Antenna Fundamentals

Antenna fundamentals
 Isotropic antenna
 An isotropic antenna is defined as “ a Hypothetical
lossless antenna having equal radiation in all
direction”. It is ideal not physically realizable, it is
often taken as a reference antenna, for determining
directive properties of practical antenna.
 Directional antenna
 A directional antenna is one “ having the
property of radiating or receiving electromagnetic
waves more effectively in some directions than in
others.
 Ex: Half-wave dipole
J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 1
Omni-directional pattern
It is defined as an antenna which has a “ non directional
pattern in Azimuthal plane    / 2 and directional pattern
in elevation plane   consant.“ an omni-directional
pattern is a special type of a directional pattern .
It radiated only through a hemispherical surface

Ex: Quarter wave monopole

Principle pattern
The E-plane and H-plane are known as the principle
patterns.
E-plane : is defined as “ The plane containing the electric

field vector and direction of maximum radiation.”
H-plane : is defined as “ The plane containing the

magnetic field vector and direction of maximum radiation.”
The x-z plane (elevation plane; φ = 0) is the principal

E-plane and the x-y plane (azimuthal plane; θ = π/2) is
the principal H-plane.

Radiation Pattern Lobes
An antenna radiation pattern is defined as “a
mathematical function or a graphical representation of
the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of
space coordinates. Radiation properties includes power
flux density, radiation intensity, field strength,
directivity, etc.,
4
Various parts of a radiation pattern are referred to as
lobes, which may be sub-classified into major or main,
minor, side and back lobes.
Major lobe: is defined as “ the radiation lobe containing

the direction of maximum radiation.”
Minor lobe: minor lobe is any lobe except a major lobe
Side lobe: is a “ radiation lobe in any direction other

than the intended lobe ” usually a side lobe is adjacent
to the main lobe and occupies the hemisphere in the
direction of main lobe.

Back lobe: a back lobe is “ a radiation lobe whose axis
makes an angle of approximately 180o with respect to
the beam of an antenna.”
Antenna radiation pattern in rectangular co-ordinates

Half power beam width:
Half power beam width is measured between two points
on the major lobe where the power is half of its maximum.
It is clear that power is maximum at P while it is half
at points P1 and P2 both. It is also as 3-dB beam width.
Beam width between first nulls:
Beam width between first nulls antenna radiation pattern

is described interns of the angular width between first
side lobes. Then such an angular beam width is called
beam width between first nulls.

Field Regions
Antenna surrounding is subdivided into three regions
1.Reactive near field Regions

2.Radiating near field Regions 3.Far field Regions

Reactive near-field region is defined as “that portion of
the near-field region immediately surrounding the
antenna wherein the reactive field predominates.” For
most antennas, the outer boundary of this region is
commonly taken to exist at a distance R  0.62 D from
3
the antenna surface. where λ is the wavelength and D is

the largest dimension of the antenna.
Radiating near-field region is defined as “that region
of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-
field region and the far-field region wherein radiation
fields predominate and wherein the angular field
distribution is dependent upon the distance from the
antenna.
the radiating near-field region is sometimes referred
to as the Fresnel region on the basis of analogy to
optical terminology. 9
The inner boundary is taken to be distance R  0.62
D3

and outer boundary the distance R  2 
2
D
Far-field region is defined as “that region of the field

of an antenna where the angular field distribution is
essentially independent of the distance from the antenna.
If the antenna has a maximum overall dimension D, the
far-field region is commonly taken to exist at distances
greater than
2
from the antenna.

D
2

The far field region is sometimes referred to as the
Fraunhofer region on the basis of analogy to optical
terminology.

Radian and Steradian
Radian: The measure of a plane angle is a radian.
One radian is defined as the plane angle with its vertex
at the centre of a circle of radius r which is subtended
by an arc whose length is equal to r
The circumference of circle of radius r is c= 2п r.
2п radian in a full circle.

