Polarization: 22 January 2014 Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Polarization
Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad
22 January 2014
Radiation Pattern
22 January 2014
Radiation Pattern
Top view
Side view
22 January 2014
Thin Wire Antenna

Total Electric Field
60 I 0
E =
F ( , )
R
Radiation Pattern
F ( , ) =
cos( H cos ) cos( H )

sin
Antenna Size L=n(/2),

L=n(/2) n-integer number
cos(n cos )
2
n even, F ( , ) =
sin
i
cos(n cos ) 1
2
n odd , F ( , ) =
sin
4
22 January 2014
n-Odd Number Radiation Pattern

90
90
1.5
120
Number of Lobe = 2n
90
60
60
120
0.8
0.6
150
30
30
150
0.5
0.2
180
210
330
240
180
210
300
330
240
210
240
150
60
2
1.5
30
120
150
300
270
90
60
2
1.5
330
2.5
120
60
180
300
270
90
2.5
120
30
150
30
1
0.5
0.5
180
0 180
210
30
0.5
0.4
330
240
60
1.5
150
270
90
120
0 180
210
330
210
330
300
240
270
Prof. Rizwan
Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad
300
270
240
300
22
270January 2014
n-Even Number Radiation Pattern Number of Lobe = n

90
2.5
120
60
120
90
90
60
60
1.5
1.5
1
150
150
30
30
150
30
1
0.5
180
0
0 180
210
210
330
270
90
120
60
3
150
30
30
150
180
330
30
0 180
180
210
330
210
330
240
240
Prof. Rizwan Alad,300D. D. University, Nadiad
240
270
300
210
330
240
60
3
150
210
120
60
300
90
270
120
330
240
300
270
90
0.5
180
240
120
300
270
300
22
270January 2014
Significance of Nulls
Radiation Pattern
cos(( H cos ) cos(( H )

F ( , ) =
=0
sin
cos( H cos null ) = cos( H )
H cos null = H 2m , m = 0,1,2,......

2m
m
cos null = 1
= 1
H
H
For , m = 0,
cos null = 1,
null = 0 or
m have to be considered
7
which give cos 1

null
22 January 2014
Significance of Nulls
F ( , ) as 0 or
lim 0 or F ( , ) = lim 0 or
cos( H cos ) cos( H )

sin
Expanding cosine function in power series

lim 0 or F ( , ) = lim 0 or
= lim 0 or
( H cos ) 2 ( H cos ) 4 ( H ) 2 ( H ) 4
+
1
+
1
2
!
4
!
2
!
4
!

sin
( H ) 2
(1 cos 2 )
2!
( H ) 4
sin
(1 cos 4 )
4!
sin
= lim 0 or ( H ) 2
( H ) 4 sin (1 + cos 2 ) = 0
2
Always Two Nulls irrespective of the length of dipole antenna

8
22 January 2014
Conclusion
y Increasing length
l
h off dipole
d l more andd more current
becomes available for radiation, Hence Radiation

Increase
y Direction of main beam Boresight towards dipole
axis
y But Radiation Pattern tends to have more Nulls,
y Every two adjacent nulls radiation must gone max.
y SShape
ape oof radiation
a at o patte
pattern cchange
a ge
y Power does not uniformly go in all direction
y Finally
Fi ll No
N control
t l in
i radiation
di ti pattern
tt
9
22 January 2014
1.2 long dipole has 1 Amp peak input current. Find the maximum
Peak current seen on the dipole
dipole. If the dipole is oriented along the
Z-axis, find the radiation electric and magnetic fields at a distance of
100 m along = 60o.
I in =I 0 sin H
I0 =
E =
E =
H =
10
1
= 1.7 Amp
sin(1.2 )
60 I 0 cos(( H cos ) cos(( H )
R
sin
60(1.7) cos((1.2 cos ) cos((1.2 )
= 0.09V / m
100
sin
= 0.24mA / m
22 January 2014
A dipole antenna is 1.5 long. Find the directions of the nulls.

cos null
m
= 1
H
For , m = 0,
cos null
cos null = 1,
For , m = 1, cos null = 1
m
= 1
0.75
null = 0 or
1
= 1 1.333,1 + 1.333, null = 109.469, 70.530
0.75
For , m = 2, cos nullll = 1
2
= 1 2.666,1 + 2.666, nullll = Not Possible
0.75
null = 0, 70.530, 109.469, 180

11
22 January 2014
Radiation Resistance of /2 Dipole Antenna

W =
=0 =0
Pavg R 2 sin dd
cos(
cos
60 I 0
2
E =
R
sin
1 E
Pavg
avg = *
2
cos(
cos
1 60 I 0
2
=
240 R
sin
cos ( cos )
2
15
2
2
W = d
I0
sin d
2
=0
=0
sin
12
22 January 2014
Radiation Resistance of /2 Dipole Antenna

