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Gia o Trinh Doc Chat Hoc
Gia o Trinh Doc Chat Hoc
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- Bnh l hc: cung cp phng php m khm v phn tch cc bnh tch i th, vi
th gip chn on ng c.
- Dch t hc: gip phn bit bnh do ng c vi cc bnh truyn nhim, k
sinh trng.
- V sinh th y v thc n gia sc lin quan n phng php phng ng c.
c. Cc lnh vc nghin cu ca c cht hc
Cc lnh vc nghin cu ca c cht hc lin quan n nhn y v th y gm:
- c cht hc m t: nh gi nguy c do phi nhim vi cht c hoc mi trng
thng qua cc kt qu thu c t cc xt nghim c tnh.
- c cht hc c ch: Gii thch c ch gy c, t c th d on nguy c v c
s khoa hc iu tr ng c.
- c cht hc lm sng: Nghin cu cc bnh do ng c, nhim c, cch chn on
v iu tr ng c, nhim c.
- c cht hc phn tch: Nghin cu cc phng php pht hin v th nghim cht
c v cc cht chuyn ho ca chng trong vt phm sinh hc v mi trng. y l mt
ngnh ca ho phn tch.
- c cht hc mi trng: Nghin cu s chuyn vn ca cht c v cc cht
chuyn ho ca chng trong mi trng, trong chui thc phm v tc dng c ca cc cht
ny trn c th v trn qun th.
- c cht hc cng nghip: Nghin cu v nh hng c hi ca mi trng lao
ng cng nghip i vi ngi v sc vt.
- c cht hc php y: Cc xt nghim c cht v khm lm sng cc trng hp ng
c, nhim c mang tnh php l.
1.2. Cht c
a. Khi nim cht c
Cht c (poison) l nhng cht v c hay hu c c ngun gc thin nhin hay do
tng hp, khi nhim vo c th v t n nng nht nh c th gy hiu qu dc hi cho
c th sng.
Gary D. Osweiler li a ra nh ngha v cht c nh sau: cht c l nhng cht
rn, lng hoc kh, khi nhim vo c th theo ng ung hoc cc ng khc s gy nh
hng n cc qu trnh sng ca cc t bo ca cc c quan, t chc. Cc tc ng ny ph
thuc vo bn cht v c lc ca cc cht c.
Khi nim khc ca cht c l c t (toxin) c dng ch cc cht c c sn
sinh (c ngun gc) t cc qu trnh sinh hc ca c th v c gi l c t sinh hc (biotoxin).
Trong qu trnh nghin cu v cht c cn lu mt s im sau:
- Cht c l mt khi nim mang tnh nh lng. Mi cht u c mt liu no
v cng v hi vi liu rt thp. Gii hn gia 2 liu l phm vi cc tc dng sinh
hc. Theo Paracelsus (1493 - 1541): tt c mi cht u l cht c, khng c cht no
khng phi l cht c. Liu lng thch hp s phn bit c mt cht c v mt thuc.
Aspinrin (acid acetyl salicylic) l thuc h st chng vim c dng trong iu tr t nhiu
3
nm nay, nhng c th gy cht ngi vi liu 0,2 - 0,5 g/Kg. St, ng, magne, km l
nhng nguyn t vi lng cn thit trong thnh phn thc n chn nui, nhng nu qu liu
th c th gy ng c.
- V mt sinh hc, mt cht c th c vi loi ny nhng li khng c vi loi khc.
Carbon tetraclorid gy c mnh cho gan trn nhiu loi, nhng t hi hn i vi g. Mt s
loi th c th n l c c dc c cha belladon.
- Mt cht c th khng c khi dng mt mnh, nhng li rt c khi dng phi hp
vi cht khc. Piperonyl butoxid rt t c vi loi c v v cn trng khi dng mt mnh,
nhng c th lm tng c tnh rt mnh ca cc cht dng cng do n c tc dng c ch cc
enzym chuyn ho cht l (xenobiotic - metabolizing enzymes) ca c th.
- c tnh ca mt cht c c th thay i khi xm nhp vo c th qua cc ng
khc nhau nh: qua ng ung, ng h hp, qua da, qua ng tim...
b. Khi nim c tnh v c lc
- Khi nim c tnh: c dng miu t tnh cht gy c ca cht c i vi c
th sng.
- Khi nim c lc: l lng cht c trong nhng iu kin nht nh gy nh hng
c hi hoc nhng bin i sinh hc c hi cho c th.
Khi nghin cu v c lc, cn quan tm n mi quan h gia liu lng cht gy
c v p ng ca c th b ng c. Theo quy nh quc t, liu lng ca cht c c
tnh bng milligram (mg) cht c/1kg khi lng c th gy nh hng sinh hc nht nh.
mt s loi ng vt hoang d hoc loi c, c lc c th hin bng nng
cc cht c trong thc n ng vt hoc nc. Nng gy t vong (LC - Lethal
Concentration) l nng cht c thp nht trong 1 kg thc n chn nui hoc trong 1 lt
nc (i vi c) gy cht ng vt. c lc trong ng c cp tnh c tnh theo LC50 nng gy cht 50% ng vt.
* Mt s khi nim v liu lng c s dng xc nh c lc ca cht c:
- ED50 (Effective Dose): liu c tc dng vi 50% ng vt th nghim.
- Liu ti a khng gy c (HNTP - Highest Nontoxic Dose): l liu lng ln
nht ca thuc hoc cht c khng gy nhng bin i bnh l cho c th.
- Liu thp nht c th gy c (TDL - Toxic Dose Low): Khi cho gp i liu ny s
khng gy cht ng vt.
- Liu gy c (TDH - Toxic Dose High): l liu lng s to ra nhng bin i bnh
l. Khi cho gp i liu ny s gy cht ng vt.
- Liu cht (LD - Lethal Dose): l liu lng thp nht gy cht ng vt. LD c cc t
l khc nhau nh: LD1- liu gy cht 1% ng vt; LD50: liu gy cht 50% ng vt; LD100:
liu gy cht 100% ng vt.
* an ton ca thuc: c xc nh da trn cc ch s:
- Ch s iu tr (TI - Therapeutic Index): l t s gia LD50 v ED50.
LD50
TI =
ED50
4
- Tiu chun an ton (SSM- Standart Safety Margin) l t s gia LD1 v ED99:
LD1
SSM =
ED99
c. Phn loi cht c
Cht c c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch: theo ngun gc, bn cht l ho ca
cht c, phng php phn tch cht c, c lc, tc ng ca cht c trn cc h c quan
ca c th v ngun ly nhim cht c.
* Phn loi theo ngun gc cht c:
- Cht c c ngun gc thin nhin: ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt.
- Cht c c ngun gc tng hp, bn tng hp.
* Phn loi theo bn cht l ho ca cht c:
- Cc cht c dng kh, lng, cht rn.
- Cc cht c v c: kim loi, kim, axit, baz.
- Cc hp cht hu c: cc hp cht cha carbon, cc loi thuc tr su, aldehyd,
cc axit hu c, cc ester, cc hp cht cha nit, cc hp cht cha lu hunh, cc
alcaloid, glycosid.
* Phn loi theo phng php phn tch cht c: theo Stas-Otto
- Cht c ho tan trong nc hay cc dung dch axit, kim.
- Cht c ho tan trong ether.
- Cht c c th chit tch c trong cc dung mi hu c.
* Phn loi cht c theo c lc
Bng 1.1. Phn loi cht c theo c lc
Phn loi
c lc
(LD50)
Rt c (extremely toxic)
< 1mg/kg
1 - 50 mg/kg
50-500 mg/kg
0,5 - 5 g/kg
5 - 15g/kg
>15g/kg
5
- Cc cht c tc ng trn gan, mt: tetraclorua carbon, phenol, aflatoxin, fumonisin,
acetaminophen, toluen, ng...
- Cc cht c tc ng trn thn: thuc khng sinh nhm aminoglycosid,
oxytetracyclin, sulfonamid, kim loi nng, ochratoxin...
- Cc cht c tc ng trn h h hp: carbon monoxid, kim loi nng, carbon dioxid,
formaldehyd, thuc tr su phospho hu c, fumonisin...
- Cc cht c tc ng trn h tim, mch: digitalis, digitoxin, cafein, cocain,
monesin, amphetamin...
- Cc cht c tc ng trn h mu: aspirin, benzen, chloramphenicol,
chlorpromazin, estrogen, phenylbutazol, T2 mycotoxin (y l cc cht gy thiu mu).
- Cc cht c tc ng trn h sinh sn: testosteron, zearalenon, dicoumarol,
corticosteroid, fumonisin, ch, cadmi, selen...
- Cc cht c tc ng trn da: acid, base, formaldehyd, iodin, mui thy ngn,
phenol, cc cht nhy cm quang hc...
* Phn loi theo tc dng c bit ca cht c:
- Cht c gy ung th:
+ Cc cht c c ngun gc thin nhin: aflatoxin B1, alcaloid pyrolizidin, aquilid A
trong cy dng x, alcanylbenzen trong cy de vng.
+ Hp cht ung th hnh thnh khi ch bin thc phm: nitrosamin, cc cht
hydratcarbon a vng thm, cc amin d vng.
+ Mt s thuc th y: diethylstibestrol (DES).
- Cht c gy t bin: Hu ht cc cht gy ung th u c tc dng gy t bin.
- Cht c gy qui thai: cc hp cht este phospho hu c, thuc tr su loi
carbamat, thuc dit nm cha thy ngn, cloramphenicol.
* Phn loi theo ngun gy c:
- Cc cht gy nhim khng kh, nc v thc phm
- Cc cht ph gia trong thc phm
- Cc ho cht trong cng nghip v cc dung mi.
- Thuc bo v thc vt, thuc th y.
- Cc ngun khc.
d. Cc ngun cht c
Con ngi v ng vt c th b ng c bi rt nhiu cht c n t nhiu ngun
trong cuc sng.
* Cc cht gy nhim khng kh, nc v thc phm
- Bn cht cc cht gy nhim khng kh, nc, thc phm v ngun gy nhim
thng lin quan n vng a d.
- Ngun chnh gy nhim khng kh l do cc phng tin giao thng, cc qu trnh
cng nghip, cc loi nh my in. Cc cht gy nhim khng kh thng gp l: CO, cc
oxit nit, cc oxit lu hunh, cc hydro carbon.
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- Nc thng b nhim bi cc ho cht, cc cht hu c t cng rnh, t nc thi
ca cc nh my, t rung ng c dng ho cht bo v thc vt...
- Cc cht gy nhim lng thc thc phm, thc n chn nui c th tn ti trong
thc phm dng th, dng nu chn hoc qua ch bin. C nhiu loi c: c t ca
vi khun (nh ngoi c t ca Clostridium botulinum), c t ca nm (aflatoxin ca
aspergilus), c t ca ng vt, alcaloid ca cy, cc tn d ca thuc tr su...
* Cc cht ph gia trong thc phm, thc n chn nui
Cc cht ph gia c cho vo thc phm, thc n chn nui vi nhiu l do khc
nhau: bo qun (khng khun, khng nm hoc chng oxy ho); thay i tnh cht vt
l, nht l trong qu trnh ch bin; thay i hng v, thay i mu hoc mi. Ni chung,
cc cht ny u an ton v khng c c tnh trng din. Tuy nhin, hin nay c ti hng
trm, thm tr hng nghn cht ph gia c s dng trn ton th gii, v rt nhiu cht trong
s cn cha c cc bin php thch hp pht hin v nh gi. Ngoi ra cn cha bit
c cc tc dng tng h (tng tc) gia nhng cht ny hoc gia chng vi thc phm,
thc n chn nui.
* Cc ho cht trong cng nghip v cc dung mi
Trong cng nghip, rt nhiu ho cht c s dng v chng tn ti mi trng
lm vic vi nng cao, c th gy c. Bao gm:
- Cc cht v c: cc kim loi ch, ng, thu ngn, km, cadmi, kh carbon
monoxyd, fluoride.
- Cc cht hu c: Hydrocarbon mch thng (hexan) hydrocarbon mch vng (benzen,
toluen, xylen), hydro carbon gn halogen (dicloromethan, tricloroethylen), cn (methanol,
ethylenglycol), cc dn xut nitro (nitrobenzen).
Cc dung mi thng gp mi trng cng nghip, trong nghin cu v trong cuc
sng hng ngy. Ngoi tc dng ti ch trn da (ty m, kch ng), nhiu cht gy dc ton
thn (h thn kinh trung ng, to mu). Cc dung mi thng gp l:
- Hydrocarbon mch thng: hexan...
-Hydrocarbon mch thng c halogen: methylen diclorid, cloroform, carbon
tetraclorid...
- Ru mch thng: methanol, ethanol...
- Hydrocarbon mch vng thm: benzen, toluen...
* Ha cht bo v thc vt
Ha cht bo v thc vt bao gm thuc tr su, thuc dit c, thuc tr bnh...Cc
cht ny tuy c c tnh chn lc trn c hoc cn trng nhng khi s dng vn gy nhim
khng kh, t, nc...v t c th gy c cho ngi v sc vt.
* Thuc th y dng iu tr gia sc gia cm
Thuc th y, nht l cc thuc c c tnh cao nu dng khng ng, qu liu, khng
ng ch nh, s tng tc gia cc thuc khi dng phi hp c th gy ng c thuc th
y vt nui.
e. S vn chuyn ca cht c trong mi trng
Cc cht ho hc nh ho cht bo v thc vt, cc kh thi cng nghip c gii
phng ra mi trng him khi c lu li ti ch hoc gi nguyn dng. Nhiu ho cht sau
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b phn gii bi vi khun v nm ri nhanh chng b kh c, thng b ct vn thnh hp
cht c th nhp vo chu trnh carbon, nit v oxy. Cc cht khc c bit l hu c cha
halogen, l nhng cht t nhiu khng b chuyn ho bi vi khun v tn ti trong t nh
cht nhim, li nhp vo cc cy lng thc - thc phm... v d DDT v cht chuyn ho
chnh ca n DDE c th tn ti nhiu nm sau khi ngng phun DDT.
- Cc cht c d tan trong m s d b c th hp thu khi phi nhim trong khng kh,
t, nc v dn dn c tch lu cho n khi t nng gy c.
S tch ly ha cht bo v thc vt trong chui sinh hc thc phm c th hin nh sau:
* Ha cht bo v thc vt tch ly trong t:
ng vt khng xng sng t
ng vt c xng sng t
chim/loi c v n mi
D phm trong t
Cy mc t t
ng vt n c
ngi
rn nc v lp gip xc
1.3. Ng c
a. Khi nim ng c
Ng c l trng thi ri lon nhng hot ng sinh l bnh thng ca c th do cht
c gy ra. Cht c c ch mt s phn ng sinh ho hc, c ch chc nng ca enzym. T
cht c c th c ch hoc kch thch qu lng cc hormon, h thn kinh hoc cc
chc phn khc ca t bo lm cho c th c nhng triu chng, phn ng khc thng.
b. Phn loi ng c
C nhiu cch phn loi ng c. Trong th y ch yu phn loi theo thi gian xy ra
ng c. Tu thuc vo tng cht v phn ng ca c th, tc dng gy c thng xut hin
rt sm. Tuy nhin, c cht gy tc dng chm (chloaramphenicol gy thiu mu suy tu sau
khi ngng dng thuc hng tun), hoc rt chm, 20 - 30 nm sau khi tip xc vi ho cht
c mi thy xut hin ung th.
* Ng c cp tnh:
Ng c tnh cp tnh l nhng biu hin ng c xy ra rt sm sau mt hoc vi ln c
th tip xc vi cht c. Ty thuc vo cht gy c, ng xm nhim cht c, biu hin
ng c c th xy ra 1- 2 pht hoc 30 pht n 60 pht sau khi c th hp thu cht c v
thng l di 24 gi. a s trng hp ng c cp tnh chuyn sang dng cp tnh hoc
mn tnh.
* Ng c bn cp ( cp tnh)
Xy ra sau nhiu ngy, c khi sau 1- 2 tun. Sau khi iu tr, khi nhanh nhng thng
li nhng di chng th cp vi nhng biu hin nng n hn. V d ng c oxit carbon. Ng c
cp tnh c khi chuyn sang thnh dng mn tnh.
* Ng c mn tnh
Ng c mn tnh ch xut hin sau nhiu ln phi nhim vi c cht, c khi l
hng thng, hng nm. V vy, nhng biu hin ca nhim c thng l nhng thay i
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rt su sc v cu trc v chc phn ca t bo, kh iu tr. V d: tc dng gy ung
th, gy t bin gen, gy qui thai, gy c cho gan, thn, h thn kinh dn n suy
gim chc nng khng hi phc. Ng c mn tnh cng c th tr thnh cp tnh trong
nhng iu kin nht nh (ng c ch).
Cng mt cht li c th biu hin tc dng c khc nhau tu theo nhim c cp
hoc mn: nhiu hydrocarbon gn clor khi nhim c cp (liu cao) th gy c trn thn kinh
trung ng, nhng khi nhim c mn (liu thp trong thi gian di) th li c biu hin gy
ung th (gan), rt t tc dng c trn thn kinh.
* Tc dng tim n: l loi phn ng khng c th hin trong nhiu ngy, thng hay
thm ch hng nm (v d nh tc dng gy ung th v gy c thn kinh ca mt s cht hu
c). Tc dng tim n thng xy ra sau khi ngng phi nhim vi cht c mt thi gian di.
2. ng hc ca cht c
ng hc ca cht c (toxicokinetics) chuyn nghin cu cc qu trnh chuyn vn
ca cht c (ni chung l cc cht l-xenobiotics) t lc c hp thu vo c th cho n khi
b thi tr hon ton. Cc qu trnh l: S hp thu (Absorption); S phn b (Distribution);
S chuyn ha (Metabolism); S thi tr (Excretion, Elimination).
2.1. S xm nhp ca cht c
Cc cht c trc khi nhp vo c th, phi vt qua nhiu hng ro bo v ca c
th (da, nim mc, cc m,...), v vy s xm nhp ca cht c ph thuc mt phn vo bn
cht cc hng ro v mt phn vo chnh cc c im phn t ca cht c ( ln phn t,
tnh ho tan trong m/nc, pH, mc ion ho,...).
a. Cht c xm nhp qua mng sinh hc
* Cu to mng sinh hc
Cc mng sinh hc c vai tr lm hng ro, ngn cn s hp thu cc cht c. Da,
nim mc ng tiu ho, nim mc ng h hp u l nhng hng ro, khc nhau v
dy mng, nhng u c tnh cht chung c bn sau:
- L nhng l mng, bn cht l lipoprotein c to bi 2 hng phn t ch yu l
phospholipid v cholesterol m nhng cc k nc quay ra 2 pha v c to bi protein.
Cc cc k nc gi cho cu trc liporotein ca mng c ton vn.
- T l lipid: protein thay i t 5:1 cho mng myelin n 1:5 cho cu trc bn trong ca ty
th. T l ny rt nh hng n s xm nhp ca cht c. Gia cc mng ny c cc ng dn,
ng knh thay i t 40 (mng t bo mao mch no) n 450 (mng cu thn), c th cho
qua cc phn t nh khng tan trong lipid, trng lng phn t t 100 - 200 dalton.