Steradian: The measure of a solid angle is a steradian.
One steradian is defined as the solid angle with its vertex
at the centre of a sphere of radius r that is subtended
by a spherical surface area equal to that of a square with
each side of length r.
Area of a sphere of radius r is
A= 4п r2 over a close sphere with radius
r is 4п steradian.
area dA  r 2 sin  d d
The element of solid angle dΩ of a sphere can be written

dA
d  2
 sin  d d ( sr )
r
For a sphere of radius r, find the solid angle defined
by spherical angles of 0 ≤ θ ≤ 30◦, 0 ≤ φ ≤ 360◦.
360 30 2  / 6
   d    sin  d d
0 0
0 0
  2  [-cos  ]0/6  0.83566
In Degrees
Because you can convert from radians to degrees you can
also convert from steradians to "square degrees":
A radian is 180/π degrees, or about 57.296°.
A steradian is (180/π)2 square degrees or about 3282.8
square degrees.

Radiation Power Density
Electromagnetic waves are used to transport information
through a wireless medium or a guiding structure, from
one point to the other. Assume that power and energy
are associated with electromagnetic fields.
The instantaneous poynting vector is the quantity used
to describe the power associated with an
electromagnetic wave. It is define as
W= E X H
W= Instantaneous poynting vector W/m2
E= Instantaneous Electric field intensity V/m
H= Instantaneous Magenetic field intensity A/m

The total power crossing a closed surface can be
obtained by integrating the normal component of the
poynting vector over the entire surface.

P   W .ds   W . n da
S S
P= Instantaneous total power (W)

n= Unit vector normal to the surface
da= Infinitesimal are of the closed surface (m2 )
For time varying fields to find the average power

density which is obtained integrating the instantaneous
poynting vector over one period and divided by the
period.

For time harmonic variations of the form ejwt we can
Define the complex fields E and H
E(x,y,z: t)= Re [ E(x,y,z) e j  t ]

j t
H (x,y,z: t)= R e [ H (x,y,z) e ]
above equation can rewrite
j t 1
Re [ E e ] = [ E e j  t + E e-j  t ]
2
j t 1
Re [ H e ] = [ H e j  t + H e-j  t ]
2

Substituting above equation in instantaneous poynting
vector
j t j t
W= E  H = Re [ E e ] X Re[ H e ]
1 j t  -j  t
= [Ee +E e ]
2
1
2

He jt  H *e  jt 
1
= [ E  H e j2  t + E  H + E  H + E  H e-j 2 t ]
4
1 1
W = Re[ E  H ] + Re[ E  H ] e j 2 t ]

2 2

The first term is not a function of time and time variation
of the second term are twice the given frequency.
The time average poynting vector can be written as
1
W = [ W(x,y,z)]avg  Re[ E  H ]
2
The ½ factor appears because of E X H fields represents
peak values and it should be omitted for RMS value.
The real part of the above equation is average power

density the imaginary part of the represent the reactive
power density associated with electromagnetic fields.

The power density associated with the electromagnetic
field of an antenna in its far field region is predominately
real which is called radiation density.
The average power radiated by an antenna


Prad  Pavg   Wrad ds   Wavg . n da
1
 Re[ E  H

Prad  ] .ds
2 s

The radial component of the radiated power density of an
antenna is given by
 sin 
Wrad  a r A0 2
(w/m 2
)
r
where A0 is the peak value of the power density, θ is
the usual spherical coordinate, and ˆar is the radial
unit vector. Determine the total radiated power.

