Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

319

C TRNG TRONG PHNG PHP THIT K

KIN TRC G TRUYN THNG
MIN TRUNG, VIT NAM
(Characteristics of Design Methods in Central, Vietnam)(*)
Li cm n
Bo co ny c bin tp t Chng IV trong bo co Hi ngh quc t
v Nghin cu bo tn di tch Hu v D n phc hi in Cn Chnh,
ngy 13 thng 8 nm 2009 ti Hu. Nghin cu ny do B Gio dc, Vn
ho, Th thao, Khoa hc v Cng ngh, Nht Bn ti tr theo Qu ti tr
Grant-in-Aid cho cc nh khoa hc tr (A), Phng php thit k v k
thut xy dng nh truyn thng Hu - nhng ghi chp v cc k thut
truyn thng mai mt do Hideaki Hayashi trnh by. Tc gi gi li cm
n chn thnh n PGS. Yutaka Shigeeda v TS. Akiko Oyama - trng
i hc Nihon cung cp cc kt qu t cuc iu tra o t v n
miu min Bc, Vit Nam v GS. Hiromichi Tomoda - trng i hc N
Showa ; GS. Yukimasa Yamada - trng i hc quc gia Tokyo cung
cp cc kt qu t cuc iu tra o t v nh g truyn thng Hu. Tc
gi chn thnh cm n TS. L Vnh An - Trung tm Bo tn Di tch C
Hu tham gia rt nhit tnh trong qu trnh thc hin nghin cu ny.

1. c trng kin trc mt ct dc

1.1. Tng quan nghin cu
Trong chng ny, ti s lm r phong cch thit k kin
trc g truyn thng vi Ko min Trung, Vit Nam. Da vo
cc thng tin ti thu thp c t cc th mc truyn thng min
Trung v so snh vi cc phng php thit k min Bc, ti
mong mun c th lm r v cch thc thit k kin trc ny theo
mt ct dc. Vi phng php nghin cu hi tng, nghin cu
ny c th m t mi quan h v nh hng ca cc k thut mc
truyn thng c trng gia min Bc v min Trung Vit Nam.
(*)

TS. Hayashi Hideaki, i hc Waseda, Nht Bn (Lecturer, Waseda University, Japan)

Bn dch t ting Anh sang ting Vit: NCS. Hunh Th nh Phng, B
mn Nhn hc-Cng tc x hi, Khoa Lch s, i hc Khoa hc Hu
(Translator, Ph.D Candidate, Anthropology-Social work Department, Faculty
of History, Hue University of Sciences)

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Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

thc hin nghin cu ny, chng ti tin hnh phng vn

nhng th mc c kinh nghim lu nm v thit k v xy dng li
m hnh nh truyn thng vi t l 1:5 so vi kch thc nh tht.
Chng ti cng thu thp t liu v cc cng trnh xy dng ca h v
chi tit v k thut thit k. Ni cch khc, do bt ng ngn ng v
hai bn hiu r nhau hn, chng ti s dng cc m hnh c th
trong vic phn tch v gii thch. Bn cnh ly bn tho thit k, mu,
thc k, bn tho ca tng b phn, hnh t liu, chng ti tin hnh
ghi hnh tt c qu trnh lm r hn v quy trnh v cc k thut,
cng c c s dng trong qu trnh thit k v xy dng cng trnh.
Trong bo co ny, chng ti s trnh by kt qu cc cuc
iu tra m ti thc hin vi 6 nhm th mc v 8 cng trnh m
phng trong khong thi gian t thng 6 nm 2004 n thng 3 nm
2008. ng thi, chng ti s s dng cc kt qu trn phn tch
so snh cc cch thc phn chia dc mi v khong cch ct tr.1
Qu trnh phn tch s da ch yu vo k thut thit k cng trnh
theo mt ct dc. Kin trc g truyn thng Vit Nam nhn chung
mang tnh i xng cao (bn phi - bn tri, trc - sau) v to ra
nhiu khng gian theo chiu rng bng cch xy dng cc cu trc
dc ging nhau. Ti nhn thy nhiu cng trnh, cu trc tr chng
mi cng l mt phn m ca cu trc dc v kin trc tng th ca
cng trnh da vo mt cu trc dc nht qun.2 S khc nhau duy
nht trong qu trnh xy dng cc cng trnh trn l cch thc dng
mi. V th, ti c th a ra nhn nh rng chnh s khc nhau ny
1

Trong bo co ny, qu v c th cha hi lng vi cc thng tin thu thp c

v kin trc c. V nghin cu ny ch t mc tiu bc u nm bt bc
tranh chung v phng php thit k lm nn tng cho cc nghin cu tip
theo v kin trc thc t. V th, cc thng tin v kin trc c trong bo co ny
s c trch t cc nghin cu ca Qu H v Oyama. Hn na, cc tin cy
ca k thut ca cc th mc trong nghin cu ny c m bo v tnh c
nhn ca ngh mc, phng php thit k v c bn l ging nhau d ngun
gc khc nhau.
i vi kin trc g truyn thng min Bc Vit Nam, cc kin trc ln nh
miu v nh c thit k theo cu trc khuyt mt bn c so snh l khc
vi cu trc ng chnh, c bit l i vi cu trc c K v cu trc khng
c K nhng c t x dc. Tuy nhin, i vi trng hp ny, ti phng on
rng cu trc khuyt mt mt (side lame) cng c thit k nh phng
php thit k theo chiu dc.

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

321

to ra s c trng trong phong cch thit k kin trc g truyn

thng min Nam, Trung v min Bc Vit Nam.
1.2. Phng php thit kt kin trc g truyn thng min
Bc, Vit Nam
Ti tin hnh phng vn mt th mc c kinh nghim
min Bc v k thut xy dng nh lng3 vng ny. Ngi th
ny4 cung cp cho ti mt m hnh cng trnh vi t l 1:5 so vi
cng trnh tht ca nh Vn X5 tnh H Nam. Phn tch v quy
trnh xy dng ca cng trnh ny c trnh by di y da theo
m hnh mu:
i) K thut xy dng min Bc, Vit Nam
S 1.1 cho chng ta bit v quy tc ca cu trc mt ct dc.6
Qu trnh nh sau (s trong vng trn tng ng vi cc s s 1.1)
1. ng ngang - ng thng: 1-2
2. Chiu cao ca ct tr chnh: 3
3. Khong cch gia cc ct tr (n tay=8A, nhp trc/
sau=5A)
4. nghing bn trong ca cc ct tr chnh (c 10mm
mi u ct tr): 4-5
5. dc mi (da vo Chia Khong Gc): 6
6. Chiu cao v nghing bn trong ca cc ct ngoi hin:
7-8-9
3