Cc cht c khng ion ho d khuch tn qua mng sinh hc hn cc cht ion
ho. Cc acaloid nh strychnin b ion ho mnh mi trng acid ca d dy (sc vt
n tht, n tp) nn khng biu hin tc dng c, nhng khi vo n mi trng kim
ca rut, strychnin khng b ion ho, c hp thu v gy c. S lng dng ion ho v
khng ion ho ph thuc vo pKa ca cht c v pH ca mi trng. pKa l logarit m ca
hng s phn ly acid. Theo phng trnh Henderson - Hasselbach:
i vi 1 acid yu:
Dng khng ion ho
Log
= pKa - pH
Dng ion ho
9
i vi 1 base yu:
Dng ion ho
Log
= pKa - pH
Dng khng ion ho
10
Cc cht khng gy tn hi lp lipid (ether c chui di, du olive) lm gim tnh thm. Da
cng cha cc enzym chuyn ho thuc, cht c. Hot tnh chuyn ho ca ton b da bng
khong 2 - 6% ca gan.
* Cht c xm nhp qua ng tiu ho
L ng ch yu hp thu cc cht c vi mt s c im sau:
- C th hp thu mt lng ln cht c
- B chuyn ho mt phn khi qua gan ln th nht.
- C pH thay i t acid (1 - 3 d dy ), tng dn ti kim (6 - 8 rut) nn hp thu
cc cht c c pKa khc nhau.
- C qu trnh vn chuyn tch cc d hp thu, nht l khi cht c c cu trc ging
vi cht dinh dng ca c th.
* Cht c xm nhp qua ng h hp
S hp thu qua ng h hp c 2 c im quan trng:
(1) Nim mc hp thu c din tch rt rng ( ngi l 80 - 100 m2) bng khong 50
ln din tch da.
(2) Khong cch gia din hp thu vi tun hon ch dy 1 - 2 mm, v vy kh c c
th vo tun hon sau vi giy.
V s xm nhp cc cht c qua ng h hp, cn lu mt s c im sau:
- Trong chu k h hp, lun c mt th tch kh tn lu li trong phi, v vy cc kh
c chm thi tr v s d b hp thu tr li.
- Cc cht c hp thu qua ng h hp c phn lm 2 loi:
(1) Cc cht tun theo cc nh lut v cht kh, bao gm: dung mi, hi v kh.
(2) Cc cht khng tun theo nh lut trn, bao gm cc dng ht, kh dung, my m,
khi... Rt nhiu y t c th lm d dng hoc ngn cn s xm nhp ny.
Cc ht c ng knh > 5 mm thng lng ng trong vng mi hng. Cc ht < 2
mm lng ng trong cc nhnh kh ph qun, , cc nim mao nim dch s y chng ra
vi tc 1 mm/pht v thi gian bn thi < 5 gi. Khong 80% thanh thi ca phi l qua
ng ny. Khi ti thanh mn cc bi thi s c nut vo ng tiu ho hoc ho, khc y
ra ngoi. Ngoi ra, hin tng thc bo trn ng h hp cng ng vai tr rt tch cc trong
vic thanh thi cc cht c. Cc thc bo s a cht c vo bch mch v c th s tch lu
trong mt thi gian di. Cc ht 1 mm c th vo n tn ph nang, hnh thnh cc nt cng
vi s pht trin mt mng li si reticulin.
Cc cht kh s qua ph nang vo mu, cht no c ho tan cao s c hp thu
nhiu thi gian t c thng bng kh: mu ph nang thng > 10 pht i vi cc
kh t tan. Cc kh c cng d tan th thi gian t c cn bng cng di, c khi ti 1 gi.
Cha thy c s vn chuyn tch cc ng h hp, tuy nhin, thm bo
(pinocytosis) c th c vai tr quan trng.
2. 2. S phn b cht c
Cc dch trong c th c phn vo 3 gian c bn: nc trong huyt tng, nc trong
khe gian bo v nc trong t bo. Huyt tng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic phn phi cc
cht c c hp thu. Cht c sau khi c hp thu vo mu, mt phn s gn vo protein
huyt tng, phn t do s qua c thnh mch chuyn vo cc m, vo ni tc dng, vo m
10
11
d tr, hoc b chuyn ho ri thi tr. Nhiu khi cc sn phm chuyn ho li c hn cht m,
tr li vng tun hon li c phn phi li vo c quan v gy c (S 1.1).
S khc bit ln gia thuc v cht c l thuc c t l tan trong nc cao hn v d
b ion ho hn, v vy d b thi tr. Cn cht c hi d tan trong lipid khng b ion ho nn
thng gn mnh vo m, gy c hoc tch lu lu trong c th.
Trong mu, thuc gn ch yu vo phn albumin ca protein huyt tng. V cc
cht c thng rt a m nn li hay gn mnh vo lipoprotein. S gn ny cng xy ra
cc ni d tr (gan, thn, m m,...), hoc v tr tc dng (hemoglobin, m thn
kinh,...). Dng cht c t do huyt tng, dch khe lun c gi trng thi cn
bng, v vy khi nng dng t do gim th cht c li c gii phng t kho d tr
ra. y l c ch ca nhim c mn tnh.
Do c tnh ho hc khc nhau nn mi loi cht c c i lc c bit vi cc m. V
d: flo thng ng li xng v rng do to cc hp cht florophosphat calci: cc kim loi
nng, tc dng vi gc thio (-SH) c nhiu trong t bo sng (lng, tc, mng); ch c gi
li trong huyt cu; cc cht tr su c halogen (DDT, lindan) gn nhiu t bo m.
S phn b ca cng mt loi cht c trong ng c cp tnh v mn tnh nhiu khi
cng khc nhau: trong ng c cp tnh ch, thng thy n c nhiu gan v thn; nhng
trong ng c mn tnh li thng thy ch tu xng, tc, huyt cu.
Thi tr
S phn phi
Chuyn
ho thnh
cht c
Chuyn ho
thnh sn
phm lin hp
Chuyn
ho thnh
cht t c
Phn phi li
Tng tc vi cc phn t ln
(Protein, DNA, RNA, receptor,...)
Lun chuyn
v sa cha
Cc tc dng c
(Di truyn, ung th, qui thai, min dch,...)
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12
S 1.1: S phn b cht c trong c th
* Cht c tch ly
- Khi nhim c lin tc trong nhiu ngy d gy tch ly cht c. S tn lu cht
c trong c th lu ngy khi gy ng c v gy cht c gi l tch ly cht c.
- Tch ly ha hc: l loi tch ly trc khi bin thnh cht khng c hi v o thi
ra ngoi mt liu th li nhim thm mt liu khc mi. iu ny gii thch hin tng tch
ly ca strychnin v asen.
1.3. S chuyn ho cht c
a. Vai tr ca s chuyn ho cht c
Cht c c coi l nhng cht l (xenobitics), khng th dung np c, phi b thi tr.
Cht c thng l nhng phn t tan c trong m, khng b ion ho v vy d thm
qua mng sinh hc, thm nhp vo trong t bo v gi li trong c th. Mun thi tr, nhng
cht ny phi c chuyn ho thnh cc phn t c cc, d b ion ho, do s t tan trong
m, kh gn vo protein, kh thm vo t bo, v v th, tan trong nc, d b thi tr (qua
thn, phn,...).
* Cc enzym chnh xc tc qu trnh chuyn ho cht l
Qu trnh chuyn ha c th xy ra mt s ni trong c th vi s xc tc ca mt s
enzym nh sau:
- Cc cht l (xenobiotic) thng c chuyn ha thnh cc dng khc nhau nh h
cc men oxy ha c chc nng hn hp (MFOs - micrsomal mixed function oxidase). Li ni
m trn l ni MFOs khu tr v hot ng, c bit l gan, hot ng ca enzym tng
ln ng k trong vng mt vi ngy c th phi nhim vi cht c. Cytocrom P450 gi vai
tr quan trng trong chuyn ha nhiu xenobiotics. H MFO hot ng trrc ht trn cc
hp cht thn m khng phn cc. MFOs thm vo cc nhm chc nng c cc v t thn m
hn.
- Men protease, lipase, decarboxylase xc tc chuyn ha cht c ti nim mc rut.
- Huyt thanh: esterase
- Vi khun rut: reductase, decarboxylase
- H thn kinh trung ng: mono amin oxydase, decarboxylase.
b. Cc phn ng chuyn ho chnh
Cc phn ng chuyn ha cht c dc chia lm 2 giai on (2 pha):
* Chuyn ha giai on 1
y l cc phn ng chuyn ha giai on 1, chun b xenobiotic cho chuyn ha giai on 2.
- Cc phn ng giai on 1 c th c kch hot nh phn ng enzym. H MFOs
c kch hot tng hot tnh bng s gii phng trc 1 hp cht ngoi lai y ht hay
tng t, thng ln lt tng quy trnh chuyn ha sinh hc ca nhng hp cht ny.
Barbiturat, hydro carbon, halogen v steroid ni sinh ln tc nhn gy cm ng enzym MFOs.
- Chuyn ha giai on 1 c th b c ch (v d bng pyperonyl, butoxide, c s
dng tng tnh c trong cn trng).
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13
Qua phn ng pha ny, cht c dng tan c trong m s tr nn c cc, d tan
trong nc. Nhng v mt tc dng sinh hc, cht c c th mt hot tnh, hoc ch gim
hot tnh, hoc i khi l tng hot tnh, tr nn c hot tnh.
- Cc phn ng chnh pha ny gm:
+ Phn ng oxy ho: l phn ng rt thng gp, c xc tc bi cc enzym ca
microsom gan, c bit l hemoprotein, cytocrom P450.
+ Phn ng thu phn do cc enzym esterase, amidase, protease,... Ngoi gan, huyt thanh
v cc m khc (phi, thn,...) cng c cc enzym ny.
+ Phn ng kh carboxyl (kh COO): decarboxylase.
* Chuyn ha giai on 2
L mt chui cc phn ng lin hp c lin quan n nhng xenobiotic c
chuyn ha giai on 1 thnh nhng phn t c cc, mang nhm chc hydroxyd, amino,
carboxyl hoc halogen c th tham gia d dng cc phn ng lin hp vi cc cht chuyn
ho ni sinh nh ng, acid amin, glutathion, sulfat,...
- Qu trnh lin hp to ra mt hp cht t thn m hn v tan nhiu trong nc hn
cht ban u.
- Cc sn phm ca qu trnh lin hp d o thi hn trong nc tiu v thng t c
hn hp cht m hoc cc cht chuyn ha ca giai on 1.
- Cc sn phm lin hp thng l acid glucuronic, acid amin, cc acetat, sulfat v
glutathione.
Cc phn ng lin hp chnh: cc phn ng lin hp vi axit glycuronic, axit sulfuric,
axit amin (ch yu l glycin), phn ng acetyl ho, methyl ho. Cc phn ng ny i hi
nng lng v c cht ni sinh.
Mt s cht hon ton khng b chuyn ho, l nhng hp cht c cc cao (nh
axit, base mnh), khng thm qua c lp m ca microsom. Phn ln c thi tr nhanh
nh hexamethonium, methotrexat.
Mt s hot cht khng c cc cng c th khng b chuyn ho; barbital, ether,
halothan, dieldrin.
* Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ho cht c
- Bnh gan: gan l c quan chuyn ha quan trng nht ca c th. Cc bnh lm
gim qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc gan l x gan, nhim c gan, caxinom v mt (sp
xp theo mc nh hng) do lm gim hot ng ca MFOs.
- S ti sinh cc m gan b tn thng lm tng qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc.
- S nh v cht c trong cc m cng vi hot ng MFOs c th nh hng n
qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. Cc tc nhn b phn chia mnh trong m m, xng hay no
s khng tham gia cc qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc.
- Tui sc vt: sc vt s sinh v sc vt gi c th thiu enzym cn thit cho qu
trnh chuyn ha sinh hc.
- Thiu cht dinh dng dn n thiu cc cht ha hc cn thit cho qu trnh tng
hp cc enzym hay cc cht lin hp. v d: thiu cht khong nh canxi, ng, st, magie,
km, cc vitamin E, C, B v cc protein.
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14
Loi, ging gia sc khc nhau, hot ng ca enzym giai on 1 v 2 khc nhau (v
d, hot ng ca enzym N - dimethylation chut lang yu hn so vi cc ng vt khc).
- Tnh bit c th nh hng n qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. con c, hot lc
ca MFO thng cao hn, lin quan n steroid ni sinh nh testosterol.
- ng phi nhim vi cht c c th c nh hng n tc dng gy c. Cht c
nhim qua ng ming s qua gan trc khi vo h c quan khc lm tng kh nng chuyn
ha sinh hc.
- Nhit c th gim lm gim hot tnh ca cc enzym microsom.
- S bin i ca cc cytocrom P450 v glutathione kh (GSH) theo ngy v m lin
quan n qu trnh bin i sinh hc.
- Cht gy cm ng enzym chuyn ho: c tc dng lm tng sinh cc enzym
microsom gan, lm tng hot tnh cc enzym ny.
1.4. S o thi cht c
Cht c thng c thi tr khi qua chuyn ho.
a. o thi cht c qua thn
y l ng thi tr quan trng nht ca cc cht tan trong nc, c trng lng
phn t nh hn 300.
* Qu trnh thi tr
Lc th ng qua cu thn: hot cht dng t do, khng gn vo protein huyt tng
c lc y.
Bi tit tch cc qua ng thn: qu trnh ny xy ra ch yu ng ln gn, do phi c
cht vn chuyn nn ti y c s canh tranh thi tr.
Ti hp thu ng thn: l qu trinh khuch tn th ng qua ng thn, qu trnh ny
xy ra ng ln gn v ng ln xa. Cc cht tan trong lipid, khng b ion ha pH nc
tiu tuy thi tr trong nc tiu ban u li c ti hp thu vo mu.
* ngha lm sng
Lm tng thi tr iu tr nhim c: kim ho nc tiu, lm tng ion ho ca
phenobarbital, tng thi tr khi b nhim c phenobarbital.
b. o thi cht c qua mt
Sau khi chuyn ho gan, cc cht chuyn ho c trng lng phn t ln hn 300 s
thi tr qua mt theo phn ra ngoi. Phn ln sau khi b chuyn ho thm rut s c ti
hp thu vo mu thi tr qua thn.
Mt s cht sau khi thi tr qua mt xung rut li c ti hp thu v gan theo ng
tnh mch gnh li vo vng tun hon, c gi l cht c chu k rut - gan. Nhng cht
ny tch lu trong c th, lm ko di tc dng (morphin, tetracylin, digitalis tr tim...).
c. o thi cht c qua phi
Cc cht c th hi, c tnh cht bay hi thi tr qua phi, bao gm: (1) Cc cht bay
hi nh ru, tinh du (eucalyptol, menthol). (2)Cc cht kh: halothan. Ether etylic.
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15
d. o thi cht c qua sa
Cc cht tan mnh trong lipid (cc alcaloid, barbiturat, cc cht chng vim phi
steroid, tetracycilin..), c trng lng phn t di 200 thng d dng thi tr qua sa.
V sa c pH hi acid hn huyt tng nn cc cht l acid yu c nng thp hn
v cc cht l base yu c th nng trong sa hi cao hn huyt tng.
3. C ch tc dng ca cht c
Ni dung phn 3 bao gm:
(1) C s phn t ca tn thng t bo do ng c, nhim c: Cc cht c
(xenobiotics) khi qua chuyn ha to thnh cc cht a in t (Electrophile), gc t do (Free
radical), cht i nhn (Nucleophile), cht phn ng oxy ha kh (Redox). C ch tc dng ca
cht c c gii thch da trn tc hi ca cc cht chuyn ho ny.
(2) C ch gy c c trng trn c quan, t chc c gii thch i vi tng c
quan, h c quan ca c th.
3.1. C s phn t ca tn thng t bo do ng c, nhim c
Tn thng t bo l c s ca hu ht cc tc dng c hi. Tc dng gy c ca
cht c l kt qu ca s ri lon chc nng mt s qu trnh sinh hc trong c th.
S phc tp ca p ng c hi in vivo c th c gii thch do tng tc ca cc t
bo trong cc m, nh hng ln nhau gia cc c quan v i vi ton b c th. Khi c th
b ng c, cc qu trnh sinh hc trong c th c th b ngng tr hoc vt qu gii hn sinh
l bnh thng v nh hng n cc h c quan chu s iu khin ca chng.
p ng t bo i vi cc ho cht c xy ra thng qua 2 c ch: nh hng n
cu trc v nh hng n chuyn ho trong t bo.
- nh hng n cu trc: Tnh ton vn ca mng t bo b thay i s nh hng
n s vn chuyn cc th dch v cht in phn, n s iu chnh th tch t bo.
- nh hng n chuyn ho:
(1) Lm gim nng lng sn c cho qu trnh vn chuyn tch cc, tng hp cc cao
phn t v duy tr cn bng thm thu (bm kali natri)
(2) Lm xo trn iu khin axit nucleic, gy bin tnh protein cu trc dn n
ngng tr tng hp protein. Qu trnh tng trng b nh hng (hin tng tng sinh hay ung
th) do DNA b ph hu, khng c sao chp ng hoc vt qu kh nng iu khin s n
nh ni mi
(3) Gy tch ly cc cht bo v cc sc t bt thng.
Mt s xenobiotics (acid mnh, base mnh, nicotine, aminoglycoside, ethylene oxide,
methyliscyanate, kim loi nng, HCN, CO) l cht c trc tip, trong khi c tnh ca cc cht
khc li ph thuc phn ln vo cc cht chuyn ha ca chng. Qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc
cc xenobiotics thnh nhng sn phm c hi c gi l s hot ha. i vi mt s xenobiotics,
sau chuyn ha sinh hc, tnh cht l, ha hc b thay i dn n tc dng c hi lm thay i
cu trc hoc vi mi trng ca qu trnh sinh hc. V d : acid oxalic c hnh thnh t ethylen
glycol c th gy nhim acid v gim canxi huyt cng nh tc ng thn do kt ta canxi oxalat.
Mt s cht c phn ng vi enzym hoc th th. V d: hp cht phospho hu c parathion
c chuyn ha thnh cht c ch men cholinesterase. Tuy nhin, hay gp nht l cc cc trng
hp xenobiotics khi qua chuyn ha to thnh cc phn t khc nhau trong c th, l:
- Electrophile: cht i in t (a in t)
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16
- Free radical: gc t do
- Nucleophile: cht i nhn (a nhn)
- Redox active reactant: cht phn ng oxy ha kh.
a. S hnh thnh cht a in t
Cc hp cht l (xenobiotics) qua chuyn ho sinh hc, di tc ng ca cc men
micrsom oxyha c chc nng hn hp (MFOs - micrsomal mixed function oxidase) s chuyn
thnh dng trung gian a in t (electrophyle). Electrophile l cc phn t cha mt nguyn t
thiu electron c th phn ng bng cch dng chung in t vi nguyn t giu in t.
MFOs l mt h enzyme khng c hiu, c vai tr ch yu trong chuyn ho giai
on 1 (oxy ho cc cht c a m) chun b cho qu trnh lin kt v bi tit cc xenobiotic
trong li ni tng. Cc cht trung gian a in t mi c to thnh qua chuyn ha s
lin kt ng ho tr vi cc cao phn t quan trng trong t bo (lipid, protein, DNA) v lm
chng b bin tnh.
Lin kt ng ho tr ca cht c vi cc cao phn t lin quan n tn thng t bo
v qu trnh gy ung th (carcinogenesis), mc d vai tr ca lin kt ng ho tr trong
nhng trng hp ny cn cha c chng minh bng thc nghim.
