (600 ) = 180 x10 3 mm 2
1
1
I =
bh 3 =
(300 )( 600 ) 3 = 5.4 x10 9 mm 4
12
12
h 600
c= =
= 300 mm
2
2
Prestress Q:
Q = As f s = 1562 .5(830 ) x10 3 = 1296 .8 kN
=0
A
I
I
1296 .8 x10 3 1296 .8 x10 3 (125 )( 300 ) Mx 10 6 (300 )
0=
+
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
M = 291 .78 kN m
8M
8( 291 .78 )
w= 2 =
= 16 .21 kN / m
L
12 2
fB =
+
A
I
I
3
1296 .8 x10
1296 .8 x10 3 (125 )( 300 ) 281 .78 x10 6 (300 )
=
+
180 x10 3
5.4 x10 9
5.4 x10 9
= 13 .853 MPa
fT =
f 'I
4.13 (5.4 x10 9 )
=
x10 6 = 74 .34 kN m
c
300
8M 8(366 .12 )
=
= 20 .34 kM / m
L2
12 2
10. A concrete beam of 10m simple span is post-tensioned with a 750mm 2 of high tensile
steel to an initial prestress of 965 MPa immediately after prestressing. Compute the
initial deflection at the mid-span
due to-3 prestress
Q = 965(750)x10
= 723.75 kNand the beams own weight assuming
Ec = 27.5 GPa. Estimate the deflection after 3 mos. Assuming creep coefficient of cc =
723.75x25
1.8 and
an due
effective prestress of 830 MPa at that time. If the beam
carry a 45 kN
Moment
concentrated
to prestressload applied at mid-span when the beam is 3 mos. old after prestressing,
723.75x150
what is the deflection at mis-span? Ans: After 3 mos. = 0.5579mm upward; When 45
kN is added after 3 mos. = 14.407 mm downward.
wL2/8
Moment due
to beam weight
Moment due
to load P
G. P. Ancog
11
PL/4
Solution
Section properties:
A = bh = 300 x 450 = 135 x10 3 mm 2
I =
1
1
bh 3 =
(300 )( 450 ) 3 = 2.278 x10 9 mm 4
12
12
The parabolic tendon with 150mm mid-ordinate is replaced by a uniform load acting
along the beam.
wP L2
8
8Qh 8(723 .75 )(150 ) x10 3
wP = 2 =
= 8.685 kN / m
L
10 2
Qh =
5(w) L4
5(5.515 )(10 4 ) x10 12
=
= 11 .462 mm
384 EI
384 (27 .5 x10 3 )( 2.278 x10 9 )
G. P. Ancog
ML 2
(18 .093 )(10 2 ) x10 12
=
= 3.61 mm
8 EI
8(27 .5 x10 3 )( 2.278 x10 9 )
D =
P =
= 14 .44 mm
3
9
384 EI
8 EI
384
8
DL =
5wDL L4
5(3.17 )(10 4 ) x10 12
=
= 6.59 mm
384 EI
384 (27 .5 x10 3 )( 2.278 x10 9 )
PL 3
45 (10 3 ) x10 12
=
= 14 .965 mm , downward
48 EI
48 (27 .5 x10 3 )( 2.278 x10 9 )
11.A double cantilever beam is to be designed so that its prestress will exactly balance the
total uniform load of 23.5 kN/m on the beam. Design the beam using the least amount
of prestressed assuming that the cgs must have a concrete protection of 75 mm. If a
concentrated load P = 65 kN is applied at the mid-span, compute the maximum top and
bottom fiber stresses. Ans: F = 1410 kN; fT = 14.934 MPa, fB = -2.40 MPa
13
G. P. Ancog
Solution
Section properties:
A = bh = 300 x 750 = 225 x10 3 mm 2
I =
1
1
bh 3 =
(300 )( 750 ) 3 = 1.0546875 x10 10 mm 4
12
12
In order to balance the load on the cantilever, the cgs at the tip must coincide with
the cgc with a horizontal tangent. To use the least amount of pretsress, the
eccentricity over the support should be a maximum. Assume a gross cover of 75mm,
emax = 750/2-75 = 300 mm.
65 kN
w = 23.5 kN/m
300
Qe =
15.00 m
750
6.00 m
wL 2
wL 2
23 .5(6 2 )
;Q=
=
= 1410 kN
2
2e
2(300 x10 3 )
In order to balance the load at the mid-span, using the same prestress Q, the sag of
the parabola must be:
Qh =
wL 2
wL 2
23 .5(15 2 )
;h=
=
x10 3 = 468 .75 mm
8
8Q
8(1410 )
The result will be a concordant cable and under the action of the uniform load and
prestress, the beam will have no deflection any where and will only have a uniform
compressive stress.
fc =
Q 1410 x10 3
=
= 6.267 MPa
A
225 x10 3
PL 65 (15 )
=
= 243 .75 kN m
4
4
12. A hollow member is reinforced with 4 wires of 62.5 mm 2 each pretensioned fsi = 1030
MPa. If fc = fci = 34.4 MPa, n = 7, determine the stresses when the wires are cut
between members. Determine the moment that can be carried at a maximum tension of
0.5(fc) and a maximum of fc = 0.45fc. If 240 MPa of the prestressed is lost (in addition
14
G. P. Ancog
to the elastic deformation) determine this limiting moment. Ans: when the wires are
cut, fs = 936.98 MPa; Limiting moment, MT = 9.665 kN-m
200
100
200
(n-1)As = (7-1)(62.5)
100
= 375 mm2
open
Transformed Section
Solution
Transformed section:
AT = 200 x 200 100 x100 + 4( n 1) As = 31 .5 x10 3 mm 2
IT =
1
200 4 100 4 + 4( n 1) As (70 2 ) = 1.3235 x10 8 mm 4
12
Qi
257 .5 x10 3
=
= 8.175 MPa
AT
31 .5 x10 3
f I
MT c
7.305 (1.323 x10 8 )
;MT = t =
x10 6 = 9.665 kN m
I
c
100
G. P. Ancog
8.175 MPa
15.48 MPa
-2.93 MPa
Allowable value
of stress
7.305 MPa
8.175 MPa
-11.105 MPa
Initial concrete
stress
Additional
concrete stress
70
f sn = f so nf cs = 972 .775 7
7.305 = 972 .775 35.7945 .1135
100
Top steel:
f snT = 972 .775 35 .7945 = 936 .98 MPa
Bottom steel:
f snB = 972 .775 + 35 .7945 = 1008 .5695 MPa
Qi
197 .5
= 8.175
= 6.27 MPa
AT
257 .5
f I
MTc
9.2(1.323 x10 8 )
;MT = t =
x10 6 = 12 .17 kN m
I
c
100
16
G. P. Ancog
6.27 MPa
15.48 MPa
-2.93 MPa
Allowable value
of stress
9.21 MPa
6.27 MPa
-9.20 MPa
Initial concrete
stress
Additional
concrete stress
17
G. P. Ancog