nh l mt loi hnh kin trc ln truyn thng thng c vng nng thn
Vit Nam. nh c ngi dn xem nh trung tm cng ng ca lng x.
Tham kho H Vn Tn v Nguyn Vn C, nh Vit Nam, H Ni: Nh
xut bn Th Gii, 2001 v cc ti liu khc.
ng L Vn Th H Nam l th mc chuyn xy dng nh g, miu, nh
cc tnh ln cn H Ni v tnh Ngh An. Nm 1997, ng tham gia phc hi di
tch c Hu. nh Vn X c xy dng gn nh ca ng ti H Nam.
nh Vn X thuc huyn L Nhn, tnh H Nam. Ngi dn y cho rng
nh ny c xy dng vo th k th XVII v hin nay c cng nhn l di
tch vn ha cp quc gia. Phong cch cu trc ca nh tng t vi phong
cch A vo u th k XVII nh trong ti liu ca Oyama (2004): s lng
Honh l 9 nhp vo cui th k XVIII (theo Oyama, 2008)
Mc c ngha l mc in hoc mc nc.

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Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

7. Cch sp xp n tay (n tay chnh = 8B1, n tay trc

v sau = 5B2, theo u ct tr)
8. ng dim v phn dc ca mi phn
Cc ng ngang v thng c to trc nhm lm nh mt
ci khung c bn, sau n chiu cao, n tay gia cc ct tr (
nghing) v dc mi. Di y l mt im ca quy trnh ny:
- Thnh phn c bn ca cng trnh
Trc khi thit k mt cng trnh, Chia Khong Gc (kch c
ca tam gic vung) c xem l c s thit k ca cc b phn
ca cng trnh (s 1.1, pha di, bn tri). Cnh y c gi l
Chia Khong Ngang, cnh gc vung l Chia Khong ng, cnh
huyn l Chia Khong Honh. V nguyn tc, 1 n v tng ng
vi khong cch gia hai n tay, v l n v c s chia khong
cch cc ct tr. Cnh huyn tng ng vi dc mi nh theo
cng thc sau: cnh gc vung = xp x 3:2. Ph thuc vo vic mi
nh c lp bng vt liu g m ngi ta tnh ton tng ng
ca ng vung gc, v d l 100: 75. Phng php s dng Chia
Khong Gc, ly cnh y v cnh gc vung ca tam gic u lm
c s tnh ton trong thit k c th c so snh vi phng php
thc hnh L (gi l Thc Sm (nh 1.1). T trc ti nay, ti
nhn thy mt s nhm th mc s dng thc ny trong thit k
5 tnh pha Bc7. trong nghin cu ny, ti da vo thit k ca
ng Th H Nam v cng trnh nh Vn X H Nam (theo t l
1:5). Thit k ny da vo c s tnh ton sau: cnh gc vung: cnh
huyn = 100mm : 66mm: 120mm.
- Cch sp xp n tay
Cch sp xp n tay Honh c bn da vo Chia Khong
Gc. Tuy nhin, nh trong quy trnh thit k trn, cch chia khong
7

Thc Sm l loi thc hnh vung ln khng quy nh kch c chnh xc.
n v tnh chiu dc hay chiu ngang ph thuc vo kch c ca cng trnh.
Cho n nay, chng ti tm thy cng c ny tnh H Bc, H Nam, Hng
Yn, Hi Dng, Nam nh min Bc Vit Nam. Tham kho L Vnh An
v nhng ngi khc, Cng c mc truyn thng, thc Sm - Cc nghin
cu v cung in Hu, Vit Nam di thi Cha Nguyn (phn 129) - Tm
tt cc bo co k thut ca hi ngh thng nin AIJ 2007, F-2, Tokyo: Vin
Kin trc Nht Bn, thng 8/2007, tr. 171-172.

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

323

gia cc ct tr da vo cc cnh ca Chia Khong Gc ngha l

khong cch gia cc n tay nh hn khong cch c chia trong
Chia Khong Gc do nghing bn trong ca cc ct tr.
Trong s 1.1, Chia Khong Gc u tin l A (100mm),
v Chia Khong gia cc ct tr gian u tin l B1, gian th hai
l B2. Theo tnh ton, Khong Ngang B1 = 780 8 = 97,5mm, v
Khong Ngang B2 = 503 5 = 100,6mm. ng Th thm mt
phn Chia Khong th 3 vo gian di hin. Mc d c mt s li
nh, nhng mi gian nh c bn c thit k mt cch ph hp
dc ca mi nh. Thm vo , u Sen - phn gi cho cc
n tay ch yu s dng gian nh chnh trong khi Tr Non - thanh
chng c t trn Ko ln.
- Thit k K
S 1.2 cho chng ta thy v cc im cn thit ca k thut
thit k K min Bc. nh ca K hay Mc Lng K - lm c
s cho thit k c v hoc (i) ni vi cc ct tr (im PQ) hoc
(ii) to thnh cc ng k cong thp hn s vi cong ca mi
(Mc Mi) t im Q. Trong trng hp (i) hoc (ii), cong ca
K khng cn thit phi ph hp vi cong ca mi nh.
ii) c trng k thut thit k min Bc, Vit Nam
K thut thit k da vo mc k ngang v k thng
K thut thit k ca min Bc ch yu da vo cc mc k
ngang v thng, cc n v ny gi l Chia Khong. C th, cc n
v ny c kt hp vi thc Sm to thnh mc nn v dc
mi. i vi cc kin trc c xy dng vi x v thanh chng th
phng php ny kh hiu qu. Theo Qu H (2005)8 v Oyama
(2008), u Sen v Tr Non c s dng hu ht trong cc kin
trc min Bc, Vit Nam v ch yu da vo Chia Khong. Ni
tm li, k thut thit k va nu l mt k thut c p dng rng
ri trong thit k v xy dng cc cng trnh kin trc g truyn
thng min Bc Vit Nam.
8

Trn Th Qu H, Nghin cu v lch s nh g truyn thng ca ngi Kinh,

Vit Nam, Tokyo: cha xut bn, i hc Quc gia Tokyo, 2005.