Cc electrophiles ng thi cng lin kt vi glutathione kh (GSH). S lin kt ny
c coi l c ch phng v trong t bo.
b. S hnh thnh cc gc t do
* Gc t do v s hnh thnh gc t do
Trong cu trc nguyn t v phn t, cc in t lun dng cp i v cc cp i
ny lun vn chuyn ti mt vng qu o xc nh, xung quanh ht nhn gi l qu o phn
t. Mt in t trong mi cp in t c s nng lng quay (spin quantum number) + 1/2 v
in t cn li c s nng lng quay l - 1/2. Gc t do l dng xut hin khng ph thuc,
c lp theo ng ngha t do, l mt nguyn t hoc mt mnh phn t cha mt hoc
nhiu hn in t khng cp i ch c mt mnh quay trn qu o
Bng 1.2. Mt s v d v gc t do
Tn gc t do
Nguyn t hydro
Cng thc gc
H
Trichloromethyl
CCl3*
ngha
Gc t do n gin nht
- Gc c carbon trung tm (in t khng cp i kt hp vi
carbon), CCl3* c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chuyn ha ca dung
mi carbon tetraclorid trong gan v gy tc ng c hi cho dung
mi
- Gc c carbon trung tm thng c s dng phn ng nhanh
vi O2 to gc peroxyl theo phn ng sau:
CCl3* + O2
CCl3O2
Superoxyd
O2
Hydroxyl
OH*
Peroxyl
Alkoxyl
RO2*
RO*
Oxyd ca nit
NO*
16
17
NO2*
Na+/K+ ATPase
gim
Nc trn vo
Mg+/Ca+ ATPase
gim
phospholipase
hot ha canxi
17
18
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19
(2) Men catalase c tp trung nhiu trong peroxisome ca t bo v xc tc phn
ng bin hydro peroxid thnh nc v oxy.
Hydroperoxyd H2O2cng l mt cht c hot tnh cao nn c hi. H enzym catalase
v glutathion peroxydase (GSHPX) c th loi tr n:
H2O2
catalase
2H2O + 3O2
Catalase vn chuyn H2O2 thnh 2 cht hon ton v hi l nc v oxy tam bi.
Nhng catalase ch th hin tc dng xc tc khi nng H2O2 ln hn 10-8 mol/l. Di nng
, catalase khng c tc dng.
(3) Men glutathion peroxidase GSHPX, 1 enzym cha selen xc tc phn ng bin
hydroperoxid thnh nc v ru. Hot GSHPX ph thuc nng Se trong huyt thanh.
Khi H2O2 c nng ln hn 10-8 mol/l, enzym catalase b bt hot do mt c ch
cha r. Khi nng H2O2 gim xung di tr s ni trn, GSHPX c hot ha, v xc tc
cho phn ng kh H2O2 bng glutathion:
H2O2 + 2GSH GSHPX GSSG + 2 H2O
Glutathion dng oxy ha GSSG li chuyn v dng kh nh enzym glutathion
reductase.
Ging nh cc enzym SOD, catalase v GSHP X c ni bo, ty th v H2O2
cng l mt sn phm ca h hp t bo nh O2 -. Hai men ny hu nh khng c mt
dch ngoi bo.
Cn lu l superoxyd. H2O2 thng xuyn sinh ra do s phn hy peroxyd, ng
thi thng xuyn mt i do tc dng ca catalase v GSHP X , nn tn ti mt nng cn
bng no . Nng cn bng ny lun nh hn 10-8 mol/l.
Superoxyd O2- v peroxyd hydro H2O2 cng tn ti trong t bo nng cn bng
ca chng, tuy l rt nh, nhng s phn ng vi nhau. y l mt phn ng rt quan trng,
v sn sinh ra 2 sn phm: 1O2 (oxy n bi) rt nguy hi v - OH (gc hydroxyl) li cn nguy
hi hn nhiu. Chnh gc - OH l sn phm nguy hi nht do h hp t bo sinh ra:
O2- + H2O2 = -OH + OH- + 1O2
Phn ng ny c gi l phn ng Haber Weiss, c th tin hnh khng cn xc tc.
Cc ion st, ng lm xc tc phn ng ny, lm tc ca n tng ln rt nhiu. Phn ng
trn nu c xc tc c gi l phn ng Fenton.
(4) Vitamin E ng vai tr l mt cht chng oxy ho sinh hc, trong alpha
tocopherol l quan trng hn c, c nhm hydroxyl trn vng benzen c vai tr lm gim gc
t do, ngn cn cc phn ng oxy ha cht bo, ngn cn s hy hoi mng t bo v s cht
ca t bo.
c. S hnh thnh nucleophile
S hnh thnh nucleophile l mt c ch khng ph bin (t gp, v d: s to thnh
cyanid t amygdalin di tc dng ca men bacterial b - glucosidase trong bnh gut
ngi).
Carbon monoxide l cht chuyn ha c hi ca dihalomethane do kh halogen oxy
ha. Mt s cht trung gian chuyn ha nuleophile c to thnh trong gan nh qu trnh
hydroxylation nh hydroxylamin c th to methaemoglobin.
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20
d. S hnh thnh cht phn ng oxy ha kh
Trong qu trnh kh nitrat thnh nitrit v d: methaemoglobin to thnh khi nitrat
chuyn thnh nitrit v gy c
Mt s xenobiotics khng tng tc hoc khng ch tng tc vi cc t bo ch ni
sinh gy c, chng lm thay i vi mi trng sinh hc. Gm c: (1) Cc tc nhn lm thay
i nng ion trong pha nc (aqueos biophase), nh acid v cc cht chuyn ha thnh acid,
nh methanol v ethylene glycol, nh 1,4-dinitrophenol v pentachlorophenol phn ly cc
proton phenolic trong khu vc khun (matrix) ca ty lp th lm trit tiu proton gradient, do
tr hon tng hp ATP; (2) Cc dung mi v cht ty lm thay i pha lipid trong mng t bo
v ph hy chc nng mng; (3) Cc xenobiotics khc gy c bng cch chim ch: v d mt
s ha cht nh ethylene glycol hnh thnh cht kt ta trong ng thn. Bng cch chim v tr
lin kt bilirubin vi albumin, hp cht nh sulfonamid gy bnh vng nhn no (kernicterus)
tr s sinh. Carbon dioxid chim ch oxygen trong ph nang gy ngt th.
3.2. C ch gy c c trng trn c quan, t chc
a. C ch gy tn thng ha hc
C ch gy tn thng ho hc trc tip trn cc m lm thay i cc chc nng iu
khin s n nh ni mi ph thuc mng ca t bo. S ph hy ny thng xy ra khi mng
t bo tip xc vi nhng cht n mn mnh nh axit, baz, cc hp cht gy ng vn
protein hoc c tc dng ph hu lipid mng t bo. S tn ph do ha cht thng xy ra tc
th (c ngha l khng c giai on tim n), ti ch v khng c hiu. Nhng vng nhy
cm nht vi tn thng ho hc l da, mt, ng h hp trn v xoang ming. Cc cht hay
gy tn thng ho hc trc tip l axit, baz, phenol, aldehid, cn, sn phm ct ca du v
mt s mui kim loi nng.
b. C ch gy hoi t t bo biu m
c t sinh hc c th gy hoi t biu m trn khp c th. Hoi t biu m thng
xy ra cc t bo c hot tnh chuyn ho v kh nng sao chp mnh, l t bo ca ng
thn, ti mt, tu xng v biu m rut. Cht c thng nh hng n cc enzyme ch
cht hoc cc qu trnh chuyn ho trung gian trong cc t bo ni trn.
C ch gy thiu ht nng lng (gim hoc ngng qu trnh sn sinh adnosin
triphosphate (ATP)) lm gim kh nng vn chuyn ch ng v iu chnh cc cht in
phn v nc ca t bo. Gim tng hp cc enzyme hoc cc protein cu trc.
Cc cht c gy thiu mu cc b (gim dng chy ca mu) s gy ra thiu oxy m
bo, dn n tnh trng thiu ht nng lng v s ph hu cc t bo.
c. C ch tc ng thng qua c ch hoc cnh tranh enzyme
Thng thng, cc enzyme xc tc cc phn ng ca t bo trong iu kin nhit
v nng nht nh. Do tng tc ho hc trc tip vi cht c, cc enzyme c th b c
ch hoc thay i hot tnh. Qu trnh c ch hay cnh tranh enzyme bao gm c s thay i
cu trc khng gian bc 3, 4 ca cc enzyme. S tng tc enzyme - cht c mnh hay yu
nh hng n mc v thi gian ng c.
c ch cnh tranh l khi nim ni v nh hng ca cht c n hot tnh ca
enzyme. c ch t ti a khi cht cnh tranh c cu trc tng t enzyme. Phc hp enzyme
- cht c ch c tnh thun nghch v phn t cht c ch khng b thay i trong phn ng.
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21
V d nh axid oxalic (c t thc vt) v fluorcacetate (rodenticid - cht dit loi
gm nhm) c ch ln lt succinic dehydrogenase v aconitase trong chu trnh axid
tricarboxylic. Thuc dit cn trng organophosphate v carbamate c ch cholinesterase.
d. C ch gy c do nh hng n cc qu trnh chuyn ho hoc tng hp ca c th
Cc cht c tc ng theo c ch ny thng nh hng n cc sn phm cn cho
nng lng, cho cu trc hoc qu trnh tng trng.
Phosphoryl - oxy ho l qu trnh gii phng nng lng trong chui vn chuyn
electron, phosphoryl ho adenosine diphosphate (ADP) thnh adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Cc cht ph ghp, in hnh l cc cht dit nm 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP),
chlorophenol v arsenate lm tng s dng oxy. Nng lng b tiu hao di dng nhit ch
khng lu tr trong lin kt phosphate giu nng lng, do nhit c th tng.
Cc cht dit nm cha thic c 3 nhm th c ch phosphoryl oxy ho lm hn ch
s dng oxy v gim qu trnh to ATP. Kt qu l c th cng mt mi v yu dn tng t
nh tc dng ca cc cht ph ghp (oxidative uncouple) nhng khng b st.
Cht c gy tn thng DNA hoc gn vi ribosome trong qu trnh vn chuyn
hoc phin m dn dn c ch tng hp acid nucleic v c ch tng hp protein. Nhiu cht
c ch kt hp vi tiu phn ribosome ln hoc nh. Mt s cht c alki ho DNA, c ch
s sao chp hoc phin m. C ch ny thng gp giai on tr hon hoc tim n ca cht
c trc khi xut hin cc triu chng lm sng. V d nh nhim c aflatoxin, cc hp
cht thy ngn hu c v amantine (c t nm Amanita phalloides).
Cht c tc ng n h li ni m th cn tr qu trnh chuyn ho m. Kt
qu ca c ch ny l: (1) Gim tng hp protein nhn (lipid acceptor protein). (2)
Gim kt hp phospholipide v triglyceride trong qu trnh vn chuyn lipoprotein dn
n tch lu m trong t bo.
e. C ch tc dng trn h thn kinh
Cc phn x bnh thng c th c tng cng thng qua phong to s dn truyn
thn kinh c ch ca cung phn x. Kt qu l c th khng iu khin c cc phn x v
kt thc bng cc cn co git nh bnh un vn. C ch tc dng ny thng gp trong ng
c strichnin, do phong to glycin (cht trung gian ha hc ca qu trnh c ch) trong h
thng phn x tu sng.
Cht c c th lm thay i tnh thm ca mng t bo thn kinh i vi cc ion. Cc
dng natri v kali b cht c nh DDT v pyrethrin lm thay i, dn n thay i ngng
tc ng trn mng t bo.
Cht c c ch cc enzym thit yu cho chc nng cn bng, lm thay i c tnh
dn truyn qua xinap thn kinh (V d: thuc tr su loi phospho hu c c ch men
cholinesterase).
C ch gy tn thng h thn kinh trung ng (CNS) hoc h thn kinh ngoi vi nh
hng n chc nng nron v dn truyn trc thn kinh. Nhng tn thng thn kinh ny
thng l mn tnh v c th l vnh vin.
Hoi t nron l do tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip ca cht c n cc nron. (1)
Tc ng trc tip: cc hp cht thy ngn hu c lm suy yu s tng hp protein thn kinh
thit yu. (2) Tc ng gin tip: thiu oxy m do cacbon monooxide hay cyanide gy tn
thng thn kinh th pht.
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22
Cht c hy myelin (demyelination) nh hng n dn truyn thn kinh do thay i
s lan truyn ca hiu th vn ng dc trc thn kinh.
f. C ch gy tn thng h mch (mao qun) v mu
Cht c tc ng trc tip ca n cc t bo tu xng lm gim hoc ngng sn
sinh t bo mu.
Qu trnh tng hp huyt sc t c th chu tc ng ca cht c theo mt s c ch
sau: (1) Gim tng hp huyt sc t hoc tng lng tin thn huyt sc t dn n tnh trng
thiu mu, t dn n ri lon chuyn ho porphyrin. (2) St trong hemoglobin c th b
oxy ho t st ho tr II thnh st ho tr III, to thnh methemoglobin khng c kh nng vn
chuyn oxy (methemoglobin c to ra trong ng c nitrit). (3) Qu trnh oxy ho lm bin
cht hemoglobin, to ra cc th Heinz lm tng c 2 qu trnh thc bo hng cu v tan mu
t nhin. Hemoglobin mo rt mn cm vi qu trnh to cc th Heinz.
Cacbon monoxide rt ging hemoglobin, c th gn vi hemoglobin to thnh
carbonxyhemoglobin khng vn chuyn c oxy.
Bnh ng mu do c tnh ca vitamin K dn n xut huyt th pht. Cc cht dit
loi gm nhm nh narfarin v brodifacoum ngn s ti hot ho ca vitamin cn thit cho
qu trnh tng hp prothrombin v cc yu t VII, IX v X.
g. Cc cht c tc dng tng t nhng sn phm chuyn ho v cht dinh dng thng thng
Tc dng ca cc hormon estrogen ngoi sinh c th ging tc ng ca cc hormon
ni sinh bnh thng. c t nm estrogen, c t thc vt v cht b sung thc n c th lm
thay i chu k sinh sn.
Cc thnh phn dinh dng nh vitamin D, selen v iod nu vt qu ngng cn
thit c th gy nhim c cc c quan b nh hng khi thiu cc cht ny.
h. C ch lm suy gim p ng min dch (immunosuppression)
y l phn ng ca c th i vi cc cht c cng nghip v c t t nhin.
Cc cht c ny nh hng n c min dch dch th v min dch t bo gin
tip, gim tng hp khng th, ngn cn b th v mt s qu trnh khc. Chc nng
trung tnh ca t bo lympho thay i v gim s hnh thnh t bo lympho
(lymphoblastogenesis). Cc cht c nh hng n min dch gm: kim loi nng,
dioxin v c t nm (mycotoxins).
i. C ch tc dng gy qui thai, cht thai
Mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy qui thai, cht thai l do c t nh hng n cc t
bo mn cm trong qu trnh hnh thnh cc c quan (organogenesis).
Cht c tc ng trong ba thng u tin mang thai thng dn n nhng hu qu
nghim trng e do s sng ca bo thai. Hu ht cc tc dng lm thay i hnh thi ca
bo thai, gy qui thai xy ra trong ba thng u tin mang thai.
Cht c tc ng trong trimester th ba lm gim s tng trng, pht trin hnh thi
ca bo thai.
k. C ch tc dng gy ung th
Giai on u ca ung th do tc ng ca cht c thng kt hp vi s ph hu
DNA vt tri hoc qu trnh khi phc khng hon thin DNA b ph hu.
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23
Cc cht ho hc gy kch thch m hoc gy tn thng cc cao phn t thc y
qu trnh ung th. Du hiu ca ung th do cht c thng khi u bng s ph hu DNA.
3.3. nh hng c hi ca cht c
nh hng c hi ca cht c bao gm: (1) nh hng mang tnh dc l, nh
c ch qu mc h thng thn kinh trung ng ca barbiturat (chnh l tc dng dc l
c dng trong iu tr, nhng qu mc); (2) nh hng c hi bnh l, v d
acetaminophen gy tn thng gan; tc dng c hi v gen, nh m tc nit (nitrogen
mustard) gy ung th.
Khi nng ho cht trong m cha t ngng gii hn th tc dng thng s
hi phc. Khi m b tn thng, n vn c kh nng ti to li. Tuy nhin, cc tn thng
trn h thn kinh trung ng gn nh khng hi phc c v cc nron khng c kh
nng phn chia v ti to.
Trong cc nh hng c hi ca cht c c th ni n:
- nh hng ti ch v nh hng ton thn:
Tc dng ti ch l c tnh xy ra ngay ti ni tip xc vi cht c: cc cht n mn
gy tn thng ng tiu ho khi ung. Tc dng ton thn xy ra sau khi cht c c
hp thu vo tun hon s gy tn thng cho h thn kinh trung ng. Phn ln cc cht c
h thng s ch gy c cho mt vi c quan ch v c quan ch cha hn l ni tch lu
nhiu cht c nht: DDT tch lu rt nhiu m m, nhng khng gy mt tc dng c no
c. Theo th t, tc dng c thng xy ra h thng thn kinh trung ng, mu, h
to mu, gan, thn, phi.
- nh hng hip ng xy ra khi hiu qu kt hp 2 hoc nhiu cht c ln hn nhiu
so vi tng hiu qu ring l. Tc dng ny xy ra nu mt cht ha hc nh hng n
ha tan, kh nng lin kt, chuyn ha hay qu trnh thi tr ca mt cht khc.
- nh hng tng tim lc xy ra khi mt cht lm tng c tnh ca mt cht khc,
thm ch cht tng c lc ch c c lc rt thp hoc khng c.
- nh hng i khng xy ra khi 2 cht kt hp lm nh hng n tc dng ca
nhau. nh hng i khng c th: (1) L mt phn ng sinh l, nh tc dng ca epinephrin
i khng vi tc dng lm gim huyt p ca phenobarbital. (2) L mt qu trnh chuyn
ha, v d cn ethyl cnh tranh vi ethylene glycol trong cht chng ng, cn tr qu trnh
hot ha cc sn phm chuyn ha c. (3) Mang tnh cht ha hc, nh cht cng cua
(EDTA) to chelat bn vi ch, lm gim c tnh ca ch.
Cht c xm nhp vo c th qua cc ng nhau, sau mt thi gian ngn u c
phn b vo ton c th. Ty theo tnh cht l ha v iu kin xm nhp vo c th, cht c
c th tn lu mt s b phn. Cht c tc dng ngay vo cc t bo sng v lm ri lon
hot ng ca chng.
a. nh hng n h thn kinh
Phn ln cc cht c u t nhiu tc dng ln h thn kinh gy ri lon chc nng
vn ng, cm gic.
Cc loi thuc m nh cloroform tc dng ln no v ty sng lm mt phn x, cui
cng tc dng ln hnh ty gy ngng th. Nhiu trng hp gy hn m nh thuc ng, thuc
phin, ru etynic. Cc cht thuc nhm amphetamin, long no, atropin v th phm, clo hu
c gy kch thch, vt v. Strychnin v m tin gy co cng (kch thch ty sng qu mc).
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Cc cht gy ri lon cm gic nh Streptomycin, quinin, salicylat gy chng mt,
Santonin, quinacrin lm hoa mt, Streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin gy ic.
Mt s cht tc dng ln h giao cm, gy gin ng t mt nh adrenalin, ephedrin,
atropin, nicotin. Ngc li mt s cht nh eserin, acetylcolin, prostigmin lm co ng t
mt.
b. nh hng n b my tiu ha
Cc cht c khi xm nhp vo c th qua ng tiu ha thng gy nn ma, l
phn ng u tin ca c th (ng c thy ngn, thuc phin, photpho hu c); nhng
cng do tc dng ca cht c trn h thn kinh lm co bp mnh c honh.