Prad  Pavg   Wrad ds   Wavg . n da
2 
sin  2
  
0 0
A0
r 2
r sin  d d
  2 A 0 (W)
Ex; Isotropic radiator
Poynting vector will not be a function of the spherical
coordinate angles θ and φ, it will have only a radial
component.
Thus the total power radiated by
2   
Prad   W0 .ds    r 0 r sin  d d
2
a W . a r
s 0 0
Prad  4  r 2W0
Prad
W0  (W/m 2 )
4 r 2
which is uniformly distributed over the surface of a
sphere of radius r. 21
Radiation Intensity
Radiation intensity is defined as “ Power radiated or
received by an antenna per unit solid angle.”
The radiation intensity measures in a given direction and

it does not depend upon the distance from the antenna
(or) radiator.
The radiation intensity is a far-field parameter, and it
can be obtained by simply multiplying the radiation
density by the square of the distance
U  r 2 Wrad
U = radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
Wrad = poynting vector(W)
Radiation intensity is also related to the far-zone
electric field of an antenna
r2 r 2
U ( ,  )  E(r,  ,  ) 
2 2
E (r,  ,  )  E  (r,  ,  )
2
2 2
1 2
U ( ,  )  E  ( ,  )  E  ( ,  )
2
2
E= Far-zone electric field intensity of the antenna
E , E  Far-zone electric field components of the antenna

  intrinsic impedance of the medium
The total power is obtained by integrating the radiation
intensity over the entire solid angel of 4Π

2 
Prad   U d    U sin  d d
 0 0
d  element of solid angle
Ex; Isotropic radiator
Prad   U 0 d

For isotropic radiator total solid angle contain 4Π

steradian. Radiation intensity U0 is independent of the
angel θ and φ .
Prad  U 0  d Prad  U 0 4
Prad
U0 
4 24
Example: You measure the light coming from a powerful
globe. Your sensor is 50mm × 50mm in size, and if you hold it
2m away it measures 0.1 Watts. What is the radiant intensity
in W/sr ?
Answer: At 2m, one steradian cuts through 2×2 = 4 m2 of the
sphere.
And because the sensor is relatively small, its flat surface area
is approximately the area of sphere that it occupies. So 0.05 ×
0.05 = 0.0025m2.
So, one steradian receives about 0.1 W × (4m2/0.0025m2) =
160 W/sr.

Gain
Gain is defined as “the ratio of the radiation from test
antenna to the radiation from reference antenna.”
Directive Gain
Directive gain in a given direction is defined as “ the
ratio of the radiation intensity in particular direction to
the radiation intensity of a reference antenna.”
The reference antenna is taken to be an isotropic source
U 4 U
Dg  
U0 Prad
Directive is “ the value of the directive gain in the
direction of its maximum value.”
26
U max 4  U max
D0  
U0 Prad
Dg = directivity gain
D0 = directivity
U = radiation intensity (w/unit solid angle )
Umax = maximum radiation intensity (w/unit solid angle)
U0 = radiation intensity of isotropic (w/unit solid angle)
Prad = total radiated power(w)

Power Gain
Define as the ratio of the radiation intensity in that
direction to the total transmitted power
U ( ,  ) 4  U( ,  )
Gp  
U0 Prad
Power gain depend on transmitted power
Antenna Radiation efficiency
It is defined as the ratio of power gain to the

directive gain

4  U( ,  )
Gp Pr
 
Pt 
D g 4  U( ,  ) Pt
Pr
Pt  Pr  Pl Pr  radiated power Pl  loss power
I2 R r Rr
 2 
I R r  I2 R l Rr  Rl
1. Ohmic loss in the antenna conductor

Loss:
2. Dielectric loss
3. I2 R loss in antenna
4. Leakage loss insulator
5. Loss in earth connection
29
The radiation resistance of an antenna is 72Ω and loss
resistance is of 8Ω. What is the directivity if the power
gain is 30.
Rr 72
Antenna effiecency   
Rr  Rl 72  8
 0.9
Gp

Dg
30
The directive gain Dg   33.33
0.9
Directivity gain in dB  10 log 10 (33.33)  15.22dB
The antenna has a loss resistance 10Ω, power gain of 20
and directivity 22. Calculate its radiation resistance
Gp