324

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

S 1.1: Phng php thit k nh min Bc, Vit Nam,

do ng L Vn Th - H Nam thit k

K cng c thit k da theo Chia Khong, v c tnh

ton mt cch c lp vi dc mi. iu ny ch ra rng K
c thit k khng da theo k thut iu chnh dc mi. Gii
thch ny c th ph hp vi c cc cng trnh c 5 cu trc dc
vi 3 gian trc cng kch c v s dng K gian trung tm
v x thp hn cc gian bn cnh.9 Chc chn rng k thut chia
Khong ch c s dng cho cc cng trnh c ng ngang v
thng nh l x thp v thanh chng v khng s dng K. Theo
Oyama (2008), cc cng trnh s dng K xut hin vo th k
th XVII v ch yu trong xy dng cc n miu. Do , c th
9

Theo Qu H (2005), trang 159-161, cc v d v 2 phong cch cu trc c

thit k trong nh truyn thng min Bc Vit Nam, tnh th bc gia phn
dc trung tm v phn dc bn c phn tch.

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

325

khng nh rng s pht trin v truyn b k thut thit k da vo

Chia Khong c th xut hin trc th k th XVII.
K thut ni khong cch gia cc n tay vi khong cch
ct tr v dc mi c xem l mt trong nhng k thut cn
thit v hiu qu nht kim sot dc mi tng gian gia
cc n tay v to ra cc ng cong ln bn trong mi nh ging
nh cc mi cong ca Trung Quc. Tuy nhin, ng Th thit k
cong mi theo tuyn tnh v to ra cc ng cong va phi
n gin bng cch s dng su ca cc n tay. Cc cng
trnh m Oyama (2004, 2008) nghin cu c thc hin trc
th k th XVII
1.3. Phng php thit kt kin trc g truyn thng min
Trung, Vit Nam
tm hiu v phng php thit k kin trc g truyn
thng min Trung, ti lin lc v tm hiu qu trnh thit k t
4 nhm th mc vi 6 cng trnh ti Hu v mt nhm th vi 1
cng trnh ti Hi An, Qung Nam. Trong phn ny, trc tin ti
s trnh by tng quan v phong cch cu trc v quy trnh thit k
nh truyn thng Hu; sau . ti s tng hp v phn tch cc
im quan trng nh l cch thc dng dc mi v khong cch
gia cc ct tr chnh v sp xp cc n tay ra sao. Ngun tham
kho s s dng ch yu vo kt qu t cuc iu tra v cng trnh
ti Hi An v s s dng so snh vi kt qu iu tra Hu.
Cc cuc iu tra v cc cng trnh tht kt hp vi cc nghin cu
quc gia c thc hin vo nm 1998 (sau y s dng t iu
tra Hu 1998).10
10

Cuc iu tra tng th v nh g truyn thng Vit Nam c t chc t

khong 1997-2002 do B Vn ha Thng tin thc hin. Mc tiu ca cuc iu
tra l 10 tnh thnh vi khong 4.287 ngi nh. y l mt d n hp tc gia
Vit Nam v Nht Bn; cc t chc Nht Bn bao gm i hc N Showa
(iu phi), i hc Quc gia Tokyo, i hc Ngh thut Tokyo, i hc Chiba,
i hc Tokyo v cc n v khc. y, ti s dng cc hnh v t d n
trn. Hu, cc bn tho ca 70 cn nh c phc tho nm 1998. 68 nh
rng v 2 nh lu nim. Cuc iu tra ch yu do i hc Hu v Trung tm
Bo tn Di tch C Hu thc hin. Ti ch s dng cc bn tho ny m
t loi hnh cu trc.

326

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

i) Tng quan v quy trnh thit k

Trong qu trnh thit k mt cng trnh, ngay khi xc nh
kch c v hnh dng, cu trc mt ct s c phc tho, trong
mc nn l yu t cn thit. V s mt ct v thit k Rp v
thc k l khu c bit quan trng gip xc nh c chiu di
v v tr chnh xc ca cc ct v ko da vo dc mi, kch c
gian nh, nghing ct v xc nh cc kch c chnh xc cho cc
phn khc. Ni cch khc, khng kh xc nh kch c ca Chi
c hai pha bi v chng khng khc nhau hoc c th iu chnh
c trong qu trnh thi cng. Cc phn theo b rng cng trnh
c kch c ging nhau cho cc gian khc nhau, do ch cn dng
thc hoc mc nn xc nh v khng cn thit v mt s
ring cho phn dc mt ct. V nhng l do ny, cc th mc s t
nhin ch trng vo cu trc mt ct ca cng trnh , v cng
l l do v sao ti tp trung vo phn tch mt ct dc trong nghin
cu ny.
S 1.3 cho chng ta bit v quy tc ca cu trc mt ct
dc. Qu trnh nh sau (s trong vng trn tng ng vi cc s
s 1.3)
1. dc mi (Mc Mi): 1-1
2. Kch thc ca mi gian theo K v b rng, v v tr ca
Trn: 2-2
3. Chiu cao ca ct tr chnh (t mc nn) v nghing ca
ct tr: 3-4
4. Hnh dng ca mi phn, nh nh ko
5. Phn dc ca n tay, cc b phn mt ct khc
Bc 1 v 2 quy trnh trn c th thay i cho nhau ty thuc
vo ngi v. Tuy nhin, d cho trt t nh th no th nghing
mi nh phi c v trc khi xc nh cao ct tr v mc nn.
Sau khi xc nh chnh xc v tr cc b phn v cn bng tng
th ca cng trnh, Rp ca ko v trn c xc nh. Kch c ca
cc gian nh v cao ct tr s c dng thc tnh ton cng
vi cc b phn khc ca cng trnh. Tt c 4 nhm th mc Hu
v 1 nhm Hi An u c quy trnh thit k ging nhau mc d

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

327

mt vi chi tit c th khc nhau. Kch c ca tt c cc b phn

chnh s c iu chnh khi v s cu trc mt ct; trong kch
c ca ct tr v ko bao gi cng kh xc nh nht. V khng c
bn v cc mt khc nhau ca cng trnh no so snh, ti a ra
gi thuyt rng cu trc mt ct c th l c s quan trng gip
chng ta nh gi cu trc tng th ca mt cng trnh.