Cc cht c nh photpho hu c, nm v mt s kim loi nh ch, thy ngn, bitmut
c th gy tit nc bt nhiu; ngc li atropin lm kh ming; axit, kim kch thch ng
tiu ha nh; thuc chng ng mu, dn xut salicylat gy chy mu ng tiu ha.
c. nh hng n gan
Gan l mt c quan nm ng t ng tiu ha. T tnh mch ca, gan nhn tt c
cc cht do chuyn ha thc n cung cp v cc cht c. Mt khc, cc cht cha trong
mu qua h thng i tun hon u cc tc dng n gan. Hu nh trng hp ng c no
cng c tn thng gan. Ru lm x ha gan, thoi ha m trong ng c photpho, asen;
vng da trong ng c AsH3 .
d. nh hng n tim mch
Cc cht tr tim dng qu liu u gy c. Cafein, adrenalin, amphetamin... lm tng
nhp tim. Digitalin, eserin, photpho hu c lm gim nhp tim. c bit trong ng c gan cc
v nha da cc mch khng u; trong ng c quinidin, imipramin c th gy ngng tim.
Mt s cht nh hng n s co gin mch. Acetylcolin lm gin mch, ca la
mch lm co mch mu.
e. nh hng n mu
Cc thnh phn huyt tng, hng cu, bch cu v tiu cu trong mu u c th b
thay i di tc dng ca cht c:
(1) Huyt tng: Cc thuc m (cloroform, ete) l gim pH, h thp d tr kim v tng kali
ca huyt tng. Nc rn Viperide lm tng kh nng ng mu, ngc li loi Colubride lm
mt kh nng .
(2) Hng cu: S lng hng cu trong mt cm3 tng ln trong trng hp ng c gy ph
phi (clo, photgen, cloropicrin) do huyt tng thot ra nhiu nn mu b c li. Hng cu b
ph hy khi b ng c ch, nhim tia X, benzen hoc cc dn xut ca amin thm. Khi oxit
cc bon lin kt vi hemoglobin to ra cacboxyhemoglobin lm mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy
nn c th b ngt. Cc dn xut nitro thm, anilin, nitrit oxy ha st II, chuyn hemoglobin
thnh methemoglobin lm ngng kh nng vn chuyn oxy.
(3) Bch cu: S lng bch cu gim trong ng c benzen, gy thiu mu. Ngc li trong
ng c kim loi nng bch cu tng.
(4) Tiu cu: S lng tiu cu c th h xung cn vi chc nghn trong ng c benzen.
Mt khc di tc dng ca cht c mt s thnh phn mi xut hin: V d trong
ng c ch xut hin cht copropocphirin; trong ng c axit mnh xut hin
hematopocphirin. C th da vo nhng cht ny chn on ng c.
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25
f. nh hng n b my h hp
Cc cht c xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp c th gy: (1) Ti ch nh ho,
km theo chy nc mi, nc bt. V d: cc hi c, hi ngt. (2) Tc dng ton thn nh
kh CO gy tm ti.
Cht c c ch h hp gy ngt th tin ti ngng th nh thuc phin, cyanic, thuc
ng. Mt s cht c th gy ph phi nh: hydrosulphit, photpho hu c.
g. nh hng n thn
Cht c c th tc ng ln cc chc phn ca thn. Thy ngn, ch, cadimi lm tng
ure v albumin trong nc tiu. Axit oxalic, thuc chng ng mu, cantharit gy i ra mu.
Cc dung mi hu c c clo gy vim thn. Nhiu cht gy v niu nh thy ngn,
sulphamid, mt c trm.
Nc tiu l mt loi mu th quan trng trong kim nghim c cht.
4. cc yu t nh hng n tc dng ca cht c
c tc dng gy c, cc cht c hoc cc sn phm chuyn ha ca chng phi
t c nng cao trong khong thi gian nht nh trong c th (ty loi cht c).
Cc yu t khi tng tc vi nhau c th lm thay i p ng ca c th i vi cht c,
nh hng n p ng liu lng v chn on ng c. Mc d tng yu t khng gy nh
hng ln, nhng nu nhiu yu t cng tc ng th nh hng ca chng s tr nn c ngha.
Cc yu t nh hng n tc dng ca cht c bao gm:
- Cc yu t thuc v cht c: thng c nh hng n qu trnh tng tc ca cht
c vi th th hoc mng t bo.
- Cc yu t trong ng vt ch: thng lm thay i mc gy c, gii c hoc
s thch ng ca c th vi cht c.
- Cc yu t trong mi trng c nh hng n cht c hoc ng vt ch.
4.1. Cc yu t thuc v cht c
a. Bn cht vt l v ho hc ca cht c
Bn cht vt l v cu to ho hc ca cht c c nh hng n tc dng gy c ca
cht . V d: hp cht trioxit arsenic As2O3 dng kt tinh th tc dng chm v t c, dng
mnh ca As2O3 l loi cht c nguy him. Nhiu cht c tan trong du c hn l tan trong
nc (cc cht ho hc c phosphor v thuc tr su). Phospho vng l rt c cn phospho
li c t l nht nh no trong c th. Phospho ho tr 3 c hn phospho ho tr 5.
Bari cacbonat rt c song bari sunfat li khng c. c tnh ca cc hp cht hu c l do
cc cu trc c hiu. Thay i cc nhm chc lm thay i tnh c. V d: thay nhm metyl
C9 ca dimidium bromid bng 1 nhm ethyl thnh ethyldium bromid s gy c gan.
* tinh khit ca mt cht c th lm thay i c tnh ca cht . V d: ch
phm thng mi dioxin (2, 3, 7, 8 Detra clorodibenzon p. dioxin) - TCDD, do hnh thnh cc
phn chnh 2, 4, 5 - T to ra cht c mu da cam rt nguy him cho ngi v gia sc.
* S bin i cc phn t hot ng c bn lm thay i cc tnh cht ha hc
v p ng ca th th. V d nh s trao i cc anion to thnh cc mui khc nhau
(sulfat ng thnh oxt ng) v to chelat vi cc kim loi nhm tng cng hp ph
cc cht c kim loi nng.
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26
* S khng n nh ca cht c do iu kin s dng c th nh hng n c
tnh. Thuc tr su phospho hu c coumaphos c th phn hy trong thng ng c su
thnh protosan, c c tnh cao hn i vi loi nhai li.
* ha tan, tnh phn cc v s ion ha
Cht c l cht lng hoc ha tan trong dung mi tc dng nhanh v mnh hn nhng cht
th rn. Nhng cht khng ha tan trong nc, cn, du, m th khng hp thu vo c th.
V d: Sullimat (HgCl2) ha tan nn gy c. Calomen (HgCl) khng ha tan trong
nc nn tc dng km hoc khng c tc dng.
- Cc cht c tan mnh trong lipid d hp thu qua lp lipoprotein mng t bo hn l
cc cht khng c c tnh ny.
- Cc cht khng phn cc c trng lng phn t thp d hp thu qua mng t bo
hn cc phn t phc hp c trng lng phn t cao.
- Cc cht cha cc nhm ion ha iu kin pH sinh l tan nhiu trong nc hn v
kh hp thu qua mng t bo. Gm cc amin, carboxyl, phosphat v sulfat.
- S lin kt ca cht c vi protein (v d albumin) lm gim c tnh ca cht c
thng qua vic hn ch s hp thu qua mng t bo. Lin kt cht c- protein cn lm chm
qu trnh o thi do kh nng lc qua tiu cu thn ca cht c b gim.
b. nh hng ca t dc
Dung mi ha tan cht c l mi trng pha long v vn chuyn mt cht ha
hc hay thuc, gm nc, propylene glycol, dung mi hu c, cc loi gm hoc keo tng
hp hoc t nhin. Cht c ha tan trong nc tc dng mnh hn trong du m, trong cn
mnh hn c trong cc loi dung mi ni trn.
- T dc lng khng phn cc v tan trong m c th vn chuyn cc cht c ha
hc qua hu ht cc mng t bo sinh hc.
- Cc thnh phn hot cht trong dng huyn ph (th vn) hoc nh tng c c tnh
hn l nu chng ha tan trong t dc lng.
- T dc (i khi l cc thnh phn kh tr) c th gy c, v d sc vt b ng c
bi cht vn ti hydrocarbon trong thuc tr su. Vic s dng nhng cht vn ti cha c
kim nghim (chng hn nh kerosence) s gy ng c.
- S hnh thnh cc bt ht m, huyn ph v nh tng nh hng n tc ng
(duy tr) cc cht c trn lng v da sc vt v tc hp thu cc cht ny qua ng tiu
ha. V d: thuc bo v thc vt gy ng c do c th ng li trn lng v da ng vt gy
tch ly mt lng thuc vt qu gii hn cho php.
- Thuc bt hay nh tng khng c trn u trong qu trnh bo ch lm thay i
nng hot cht trong hn hp thuc. Mt phn trong hn hp thuc c nng hot cht
cao, phn cn li nng hot cht li thp.
c. Tng tc ha hc trc tip
Cc ha cht khi dng phi hp trc tip c th to dng kt ta khng tan, lm gim
hoc c tnh hoc tc dng. Nhng tng tc lm thay i thnh phn ha hc c th lm
thay i c tnh sn c ca cht c , v d:
- S thay i cc anion trong mui ng (v d nh sulfat ng thnh oxyd ng) c
th thay i c tnh ca ng
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- S thy phn cc nhm este ca cc hp cht hu c, v d nh thuc tr su
organophosphat c th lm gim c tnh.
d. Liu lng cht c
Tc dng ca cht c ln c th ph thuc vo liu lng ca chng. Liu lng ny
c th l: (1) Liu iu tr: lng cht c dng iu tr bnh; (2) Liu gy c: gy nhng
trng thi bnh l; (3) Liu cht: gy cht ng vt.
c tnh ca cht c xc nh bi LD50 - liu gy cht 50% ng vt th nghim.
LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50): Liu gy cht ngt (tnh cho cc loi kh c- mg/m3) 50%
ng vt trong vng 4 gi.
ALD (Apperoximathy Lethal Doses): Liu gy c - th hin cc du hiu nhim
c (nhng ng vt khng cht).
TED (Toletance Effectiviv Dose): Liu tc ng ti a c th c th chu ng c.
* S nhc li liu c:
S nhc li liu c dn ti gy c r hn l s dng liu c ch mt ln. Khi nhim
c li lm cho chc nng c th kh c th hi phc do t chc b tn hi. Tuy nhin cng c
trng hp khi lp liu gy c nhiu ln dn n s iu chnh chng li cht c (liu cp
tnh) v min dch thc s. Vi cc loi c cht bi tit nhanh, th 1 liu c mnh c tc
dng gy c mnh hn s lp li liu cp tnh. V d th vi mt liu gy c cp tnh
ko di ca cyanid c th khng gy c v c bin i thnh thiocyanat.
4.2. Cc yu t thuc v c th
a. Loi ng vt
Cht c c th c vi ny m khng c vi loi vt khc. iu ny rt c ngha
trong vic sn xut thuc tr su, dit cn trng v cc cht iu tr ho hc. V d morphin t
c i vi gia sc hn vi con ngi. Gia cm khng vi nhiu cht c hn l gia sc. V
d thuc tr su DDT c th gy c qua tip xc vi da, c bit lp kitin ca cn trng. i
vi gia sc t c hn v t hp thu qua da. Hp thu cht c qua ng nim mc tiu ho
ch rt nhanh, ch cn 1 lng nh gy triu chng ng c. Trong gan th cha 1 ester c
th ph hu rt nhanh atropin nn th khng b ng c c c dc. Mt loi hnh ty bin
mu c tc dng dit cn trng, su b nhng li khng c vi chut ng.
S mn cm vi mt s cht c cc loi gia sc cn cha c gii thch r. V d:
Morphin gy yn tnh thn kinh ngi v ch nhng li gy kch thch i vi mo v cc loi
gia sc khc. B ging Priesishen Kall c n 23 - 42 mg Gossypol/kg trng lng (cht c
chit t ht bng) b cht. Ging b Jersey Kalle n ti 82 mg/kg P li khng b ng c.
Sc vt nhai li mn cm vi cc hp cht kim loi nng hn cc loi vt khc (nga,
ch, mo, ln). Liu cht ca carbonat ch nga l 500-700gam nhng tru, b ch 50gam.
i vi sc vt nhai li: c t thc vt li t gy c hn so vi cc loi khc. V d:
tru, b cho n l ngn phi kh t 25 - 30 gam trong 4 ngy lin tc cng khng b ng c.
Trong khi nga ch n 30 gam trong 1 ln l b cht ngay. C th gii thch l hot cht gy
c v cc glucozid khc trong l ngn v mt s cht c c ngun gc thc vt khc b
phn hy do qu trnh ln men ca vi sinh vt trong d c. Cht c b pha long d c ca
ng vt c sng.
Sc vt c h thn kinh cng pht trin th cng mn cm hn vi mt s cht c.
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V d: Liu cht ca morphin th l 300 - 400mg, nhng ngi l 6 mg. Nh vy,
th c th chu ng c liu c cao hn gp xp x 70 ln so vi ngi. 5mg atropin gy
c nng ngi nhng ch v th n vi lng ln hn 100 ln (500 mg) vn khng cht.
- Gia sc c sng rt mn cm vi tetracyclin, chloroform v kim loi nng c bit l
thy ngn.
- Nga mn cm vi c t nm c bit l stachybotrys alternans v dendrodochium
toxicum v stibium kalium tartaricum.
- Gia cm mn cm hn vi mui n, cyanhydric.
- Mo mn cm vi a. carbonic.
Korneven (1912) sp xp th t mn cm ca gia sc i vi a s cht c nh sau:
1: La;
6: Ln;
2: La;
7: Gia cm;
3: Nga;
8: Tru, b;
4: Mo;
9: D, cu;
5: Ch;
10: Th.
- Gia cm thng t mn cm hn vi c t nm; ch vi du crotono; mo vi
apomorphin; d vi thuc l, ht thu du; g vi strychnin; th vi atropin (Radkevich, 1952).
* c im gii phu cc loi ng vt khc nhau nh hng n tc dng ca cht
c
- ng vt nhai li lu gi mt lng ln thc n trong d c, lm ko di thi gian
hp thu cht c. c tnh ca cht c gim do cht c qua chuyn ha bi hot ng
ca vi sinh vt trong d c. Tuy nhin, qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc trong d c cng c th
hot ha dn n lm tng c tnh ca mt s tc nhn gy c (v d, nitrat chuyn ha
thnh nitrit).
- Nga, chut, th khng c kh nng nn sinh l do cu to gii phu, v vy cht c
lu gi trong ng tiu ha, gy c mnh hn so vi nhng ng vt c th nn c.
- Nhng con vt thiu sc t da s d b tc ng ca cc cht c gy nhim c
quang hc (phototoxicosis).
- Hng ro mu - no ngn cn cht c xm nhp vo trong no. mt s ng vt,
hng ro mu - no km pht trin, to iu kin cho cht xm nhp vo no, dn n ng c
(v d, ng c ivermertin ch Colli).
* c im chuyn ha lin quan n loi v gen nh hng n tc dng ca cht c
- nh hng ca chuyn ha giai on 1: S chuyn ha cc cht c thnh cht c
c tnh cao hn gia cc loi l rt khc nhau. ch, qu trnh chuyn ha cht dit loi gm
nhm fluoroacetate thnh fluorocitrate xy ra nhanh hn v c tnh ca n ln hn gp 6- 8
ln i vi chut. chut v cu ch hnh thnh mt lng rt nh c t aflatoxin c hot
tnh sinh hc, v vy chng c sc khng vi c t ny tt hn so vi cc loi khc.
- nh hng ca chuyn ha giai on 2: gia cc loi c s khc nhau ca cc qu
trnh chuyn ha giai on 2, dn n chm chuyn ha v chm thi tr cht c.
- mo v chut Gunn s hnh thnh glucuronic gim v do vy nhiu kh nng b
nhim c cc cht nh phenol nhiu ng vt ny l cao.
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29
- Qu trnh lin hp vi acid sulfuric ca cc cht c ln xy ra yu hn so vi
cc loi vt khc.
- Acid mercapturic t c hnh thnh chut lang.
- Khng thy c qu trnh acetyl ha cc hp cht amin thm ch.
b. C th
C th trong cng loi c th phn ng khc nhau vi cht c. Tc dng gy c
c xc nh theo p ng ca c th i vi cht c.
- D ng: l kt qu ca min dch trung gian v qu trnh cm ng trc i
vi mt cht ha hc. Nhng phn ng ny c coi l phn ng qu mn. Nhiu cht ha
hc c th gy d ng. Phn ng d ng thng c trng cho loi v khng lin quan n
liu lng. nhng ng vt nhy cm, liu lng thp c th gy d ng nghim trng
vi mt cht c. Thng quan st thy phn ng d ng cc c quan h tiu ha , h
tim mch, phi, mt, v da.
- Phn ng c ng: nguyn nhn c th do mt qu trnh chuyn ha hoc gii c
bt thng trong c th v thng c tnh di truyn. Phn ng xy ra tng t nh c th
bnh thng nhng vi liu lng rt thp.
Trng hp t gp hn l p ng ca nhng ng vt c nhng phn ng bt thng
i vi mt ha cht c nht nh.
c. Tnh bit
Phn ng vi cc cht c cng khc nhau theo gii tnh (ci v c) v d nh thuc
tr su Parathion hay Potasan c vi chut ci hn l c. C th chng c mi lin quan
vi hoocmon sinh dc c.
sc vt non cha trng thnh, rt t c s khc bit trong phn ng i vi
xenobiotics gia con c v con ci. Gia sc ci thng c sc khng vi cht c km
hn con c, c bit l con c cha, liu rt nh ca cu la mch (Clavicep purpurea)
gy sy thai. S mn cm khc nhau vi cht c con c, con ci c lin quan n trng
thi ca c quan sinh sn. Tuy nhin, cc con ci b ct bung trng v con c b thin
khng quan st thy s khc nhau ny.
* S khc nhau v hormon.
Hm lng testosteron cao v khng thay i con c gip qu trnh chuyn ha
cht c mnh hn so vi con ci. Cc c t c tc dng ging hormon (v d, mycotoxin
zearalenone) c nh hng ln n tnh bit ca sc vt.
Thi k con vt c cha v cho con b to ra s thay i r rt v hormon v
chuyn ha: kch thc cc c quan nh gan, tuyn thng thn, bung trng, t cung v
hm lng protein tng r rt. Mt s trong lng protein tng cng (protein
microsomal) thc y qu trnh chuyn ha ca cht c. S pht trin ca nhau thai lm
tng chuyn ha mt s xenobiotics.
B ang cho sa nu nhim c mt s c t thn m (DDT, polychlorirelted
biphenyls (PCBs) thng b nh hn sc vt khc v mt phn cht c c thi qua sa.
Qu trnh tit sa cn lm tng kch thc v trng lng ca rut non, cho php pha long
cc c t c hp ph qua ng ming.
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d. Tui
Cng tc ng ca cht c ph thuc nhiu vo la tui. Sc vt non, sc vt
gi u mn cm vi cht c hn l sc vt trng thnh do c th sc vt non cha hon
thin, chc nng gii c km, cn sc vt gi th cc c quan gii c li b suy yu, sc
khng gim.
Ch cn b m mn cm vi santonin gp 100 ln so vi ch trng thnh. Tuy nhin
ch con lai chu c liu atropin cao hn ch ln. S a dng trong phn ng c th ca sc
vt non i vi cc cht c c gii thch bng s pht trin cha y (cha hon thin)
ca cc c quan, t chc v hnh thi cng nh v chc nng (ch yu l h thn kinh) v s
thay i nhanh chng v trng lng c th. Theo Radkevich, liu cht ca cht c nu
nga 4-15 tui l 1 th nga 1tui l 1/2, 6 thng tui l 1/4, 3 thng tui l 1/8 v 1 thng
tui l 1/16 - 1/24.