Dg
20 Rr

22 Rr  10
Radiation resistance Rr  100 

Polarization
Polarization mean behavior of electric field or at what
strength the wave is traveling is nothing but polarization
Polarization of a wave is define as the direction of the

electric field at a given point as a function of time.
Types of polarization
1. Linear polarization
2.Circular polarization
3. Elliptical polarization

Linear Polarization
Consider uniform plane wave travelling in the z-direction
there in no field component in z-direction . i.e Ez =0.
the electric field present in Ex and Ey in x, y direction
If Ey =0, Ex = present, when wave is travels in z-direction,
the wave is said to be polarized in the x-direction.
If Ex =0 , Ey = present, the wave is said to be polarized

in the y-direction (or) vertical polarized.
If Ex =present , Ey = present, and are in phase the
wave is said to be theta polarization.
Ey
  Tan ( -1
)
Ex
All the above cases in which the direction of the resultant
vector is constant with time, the wave is said to be
linearly polarized.
Circularly Polarization
Where Ex and Ey have equal magnitudes and a 90o phase
difference, the locus of the resultant E is a circle and
the wave is called circularly polarized.
Elliptically Polarization
If Ex and Ey not equal magnitudes and they differ by 90o
phase difference, the locus of the endpoint of the
resultant E will be elliptically and the wave is said to be
elliptically polarized.

Polarization concept using phasor notation
The electric field of a uniform plane wave travelling in the

z direction may be expressed in phasor form.
 j z
E(z)  E 0 e
and in time-varying form
E(z, t)  Re[ E 0 e  j z e j  t ]
The wave travels in the z direction, E lies in the x-y
plane. E0 is a complex vector
E 0  E r  j Ei

Er and Ei are both real vector having different direction.
Z=0, the resultant time varying electric field
E(0, t)  Re[ (E r  jE i ) e j  t ]
 E r cos  t - Ei sin  t
It is clear that E not only changes its magnitude but also
changes its direction as time varies.
Circularly Polarization
The x and y components of the electric field are equal
magnitudes. If the y component leads the x components
by a 90o and if both component have amplitude Ea .

The complex vector
 

E 0  x  j y E a
 
Then electric field at z=0
 
E(0, t)  Re[ ( x  j y) E a e j  t ]
 

  x cos  t - y sin  t  E a
 
The components are
E x  E a cos  t E y  - E a sin  t

The component satisfy the relation
Ex  E y  Ea
2 2 2
This is represent a circle equation
Elliptical Polarization
When the x and y components of the electric field
differ in amplitude again y components leads the x
components by 90 degrees.
Field may be represent by the complex vector

 
E0  x A  j y B
A and B are positive real constants, the correspond
time varying field
 
E(0, t)  x A cos  t - y B sin  t
The component of time varying field
E x  A cos  t E y  - B sin  t
2 2
Ex Ey
2
 2
1
A B
The end point of the E(0,t) vector traces out an

ellipse and the wave is said to be elliptically polarized.

Polarization Loss Factor
The electric field of the incoming wave can be written

as 
Ei   w Ei

 w is the Unit vector of the wave
The electric field of the receiving antenna can be

expressed as

Ea   a Ea

 a is the Unit vector of the wave

polarization loss factor (PLF) is defined, based on the
polarization of the antenna in its transmitting mode, as
p
  2
2
PLF   w   a  cos  p
Antenna is polarization matched, PLF will be unity and

the antenna will extract maximum power from the
incoming wave

The radial component of the radiated density of an
infinitesimal linear dipole of length l<< λ is given by
 sin 2 
Wrad  a r A 0 2
(w/m 2
)
r
Determine the maximum directivity of the antenna
The radiation intensity is given by
U  r 2 Wr  A 0 sin 2
The maximum radiation is directed along θ = п/2