S 1.3: Phng php thit k nh rng Hu, do ng Nguyn R thit k

Sau y, mt vi im chnh ca phng php thit k s c

tho lun:
ii) dc mi
Thc Nch - c hnh tam gic u vi mi cnh l 1 n v
(400mm) (xem nh 1.2, s 1.4) l cng c c cc th mc dng
thit k nh truyn thng Hu. Thc Nch c dng ch yu

328

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

xc nh dc mi v gc. C 3 loi thc Nch khc nhau: loi

th nht, cnh y ca tam gic vung ko di n khong 600mm;
loi th hai l mt tam gic vung; loi th ba c hnh ch T, bao
gm cnh y v cnh vung ca tam gic. Thc Nch Hu c
chiu di khong 400mm mi cnh, trong khi Hi An l 430mm
mi cnh.
Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht khi s dng thc
Nch xc nh dc mi l im chia t (xem s 1.4). im t
chia on ng thng gia hai im A-B thnh 3:97, ng B-C on ng c xc nh bng cch on ng thng C-t n Mc
Tim Ct, l nh ca ko hay Mc Lng Ko. cc cng trnh truyn
thng ca Hu, n tay c ni trc tip vi chp ko, v th Mc
Lng Ko cng l ng cong ca dc mi. v d trong s 1.4,
dc mi l Cp 97. S cng nh th mi cng dc. Theo ng Tn
(Hu), dc mi thng khong 95 n 99, v c th iu chnh
ty theo vt liu lp mi v kch c tng th ca cng trnh.11
dc mi v th c xc nh theo cch ny. Tuy nhin,
mt s th mc li s dng Mc Tim Ct tnh ton nghing
ca mi (gi l A), trong khi nhng th mc khc li s dng
Mc Thch lm c s tnh ton nghing ca tr (Mc Thch
Ct, Mc Tim Nh, Mc Giao Nguyn) gi l B. Nhm th s dng
A trc ht s tnh kch thc n tay v nghing ca cc tr, sau
phc tho cc trung tm ct tr. Trong khi , nhm th s dng
B thng xc nh dc ca mi trc l Cp 100. Tuy nhin,
dc m c xc nh theo gc Cp 97 v nghing theo gc
Cp 100 v c bn l ging nhau. Do , cu trc m K c
t ti nghing ca Cp 100 hoc dc do chiu di ca hnh
11

Loi hnh v cch thc s dng thc Nch c th tham kho ti liu ca
L Vnh An v nhng ngi khc, Cng c mc truyn thng, thc Nch
(I) - Cc nghin cu v cung in Hu, Vit Nam di thi Cha Nguyn
(phn 125) - K yu Hi tho nghin cu kin trc ln th 77, 2006, chng
Kanto, AIJ, II, Tokyo: Vin Kin trc Nht Bn, thng 3/2007, trang 385-388;
L Vnh An et al., Cng c mc truyn thng, Thc Nch (I) - Cc nghin cu
v cung in Hu, Vit Nam di thi Cha Nguyn (phn 135) - K yu
Hi tho nghin cu kin trc ln th 77, 2006, chng Kanto, AIJ, II, Tokyo:
Vin Kin trc Nht Bn, thng 3/2008, trang 301-304.

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

329

tam gic vung ni vi cc ct tr thng ng c th c da vo

Thc Nch.
nh mi (nh ca ko) c th l im dng lm c s
xc nh hnh dng ko v ko c v sau l n tay. Cn lu
rng mt s lng tng i ln cc b phn c t di on
ng ny. Hn na, nn hiu rng Mc Tim Ct c m rng
theo hng xung t ng dc mi nh, hn l dc mi c
xc nh theo cc ct tr.
iii) Kch c n tay
- V tr thit k kch c n tay
Kch c n tay trong cu trc mt ct ca cng trnh c
xc nh theo nghing ca ct tr, v th vn xc nh v tr
bit xc nh kch c l rt quan trng. cc cng trnh truyn
thng ca Hu v Hi An - hu ht c dng vi ko th khng c
b phn no c th c nh y tr theo hng K. C nh K nhn
chung c xc nh sau khi cu trc cng trnh c c nh vi
ct tr, ko v trn. Do , kch c n tay c th hiu qu hn nu
da trn cu trc pha trn - ch t ko, trn v cc b phn quan
trng khc, hn l y tr - ni khng c b phn quan trng no.
Trong cuc iu tra gn y, 5 nhm th mc Hu v 1
nhm Hi An xc nh kch thc n tay t lng trn.12
ngang - c s xc nh tim trn c s dng nh mt im thit
k chn kch c n tay. Kch c n tay sau c v cng vi
im c s ny v bt u vi lng trn, v sau gim kch c lng
khuyn, lng c. Khng c quy nh no trong vic xc nh kch c
ca lng hin, c l bi v cu trc mt ct dc khng nh hng
n lng hin c hai mt ca cng trnh. Trong hu ht cc cng
trnh ny, cc b phn khc, bao gm dc mi c xc nh mt
cch ty tin.
C nhiu quy tc trong vic xc nh chiu cao ca tim trn phn quan trng gip xc nh v tr ca n tay.
12

Th mc Hi An gi trn l trnh. Trong bo co ny, ti ch s dng mt

t chung l trn ch cc cu trc tng t.

330

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

Ba v tr u ct tr th hai
Thng thng, tim trn c t ti nh u ct tr th hai
ca cn nh. Tuy nhin, nh chng ta c th thy s 1.5, tim
trn c th c t di 3 v tr l pha trn v di ca n tay v
x u ct trn nh u ct tr. ng c t trn nh u ca
n tay gi l mc gic, gia n tay v x u ct gi l mc chen,
v di x u ct gi l mc ln. Ngi ta thng s dng mc
gic khi ct tr thp v mc ln khi ct tr cao. Khi cc ct tr qu
thp hoc trong i vi cng trnh theo cu trc trn - xuyn th
ngi ta s s dng mt tim trn khc trn mc gic.

S 1.5: Chiu cao ca Tim Trn

Mt s v tr king k
Cc b phn v cc im khc khng nht thit phi trng vi
v tr ca kim trn. Theo cc th mc Hu, cc v tr sau thng
king k:
1. V tr xuyn qua n tay (hunh t/phm t)