Sc vt s sinh mn cm c bit vi chloroform, morphin nht l b, ngh, nga con.
* Tui sc vt nh hng n kh nng hp ph cht c qua mng t bo:
Nim mc ng tiu ha v hng ro mu - no con vt non km pht trin hn,
vn chuyn ch ng hiu qu km hn con trng thnh. sc vt non, lng enzym
chuyn ha cht c t hn v cht lng km hn sc vt trng thnh.
Nhng thay i trong cu to c th nh hng n s phn b v tng tr cht c.
C th sc vt s sinh cha nhiu nc hn v t m hn, trong khi nhng ng vt gi mt i
cc protein cu trc nhng li tng tch ly m v collagen.
e. Khi lng c th
i gia sc c th chu c c cao hn so vi tiu gia sc v i gia sc cht c
c pha long hn trong mu dn n tc dng ca cht c yu i. Nu liu gy c hoc
liu cht ca nga v tru, b l 1 th ln s l 1/5 - 1/20, ch, d, cu l 1/10 - 1/20, mo v
chim l 1/20 - 1/50 (Frohner - Volker). Gia sc bo b ng c cc cht c tch ly trong m
liu cao hn gia sc gy.
f. nh hng ca qu trnh phn b v o thi n tc dng ca cht c.
* S phn b v tng tr cht c lm tng hoc gim nng ca chng cc th th
Cc cht tan nhiu trong m c th tch ly trong mt s c quan nht nh (v d
thuc tr su DDT tch ly trong m thn kinh).
S lin kt xenobiotics vi cc cht ni sinh, nh protein huyt tng lm tng tch
ly xenobiotics trong c th nhng c th hn ch bt c tnh.
Bnh gan vi triu chng mt ngn cn qu trnh bi tit, dn n tch ly mt s
cht c trong mu. Khi cc sc t thc vt bi tit trong mt c lu gi la trong mu v
vn chuyn ln da s xut hin s cm quang do nh sng mt tri lm cho cc sc t ny bin
thnh photodinamic.
* Cc cht l c th cnh tranh nhau v tr lin kt vi protein huyt tng
S lin kt vi protein huyt tng hn ch hp thu cht c qua mng t bo, ngn
cn gn chng vi th th.
Cht t c hoc khng c c th chim ch cht c trong lin kt vi protein huyt
tng, kt qu l: (1) Cht c b chim ch chuyn thnh dng t do v c tnh ca n tng
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thm. V d phenylbutazole chim ch warfarin trong lin kt vi protein huyt tng, do
tng c tnh ca warfarin; (2) Cht c thay th trong lin kt vi protein huyt tng c
th c bi tit nhiu hn, dn n gim c tnh.
* S khc nhau trong vn chuyn ch ng cc acid hay cc base qua thn
S vn chuyn ny c th nh hng n s o thi cht c (v d s bi tit cht
dit c 2, 4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic ch km do h vn chuyn cht hu c km pht trin).
g. Yu t bnh l
Bnh gan c th l nguyn nhn lm gim cc qu trnh tng hp cc cao phn t lin
kt c chc nng bo v, dn n tng tc dng ca cht c. Glutathione, ligandin v
metallothionein l nhng v d v cao phn t lin kt do gan tng hp.
Kh nng b ng c cao khi c bnh gan, thn ni m cht c b tiu c v o thi.
Bnh thn lm thay i qu trnh ti hp thu ca thn, nh hng n o thi cht c.
Kch thch nhu ng rut non s lm gim thi gian vn chuyn v hp thu cht c
theo ng ung. Trong trng hp vim hoc lot d dy lm tng hp thu cht c.
- Sc vt sau khi lm vic nng nhc, mt mi d b ng c hn. Theo Ivanov
Cmoleski khi b cng thng thn kinh hoc thn kinh trung ng b c ch hoc kch thch u
d b nhim c hn trng thi bnh thng.
h. Hin tng c th nhn vi cht c
L hin tng mt s c th dn dn t thch nghi v c sc chng chu vi liu lng
c th gy c hoc gy cht cc c th khc. Sc vt hay nhn vi cc cht c nh: asen,
atropin, morphin, ricin. V d: Ch b quen vi morphin ch sau 3 ln s dng. Hin tng
quen, nhn c th gp hu ht cc cht c. Sc khng ca c th vi mt cht c b
suy gim khi mc bnh truyn nhim, k sinh trng, ng c cc cht khc... Trong cng mt
c th quen vi cht c nh morphin hoc cocain nhiu trng hp h thn kinh c th
chu c vi liu gy c cao hn nhng cc c quan khc nh rut, gan, thn... li mn
cm hn vi nhng cht ny.
4.3. Cc yu t mi trng
a. ng xm nhim cht c
Cht c c th xm nhim vo c th qua ming, da v ng h hp. Trong iu tr
c th qua ng tim (bp, di da, tnh mch). ng xm nhim nh hng n qu trnh
chuyn ha cht c. Cht c qua ming v xoang bng trc tin l n gan, trong khi
cht c xm nhp qua ng h hp li tip cn trc tin vi phi.
- Cht c xm nhim qua ng tiu ha: Ph thuc vo cc yu t nh rng ca
d dy, kh nng nn sinh l. Nhng sc vt nh ln, ch, mo.. khi n phi cht c c tnh
cht kch thch nim mc ng tiu ha (sulphat ng) th cht c d b loi thi do nn.
V vy t thy nhng sc vt ny b ng c nhng cht .
- Cht c nhim qua da: sc vt thng b trng c c t nc rn, cn trng t,
cc thuc tr ngoi k sinh trng khi bi, phun ln da...
- Cht c bay hi nhim qua ng h hp.
* V tr, loi m hp thu cht c c th nh hng n c tnh ca cht c
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32
- Kh nng hp thu qua cc vng da khc nhau ca c th l khc nhau. V d, vng da
mng nhiu mch mu nh vng bn d hp thu cht c hn nhng vng da dy hoc vng
da b sng ha.
- Tim vo vng c nhiu mo mch s thc y qu trnh hp thu cht c.
- S tch ly trong m lin kt v kho d tr m lm chm qu trnh hp thu cht c.
* S Phn nh liu lng hng ngy lm gim c tnh i vi cc cht gy ng c
cp tnh, c chuyn ha v bi tit nhanh. Nu tc nhn gy c l mt cht c tch ly, c
tc dng mn tnh, c tnh t b nh hng bi s phn nh liu lng hn.
b. Khi lng v nng ca cht c
* Khi lng v nng ca cht c nh hng n mc v t l phi nhim cht
c. Mt cht c th gy c vi liu lng thp nu c pha long trong thc n cho sc
vt n c ngy theo ch t do.
* Quy tc v khi lng v nng cho php nh gi c lc ca cht c qua phi
nhim t nhin.
V d, liu lng nitrat gy c a qua ng thng vo ng tiu ha l 200 mg/kg th
trng i vi tru b, nhng li l 1000- 2000 mg/kg th trng nu c phn b t nhin trong c.
c. Nhit mi trng
- Nhit mi trng thp s y nhanh qu trnh chuyn ha cht c trong c th. Trong
trng hp ny c th do hot ng chuyn ha ca c th tng gi m cho c th ng vt.
- Nhit c th nh hng n lng v kiu tiu th thc n ca sc vt, do s
phi nhim vi c t trong thc n cng thay i.
- Nhit mi trng cao lm tng lng nc tiu th, tng phi nhim cht c qua
nc. Sc vt kht nc c th ung nhanh v hp thu mt lng cht c qua nc.
- Nhit mi trng cao lm tng s mn cm ca c th i vi cht c, thay i
qu trnh chuyn ha hoc iu tit nhit. Cc cht oxy ha lm tng nhit c th v tc
dng gy c ca chng tng khi tri nng. Nhim c thuc tr su qua da c th nng hn
khi thi tit nng. Lc ny, mu chuyn nhiu n da lm mt da, nhng mu tp trung
nhiu li to iu kin hp thu nhanh thuc tr su.
d. p sut khng kh
Nhng thay i p ng ca c th vi cc cht c thng lin quan n nhng thay
i v p sut oxy trong mi trng. Kh oxy cao p c s dng x l nhim c carbon
monoxide, barbiturat, cyanide.
e. Ch n ung v dinh dng
- Cc cht c c th b kh c tnh bi thnh phn thc n t nhin hoc cc tc
nhn tr liu c a vo c th. V d: Acid phytic (inositol hexaphosphate) thc vt c
th to chelat vi cc kim loi v khong cht, t lm gim s hp thu ca chng.
- Canxi v km trong thc n thc t nh hng n qu trnh hp thu ch, cnh tranh
ln nhau h vn chuyn cation ha tr 2.
- Tanin v protein to phc vi cc cht c v gim s hp thu ca chng.
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* S ngon ming c th lm tng lng cht c c a vo c th. V d, cht dit
loi gm nhm c v thm bao parafin c dng lm tng s ngon ming, v vy tng
lng tiu th vi loi gm nhm.
* Thiu hoc qu tha dinh dng nh hng n tc dng ca cht c.
- Sc vt b n s b thiu nng lng, glucose trong mu gim dn n gim hot tnh
cc enzym chuyn ha cht c.
- Thc n thiu protein lm suy yu tng hp enzym, hot tnh ca men MFO, nng
glutathione trong gan gim.
- Thiu vitamin, c bit l vitamin E v C chng oxy ha dn n lm tng qu trnh
tn thng t bo do hnh thnh gc t do.
f. Nguyn nhn gy ng c
Nguyn nhn gia sc b ng c thng l do n phi hoc ung, th hoc qua da
nhng cht c c trong t nhin hay do con ngi gy ra.
+ Ngun khong cht gy c: Ch yu l nc c cha flor, nitrat c th gy cht ngi v
gia sc. Molypden, selen c ngun gc t t c th gy c cho b.
+ c t thc vt: C nhiu loi cht c t thc vt
+ Cht c cng nghip: Ch (Pb) v arsen (As) l sn phm nhim ca cng nghip.
Kh flor, bi, khi c cha flor cng l sn phm ca cc nh my cng nghip - Nhim c ng,
molypden, nh hng tia phng x qua cc nh my in nguyn t, nc thi t cc nh my c
cha phenol.
+ Ha cht bo v thc vt: gy nn ng c cho nhiu loi gia sc. c bit ng c
thuc tr su vi gia cm trong quan trng nht l phospho v phospho km.
+ Thuc th y: Dng qu liu.
+ Thc n v nc ung: C (c 3 l) c cha dicumarol, solanin mm khoai ty,
sn phm ln men t thc n thiu, i, cc loi c, ht, nm c, v.v... nitrat, petrol, ether, kim
loi nng trong nc l nguyn nhn gy ng c cho gia sc, gia cm.
Cu hi n tp
1. Khi nim c cht hc v cc lnh vc nghin cu ca c cht hc?
2. i tng, nhim v ca c cht hc th y?
3. Khi nim cht c v phn loi cht c?
4. Khi nim ng c v phn loi ng c?
5. Trnh by s xm nhp ca cht c qua mng t bo?
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34
6. Nu cc cch xm nhp ca cht c vo c th?
7. Gii thch s phn b v chuyn ho cht c trong c th?
8. Nu cc ng thi tr cht c?
9. Nu khi nim cht a in t (Electrophile) v tc hi ca n?
10. Nu khi nim gc t do (Free radical) v tc hi ca n?
11. Nu khi nim cht i nhn (Nucleophile) v tc hi ca n?
12. Nu khi nim cht phn ng oxy ha kh (Redox) v tc hi ca n?
13. Trnh by c ch gy c c trng trn c quan, t chc ca cht c?
14. Gii thch nh hng ca cht c n cc c quan, t chc?
15. Trnh by cc yu t c th nh hng n tc dng ca cht c?
16. Trnh by cc yu t thuc v cht c nh hng n tc dng ca cht c?
17. Trnh by cc yu t mi trng nh hng n tc dng ca cht c?
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35
Chng II
Chn on v iu tr ng c
Ni dung chng 2 bao gm cc kin thc v cc bc chn on ng c. Cc bin
php phng v iu tr ng c cng c gii thch c th trong chng ny.
1. Chn on ng c
1.1. Khi nim
Chn on ng c l vic nh gi, pht hin cc du hiu, triu chng ca s ri
lon chc nng ca cc c quan, t chc ca c th tm ra nguyn nhn gy ng c, nhm
iu chnh nhng tc dng ca cht c, x l v iu tr ng c, nhim c.
Chn on ng c bao gm cc loi sau:
a. Chn on lm sng (clinical diagnosis): c thc hin trc tin xc nh cc h c
quan no b nh hng bi cht c (v d: sc, ng kinh nghim trng, ngng h hp),
theo di v khng ch cc triu chng cu sng bnh sc.
b. Chn on tn thng bnh l (lesion diagnosis) c thc hin m t nhng bin i
bnh l m, t chc (v d: hoi t trung tm tiu thy gan).
c. Chn on bnh cn (etiologic diagnosis): y l chn on quan trng nht, nhm xc nh
nguyn nhn gy c hoc ngun gy c, l c s tin hnh cc bin php tr liu v phng
chng c th. Trong qu trnh chn on nguyn nhn gy ng c cho sc vt cn lu :
- Khi cha chn on c nguyn nhn gy c khng nn s dng cc loi thuc
i khng gii c.
- Bo v sc kho cng ng, trnh nhng cht c tn ng trong chui thc n
thng qua vic khng nh c cht c th gy c.
- Xc nh trch nhim v trnh c thit hi do ng c, nhim c gy ra.
1.2. Chn on ng c
Ng c l loi bnh xy ra hng lot vi mt lng ln sc vt. V vy vic chn
on sm v chnh xc l bc rt quan trng phng v iu tr ng c c hiu qu. Chn
on ng c bao gm cc bc sau:
a. Thu thp thng tin v nguyn nhn v iu kin gy ng c.
Vai tr ca cn b th y l tm c nhiu thng tin c th s dng trong thc t chn
on. Qua hi trc tip nhng ngi chn nui, ch gia sc. Thu cc thng tin v loi, s lng
sc vt b ng c, loi thc n cho gia sc n trc vi tun v thi im xy ra ng c.
Ng c thng xy ra do khu cho n, chm sc v s dng sc vt. Mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn gy ng c thng xuyn nht i vi gia sc chn th l cy c c.
i vi sc vt nui nht, ngoi cc thc vt c ra, sc vt cn b ng c bi thc
n b hng, i thiu, thc n nhim nm mc, vi khun v c t ca chng.
Gia sc, gia cm cn b ng c bi cc ha cht BVTV, nh cc hp cht clor hu
c, phosphor hu c, mt s hp cht v c nh carbamid, mui n, sulfat ng, calci v natri
asenat, natri fluorid, phosphot km... cc cht ha hc l phn hu c cng c th gy ng
c. Ngoi ra sc vt cn b ng c bi nc c khi b ng vt c cn (rn, nhn, ong...).
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Cn xc nh xem c xy ra s phi nhim vi loi cht c (c t) c bit n
hoc b nghi ng khng?
Hi ch gia sc nhng thay i v a im, ngun thc n, vic s dng cht ho hc
(v d: phun thuc dit cn trng, bn phn cho ng c, s dng thuc th y iu tr cho sc
vt) v nhng ng dng khc c th gy ng c, nhim c (bng 2.1). Nu cn thit phi
kim tra ni nui nht sc vt.
S c mt ca mt loi cht c trong mi trng hay thm ch sc vt n phi cht
c cha khng nh c nguyn nhn gy ng c. y mi ch l nhng gi
cho phng hng iu tra tip theo, l:
- Khng nh c s phi nhim vi cht c l gy ng c.
- Ghi li cc triu chng lm sng, nhng bin i v trao i cht, bin i cc m
in hnh trong qu trnh sc vt phi nhim vi vi cht c b nghi ng.
- Xc nh mc gy c ca cht c i vi c quan hay m ch.
Bng 2.1. Nhng thng tin cn thu thp chn on ng c, nhim c vt nui
1. D liu v ch gia sc
Ngy:
Tn ch gia sc:
a ch:
S in thoi:
2. D liu v bnh sc
Loi:
Ging:
Tnh bit:
Trng lng:
Tui:
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- Nhng thay i gn nht v s phi nhim vi mi trng (v d: s di chuyn,
phun cht dit cn trng, cht dit loi gm nhm, xy dng mi, ci to cc khu nh c, di
chuyn phn).
* D liu v khu phn n, nc ung ca sc vt
- Ch n: Nhng thay i v khu phn n gn y (s ln c th c lin quan n
cc triu chng quan st c). S thay i phng thc cho n (v d: t phng thc
cho n hn ch sang phng thc cho n t do). S c mt ca cc thc n i tha v b
hng.
- Ngun nc ung, thay i trong vic cung cp nc ung.
b. Kim tra cc triu chng lm sng.
Bnh do ng c thng c phn bit vi cc bnh khc do s a dng v cc triu
chng lm sng. Nguyn nhn y l do ngun gc, tnh cht l ha, ng hc ca cht c,
s mn cm ca sc vt.
chn on ng c cn quan st cc triu chng lm sng sau:
Bng 2.2: Triu chng lm sng thng gp gia sc b ng c
Mt iu ho
Tit nc bt
M/th gic
Trm cm
Vui v
ng kinh
Khn ting
Cc loi khc (m t r)
Nn ma
a chy
Phn c mu en
n nhiu
Kht nhiu
a niu
Kh th
Vng da
Chy mu
Hemoglobin-niu
Huyt niu
Kit sc
St
Yu
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Khi b ri lon trao i kh, sc vt rt kh th, mch nhanh, kt mc mt , co
git, thn nnhit h, hn m, cht (ng c cc sn phm thc vt cha cyano, ng c
nitrat, nitrat...).
Ri lon ng mu khi b rn c cn (do c t cardiotoxin trong nc rn).
Vim dp da do cht nhy cm quang hc cha trong mt s loi c lm thc n chn
nui (Fagopyrum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum).
Nhng triu chng lm sng thng l nhng thng tin c gi tr c s dng
chn on ng c. Tuy nhin, nu ch da vo cc triu chng lm sng cng cha kt
lun v cht gy ng c v hng ngn cc cht ho hc khc nhau c th gy ra nhng triu
chng tng t mt s c quan nht nh ca c th (ni cch khc l c quan v m c th
c phn ng tng t vi nhiu cht ho hc khc nhau).
Nhiu bnh do nhim khun, ri lon ni tit, ri lon trao i cht gy ra cc triu
chng ging ng c (v d nh nn, ng kinh).
S tin trin ca cc triu chng lm sng cng c gi tr chn on trong ng c.
Bc s th y khi khm bnh c th ch thy c mt trong cc giai on tin trin ca cn
bnh. V vy cn hi ch gia sc v nhng triu chng khc nu c.
Thi gian xut hin v thi gian duy tr cc triu chng lm sng c th gip nhn
dng mt vi cht c v loi b nhng cht c khc.
T l sc vt b ng c v t l cht cng c th gip xc nh loi cht c, s tn
ti v hm lng ca cht c.
Ngoi ra cn c cc yu t khc c th nh hng n kh nng mn cm ca sc vt
vi cht b nghi l gy c, l: (1) Loi gia sc; (2) Tnh bit; (3) S tng tc gia cht
c vi cc cht dinh dng, cc loi thuc iu tr hay cht ho hc khc; (4) Stress hay tn
thng bnh l c quan, t chc trc khi b ng c.
* Tin trin bnh
Ph thuc vo:
- Ng c ti cp: t xy ra. Xy ra trong vng 1 - 2 gi hoc thi gian ngn hn (acid
silinic, kali cyanit, nitrit)
- Ng c cp: xy ra t ngt, tin trin nhanh sau khi n thc n c c hoc nhim
c. Gia sc thng b cht.