U max  A 0
The total radiated power is given by
2 
Prad   U d  A0    sin  d d
sin 2
 0 0 42
The total radiated power is given by
2 
Prad   U d  A0    sin  d d
sin 2
 0 0
8
Prad  A0
3
The maximum directivity is equal to
4U max
D0 
Prad
3
D 0   1.5
2

Input Impedance
The input impedance at a pair of terminal which are the
input terminals of the antenna.
Define the impedance of the antenna Z A  R A  j X A
ZA = Antenna impedance at terminals a-b

RA = Antenna resistance at terminals a-b
XA = Antenna reactance at terminals a-b
In general the resistive part consists of two components
RA  RL  Rr
Rr = radiation resistance of the antenna

RL = loss resistance of the antenna
The antenna is attached to a generator with internal

impedance
Zg  R g  j X g
Rg = resistance of generator impedance
Xg = reactance of generator impedance

The equivalent circuit of antenna
Find power delivered to Rr and dissipated in RL

Current developed with in the loop
Vg Vg
Ig  
ZA  Z g (R r  RL  R g )  j ( X A  X g )
Magnitude
Vg
Ig 
(R r  RL  Rg ) 2  ( X A  X g ) 2
The power delivered to the antenna for radiation

2
1 2 Vg Rr
Pr  I g Rr 
2 2 (R r  RL  Rg ) 2  ( X A  X g ) 2
The amount of power dissipated in RL
2
1 2 Vg RL
PL  I g RL 
2 2 (R r  RL  Rg ) 2  ( X A  X g ) 2

The remaining power is dissipated as heat on the
internal resistance Rg of the generator
2
Vg Rg
Pg 
2 (R r  RL  Rg ) 2  ( X A  X g ) 2
The maximum power delivered to the antenna occurred
when we have conjugate matching
Rr  R L  R g X A  X g
2 2
Vg  Rr  Vg Rr 
Pr   2    2 
2  4(R r  R L )  8  (R r  RL ) 

2
 Vg RL 
PL   2 
8  (R r  RL ) 
2 2 2
Vg Rg  Vg  1  Vg
Pg   2 
    8R
8  (R r  RL )  8  (R r  R L )  g
2 2
 Vg
Rr  Vg  RL 
Pg  Pr  PL   2    
8  (R r  RL )  8  (R r  RL ) 2 
2
 R r  RL 
Vg
  2 
8  (R r  RL ) 

The power supplied by the generator during conjugate
matching
1 1  V 
 1  V 

 Vg    Vg 
g g
Ps  V g I g 
2 2  R g  Rr  RL  2  2( Rr  RL ) 
2 2
Vg  1  Vg
   
4  ( Rr  R L )  4R g
Power is provided by the generator, half is dissipated

as heat in the internal resistance Rg of the generator
and the other half is delivered to the antenna.

Use of the antenna in receiving mode
Thevenin equivalent circuit of the antenna and its load

is shown in below

The voltage VT which is analogous to Vg of the
transmitted mode. In the receiving mode under
conjugate matching
Rr  RL  RT X A   XT
The power delivered to RT
2
VT  RT  VT 
2
1 
PT   2  
2  4(R r  RL )  2
8  (R r  RL ) 
2
VT

8RT

The power delivered to Rr
2
VT  Rr  VT 
2
Rr 
Pr   2  
2  4(R r  RL )  2
8  (R r  RL ) 
2
VT  RL 
PL   
8  (R r  RL ) 2 
The captured power
 

2
1 1 V VT  1 
Pc  VT IT 

VT 
T
   
2 2  2( Rr  RL )  4  ( Rr  RL ) 

The power pr of delivered to Rr is referred to as
scattered power. Under conjugate matching of the
total power collected or captured half is delivered to
the load RT and dissipated as heat through RL.
If RL =0 then half of the captured power is delivered

to the load and the other half is scattered.