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

331

2. V tr xuyn qua gia 2 n tay (phm trc)

3. V tr xuyn qua hng ko (yt hu)
Mt s th mc cn trnh cc im xuyn qua gia u ct tr
v y ko (tim hng ko). V d, ng Thm (Hu) trnh dng cc b
phn xuyn qua n tay, nhng vn c th dng tim trn t qua x
u ct v tr thp hn mc chen. Tt c cc v tr u trnh cc b
phn lin quan n tim trn, tuy nhin trong thc t vn c nhiu cch
thit k. ng Tm (Hi An) thng s dng mt s cc b phn t
u ct tr th nht v khng h s dng mc chen.
Sau khi tim trn c thit k theo cc quy tc trn, nhp ca
tng n tay s c t ln ng mc tim Ct c thit k
song song vi ct th hai. Cch lm ny tp trung vo khong khng
c gian trung tm n ct tr th hai v ko. Nh cp trc
, ba gian ny gi l lng nh (khong trng bn trong nh). Thm
vo , trong s cc b phn gn ko c thit k da trn v tr
ca tim trn th lng trn l quan trng nht, v v tr m tim trn v
ct th nht giao nhau l v tr gip xc nh nghing ca ct
tr trong nh. Hn na, ngoi vic xc nh kch c cn nh qua s
lng cc gian nh, th cc th mc cng tnh kch c ca cn nh
qua kch c ca lng trn. V d, cn nh c lng trn l 4.2 n v
th gi l Nh 4.2.
- Mi hai trc
cc cng trnh truyn thng ca Hu v Hi An, kch c
ca cc gian nh c tnh da trn gi tr s ca c ko v rng
ca cn nh. Khng c nhm th c phng vn no cung cp cho
chng ti thng tin v cc khi nim lin quan n h thng tham
kho hoc tnh cn xng ca cng trnh. Mt trong cc nhn t gip
xc nh cc kch c l cc con s may mn trong h thng Mi
hai trc (theo L Ban xch, Hi An).
Mi hai trc c xem l cch tnh may mn i vi ngi
Nht Bn (xem s 1.6). Cc th mc Hu thng s dng cch
tnh ny tnh kch c ca cc kin trc. V d, thng thng kch
c l tng cho mt gian l 4.1 n v, sau cng thm cc s

332

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

khc thnh tng l 5. S 5 l s ng vi mi hai trc. Hu,

con s c yu thch l 4, 5, 10 v 11. Mt vi th mc l gii rng
4 v 5 l s may mn i vi nh , 10 v 11 dnh cho n, lng tm
nh, cha, nh th v s 9 dnh cho cc kin trc cp cao hn nh
cung in.

S 1.6: Mi hai trc i vi ct tr

Mc d lng khuyn thng c thit k nh hn lng trn13

nhng cc th mc vn p dng cc s may mn trong mi hai trc
tnh ton kch c. Cch n gin nht l xc nh kch c lng
trn trc con s l 5 hoc 11, sau gim kch c ca lng khuyn
xung 1, 0.1 hoc 0.01 n v. Mt s cch tnh ton khc l lng
trn = 4.24 n v = 10; Lng Khuyn l 4.1 n v = 5.
Tuy nhin, mi hai trc l kh linh ng, c th iu chnh
tu theo trng hp14. V d, th mc c th dng s c 3 ch s; v
khi tng cc s ln hn s 12 th cc ch s ca s tng c th c
cng li vi nhau hoc c th tr cho s 10. ng Tm (Hi An) s
dng cch ca L Ban xch iu chnh kch c ca cc b phn
cho ph hp. Mc d cch lm ca ng l n gin, ch yu da
vo cch thc ca L Ban xch, nhng mi ngi tin rng kch c
ca Lng Trn nn l con s may mn. iu ny cng ph hp vi
quan nim ca cc th mc Hu. ng Thm (Hu) cng s dng
13

14

C mt s t khc nh con ln m, ngha l nhp trung tm lun ln hn cc

nhp bn.
Quan im s tt hay s xu vn cn kh ph bin Vit Nam hin nay, v d
nh ng k s xe my.

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

333

h thng ring gi l Bt Mn xch15 cng vi mi hai trc, v

chn cc s may mn trong c hai h thng ny.
iv) c trng ca phng php thit k nh truyn thng
min Trung Vit Nam
Da vo cc thng tin thu c trn, c th tm tt c
trng ca phng php thit k nh truyn thng min Trung
Vit Nam nh sau:
c trng th nht l ngi ta dng thc Nch xc nh
dc mi bng cch s dng cc ct tr lm c s m khng ch
nhiu n mt ngang ca cng trnh. Ngoi ra, thc Nch cn c
s dng v dc ca ko v c mc ct ui ko. min Trung,
thc Nch cng c s dng rng ri i vi cc cng trnh s
dng ko. cong ca cc b phn da vo thc Nch th hin
c mi tng quan gia chiu cao ca na chiu di cnh huyn.
Ni cch khc, cong c xc nh da trn mi tng quan gia
cc b phn cho v cao ca n. y l phng php hiu qu v
ph hp hn kim sot cong i vi cu trc mt ct ca cc
cng trnh nh truyn thng vng ny - cu trc ch yu bao gm
K v ct v cc b phn theo chiu ngang. Nu tng quan ca
chiu di l cho 2 - cao 1 th s thun li xc nh chiu di
ca cc b phn khc. Tuy nhin, ko - tng ng vi cnh huyn
ca tam gic vung s c mi di m xuyn qua cc ct v sn
ct pha di ca dc mi nh. Ko pha di x nh c ni
vi nhau x nh, v th khng c ct hay thanh chng na.
Cc b phn khc to cao th khng cn thit trong cc trng
hp ny. C ngha l cc cu trc mt ct ch yu bao gm ko v
cc ct m khng c cc b phn s dng tng quan gia cao
v cnh huyn ca tam gic vung th khng cn s dng cch thc
ny. Loi cu trc n gin m khng s dng cc mi v ko cho
c ni lin vi nhau c th c chia thnh thn v gin mi nh,
ch yu s dng cc b phn cho, thng v c ngang. K thut ny
c l cng s dng thc Nch. y l mt k thut th v, nhng
15

Thc ca ng Thm c chiu di v c m ring so vi loi thc cng

chng loi bn th trng hin nay.