2
cos ( cos )
2
2
2
W = 30 I 0
d = 30 I 0 *1.218
0
sin
W = 36.54 I 0
Rrad
13
W
=
= 73.1 Ohm
2
(I0 / 2 )
22 January 2014
Resonant & Nonresonant Antennas

y Resonant Antenna size integer
g multiple of (/2)
L=n
n = 1,2,3,............
y Standing wave antenna
always bidirectional radiation pattern

y Narrow band antenna
y Nonresonant Broad band antenna

y Directional antenna
14
22 January 2014
Radiation Parameters of Antenna

y HPBW & FNBW
y Null
y Side Lobe Level
y Directive Gain & Power Gain
y Directivity
Di ti it
y EIRP or ERP
y Effective Aperture (Area)
15
22 January 2014
Antenna Beamwidth
Peak (i.e. maximum) GAIN
Angle between the 3 dB down

points is the beamwidth of the
antenna
16
22 January 2014
Half Power Beam Width (HPBW)

y Beam Width ,
Directivity
y Resolution
Improves
y Bigger the Antenna,
Smaller the Beam

Width
22 January 2014
17
Comparison
Co
pa so of
o Polar
o a and
a d XY plot
p ot
90
120
60
3
-5
30
180
210
a n t e n n a d ire c t ivv it y in d b
150
-10
-15
-20
330
-25
240
300
270
18
-30
50
100
150
200
vertical plane angle
250
300
350
22 January 2014
Radiation Pattern Lobes
19
22 January 2014
Radiation Pattern Lobes

y Major Lobe: Lobe
containing
g the direction
of maximum radiation.
y Minor Lobe: Any lobe
except major lobe
y Side Lobe: Lobe in any
direction other than

intended direction
y Back Lobe: Lobe whose
axis makes 1800 w.r.t. to

the main beam of an
antenna.
22 January 2014
20
Diagram of side lobe

Up side lobe
suppression
Down side lobe

suppression
21
22 January 2014
Front-to-back Ratio
Front-to-back ratio is the ratio of the maximum power of the front
beam to that of the back beam.

The higher the front-to-back ratio, the better the performance of
the antenna in directional reception.
The front-to-back ratio of an omni-directional antenna is 1
Back
radiated
power
p
22
Front
radiated
power
p
22 January 2014
Dual Polarized antennas

Two antennas is integrated, effecting two waves independent of each other.
V/H
Dual polarization
23
Cross (+/- 45)

Dual polarization
22 January 2014
Beam down tilt
Intended for:
y coverage control
y Reduce Interference
24
22 January 2014
Adjustment of tilt angle

Antennas are tilted to direct the beam to the ground.
No tilt
25
Mechanical tilt
22 January 2014
26
22 January 2014
Isotropic Radiator
Isotropic Source
Di t
Distance
R
Pt Watts
Surface Area of
sphere = 4R2
27
Power Flux Density:
Pt
F=
2
4R
W/m2
22 January 2014
Power Gain of Antenna

Universal antenna constant
G/Ae = 4/2
where
G = Power gain of the antenna,

Ae= Effective antenna area,
= Operationall wavelength,
l
h
Ae= A,
= Efficiency,
Effi i
A = Physical area of antenna.
28
22 January 2014
Received Power
EIRP Pt Gt
2
F=
=
W/m
2
2
4R
4R

Pr = Pt Gt Gr
4R
Pt Gt Ar
Pr = F x Ar =
4R 2
Ae = Aphy x
Gain =
4Ae
EIRP Receiving Antenna Gain

Power Received =
Path Loss
29
22 January 2014
Friis transmission equation,

Term
[4R/]2 is known as Free Space Loss
Spreading loss, not power lost by absorption
LFS= Free Space Loss=20log10(4R/) dB

LFS = (32.4 + 20 log
g10d + 20 log
g10f)
d km & f MHz
30
22 January 2014
Antenna Bandwidth
Antennas, receiving or transmitting, work within a certain
range off frequencies

f
i (or
( within
i hi a certain
i bandwidth)
b d id h)
Generally, working at the central frequency, antennas result
th mostt power
the
Deviating from the central frequency, the antenna will
produce less power.
power
Def 1 When the gain of the antenna drops by 3 dBi;
Def.1
31
22 January 2014
Antenna Bandwidth
Def.2 Bandwidth refers to the working bandwidth of
the antenna when the VSWR is specified.
I mobile
In
b l communication,
Def.2
D
f 2 is
i adopted,
d t d namely,
l bandwidth
b d idth refers
f to
t the
th working
ki
bandwidth whenVSWR1.5.
32
22 January 2014
Operating beyond the optimal wavelength, the antenna will suffer in