Effective aperture of antenna
Effective Aperture is used in relation with the
receiving antenna.
The effective aperture is the ability of antenna to

extract energy from the electromagnetic wave. It is
called effective area.
Effective Aperture is defined as the ratio of the
power delivered to the load to the incident power
density
2
PT IT R T 2
Ae  
Wi Wi
Wi = Power density of incident wave (w/m2 )
Ae = Effective aperture area (m2 )
PT = Power delivered to the load (w )
Power delivered to the load
 
2
VT RT
PT   2
2  (R r  RL  Rg )  ( X A  X g ) 
2

VT  
2
RT
Ae   2
2 Wi  (R r  RL  RT )  ( X A  X g ) 
2
Conjugate matching Rr  RL  RT X A   XT
maximum effective aperture Aem

2
VT  RT 
Ae m   2
8 Wi  (R r  RL ) 
2
VT  1 
Ae m   
8 Wi  (R r  RL ) 

Under conjugate matching only half of the captured
power is delivered to the load, other half is scattered
and dissipated as heat.
2

VT Rr 
Scattered area As   2
8 Wi  (R r  RL ) 
2

VT RL 
Loss area AL   2
8 Wi  (R r  RL ) 
Capture area is equal to sum of the effective area,

scattering area and loss area.

Caputure Area  Effective Area  Scattering area  Loss Area
 R L  Rr  RT 
2
VT
Ac   
8 Wi  (R r  RL ) 
2
Aperture efficiency of an antenna, defined as the

ratio of the maximum effective area Aem of the
antenna to its physical Area.
Ae m Maximum effective Area

ap  
AP Physical Area

Calculate the effective aperture for the Hertzian
dipole. When the Hertzian dipole is used as the
receiver antenna.
The equivalent circuit of the receiving antenna.
The voltage induced in antenna is given by
Voc  E dL
The current flowing the load I  Voc Z  Z T
Under matching condition
Voc Voc
I 
( Rrad  jX )  ( Rrad  jX ) 2 Rrad
The power delivered to the load

2
 Voc 
PT  I 2
R rad    R rad
rms  2 2 R 
 rad 
PT 
Voc

E  dL2
2 2
8 R rad 8Rrad

Maximum effective aperture A  PT
em
Wi
2
E dL2
8Rrad (dL) 2 
A em  2
 R rad  80  2 (dL /  ) 2
E 4 Rrad
2
3
A em  2  0.119 2
8

Maximum Directivity and
Maximum Effective Area
Antenna 1 is used as a transmitter and Antenna 2 as

a receiver. The effective areas and directivities of
each are designated as At , Ar , and Dt , Dr .
If antenna 1 were isotropic, its radiated power
density at a distance R
Pt
W0 
4 R 2
Pt is the total radiated power
Because of the directive properties of the antenna

Actual radiated power density
Wt  W0 D t
Pt D t

4 R 2
The power received by the antenna and transferred
to the load
Pt D t
Pr  Wt A r  Ar
4 R 2
Dt Ar 
Pr
Pt
4 R 2  
If antenna 2 is used as a transmitter antenna 1 as a
receiver
Dr A t 
Pr
Pt
4 R 2  
Dt Dr
Dr A t  Dt A r  
At Ar
Increasing the directive gains of antenna increases its
effective aperture in direction proportion
D0 t D0 r

At m Ar m
Where Atm and Arm are the maximum effective area D0t
and Dor are directivities antenna1 and 2.
If antenna 1 is isotropic D0t = 1

Ar m
Maximum effective area At m
D0 r
Antenna’s very short l<< λ dipole whose effective
aperture 0.119 λ2 directivity 1.5

0.119 2
At m  2 4 
1.5
 2 
A r m  A t m Dr  Dr  
 4  
 2 
Ae m  D0  
4 
If there are losses associated with an antenna its

maximum effective aperture must be modified to
account for conduction dielectric losses and impedance
and polarization mismatches

2
 2   

Ae m e t   0 w a
D p . p
 4  
   2   

A e m e 1 -  2   0 w a
D p . p
4 
cd

p w  unit vecto r of the wave

p a  unit polarizati on vector

Friis Transmission Equation
The Friis transmission equation relates the power
received to the power transmitted between two
antennas separated by a distance R > 2 D2 / λ .
D is the largest dimension of either antenna.