334

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

thc t cc th mc by gi khng th tn dng ht cc u th ca

k thut ny m h xem xt rt k trc khi thit k. Ti s xc nh
vn ny r hn qua cc v d khc.
c trng th hai l vic xc nh kch c ca cc gian nh
c xc nh da vo kch c thc t v iu chnh t c
nhng con s may mn trong mi hai trc v L Ban xch. Ti
da vo cch thc o cc khi g Nht (gi l kiwari) hi cc
th mc tham gia v cuc iu tra ny v mi quan h tng quan
gia di ct vo kch c n tay.16 Tuy nhin, ti khng tm ra
c h thng no da vo tng quan. Chng no vic iu
chnh cc con s cn theo h thng bi ton ny th khng c cch
no trnh vic s dng cc con s may mn xc nh kch c
cc b phn ca cng trnh. V vic hnh thnh mi quan h tng
quan gia cc kch c ny i hi cc cch thc phc tp v tin tin
hn. Do , cng n gin thy rng cch tnh ton kch thc
cc b phn ca cng trnh min Nam v min Bc l khng ging
nhau. Ging nh th, chng no m cc ng ngang khng ph
hp xc nh dc mi, c th ni rng khng c mi tng
quan no i vi kch c nn ca cng trnh. Thm vo , xc
nh con s may mn, quan im c th tnh n mt phn trm. Tuy
nhin, v tnh chnh xc ca cng trnh, cu hi t ra l con s nh
th no l ngha i vi cng trnh . V d, tht s l rt kh
xc nh li cch thc xy dng ca mt cng trnh thc t no .
c trng th ba l v tr thit k cho kch c n tay c
xem xt cn thn theo u ct tr th hai. Xc nh kch c n tay
khi ch n v tr m rng ca tim trn ngha l mc d bn v ca
cu trc mt ct c th lm c s tnh ton nhng vn cn ch
n cc ng thit k khc. Thc t trnh i xuyn qua cc im
gia nh cp trn khng phi l do kinh nghim m l do
cc quan im v tm linh, bi ton v cng mang ngha v mt
k thut. Ni mt cch khoa hc th chiu cao ca trn c th c
16

V kch thc tng b phn g, xem on vn tip theo. C mt s chn la

nh 5 tc, 4 tc, 3 tc i vi n v kch c chun v vic s dng kch c
no ph thuc vo ln ca cn nh. H khng bit phng php tnh thnh
phn nh ng knh ct tr bng mt phn mi ca nhp trung tm.

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

335

xc nh mt cch linh ng. Khi xc nh ba n tay bao gm cc

ct 1, 2, trc, sau theo hng ko c gi l lng nh. Cu trc
ny c ngun gc t cu trc m c u ct tr th nht v th hai
c ni bi cc b phn bn ngoi v c th c chia thnh thn
v gin mi.17
1.4. S khc nhau gia phng php thit k ca min
Trung v min Nam Vit Nam
Da vo cc thng tin tho lun trn, c th khng nh
rng s khc nhau c bn v r rng nht gia hai phong cch thit
k g truyn thng gia hai min l cch thc chia dc mi nh.
min Bc, th mc xc nh cc b phn dc v ngang c
s dng nhiu v k thut thit k tng quan vi dc mi v
nn nh bng cch s dng thc Sm. min Trung Vit Nam th
cu trc mt ct ch yu bao gm ko cho hn l ngang. Cc th
mc s dng thc Nch xc nh dc mi v ng knh ct
tr. Bi v khng dng cc ng thit k thng v ngang nn
dc mi v ko cho l cc b phn thit k chnh. Quan im v
h thng chun v kch c n v c l khng quan trng bi v rt
t cc b phn theo chiu ngang c s dng. thm vo , bi v
Thc Nch c th gip xc nh dc da vo mi tng quan
gia cao ca na cnh huyn ca tam gic vung. Cch thc ny
c v hiu qu i vi cc cu trc cng trnh da ch yu vo cc
b phn thng ng v cho. Tuy nhin cch thc ny khng c
dng rng ri i vi cc cng trnh hin ti. Cc th mc by gi
khng hiu nhiu v nhng k thut ny v cng c l do khng ai
i hi trong cc cng trnh na. Tht kh c th hnh dung rng
thc Nch v phng php kim sot dc c pht trin trong
17

Qu H (2005) ghi rng loi cu trc loi c 3 nhp cu dc ni vi x ngang

nh ct tr th hai gi l Loi II c tm thy 4 tnh pha Bc Vit Nam
v loi c ct tr li, gi l nh ri c tm thy min Trung Vit Nam. L.
Craste (1939) cng cung cp nhng thng tin v loi hnh Nh Ri ging nh
Qu H. Hn na, tc gi ny cho rng loi cu trc c 3 nhp cu dc c
ni vi nhau, gi l nh thng rng - y l loi hnh c cu trc trn l
3 nhp cu, di l 2 nhp cu. Theo L. Craste, loi hnh ny rt him ti thi
im .

336

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

vic thit k cc cng trnh v k thut m chng ta nhn thy n

tn by gi. V vy c l ti nn xem cc k thut khc c s dng
thc Nch v cc phng php kim sot dc.
i vi cc cng trnh pha Bc, cc b phn nh Tr Non
v u Sen cc K di cc n tay c th ph hp vi cch
s dng thc Sm. Trong khi , cc kin trc cung in Hu th
n tay c gi l v gi th - c bi mt b phn ni vi
cc lp x v thanh ging v cc khi tr. Tuy nhin, b phn c
ni vi u Sen th khng trng khp vi n tay.
min Bc, v K c thit k c lp vi c dc mi
nn c th ni b phn ny khng phi c thit k trong bn v
ban u. Trong khi , min Trung, mi quan h gia dc mi
v K rt cht ch v l c s cho vic thit k, phn chia cc b
phn khc.
Khi xem xt mi quan h qua li gia k thut thit k ca
min Bc v min Trung, tht kh c th tm thy im tng
ng no trong thit k cc cng trnh gia hai min. Trong khi cc
th mc da vo cc yu t ngang v s dng thc Sm trong thit
k min Bc th th mc min Trung li thng s dng ko
v nhc Nch. C l, hai phong cch ny hon ton khc nhau v
khng th tng thch vi nhau. i vi cc thit k min Trung
Vit Nam, chng ta c th nhn thy rng vn ha Trung Hoa c
nh hng nhng khng su sc lm; m c l b nh hng nhiu
bi vn ha ca ngi Chm - nhng ngi lu tr min Trung t
xa n nay. Ti s tip tc nghin cu thm v vn ny min
Bc Vit Nam.
Kt lun
Nh ti tho lun trn, s khc nhau trong phong cch thit
k ca min Bc v min Trung Vit Nam c th ch l s khc nhau
trong cch thc thit k dc mi ca cng trnh. Min Bc thng
s dng cc n v kch c da vo ng ngang v thng ng
trong khi min Trung da vo cc con s mang tnh bi ton hn.
Th mc min Bc thit k dc da vo khong cch ngang v