p
performance.
Operating within the operating frequency band, the antenna works
somehow acceptably with little sufferance in performance.
Optimal performance at the

frequency of 850MHz.
820
MHz
890
MHz
wavelengt
h element
Half-wavelength is 180mm at 820MHZ;

half-wavelength is 170 mm at 890MHZ.
The antenna get an optimal performance at 850MHz with half
half-wavelength
wavelength 175mm.
33
The bandwidth of the antenna is 890 - 820,hence 70MHz.
Antenna Bandwidth
y Antenna BW: The range of frequency over which antenna can
operate
t correctly.
tl
y Generally,
Generally the BW is represented in terms of percentage of the
centre frequency of the band.

BW =
(Highest Freq. Lowest Freq.)

X 100%
Center Freq.
y Microwave Frequency
q
y antenna Broad band antenna
34
22 January 2014
Radiation Intensity (RI)

RI Power radiated in given direction per unit solid angle, U(,)
Power along ( , )
U ( , ) =
d
dA
Solid Angle, d = 2
r
Power along ( , ) 2
U ( , ) =
r
dA
U ( , ) = ( Power Density )r 2 = P( , )r 2
Power density of radiated wave Poynting Vector P(,)
35
P ( , ) =
E ( , )
22 January 2014
Radiated Power
E ( , )
Radiation Intensity U ( , ) =
Radiated Power
W=
36
=0 =0
Radiated Power
Average
g RI
U avg
W=
r2
P ( , )r 2 sin dd
=0
W
1
=
=
4 4
=0
U ( , )d

=0
=0
U ( , )d
22 January 2014
Directive Gain & Directivity

Gd(,), Concentration of radiated power in particular direction
U ( , )
Gd ( , ) =
U avg
Gd ( , ) =
4 U ( , )
U ( , )d
Maximum value of directive gain Directivity
D=
4 U max
U ( , )d
D=

=0
=0
U max
D=
U avg
4 E max
E ( , ) sin dd
I t i A
Isotropic
Antenna
t
Directivity
Di
i i =1
37
22 January 2014
Antenna Power Gain

Consideration of Antenna Loss, Gp
Antenna Power,
Pin = PL + Prad
1
2
Pin = I in ( RL + Rrad )
2
Antenna Efficiency,
38
Gp
Rrad
=
=
Rrad + RL Gd
22 January 2014
Directivity of Hertzian Dipole

Maximum value of directive gain Directivity
D=
4 F 2 ( , )

=0
D=
4 sin 2

=0
sin d
2
=0
4 sin 2
D=
4
2
3
=0
F 2 ( , )d
4 sin 2

=0
=0
sin 3dd
Directivity, D = 1.5 = 1.76 dB
Directivity of /2 dipole antenna, D = 1.64 = 2.15 dB

39
22 January 2014
The radiation intensity of certain antenna,
U ( , ) = 2 sin sin 3 ,
= 0,
0
0
else where
Determine Directivity of antenna.
40
22 January 2014

Polarization: 22 January 2014 Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

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Polarization

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Thin Wire Antenna

cos( H cos ) cos( H )

Antenna Size L=n(/2),

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

n-Odd Number Radiation Pattern

n-Even Number Radiation Pattern Number of Lobe = n

cos(( H cos ) cos(( H )

cos( H cos null ) = cos( H )

H cos null = H 2m , m = 0,1,2,......

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

which give cos 1

cos( H cos ) cos( H )

Expanding cosine function in power series

Always Two Nulls irrespective of the length of dipole antenna

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

becomes available for radiation, Hence Radiation

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

60 I 0 cos(( H cos ) cos(( H )

60(1.7) cos((1.2 cos ) cos((1.2 )

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

A dipole antenna is 1.5 long. Find the directions of the nulls.

For , m = 1, cos null = 1

For , m = 2, cos nullll = 1

null = 0, 70.530, 109.469, 180

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Radiation Resistance of /2 Dipole Antenna

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Radiation Resistance of /2 Dipole Antenna

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Resonant & Nonresonant Antennas

y Standing wave antenna

always bidirectional radiation pattern

y Nonresonant Broad band antenna

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Radiation Parameters of Antenna

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Angle between the 3 dB down

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Half Power Beam Width (HPBW)

y Bigger the Antenna,

Smaller the Beam

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Radiation Pattern Lobes

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Radiation Pattern Lobes

y Minor Lobe: Any lobe

except major lobe

y Side Lobe: Lobe in any

direction other than

y Back Lobe: Lobe whose

axis makes 1800 w.r.t. to

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Diagram of side lobe

Down side lobe

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

beam to that of the back beam.

Prof. Rizwan Alad, D. D. University, Nadiad

Dual Polarized antennas