- Ng c bn cp: tin trin trong vi ngy, sau khi iu tr c th khi, c trng hp cht.
- Ng c mn: tin trin chm, triu chng lm sng khng r, thng xy ra khi sc
vt b nhim cht c thng xuyn, ko di. Triu chng thng l ng tiu ha hn l
thn kinh.
* Tin lng (prognose)
Tin lng ca bnh do ng c c xc nh da trn mc nng nh ca bnh,
bn cht v liu lng cht c cng nh kh nng trung ha, o thi cht c khi c th.
- Trong cc triu chng v thn kinh, triu chng kch thch thn kinh c coi l c
tin lng tt hn l trng thi trm ut. Xu nht l triu chng bi lit, thng dn n cht.
Co git khng phi lc no cng c tin lng xu.
38
39
- Bn cht ca cht c c ngha trong vic nh gi tin lng. Loi vt n c khi
b ng c c t thc vt thng c tin lng tt hn ng c cc cht c c ngun gc
khong hoc tng hp, do kh xc nh c lng cc cht ny hp thu vo mu v
chng thng c chm thi tr ra khi c th (v d, asen, ch, thy ngn...)
- Cc triu chng nim mc d dy, rut xut huyt nht l sc vt non, suy gim
hot ng tim mch, try tim mch.
- Sc vt b ng c nhng nn c c tin lng tt hn l khng nn.
c. Kim tra cc tn thng bnh l
Vic xc nh chnh xc cc c quan, m v cc qa trnh trao i cht chu nh hng
nhiu nht bi cht c l mt yu t quan trng trong chn on ng c. c tnh ca cc
h c quan c th s dng a ra nhng chn on phn bit ph hp vi nhng du hiu
lm sng. Cc cht c khc nhau c th gy nhng bin i c trng cc c quan, t chc.
Nu bnh sc b cht, cn m khm k v thu thp cc mu thch hp. Vic m khm
tng th xc bnh sc cn c thc hin bi chuyn gia c cht hc v chuyn gia bnh l.
Nhng tn thng bnh l do ng c thng l: vim d dy rut, gan nhim m, hoi t
gia tiu thy gan, sng v thn, hemoglobin niu, tim ph i, tch nc xoang ngc, ph k
phi, mt sng ty. Nhiu cht c gy cc tn thng bnh l i th v vi th c trng.
Cht cha d dy, rut cn c kim tra v mu sc, s c mt ca cy c, cc vt l,
vin thuc, nang thuc...
Cc mu t chc cn c bo qun trong dung dch m formalin 10% kim tra
bnh tch vi th.
Ribac v Gorii da vo tc ng ca cht c n cc c quan ca c th v nhng
bin i bnh l cc c quan ny, chia cht c thnh 6 nhm:
- Cht c ng rut: gm: hp cht phosphor, asen, thy ngn, bari, bismus... v
mt s saponin, alcaloid (morphin, protoveratrin...) glycoalcaloid (solanin...). Cc cht c
ny bin i ch yu rut gi, gan v cc c quan tiu ha khc.
- Cht c thn: tn thng ch yu nhu m thn. Gm phosphor, asen, st, ng,
ch, thy ngn v mt s thc vt gy c.
- Cht c mu: Mu mu socola: methemoglobin- nitrat, nitrit. Gy hy huyt
(hemolyse): saponin. Tng nht ca mu: toxanbumin.
- Cht c gy dn mch, h huyt p: lm tn thng thnh mch: cc mui
bari, asen...
- Cht c xng: gy osteonopoza (thy ngn), tng pht trin m xng (ng c
cp cc hp cht phosphor, fluor).
- Cht c da: gy tn thng da nh phosphor, clor, iod, cc cht photosensibiliti.
Cn lu l s phn chia trn y ch mang tnh cht tng i. Cht c trong cc
nhm trn khng phi lc no cng gy ra nhng bin i nh miu t. i khi cc cht c
gy ra nhng bin i bnh l rt a dng v vi mc khc nhau cc sc vt b ng c.
Bin i bnh l thng r nt trong cc trng hp ng c mn tnh.
- Ng c alcaloid thng i lin vi cc bin i bnh l nh: kh th, cc c quan
mu, xut huyt. Khi m khm xc nh ng vt b ng c, c th thy mi c trng.
39
40
d. Cc xt nghim c bn cn thit
Cc xt nghim c bn gip pht hin mc hu hoi c trng i vi cc c quan,
t chc, gp phn xc nh cht gy c v nh hng trong iu tr. Cc xt nghim ny
bao gm:
* Cc xt nghim mu: (1) Cc ch tiu sinh l mu: S lng hng cu, bch cu,
cng thc bch cu. Tc mu ng (prothrombin time- PT, thrombopastin time - PTT); (2)
Cc ch tiu sinh ha mu: hot mt s enzym nh SGOT, SGPT, choliesterase... in
gii mu (canxi, magi, kali, natri). pH mu, kim d tr trong mu, thm thu huyt
tng (osmolality)...
* Cc xt nghim nc tiu: huyt niu, bilirubin, hemoglobin, tr niu v oxalat.
Ngoi ra trong nhng iu kin cho php cn trin khai:
* in tm : trong ng c nhng cht gy ri lon nhp tim nh digitalis, quinidin,
ng c c u Tu, trng cc, l ngn...
* Chp X quang phi: ng c cc cht gy ph phi, xp phi.
* Cc xt nghim c cht
Phn tch cht c bao gm cc xt nghim v:
- Thc vt: xc nh loi thc vt gy c.
- Nm: Xc nh s c mt ca nm mc gy c v c t ca chng.
- Vi khun: Xc nh s c mt ca vi khun gy c v c t ca chng.
- Phn tch ha nghim: Xc nh cht c trong thc n, nc ung, trong cht cha
d dy, d c, diu (gia cm), dch rut, mt s c quan ni tng nh gan, thn...
- Sinh hc: cho sc vt n nhng thc n nghi c nhim cht c, xc nh gy c
ca thc n bng mt s phng php trong c cht hc.
S c mt, hm lng ca cht c, c t hay dng chuyn ho ca n trong cc t
chc thng l du hiu quan trng nht xc nh ng c.
chn on ng c, cc phn tch ho nghim khng nn s dng c lp v mt s
l do sau:
- Hm lng ho cht c pht hin thy trong m thng tng thch vi tnh trng
ng c; tuy nhin, mt s ho cht gy ng c nhng li c mt trong t chc hm lng
rt thp (di gii hn kim tra).
- Mt s cht ho hc (v d nh cc hp cht phospho hu c) c th gy ng c m
khng pht hin thy trong m bng cc phng php phn tch thng thng.
- Mt s ho cht c c th tch lu vi hm lng cao mt s m nht nh m
khng gy ng c (v d: hp cht clo hu c tch ly trong m m...).
- S kt hp ca cht c vi cc tc nhn hoc cht dinh dng khc c th lm gim
hot tnh cht c lu gi trong m (v d nh thu ngn c th kt hp vi selen v protein
to thnh mt phc hp lu tr trong m m khng gy c).
* Cc phng php xt nghim c cht hin nay bao gm:
40
41
- Sc k lp mng: ch yu nh tnh cht c. c th pht hin hu ht cc cht gy
c thng thng nh thuc tr su (PPHC, clo hu c), thuc dit chut, thuc ng, cc cht
c trong cy (alcaloid, glycosid)
- Cc my quang ph khi, sc k kh, sc k lng hiu nng cao c th nh lng
nng cht c, tuy nhin ch mt s phng th nghim hin i mi c trang b nhng
my ny.
1.3. Ly mu cho cc xt nghim chn on ng c
a. Cc nguyn tc ly mu kim tra ng c
* Cc mu bnh phm: Khi ly mu bnh phm xt nghim, cn lu :
- Mu l mi trng chnh vn chuyn cht c trong c th.
- Ly mu cht nn hoc phn khi sc vt b ng c qua ng tiu ha. Mt s cht
c c o thi qua phn.
- Nc tiu l ng chnh bi tit nhiu cht c, c t.
- Da v tc rt quan trng i vi cc trng hp phi nhim vi cht c qua da.
Trong tc tch lu kim loi v mt s hp cht hu c gy c mn tnh.
* Cc c quan quan trng cn phi ly mu xt nghim cht c:
- Gan l c quan chnh tham gia chuyn ho v bi tit cht c.
- Thn l ng bi tit quan trng i vi nhiu cht c.
- D dy v rut non phn nh ng c do mi phi nhim vi cht c qua ng
ming nhng khng quan trng i vi nhng cht tch ly hoc gy ng c mn tnh.
* Cc mu t mi trng: Kt qu xt nghim cc mu mi trng gp phn tm ra
ngun cht c hoc l nhng gi v ngun phi nhim. Cc mu s bao gm:
- Nhng mu thc n, nc mi c s dng.
- Cy c b nghi l gy ng c.
- Mi, b c cha cht c.
- Cc cht ho hc, thuc dit cn trng, dung mi v cc vt dng m sc vt c th tip xc.
- Cc loi thuc c th gy ng c cho sc vt hoc gn y c s dng trong tr
liu.
- Thc n, nc, cy c m ng vt n rt cn thit cho vic pht hin cc ngun
gy c. Mt iu quan trng phi lu l nhng loi thc n gy ng c c th khng
cn tn ti n thi im kim tra.
b. Cc mu bnh phm v mu t mi trng cn thit cho chn on ng c
Bng 2.3: Cc mu bnh phm v mu t mi trng cn thit
cho chn on ng c
Mu
bnh
phm
Lng
mu
ngha chn on
1. Trc khi bnh sc b cht
41
42
5 - 10 ml
42
43
Mi, b
Tt c
Nc
0,5 - 1lt
1kg
c. Bo qun mu gi xt nghim
Vic bo qun mu, gi xt nghim l rt cn thit c th tin hnh phn tch mt cch
y . Cc mu bnh phm c gi xt nghim km theo danh sch mu, cc pht hin
trong qu trnh chn on, kt qu m khm (bng 2.3). Mu bnh phm phi c gi
sch, khng b h hng. Mi mu c ng trong ti nha hoc bnh thy tinh trong ring
bit, v trng. Cc mu cn xt nghim thuc tr su, cc hp cht hu c hm lng thp
c ng trong l thy tinh tt hn l ti nha.
Vic bo qun cc mu bnh phm l rt quan trng. Hu ht cc mu cn c
lm lnh tr khi nhng phn tch c th i hi cch x l khc. Lm lnh mu nhm
trnh cho cc cht c khi b phn hy, trnh c s pht trin ca vi khun v nm
mc, ngn khng cho cho cc tc nhn d bay hi bin mt (v d nh amoni hay
cyanide). Tuy nhin nhit lnh c th c ch hot tnh mt s men trong cc test nhy
cm, lm kt qu khng chnh xc. V vy, nu c nghi ng v bin php bo qun cn s
t vn t phng th nghim c cht hc.
Huyt thanh cn c tch khi phn mu ng kt qu phn tch khng b nh
hng bi cc thnh phn khc trong mu.
Trong phn tch c cht khng ch xc nh s c mt ca cht c m cn phi xc
nh liu lng v mc gy c ca cc cht c ny.
1.4. Chn on phn bit
c th can thip v x l kp thi khi sc vt b ng c do cc nguyn nhn khc
nhau, cn chn on chnh xc nguyn nhn gy c v chn on phn bit vi nhng bnh
khc. Bnh do ng c thng c nhng c im sau:
- Ng c cp: Sc vt m nng t ngt, m ng lot nhiu con, nguyn nhn khng
r, khi loi tr nhng nguyn nhn nh cm lnh, bnh truyn nhim... v thng b cht.
- Bnh khng ly, mc bnh ng lot, triu chng v cc bin i bnh l ca cc c
quan u ging nhau, sau khi loi b c nguyn nhn c nghi l gy c th bnh ngng
lan ngay.
- Xut hin cc triu chng ng tiu ha (tit nc bt, nn, a chy hoc to bn,
au bng, b n...) v cc triu chng thn kinh (hung hn kch thch hoc r, co git, run
c, vn ng long chong, lit, hn m...).
- Nhiu trng hp gy vng da thng l do gan b tn thng (ng c cc cht
khong).
- Thn nhit bnh thng hoc thp hn, rt t khi st.
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44
Trong mt s trng hp ng c, mi c trng ca cht c rt c ngha chn
on. Mi trong hi th, hi chc t d c hoc mi t cht nn, nc tiu... V d
Hexacloran: mi mc c trng.
Nu m khm sm c th pht hin thy mi cc c quan ni tng nh: d dy,
rut, phi..
Kim tra ni xy ra ng c, thc n cn tha, nhng th b rc, cc cht ha hc
gn vi sc vt cng gip pht hin c nguyn nhn gy ng c
- Ng c cn c phn bit vi cc bnh truyn nhim. Phn bit c vi bnh
truyn nhim l khng st.
- Cc kt qu xt nghim v vi sinh vt, k sinh trng v c cht hc c gi tr quyt
nh chn on phn bit vi bnh truyn nhim, k sinh trng.
- Cc bnh thiu dinh dng: khng pht hin thy cc cht c, ng thi pht hin thy
thiu thnh phn vitamin, khong trong thc n. Sc vt non thng hay mc bnh ny. Bnh thiu
dinh dng thng dng mn tnh cn ng c trong a s cc trng hp l cp tnh.
- Khi pht hin thy cht c trong phn, nc tiu, mu... nhng khng xut hin cc
triu chng ng c, cha th chn on l ng c. Ch khi cng vi s c mt ca cht c
trong cc xt nghim l cc triu chng lm sng c trng mi xc nh l ng c bi 1 loi
cht c (v d ng c mn tnh ch, thy ngn...).
2. iu tr ng c
iu tr ng c vt nui c th thc hin theo 3 nguyn tc: (1) iu tr nguyn
nhn (Etiologic). (2) iu tr theo c ch sinh bnh hc (pathogenetic). (3) iu tr triu
chng (symptomatic).
Khi sc vt b ng c cp phi x tr v trin khai cp cu chng c cng sm cng
tt. Trnh cho sc vt tip tc tip xc vi ngun gy c bng cch di chuyn sc vt khi
ni nhim. Ngng ngay cho thc n hoc nc ung nghi c c. Ch gia sc v nhng
ngi c th b ng c khi chm sc bnh sc (v d khi sc vt b ng c do kh c trong
chung nui hoc da, lng sc vt bm cc thuc tr su, thuc dit ngoi k sinh trng).
Cc phng php iu tr nhm mc ch:
- Loi tr cht c ra khi c th.
- Ph hy hoc trung ha cht c.
- iu tr cc ri lon triu chng (gii quyt cc hu qu ca ng c).
Cn lu l khi xut hin cc du hiu ca ng c gy nh hng n cc chc
nng sng ca bnh sc th vic iu tr triu chng, nng cao sc khng ca c th l quan
trng nht v bao gi cng c p dng trc tin (trc khi tin hnh cc bin php loi
tr hoc thi tr cht c ra khi c th).
2.1. Loi cht c ra khi c th
Vic loi cht c khi c th bng nhiu bin php cng nhanh cng tt nhm gim
ti a s hp thu cht c vp mu, ng thi tng thi cht c ra ngoi. i vi sc vt b
ng c qua ng tiu ha, bin php ny c hiu qu nht trong vng 2 gi u b ng c,
sau 4 gi s t tc dng.
a. Loi cht c bm trn da, mt
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45
Lm sch da, lng sc vt bng nc m, x phng nu cht c bm vo da, lng.
Sc vt lng di th ct bt. Nu cht c bm vo mt cn phun ra mt lin tc bng nc
sch hoc nc mui sinh l 0,9% t 10 n 15 pht. Cht c l acid hay base cn duy tr
pH= 6,5 - 7,5 sau khi ra mt.
b. Loi cht c qua ng tiu ha
* Gy nn
X l ngay vi pht sau khi sc vt n hoc ung phi cht c.
Chng ch nh trong cc trng hp sau:
- Loi gm nhm, th, nga v sc vt nhai li hoc khng th nn sinh l hoc gy
nn khng an ton v khng hiu qu.
- Bnh sc b hn m, b ng kinh, co git c th b ngt th trong khi gy nn.
- Bnh sc b ng c xng, du hoc cc cht c bay hi d b vim phi nu gy nn.
Bin php gy nn c thc hin ch yu ch v ln, c th dng cc cht gy nn sau:
- Siro ipeca: 1 - 2 ml/kg cho ch, mo - 3 ml/kg. Nu sau 15 - 20 pht thuc khng c
tc dng th dng liu lp li. Nu s dng cng vi than hot tnh s b v hot.
- Apomorphin: Tim cho ch liu 0,04 mg/kg i.v, i.m; 0,08 mg/kg s.c. C th b nn
qu mc hoc triu chng c ch thn kinh. Khng dng cho mo.
- Nc oxy gi 3% cho ung liu 2 - 5 ml/kg th trng. Dng khng qu 40 - 50ml/con.
- Xylazin: 1,1 mg/kg i.m c hiu qu vi mo. Bnh sc c th b c ch h hp.
- i vi ln tim veratrin (hormotonon, lentin) 0,02 - 0,03 g/kg th trng.
- Ly lng trng trng ho trong nc lnh 2-3 qu/1lit, cho vt ung.
* Ra d dy
Nu khng gy nn c th phi ra d dy. y l bin hp hiu qu nht i vi
cht c dng lng v dng bt d tan. Ra d dy hiu qu nht trong 60 pht u, nu cht
c nhiu v l ming to c th trong 2 - 3 gi u sau khi b ng c v tt. Khi ra ly 250 300 ml dch ra u tin phn tch xc nh cht c. Dung dch ra d dy c th l:
- Dung dch Kali permanganat 1 - 2 %; l cht oxy ha phn ng d vi cc cht hu c.
- Dung dch Natri hydrocarbonat 5 (nu ng c bng acid th khng dng v gii
phng kh CO2 gy chng bng, thng d dy).
- Dung dch Magnesium oxyd hoc Magnesium hydroxyd trung ha acid dng
nng 2,5 % (tnh cho MgO).
- Huyt thanh mn ng trng: dng cho mi trng hp,
- Ra d dy (nga) bng nc c than hot tnh 3%, tanin 1% (trong trng hp ng
c alcaloid).
Nhng bnh sc b ng c acid hoc base mnh, strychnin, ung phi cht du hoc
hn m su th khng ra d dy.
* Hp ph cht c trong d dy, rut
45
46
Than hot hp ph cc cht c, gim thiu tc dng c hi. Hp th hu ht cc cht
c, thuc, thc n c trong d dy, rut non. C hiu qu nht vi cc phn t ln, khng
phn cc. Mt s cht hp th km vi than hot, l: st, lithium, kali, cyanide, acid mui
v ru.
Chng ch nh: Khng dng cho bnh sc hn m, co git tr khi c iu kin
c t ng ni kh qun v cho thuc chng co git.
Liu lng than hot tnh: 2 - 5 g/kg th trng ha trong nc theo t l 2g/5ml nc.
Theo ti liu ca Nikov: GS: 400 - 700 g, TGS: 30 - 80g/con.
+ Cc cht nhun trng:
Cc cht ny kch thch nhu ng rut, thi nhng cht cha b hp ph ht bi than
hot, gim hp thu cht c trong rut v ngn b to bn do than hot.
- Magie sulfat v natri sulfat: liu lng 250 mg/kg pha dung dch 6 - 10%. Tc dng
s nhanh hn nu cho cng mt lng nc ln - dung dch.
- Sorbitol 70%: Liu lng 3 ml/kg per. ose.