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

337

chiu cao, trong khi th mc min Trung s dng mt k thut tnh

ton gia dc ca cnh huyn v chiu cao n . Ngun gc ca
s khc nhau l do vic s dng cng c tnh ton khc nhau: mt bn
s dng thc Sm v mt bn s dng thc Nch.
2. Qu trnh pht trin ca vn ha kin trc min
Trung/Nam Vit Nam (gi nh d kin)
Ti tin rng cc thng tin c trnh by bo co ny c th
cung cp cho ngi c nhng thng tin quan trng hiu v phn
tch v lch s, vn ha kin trc Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, nghin cu
ny ch mi bt u v th vn cn rt nhiu vn cn nghin cu
v iu tra lm r thm, c th l qu trnh pht trin ca phong cch
kin trc da vo Ct - Ko min Trung Vit Nam. Trong phm vi
bo co ny, ti tm tt mt s quan trng nh sau:
2.1. Thc Nch v thc Sm
Vit Nam, kin trc g truyn thng c th c chia lm
2 loi da theo k thut thit k: th nht l thc Sm c dng
min Bc, th hai l thc Nch c dng min Trung/Nam.
- Thc Sm : x v thanh ging
min Bc Vit Nam, k thut dng cc thanh x v thanh
ging ni x mi l k thut c dng nhiu. Cc ng
ngang v thng ng c dng tnh ton dc v mc nn nh
da vo khong cch gia cc n tay. Ngi ta s dng thc Sm
tnh ton v thit k cc b phn ny.
Vic s dng khong cch gia cc n tay nh mt n v
o lng kh ging vi khi nim h thng k hiu nhp - x (
) v thc Sm c th c so snh vi thc Vung ca
kin trc Trung Hoa. Di thi nh Hn, xut hin mt s cng
trnh Trung Quc v thc Vung c cp trong Shiji /
.. (Lch s ca nhng ngi v i) giai on tin Hn. Do ,
h thng ny c l nh hng t nhiu n kin trc ca ngi
Vit - Hoa. Ti xin mn php gi tn k thut ny l Phng php
thc Vung Vit.

338

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

Theo ti c bit, Trung Quc khng c cng trnh no s

dng K nh min Bc, Vit Nam. V th, K c th l mt phong
cch c trng ca ngi Vit. min Trung th c kiu x un
cong kh c trng. Tuy nhin, nh ti trnh by phn u ca
bo co, k thut thit k ny vn c gi l Phng php thc
Vung Vit bi v khong cch gia cc n tay c s dng nh
mt n v o lng.
- Thc Nch, : Ct - Ko
y l k thut c trng ca min Trung, Vit Nam. K thut
ny trc tip ni cc ct v ko mi nh. c trng c bn
nht ca phng php ny l khng s dng cc ng ngang
xc nh dc mi m da vo ct - ko, tht s th c v khng
ph hp vi mc nn ca cng trnh. Ti xin mn php gi k thut
ny l Phng php thc Nch. K thut ny hon ton khc vi
khi nim Phng php thc Vung Vit m ti trnh by trn
bi v n s dng mt s ct, ko khc nhau lm c s cho vic thit
k cc n v o lng v khong cch trong thi cng.
2.2. Ngun gc ca Phng php thc Nch
- Tnh c trng ca Phng php thc Nch
Theo ti c bit, khng c mt cng trnh no s dng cng
c thit k xc nh dc mi tng t nh thc Nch. Khng
ch chu , m cn Hy Lp v Ai Cp - ngi ta s dng cc
ng ngang v thng ng xc nh dc cng trnh. iu
ny c th gii thch nh sau: thi xa, ngi ta da vo mc nc
xc nh ngang v qu lc xc nh thng. Tuy nhin,
bi v thc Nch l mt cng c c hnh dng l mt tam gic u,
nn chng ta c th khng nh rng ngi ta dng n xc nh
dc mi da vo cnh huyn v cnh ng ca tam gic . V
khng h c mt k thut no tng t c tm thy, v th c th
khng nh rng Phng php thc Nch l mt phng php
c trng ca min Trung/Nam Vit Nam.
Chng ta cng khng ph nhn rng phng php thc Nch
cng b vn ha Trung Hoa nh hng t nhiu. V d, khi k hiu

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

339

h thng, tn ca cc b phn, s dng mi hai trc, cc iu king

k, s lng n tay. Tuy nhin, nhng nh hng ny khng tht
s r nt. C th l gii iu ny nh sau: ngi thit k cng trnh
l ngi c kin thc v b nh hng bi vn ha Trung Hoa nhng
ngi thi cng li l ngi c t hiu bit v vn ha Trung Hoa.
- S khc nhau v phong cch cu trc di mi
Nh tho lun trn, Phng php thc Nch, ngi
ta ni ct, ko di t trc khi dng ln. Cch thc ny khng
ging vi cch ni trc tip ct v x rm. Tng t, K min Bc
v Ko min Trung/Nam to ra phong cch thit k ring bit gia
min Trung v min Bc.
Ti sao K min Bc khng s dng thc Nch? Ti sao
dc mi khng lin quan n dc ca K? S khc nhau ng
k nht gia hai phng php thit k s dng Phng php thc
Vung Vit v Phng php thc Nch l s khc nhau trong
thit k gian gia ca cng trnh, c ngha l phong cch cu trc
di x nh. i vi Phng php thc Vung Vit, cc tng x
v thanh ging to thnh mt cu trc di gm mi. Mi nh c
hnh thnh sau khi dng ct v cc thanh x ln; v khng dng ko
to thnh khung tam gic. i vi Phng php thc Nch,
cu trc di gm mi c hnh thnh hon ton da vo ko v
cc thanh ging to ra mt khung tam gic. Cc thanh ging v
nguyn tc khng gm mi v n tay, tuy nhin vn c mt s
cng trnh s dng thanh ging gm mi. V ct, ko phi
c rp li di t trc khi c dng ln.
c hai phng php thit k ny, gian trung tm l gian ln
nht v cu trc mang tnh tng xng trc - sau chy dc di
gm mi. Do , khi thit k cng trnh, th mc s thit k gian
nh chnh trc. Ni cch khc, kin trc theo Phng php Vung
Vit s dng phng php thc Vung ca th mc xc nh
cc gian gia K, bi v x v thanh ging l cc b phn quan trng
di gm nh. Kt qu, hnh dng ca mi nh c thit k theo
v tr ca cc n tay, v hnh dng ca K khng b gii hn bi
kch thc tng th ca cng trnh. y c l l iu lm pht trin

340

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

cc K un cong trong cc cng trnh truyn thng min Bc.