The transmitting antenna is initially isotropic. If the
input power at the terminal of the transmitting antenna
is Pt , then its isotropic power density W0 at distance R
from the antenna
Pt
W0  et
4 R 2
et is the radiation efficiency of the transmitting antenna

For non-isotropic antenna, the power density in the
direction θt , Φt
Pt G t (  t , t ) Pt D t (  t , t )
Wt   et
4 R 2 4 R 2

Gt (θt , Φt ) is the gain and Dt (θt , Φt ) is the directivity
gain of the transmitting antenna in the direction θt , Φt
the effective area Ar of the antenna is related to its
efficiency er and Directivity Dr
 2 
Ar  er D r (  t , t )  
 4 
The amount of power Pr collected by the receiving
antenna
 2 
Pr  er D r (  t , t )   Wt
 4 
2
    
2
Pr  Pt er e t D r (  t , t ) D t (  t , t )   Pt  Pr
 4 R 
71
The ratio of the received power to the input power
2
  
2
Pr  
 er e t   D r (  t , t ) D t (  t , t ) Pt  Pr
Pt  4 R 
2
 
2
2 
Pr  
 ecdt (1 -  )ecdr (1 -  )  D r (  t , t ) D t (  t , t ) Pt  Pr
2
Pt 
 4 R 
For reflection and polarization matched antenna
Pr   
2
  G 0t G 0r
Pt  4 R 
Above equation know as Friss transmission wave
equation it related the power Pr to the input power of
the transmitting antenna Pt .
The term ( λ/4п R)2 is called free space loss factor

Antenna Fundamentals

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Antenna Fundamentals

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Antenna fundamentals

It radiated only through a hemispherical surface

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 2

E-plane : is defined as “ The plane containing the electric

H-plane : is defined as “ The plane containing the

The x-z plane (elevation plane; φ = 0) is the principal

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 3

Major lobe: is defined as “ the radiation lobe containing

Minor lobe: minor lobe is any lobe except a major lobe

Side lobe: is a “ radiation lobe in any direction other

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 5

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 6

Beam width between first nulls:

Beam width between first nulls antenna radiation pattern

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 7

1.Reactive near field Regions

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 8

the antenna surface. where λ is the wavelength and D is

Far-field region is defined as “that region of the field

from the antenna.

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 10

The circumference of circle of radius r is c= 2п r.

2п radian in a full circle.

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 11

The element of solid angle dΩ of a sphere can be written

  2  [-cos  ]0/6  0.83566

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 13

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 14

P= Instantaneous total power (W)

For time varying fields to find the average power

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 15

E(x,y,z: t)= Re [ E(x,y,z) e j  t ]

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 16

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 17

The real part of the above equation is average power

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 18

The average power radiated by an antenna

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 19

The radiation intensity measures in a given direction and

E , E  Far-zone electric field components of the antenna

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 23

d  element of solid angle

Ex; Isotropic radiator

For isotropic radiator total solid angle contain 4Π

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 25

U = radiation intensity (w/unit solid angle )

Umax = maximum radiation intensity (w/unit solid angle)

U0 = radiation intensity of isotropic (w/unit solid angle)

Prad = total radiated power(w)

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 27

Antenna Radiation efficiency

It is defined as the ratio of power gain to the

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 28

1. Ohmic loss in the antenna conductor

Radiation resistance Rr  100 

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 31

Polarization of a wave is define as the direction of the

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 32

If Ex =0 , Ey = present, the wave is said to be polarized

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 34

The electric field of a uniform plane wave travelling in the

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 35

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 36

J. Ravindranadh/ Sr. Assoc.Prof. / ECE Dept / Antennas and wave propagation 37