- Ln, ch, mo dng cht ty du nh du thu du, tuy nhin cc cht ty du chng
ch nh khi ng c cc cht phosphor, santonin, DDT, phosphor hu c hoc nhng cht
c tan trong du.
+ Tht trc trng:
Nn kt hp tht trc trng vi ra d dy, thng dng dung dch NaCl 9 1 - 2
lt/gi.
* M d dy hoc m d c bng phu thut
Trong trng hp khng can thip c bng cc bin php khc nh gy nn, ra d
dy, hp ph bng than hot... c th m d dy hoc d c bng phu thut. V d: sc vt
nut phi thi kim loi c bit l kim loi nng hoc nha ng, hc n, du cng nghip...
c. Thi cht c qua ng khc
* Qua ng h hp
Mt s cht c th kh hoc d bay hi c th loi nhanh chng ra khi c th bng
ng h hp. con bnh nm ni thong, mt (tr trng hp ng c nhng cht gy
ph phi: phosgen, clo, SO2...). C iu kin dng my tr h hp nng oxy 50 %.
* Qua ng thn
+ thi nhanh cht c ra khi c th dng cc cht li tiu, cht gy tot m hi
nh liqmor kali acetic, diuretin..., dng pilocarpin trng thi tim phi bnh thng.
- Truyn nhiu dch, c th cho dung dch ng u trng, thuc li niu (nu khng
b bnh thn). Ch l khi i nhiu c th mt cht in gii Na+, K+, Cl-...
- Mt s cht c c tnh acid yu thng o thi nhanh trong mi trng kim
(barbiturat) hoc gim tc dng mi trng kim (phosphor hu c); thng a dung dch
kim vo c th bnh sc nhng cn theo di pH ca mu khng vt qu 7,6 v nu kim
qu s c ch h hp. Mt s cht c gim tc dng trong mi trng acid nhng trong lm
sng gim pH ca mu d gy bin chng nn t p dng iu tr.
- Trong nhn y dng phng php lc mu bng thn nhn to. Phng php ny
nhanh hn nhng rt tn km.
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47
* Pha long mu
Nu cht c hp thu vo trong mu, cn tin hnh cc bin php lm long, trung
ha v o thi nhanh cht c.
Cht c c th c pha long bng cch: thi bt mu (chch mu) GS: 1l
mu/100kg th trng. Sau truyn dung dch nc mui sinh l hoc glucose hoc cho sc
vt ung mt lng nc ln qua ng thng thc qun. Thi bt mu c cht c l bin php
hiu qu nht giai on sm ca ng c c bit khi c cc triu chng thn kinh, tim
mch v tch nc phi. Chng ch nh khi try tim mch (nim mc nht nht, mch nh,
nhanh, huyt p thp). V d nhim c barbiturat, cc cht ph v hng cu, nh hydro
arsenid hoc cht c lm bin i hemoglobin (to hemoglobin).
Trong mi trng hp dng nc ng u trng, c nh hng tt n trao i
cht, n c tim, kch thch glycogenase v chc nng gii c ca gan, kh nng khng c
ca c th cng cao nu d tr glycogen cng cao.
+ S dng vitamin trong mt s trng hp ng c:
B comflex trong tn thng thn kinh do ng c.
Vitamin K trong tn thng gan. Vitamin P trong ng c c tn thng thnh mch
v tng tnh thm thnh mch (asen, bensol).
Trong hu ht cc trng hp ng c c ngun gc khong v cc cht tng hp, cn
thit b sung vitamin c bit vitamin C v B, tim tnh mch kt hp vi glucose.
2.2. Ph hy hoc trung ha cht c bng cc cht khng c
a. Nguyn l trong iu tr i khng
* nh ngha cht khng c: Cht khng c (cht i khng-antidot) l nhng cht
c tc dng c bit, i lp vi tc dng ca mt cht c.
* Nguyn l trong iu tr i khng
Cht i khng thng c s dng khi sc vt b phi nhim vi cht c v c
biu hin ng c trn lm sng.
+ La chn cht i khng v liu lng da trn:
- Liu lng c xc nh da trn liu s dng cho ng vt th nghim hoc
kinh nghim ca nhn y.
- Thi gian tc dng ca cht i khng s khc nhau ph thuc vo thi gian tc dng
ca cht c.
- Mt s cht i khng c th gy c nu dng qu liu hoc thi gian iu tr qu
ko di.
- Hiu qu iu tr s ngc li nu dng cht i khng trong trng hp khng pht
hin ng cht gy c. V vy chn on chnh xc nguyn nhn gy c l bc rt quan
trng dng cht i khng trong gii c.
+ Hiu qu iu tr i khng b hn ch do:
- Cha thc hin s kh c (decontamination) sc vt b ng c.
- Lin quan n loi ging, la tui sc vt.
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48
b. Cc cht khng c (cht i khng-antidot) - C ch gii c
* Cc cht i khng ha hc
Cc cht i khng ha hc thng tng tc vi cht c hoc trung ha cht c.
+ Cht i khng lin kt vi cht c to thnh phc hp khng qua c mng t
bo hoc lm cho cht c khng gn c vi th th c hiu na. V d:
- Acid dimercaprol v acid dimercaptosuccinic l cc hp cht sulfhydryl lin kt vi
kim loi nng nh asen, ch lm chng khng c gn vi th th ca chng.
- Cht cng cua EDTA, deferoxamin, D - penicillamin to chelat vi kim loi nng,
to thnh phc hp d tan trong nc, d thi tr qua nc tiu.
- Antivenin chng nc rn v khng th chng digitoxin l cc tc nhn min dch gn
c hiu vi nc c hoc c t.
+ Cht i khng thng qua chuyn ha:
Mt s cht i khng tham gia chuyn ha cht c thnh cc sn phm t c hn.
V d:
- Nitrit kt hp vi hemoglobin v cyanid to thnh cyanmethemoglobin t c hn
cyanid, gii phng cytocrom oxydase tr li hot ng cu con vt khi b ngt ni h hp.
Dng khi gii c cc glucozid cha xit cyanhydric.
- Thiosulfate c nhm sulfate lin kt vi cyanid to thnh thiocyanate d thi qua
nc tiu.
* Cc cht i khng dc l
Cc cht i khng ny c tc dng trung ha hoc i lp vi tc dng ca cht c
thng qua cc c ch:
+ Ngn chn qu trnh chuyn ha cht c thnh cc sn phm c hn
V d: Ethanol v 4 - methylpyrazole (4 - MP) cnh tranh vi alcohol dehydrogenase
ngn cn s to thnh cht trung gian c hi t ethylen glycol.
+Lm tng o thi cht c.
Cc cht i khng trong nhm ny lm thay i bn cht l ha ca cht c, dn n
lm tng lc cht c qua tiu cu thn v gim ti hp thu ng thn.
V d: mobibden v sulfate kt hp vi ng to phc hp d tan trong nc v d
o thi qua nc tiu.
+ Cht i khng cnh tranh th th vi cht c.
C ch tc dng trong trng hp ny l i khng cnh tranh.
V d: Naloxon phong b tc dng ca cc opioid thng qua cnh tranh th th vi cc
cht c ny.
+ Cht i khng phong b th th ca cht c.
V d: Atropin phong b tc dng ca acetylcholin ti synap thn kinh v u ni
thn kinh - c.
+ Cht i khng hi phc chc nng bnh thng ca c th b ng c:
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49
V d: Trong trng hp b ng c nitrit, cht i khng l xanh methylen kt hp
vi NADPH (Reduce Nicotinamid Adenin Dinucleotid) kh ion Fe3+ ca methaemoglobin
thnh ion Fe2+ ca haemoglobin, tham gia vn chuyn oxy.
c. Cc cht khng c thng dng trong th y
Acetylcystein: iu tr ng c acetaminophen. Liu cho ung: 140 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg 6
gi cho mt ln, khng qu 7 ln. Tng k vi amphotericin B, tetracyclin, erythromycin,
ampicillin, nc oxy gi.
Amonium molybdat: iu tr ng c ng cu. Liu cho ung 200 mg/ngy, cho 3
tun. Nu ng c cp tim tnh mch 1,7 - 3,4 mg/ngy, tim 3 ln cch nht.
Antivenin: iu tr ng c c t nc rn, tim tnh mch 1 ng, tim 1 ln.
Atropin sulfat: iu tr ng c cc cht c ch men cholinesterase (anticholinesterase).
Liu lng 2 mg/kg: tim tnh mch 1/4 liu, tim di da 3/4 liu. Tng k vi thuc tim natri
bicarbonat.
Calci dinatri EDTA (Calci dinatri Ethylen Diamin Tetraacetic Acid): l cht gp kim
loi nng, dng iu tr ng c ch, km. Liu lng 110 mg/kg/ngy, chia 3 - 4 liu/ngy,
liu u tim tnh mch, 3 liu sau tim di da, khng dng qu 5 ngy. Trong nhn y c
dng ng 500 mg, pha 1 - 2 ng trong dung dch glucose 30 - 50%, tim tnh mch nhiu ln.
Theo Holm v cng s, tim tnh mch cho nga 66 mg/kg. Theo Radeleff: 110 mg/kg cho
b. (Trch theo Phm Khc Hiu).
Dimercaprol (BAL - British Anti Lewisite): l cht gp kim loi nng, iu tr ng c
asen, thy ngn, ch v vng. Liu tim bp trc khi xut hin triu chng 3 mg/kg, 8 gi tim 1
ln, khi c triu chng ng c tim 6 mg/kg 8 gi 1 ln, tim 3 - 5 ngy. Cn theo di chc
nng thn trong qu trnh iu tr.
D-Penicillamin: iu tr ng c ch, liu cho ung 110 mg/kg cho 1 - 2 tun. Khm
li bnh sc 1 tun sau t iu tr u tin. Liu iu tr ng c ng ch l 10 - 15 mg/kg
cho ung 2 ln trong ngy, cho hng ngy.
Ethanol 20%: iu tr ng c ethylen glycol. Tim tnh mch cho ch 5,5 ml/kg tim 5
ln cch nhau 4 gi, sau tim tip 4 ln cnh 6gi. i vi mo: 5 ml/kg i.v. 5 ln cch 6 g,
ri 4 ln cch 8 gi.
Natri nitrit: iu tr ng c cyanid. Liu tim tnh mch 22 mg/kg. C th dng natri
thiosulfat 660 mg/kg i.v.
Nc lng trng trng: (ha tan 6 lng trng trng vo thnh 1 lt, c th thm cht
thm cho d ung) to vi kim loi nng albuminat khng tan.Pralidoxim chlorid (2 - PAM):
iu tr ng c thuc tr su phospho hu c, tim tnh mch hoc di da liu 10 - 15 mg/kg 2 3 ln/ngy n khi khi.
Tanin: lm kt ta alcaloid, glycosid trong cc cy c thnh nhng cht kh tan, kh
hp thu, d o thi theo phn. Liu cho ung: 5 - 15 g (nga), 10 - 25 g (tru b), 2 - 5g (b,
ngh, nga non, d, cu), 1 - 2 g vi ln, ch 0,1 - 0,5 g.
Vitamin C (acid ascorbic): iu tr ng c ng ch. Liu cho ung hng ngy 500 1000 mg/con. Chng methemoglobinemia mo, liu cho ung 30 mg/kg, 4 ln/ngy.
Vitamin K: iu tr ng c cc cht chng ng mu coumarin v indanedion. Liu
cho ung hoc tim di da 2 - 5 mg/ngy chia 2 ln, sau cho ung 2 - 3 mg/kg/ngy chia
3 ln tim 1 tun.
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Xanh methylen 1 %: iu tr ng c nitrat, nitrit hoc chlorat cho nhiu loi gia sc, gia
cm. Liu tim tnh mch 4 - 15 mg/kg; c th tim nhc li sau 6 - 8 gi. Gy methemoglobinemia
hoc th Heinz mo. Tng k vi cht kim, cc cht oxy ha kh.
2.3. Hi sc cp cu v iu tr triu chng
Trong iu tr ng c cp, mt mt v cha bit ngay cht c no (ang ch kt qu
phn tch), mt khc cht chng c khng nhiu, con bnh c th b cht v ri lon cc chc
phn. V vy hi sc cp cu v iu tr triu chng c vai tr rt quan trng. Sau y l
nhng hi chng chnh do ng c cn c can thip cp cu v iu tr kp thi:
a. iu tr suy h hp
t ng ni kh qun, h tr h hp, cho th oxy hoc carbogen khi bnh sc b kh
th, ngt th. Trng hp ng c Clo, Brom, phosgen, SO2... khng lm h hp nhn to.
Nu b ngt do t lit men phi dng xanhmethylen hoc glutation, chng s phn ng vi
nc v cung cp oxy cho c th:
Sau khi lm h hp nhn to c th dng thuc kch thch h hp:
- Ephedrin: tim bp 1- 2 ml dung dch 3%.
- Amphetamin: tim tnh mch 0,01- 0,02 g.
- Theophylin ha tan: tim tnh mch hoc di da 0,25 g 3 ln/24h.
- Lobelin dung dch 1 % tim tnh mch ti a 0,1 g/ngy.
- Doxapram 1 - 10 mg/kg tim tnh mch. Qu liu gy ng kinh hoc bnh sc ri
vo trng thi hn m.
b. iu tr ri lon nhp tim
Atropin sulfat, tim tnh mch hoc tim bp 0,01 - 02 mg/kg khi ng c hp cht
phospho hu c, digitalis.
Glycopyrrolat tim tnh mch hoc tim bp 0,005 - 0,01 mg/kg khi ng c carbamat,
phenothiazin,
c. Chng shock
Nguyn nhn shock l do nn ma, a chy, xut huyt dn n gim th tch mu,
gim cung lng tim t ngt do ri lon nhp tim: truyn tnh mch dung dch ringer lactat
hoc cht thay th huyt tng.
d. iu tr triu chng thn kinh
Thng l hn m hoc ng kinh, co git. gim co git tim tnh mch diazepam
0,5 mg/kg , tim nhc li sau 10 - 20 pht. C th dng phenobarbital 6 mg/kg i.v.
iu tr hn m, c ch thn kinh bng doxapram, camphora, cafein.
e/ Chng ri lon nc, in gii v toan kim
Chng mt nc v cht in gii bng cch truyn dung dch glucose 5 % v dung
dch NaCl. Trng hp nc (gim protid mu v Na+ trong huyt tng) th khng dng
dung dch NaCl, dng n thun glucose.
iu chnh toan kim bng cc thuc sau:
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- Nu tha kim dng thuc li liu nhm Fonurit nh acetazolamid thi kim ra nc
tiu, hoc b toan bng cch truyn dung dch NH4Cl 8,3.
- Nu toan huyt th truyn dung dch NaHCO3 15.
f. Chng bin chng mu
- Ng c nitrit to methemoglobin dng xanhmethylen, tim tnh mch 4 - 50 ml
dung dch 1%.
- Ng c lm mu chm ng th truyn tiu cu hoc mu ti; cho thm thuc
nhm corticoid (v d tim tnh mch depersolon).
- Trng hp tan huyt ch yu iu tr bng truyn mu.
Tm li vic cp cu ng c nng l phi iu tr ton din bng h hp, tun hon,
thn kinh... ng thi p dng cc thuc gii c c hiu.
Cu hi n tp
1. Trnh by cc bc chn on ng c vt nui?
2. Cc nguyn tc ly mu v bo qun mu cho xt nghim chun on ng c?
3. Chun on phn bit bnh do ng c vi cc bnh khc?
4. Gii thch cc bin php phng v iu tr ng c vt nui?
5. Nu khi nim cht khng c, c ch khng c v cho v d
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- Mc cao hn vi lng cn thit - nhim c, gy tc dng ph.
Nh chng ta bit, ngay c nhng nguyn t rt c nh asen, ch, cadimi cng i
hi mt mc vi lng cn duy tr v pht trin c th sng.
1.1. Nguyn nhn gy nhim kim loi nng
Nguyn liu dng trong ch bin phn bn cho cy trng, thc n chn nui cng nghip.
Cc hp kim loi dng trong bo qun v cha ng thc n hp: dng hp ch,
thic ng thc n, nu trong l cc sn phm ca ng vt c ln kh H2S s hnh thnh
ch sulphur mu en gy c.
Kim loi ln vo thc n trong qu trnh ch bin: nu, nng, cha ng, bo qun...
Do nhim mi trng, cc nh ny ha cht thi kim loi c hi vo mi trng.
Thng qua trao i cht, cy trng, ng vt nui hp th lm cho mc kim loi c hi c
trong sn phm cao, gy ng c cho ngi, ng vt tip theo.
1.2. Tc hi ca cc kim loi nng
Gy ng c cp tnh nh asen gy cht ng vt
Gy ng c mn tnh hay tch ly nh ch dng trong bo qun hp, thy ngn...
Trong bo qun thc n d lm h hng, gim gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm nh
ch cn mt lng nh mui kim loi cng phn hy cc vitamin C v B1...
2. Ng c cc cht c v c
2.1. Ng c kim loi nng
a. Asen (As)
* Nguyn nhn gy ng c
Asen kim loi l cht c mu xm, ra ngoi khng kh b oxy ha thnh asen tryoxit
As2O3 rt c gi l thch tin. t chy c mi ti. Asen c phn b rng khp thin nhin,
thc n, nc ung, trong c th ng vt, thc vt, nht l cc loi nhuyn th. Liu thp n
c coi l nguyn t vi lng dng kch thch tiu ha, tng tch ly, lng mt, da bng,
tng trng nhanh, c xng pht trin...
Asen liu cao rt c, n c a vo c th ng vt thng qua cc ng sau:
- Rau, c, sn phm nng nghip b nhim c thuc bo v thc vt nh: ng asenat,
ch v canxi asenat... tr nm, cn trng nng nghip.
- Cc cht kch thch tng trng c b sung thm nguyn t vi lng trong thc n
cng nghip ca th nui.
- Cc a xit kakodylic, kakodylat - hp cht hu c ca asen c ha tr 3 hay 5 dng trong y
hc, th y phng, tr bnh giang mai, st rt nh k, l amip, k sinh trng ng mu...
- S dng nc ngm vng t b nhim asennic thiu s quan tm kim tra.
Nguyn nhn gy ng c cp tnh
Ng c cp tnh asen do ung nhm thuc, dng thuc qu liu (tim tnh mch cc
hp cht hu c ca asen tr k sinh trng ng mu), do u c, thc n b nhim asenic...
Nguyn nhn gy ng c trng din:
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Trn lm sng ta hay gp hin tng ng c trng diu do tch ly asen t c, rau
xanh, cc sn phm nng nghip... Con vt c biu hin triu chng km n, tiu chy, gy
cm, rng lng, da kh hay c th b eczema.
Dng thuc cha cc dn xut ca asen tr bnh trong thi gian di hay gp ch
nhp ngoi, tru, b nga b k sinh trng ng mu
ng vt n thc n xanh: c, c, rau qu... cha nhiu d lng thuc tr su. C mc
vng t b nhim asen nng. n c quanh nh my sn xut, ch bin cc hp cht ca asen...
ngi, ng c trng din do tch ly asen l kt qu bnh ngh nghip b nhim
asen t qu trnh ch bin cng nghip.
Hin nay vi ngi, nh nc c qui nh hm lng asen tn d cho php trong
c, qu, rau xanh ti a 1,4 ppm.
Cc ha cht dng trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm khng c php nhiu hn
3ppm. Nu nh cc nh sn xut, ch bin thc phm thc hin nghim ngt qui nh trn ca
nh nc, lng asen hng ngy ngi nhn c t 0,025 - 0,033 mg/kg th trng. Liu ti
a asen c th nhn c hng ngy ngi 0,05 mg/kg th trng. Tiu chun chu u
(1999/29/E.C ngy 29/4/1999) cho php hm lng asen c trong thc n hn hp ca mi
loi ng vt tr thy sn l 2 mg/kg.