Phng php thc Nch c l khng lin quan g vi Phng
php thc Vung ca th mc bi v phng php ny dng
ni cc K v thanh ging ti nh to thnh khung hnh tam gic
di gm nh.
2.3. S phn ha vng min ca Phng php thc Nch
c im ni bt nht ca kin trc theo Phng php thc
Nch l cch thc ni K v cc thanh ging nh hnh thnh
khung tam gic di gm nh v khng tm thy mt cng trnh no
s dng k thut tng t nh th min Bc Vit Nam. Phong
cch ny khc vi vn ha kin trc ca ngi Vit t thi xa n
thi nh L - thi b vn ha Trung Quc nh hng nhiu. C l,
k thut ny tn ti t trc khi ngi Vit nam tin. Thm vo
, khi ni K/thanh ging to khung tam gic, chiu di ca
dc mi c l l mt yu t quan trng tnh ton di ca cc
yu t cho to dc. V vy, cng c tam gic vung l l tng
tnh ton cao v chiu di ca dc.
y, ti s phn tch s phn ha mang tnh vng min
ca hai phng php kin trc theo Phng php thc Vung
Vit v Phng php thc Nch. Theo cc thng tin m ti thu
thp c t cuc iu tra tng hp 10 tnh, thnh Vit Nam t
nm 1998 n nm 2002, kin trc theo Phng php thc Vung
Vit c dng nhiu cc tnh, thnh ph t H Ni, Bc Ninh,
Nam nh, Thanh Ha v Ngh An. Trong khi , kin trc theo
Phng php thc Nch c dng nhiu cc tnh nh Tha
Thin Hu, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, ng Nai v Tin Giang.
Trong s cc cng trnh m ti iu tra, c mt cng trnh min
Bc c xy dng vo na u th k 18. Cc cng trnh min
Trung/Nam th c xy dng di thi cha Nguyn.
Kt qu ny chng t rng kin trc theo Phng php thc
Vung Vit c s dng khp min Bc n Ngh An, trong
khi Phng php thc Nch c s dng min Trung/Nam
bt u t tnh Tha Thin Hu. Ti c c hi ti thm nh v

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

341

mt s lng tm s dng kin trc theo Phng php thc Vung

Vit tnh H Tnh. Ti khng c nhiu chng c chng minh
rng kin trc theo Phng php thc Vung Vit hay Phng
php thc Nch tn ti hai tnh Qung Bnh v Qung Tr v mt
s l do. V th, ti c th a ra gi nh rng ranh gii gia hai
phong cch thit k trn l tnh H Tnh v Qung Tr.

S 2.1: Ranh gii gia hai phong cch kin trc Vit Nam

Khu vc gn o Ngang v thnh ph ng Hi l ranh gii

gia min Bc v Nam di thi cha Nguyn. Vo nhng nm u
th k XIV, vng ny do i Vit qun l, nhng vn cn bin
gii . Vo nhng nm cui th k XVI, vng t ny hon
ton thuc quyn ch qun ca ngi Vit khi Nguyn Hong - v
vua Nguyn u tin cai tr min Nam Vit Nam v ng ti
Hu. Sau nm 1627, khi mu thun gia cha Trnh v cha Nguyn
ln mc nh im th chin tranh n ra gia hai bn kim sot
ng Hi. Tht khng ng khi khng nh rng Phng php
thc Vung Vit ch dng lnh th ca cha Trnh v Phng
php thc Nch ch dng lnh th ca cha Nguyn. Tuy nhin,
Phng php thc Vung Vit li c s dng nhiu Thanh

342

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

Ha - qu hng ca cc cha Nguyn. V th, c th khng nh

rng khng phi cha Nguyn truyn b Phng php thc Nch
min Trung, Vit Nam.
Kt lun
Qua cc thng tin trong bo co ny, ti c th a ra mt s
tm tt nh sau:
1. Phong cch kin trc c th c chia thnh 2 loi: Phng
php thc Vung Vit v Phng php thc Nch.
2. Phng php thc Vung Vit l mt phng php
truyn thng c t xa xa ca ngi min Bc Vit Nam.
3. Phng php thc Nch c th c s dng cho cc
ct tr trn c on li ra bn.
4. Phong cch kin trc ni K/thanh ging hnh thnh
khung tam gic khng phi l phng php truyn thng ca
ngi Vit.
5. Bin gii ca vn ha kin trc nm tnh Qung Bnh.
6. Phng php thc Nch khng c s dng trong kin
trc xy dng tnh Thanh Ha - qu hng ca cha Nguyn.
T cc quan st nu trn, c th ni rng Phng php thc
Nch l mt phong cch thit k mi hnh thnh v pht trin
min Trung Vit Nam di thi cha Nguyn khi Nam tin, qua
mt qu trnh s dng k thut a phng trong xy dng ph
hp hn vi truyn thng. Ni cch khc l qua qu trnh ng ha
ca ngi min Bc vi ngi Vit. Tuy nhin, c l k thut ny
tri qua nhiu giai on trc khi phong cch Ko pht trin n
tn ngy nay.
T quan im ca ngi Vit thi hu L, kin trc theo phong
cch thc Nch phi l kin trc ph - khc vi truyn thng ca
h. Thc t, vua Gia Long s dng phng php ny xy dng
cc cng trnh kin trc cung in di triu Nguyn, v dn dn tr
thnh mt phng php hon ho qua cc i vua Nguyn v mang

Vn ha-lch s Hu qua gc nhn lng x ph cn...

343

c trng ring ca triu Nguyn. Qua thi gian, phng php ny

c x hi ha v ph bin hn trong x hi.
Nu nhng gi nh ny l ng th c th ni rng phng
php kin trc thc Nch mang tnh lch s m nt Vit Nam.
Trin vng
Trong bo co ny, ti trnh by gi thuyt ca ti v phong
cch thit k kin trc g min Trung Vit Nam v ti mong mun
nhn c kin, gp ca bn c. Tuy nhin, gi thuyt tp trung
ch yu vo s khc nhau trong k thut thit k v s rt kh
kim nh nu khng c nhiu kha cnh vn ha khc v kin trc
g min Trung/Nam, c th l giai on trc khi ngi Vit nam
tin. L do ti sao hnh dng ca thc Nch l tam gic u vn
cha c lm r, v khng c mt cng trnh no s dng thc
Nch c xy dng trc thi Nguyn. V d, hin ti c l thc
Nch l phng php thit k mi c hnh thnh v pht trin
di thi vua Nguyn l khng th ph nh. Cn c nhng nghin
cu tip theo xem xt s xm nhp ca vn ha kin trc thi
cha Nguyn t Trung Quc n Hi An, s xm nhp ca vn ha
kin trc ca bn o ng Nam chu qua cc hot ng giao lu
thng mi trn bin, cng nh nh hng ca cc nc phng
Ty nh B o Nha, H Lan...