* c tnh: Liu LD 50 ca natri aseniat cho ung l 42 mg/kg, cn dng trioxid asenic
l 385 mg/kg. Liu gy c ca trioxid asenic gp 3 - 10 ln so vi natri aseniat. LD 50 khi
tim bp cho chut natri aseniat l10 - 12 mg/kg; gia cm cho n 0,01 - 0,1 g; ln, ch 0,05 0,1 g; d 0,2 - 0,5 g; tru, b, nga 1,0 - 4,0 g/con. Liu c v liu gy cht ca asen cch
nhau tng i xa trn cng loi vt ty theo dng asen v c hay hu c.
Bng 3.1: Liu gy cht ca asen v c (As2O3 ) trn ng vt
Loi ng vt
Liu gam/con
Ung
Bi vt thng
Nga
10,0 - 15,0
2,0
i gia sc c sng
15,0 - 20,0
2,0
5,0 - 10,0
0,2
Ln
0,5 - 1,0
0,2
ch
0,1 - 0,2
0,02
Vi ngi liu 0,06 gam c biu hin c, liu 0,15 gam/ngi s b cht
Thc t asen c hp thu qua da, vt thng thp hn nhiu so vi qua ng tiu
ho. Nhng nng gy trng c do lng asen hp thu qua da v vt thng li xut hin
sm v thp hn nhiu so vi liu qua ng tiu ho khong t 10 - 15 ln.
* ng hc
Cc ch phm ca asen u tan trong nc, lipid, nn d hp thu qua ng tiu ha,
tp trung nhiu trong gan, thn. Khi b trng c, triu chng u tin hay gp l cc biu
hin bnh l trn ng tiu ha, gan v thn. Asen cn c tch ly nhiu trong xng
v cc t chc ha sng: lng, mng, sng... Da b tn thng v nim mc ng h
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hp cng hp thu c asen. Phn ln c thi tr qua mt, phn cn li thi qua thn,
phi, sa v tuyn m hi.
* C ch
Hin nay vn cha xc nh r c c ch tc dng ca asen. Khi vo c th ty
dng bo ch, ty c a, asen c th chuyn t ha tr 3 sang ha tr 5 v ngc li. Do vy
tc dng ca asen c lc l kh oxy, c lc li oxy ha. Liu t, asen li thc y hot ng
ca men trong t bo.
Trong c th n kt hp vi nhm - SH ca men oxy ha nn gim qu trnh ng
ha. Khi asen c ha tr 3 d kt hp vi cystein to phc tc dng nh cht xc tc qu trnh
oxy ha mnh hn cystein, vi liu cao, qu trnh ny li b c ch.
Asen lm gin mao qun, nht l vng u v rut, nn s ci thin c tun hon,
tng s hp thu. Liu cao gy lit mch qun, nn, tiu chy ra mu, vim, hoi t rut. Asen
rt c vi h mao mch do lm lit thn kinh vn mch v tc dng trc tip n c trn ca
thnh mao mch. Ngoi mao mch ng tiu ha, mao mch thn (qun cu, ng thn u
bi gin) cng b ph hy, tn thng. Vt b tt huyt p rt nhanh, c bit trn ch.
Vi h thn kinh, asen c tc dng c ch thn kinh. Nu nhim c ko di gy vim
thn kinh v ty sng.
Trn h tun hon do h thng to mu b ph hy dn n thiu mu, gim bch cu.
* Triu chng: Ng c asen thng 2 dng:
* Dng cp tnh: Ng c asen thng 2 dng:Ty liu lng, ty loi vt m cc biu
hin trng c sau 30 pht hay hng ngy. Nu tim tnh mch nhm thuc, qu liu vt suy yu,
tim nhanh, mch yu, th hn hn, ng t rn, cht rt nhanh trong vng 1 - 10 gi.
Vi ch triu chng xut hin sau 2 - 3gi, tru b c th 20 - 30 gi. ng vt chy
nc di, nc bt, nc mi nhiu, kh nut, kht nc, nn e (ch, mo, ln). Sau
au bng d di, nn ra mu, nng c th nn ra mu ti, tiu chy phn mu c ph d
di, c khi ra mu ti. ng vt kht nc, suy kit do mt nc v in gii, tt huyt p,
hn m sau lit m cht khong 1 - 5 ngy. Bnh nng c th cht t ngt do try tim
mch, tt nhit .
* Dng mn tnh: Triu chng ton thn: do mao qun di da b tn thng dn n
cc bnh l trn da eczema, rng lng, hong n... ng vt chn n, tiu chy phn ln mu
do b vim d dy rut. ng vt b suy dinh dng, thiu mu, xc gy cm, sau b t lit,
vim khp. Con ci c th b xy thai.
* Bnh tch
Bnh tch ng tiu ha th cp tnh rt r: mch mu dn to, vim d dy - rut nng;
gan, thn xng to, xut huyt lm tm. Vi gia cm b vim, xut huyt d dy c, d dy tuyn.
Dng mn tnh: xc gy, lng s xc, ph thng di da, nim mc ming vng do b
hong n. Gan, thn b thoi ha. Nim mc ng tiu ha b vim, phu thng, nht l d
dy v rut non. Vt thiu mu ng sc, gim bch cu ht.
* iu tr
Th cp, trc tin gy nn tng ht thc n c cht c ra ngoi (vi d dy n:
ch, mo, ln). Sau cho ung than hot, t st trng (cao lanh) hp ph asen. Hay ra
d dy vi nc lng trng trng. Trung ha cht c bng cch cho ung dung dch
magieoxit, natri thiosulphats. Nu vt khng b tiu chy cho ung thuc ty magiesulpht
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hay natrisulphat. Cng c th dng dung dch natri thiosulphat 10 - 20% truyn tnh mch.
Liu cho i gia sc 8 - 10 gam/con.
Vi lng asen hp thu vo mu, gii c bng cch tim dimercaprolum liu 3
mg/kg; c 4 gi li tim nhc li. B sung cht in gii, nng lng glucoza qua tnh mch kt
hp dng thuc li niu.
Th mn tnh vi gia sc, iu tr khng kinh t. Trng hp cn thit tim
dimercaprolum hay natri thiosulphat liu nh trn kt hp dng thuc tng cng cng nng
gan v gii c thn.
b. Bari (Ba)
* Nguyn nhn
Bari l kim loi c thuc nhm kim th. a s cc mui ca bari u c nht l
bari phng x Ba140, tr barisulphats khng tan trong nc v mi trng a cid nh nn
khng c.
Cc mui ca bari dng trong thuc tr su - bari florosilicat; dit chut - bari carbonat, c
bit bari clorid rt c ng tiu ha i vi ng vt c d day n: ch, mo, ln ...
Nguyn nhn gy ng c thng do n thc n xanh, c, qu, rau... c lm thuc tr
su, dit chut hay ung nhm thuc cn quang c ln nhiu mui ca bari dng ha tan.
* c tnh: c tnh ca bari ng tiu ha l do hm lng ion Ba++ quyt
nh. Khi vo ng tiu ha, di tc dng ca HCl cc nui ca bari s nhanh chng
chuyn thnh BaCl2 dng phn ly thnh ion Ba++, chnh v th nn bari rt c vi loi
d dy n.
Liu c LD50 ca BaCl2 trn chut 350 - 550 mg/kg; ch 90 mg/kg; nga 800 - 1200
mg/kg.
* Triu chng: Ion Ba++ khi vo ng tiu ha s gn vo c trn d dy - rut gy
co tht, chy nhiu nc bt, nn, au bng, tiu chy d di. Khi hp thu vo mu s lm co
mch mu, tng huyt p, dn ng t mt.
Trn tim mi u b kch thch ging digitalis, sau b suy tim, lon nhp tim, rung tm
tht, gy ri lon tun hon, h hp. C vn lc u b kch thch co git kiu tetanos sau b lit.
Khi hp thu vo mu, nhng ch mt lng rt t c thi qua thn, phn ln thi
tr qua cc tuyn ca ng tiu ha: dch mt, ty, d day - rut.
* Bnh tch: Vim d dy - rut. Thoi ha c tim. Thn, gan b xung, t huyt, gan
c mu en.
* iu tr: Dng cht i khng dung dch natrisulphat hay magiesulphas 1 - 3% ra
d day hoc ty, sau ung than hot tnh hay t st trng (cao lanh). Cn thit tim tnh
mch dung dch natrisulphat 3% liu 1,0 - 1,5 mg/kg. Tim thuc tr tim kt hp dng thuc
ng gim co tht ton thn.
c. Cadimi (Cd)
* Nguyn nhn: Ngi v ng vt b nhim cadimi do cc nguyn nhn sau:
Cadimi c nhiu trong cc m clinke. Khi tin hnh khai thc, lng cadimi s tn ti
nhiu trong t, nc, cy thc n, rau, c, qu, c... vng xung quanh. Sc vt v ngi b
phi nhim n thng xuyn lu di cc loi thc phm trn. Trong nc thi ra t cc nh
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my cng nghip. Mt s thuc tr k sinh trng ng rut c cha cc ch phm ca cadimi
dng oxit.
* c tnh: Vi gia cm; liu LD50 qua ng tiu ha trn gia cm 165 - 188 mg/kg
th trng. Liu LD100 216 mg/kg th trng. Trn ln liu gy c 300 mg/kg. Cu mn cm
hn vi cadimi so vi cc ng vt khc. Nu cho b hay cu n liu 50 - 500 mg/kg mt
nm lin s gy qui thai.
Trnh tn d trong sn phm tht ln, ch cho php dng cadimi ty giun a cho ln
con v ch c dng mt ln duy nht. Nng cho php ti a trong khng kh 0,1 mg/m3.
* C ch: Cadimi hp thu nhanh qua ng tiu ha. Sau khi hp thu, phn b rng
trong cc t chc nhng tp trung nhiu thn, lch v gan. Vi gia cm cadimi c tch ly
nhiu trong phi, c bp, cn cc t chc khc t hn. Khi b sung theo thc n qua ng
tiu ha nhng cha tm thy tn lu cadimi trong trng. Trong c th cadimi kt hp tng
i cht vi metallotionein nn kh c thi tr, gy tch ly nhiu trn thn, nht l min
v. Trong c th cadimi cnh tranh vi km ti cc nhm chc ca kh nhiu men. Kt qu
sau khi thay th km, c th b ri lon trao i cht, trc tin l khong, sau n trao i
hydratcarbon, protein...
* Triu chng: Ng c cadimi thng 2 th:
Th cp tnh: ng vt b nn, tiu chy, au bng, sau n hot ng thn kinh b ri
lon. Vt cht do b tiu tin v thn b tn thng.
Th mn tnh: ng vt km n, st cn, thiu mu u sc, suy tim. C quan sinh dc b
teo. Thn b tn thng gy ng niu, photpho v protein niu.
* Bnh tch: Thoi ha nim mc ng tiu ha d dy - rut. T bo gan, thn cng
b thoi ha xen k nhng m xut huyt.
* iu tr: C th dng Natri - EDTA (dinatri - etylen - diamin tetraaxetat) truyn
tnh mch. B sung thm km v dng cc thuc tr triu chng.
d. Ch (Pb)
Ch l kim loi mm mu xm, nng chy 327,50C. Chu c n mn nhng li tan
trong acid nitric v sulphuric nng. tan trong nc ca cc mui v c hay hu c ca ch
thay i ty dng bo ch.
* Nguyn nhn: Ngi v ng vt b nhim ch do cc nguyn nhn sau:
Ch t nhin c trong t, nc, khng kh (do ng c chy xng c ch). Ch t
nhin gy nhim mi trng khng ng k.
Ch nhn to do khai thc. Lng ch tiu th hng nm trn th gii u tng. Ch
c khai thc t cc m ch sulfid - PbS, ch carbonat PbCO3, ch phosfat PbPO4. Cc nc
c nhiu m ch: Canada, M, Australia v Peru. Ngun ch gy nhim mi trng ch yu
l do hot ng ca ngi: qui trnh khai thc ch ti m, tinh luyn ch ti nh ny.... Hng
nm c khong 19000 tn ch t cc hot ng ca ni la v126000 tn ch t cc m, nh
my ch chuyn vo kh quyn. Mc gy nhim ch ph thuc: trnh sn xut, khai
thc; kh nng kim sot nhim; kh hu...
Ch c s dng nhiu trong cc ngnh cng nghip: sn xut accu chim ti 63%,
cc hp cht mu 10%, cp v luyn thp khong gn 10%, cc ph gia xng, du 2%; cc
ngnh cng nghip khc cn khong 16%. Nm 1990 th gii s dng 5,6 triu tn ch v
thi ra khong 332.000 tn/nm ch vo t, nc v khng kh.
56
57
Cc loi ng vt u c kh nng nhim c ch trong s ng vt n c, b mn cm
nht, n d, nga. Ln v loi d dy n t mn cm hn. ng vt mn cm vi ch hn
ngi. Tr em mn cm vi ch hn ngi trng thnh do kh nng hp thu ch ca tr em
ln gp 4,5 ln so vi ngi ln. C rt mn cm vi ch, trong nc cng chu c nng
18 - 38 g/l, nc ngt thp hn, thng l 4 - 8 g/l.
Cy xanh trn tri t dng lm thc phm v thc n cung cp cho ng vt v
ngi: c v cy, hoa qu mc xung quanh nh my ch bin ch, hai bn ng quc l
b nhim ch nng nht. Theo Cannon v Bowles c hai bn ng giao thng c th
nhim ch ti 500ppm.
Cc thit b c ln hay cha hp cht ca mui ch dng sulffit, sulffat, carbonat...
dng lm ng dn nc, mng n, ung, cc dng c cha ng bo qun... u l nguyn
nhn gy nhim c ch cho ngi v ng vt.
* Vng tun hon ca ch trong mi trng
Nh c khng kh, ch t cc ngun: t nhin, giao thng v cc nh ny cng nghip
thi ra s c lng ng ln b mt tri t, cy ci, ngun nc. Thng nhng ni gn
ngun thi, ch c hm lng cao v tn ti di dng ht. T kh quyn, ch i vo c th
ng vt v ngi qua ng tiu ho: thc phm, rau qu, nc. Qua ng h hp: ht th
kh tri c ln bi ch.
S lng ng ch trong kh quyn ph thuc vo thi tit v kch thc ht. Nhng
ht ln c ng knh trn 2 mm c ngm vo t, nc, thng nm li khng tan.
Nhng ht bi c ng knh nh hn 2 mm s c khuych tn trong khng kh hay tan
trong nc.
S phn b ch ph thuc: tr s pH, hm lng mui ha tan ca ch v s c mt cc
hp cht hu c c kh nng to phc vi ch. Khi pH > 5,4 nc cng ch cha 30 g/l, nc
ngt lng ch ti 500 g/l.
Hm lng ch trong thc n kh ca i gai sc ly tht, hng ngy: c v cy la m
(rm, r) c lin quan n hm lng ch trong mu, gan, thn v tht.
Bng 3.2: Hm lng ch trong cy thc n kh
Thi gian
1973
Hm lng ch (ppm)
Loi thc n
cao
thp
trung bnh
Cy la m
320
160
235
C kh
1150
650
930
1974
Cy la m
60
10
30
1975
C kh
24
12
Loi mu
Hm lng ch (ppm)
Cao
thp
trung bnh
57
58
1974
1975
Mu
0,559
0,193
0,344
Mu
0,240
0,090
0,164
Gan
1,70
0,60
1,068
Thn
2,60
0,70
1,33
0,80
0,30
0,46
Ghi ch: T ma xun nm 1973 n thng 2 nm 1974 c 4 tri chn nui i gia sc ca
Oklanhoma State University c nhiu b, tru v cu b cht nghi b trng c ch, do hm lng ch
qu cao trong cy la m v c dng lm thc n d tr cho tri.
58
59
* Trn h thn kinh: Do ch nh hng n trao i cht in gii ca t bo thn
kinh, gy ri lon s dn truyn xung ng ca thn kinh ngoi bin. Nm 1986 OMS c
qui nh lng ch cho php n vo trong mt tun 25 g/kg trng lng c th tr. Lng
ch ti a c th chp nhn hng ngy qua ng tiu ha cho ngi trng thnh tm thi
qui nh 5 g/kg th trng. C mi lin quan gia mc phi nhim vi ri lon chc nng
vn ng ca h thn kinh ng vt non, c bit thn kinh ngoi vi. Ch lm thay i c
ch vn chuyn mu trong no, nn nh hng n ch s thng minh IQ trn ngi. Trn
ngi tip xc lu vi ch: m luyn kim, chp x quang... d nhn thy cc biu hin bt
bnh thng ca h thn kinh, c biu hin tm thn.
* Trn h thng cc c quan khc: Qua thc n, nc ung, ch theo ng tiu ha
vo c th gy kch ng ti ch. Trong d dy, chu tc dng ca HCl chuyn thnh dng
PbCl2 t tan hn nn ch c hp thu mt lng nh, s cn li xung t trng c hp thu
qua nim mc rut theo tnh mch ca v gan vo vng i tun hon n h thng cc c
quan: thn, tuyn nc bt, dch rut, ty xng... Ch c tch ly nhiu trong gan, thn v
ty xng. Khi ty xng b bnh do ch, kh nng to mu s km cng gy thiu mu cho
ng vt. Phn ln ch thi qua dch mt xung t trng ri li c ti hp thu tr li. iu
ny
ng vt cp cao
* Triu chng
* Trn ng vt: Ng c cp tnh: vt chy nhiu nc bt, nc di, nn, au
bng, tiu chy. Sang ngy 2 - 3 vt c triu chng ton thn: run ry, co git, try tim mch,
cht nhanh do suy kit. Vi ch th nghim nhn thy: ri lon phn x, thiu mu, tng bch
cu, gim protein huyt thanh: c anbumin globulin u gim. men photphataza kim gim.
59
60
Hot
hn m, cht do lit h hp, ri lon vn mch.
ngi dng 22 mg/kg. Khi khng c Ca - EDTA c th thay Natri - EDTA cng c nhng
cn xem liu c th.
Kt hp tim thm cc thuc tr chng ri lon vn ng: vitamin B1, thuc trn tnh,
gim co git.
* phng phi nhim cho ngi v ng vt: bo m sc khe cho ngi cn
c cc bin php:
Hn ch s dng ch, cc hp cht ca n cng nh gim thiu pht tn ch: khng
dng sng pha ch; b dng sn c ch; khng s dng cha ng thc n c ln ch, thuc
tr su l dn cht ca ch; Thay ng dn nc khc khng cha ch...
Vi sc khe cng ng: thng xuyn iu tra, thng bo trn cc phng tin
thng tin v kh nng nhim ch t nc, khng kh, thc phm. iu tra nhm dn c
c kh nng nhim ch cao, trn c s sng lc nh gi hm lng ch trong t,
nc, khng kh, thc phm.
Xc nh lng Pb - protoporfirin
60
61
61
62
Th mn tnh dng cc thuc tr triu chng bo v gan, n nh tun hon v trn
tnh. Khi b nhim ng khng dng thc n nhiu m.
f. Km (Zn)
Km cng l nguyn t vi lng cn thit cho nhiu loi ng vt v ngi. Km c
mt trong nhiu enzym: synthetase, transferase, DNA v RNA, enzym tiu ha hay lin kt
vi hormon. Km c vai tr quan trng trong trao i protein, carbonhydrate v lipid.
* Nguyn nhn:
Do s dng cc sn phm ca km lm thuc bo v ng vt bi vt thng ngoi da,
h mng (ng - km oxyclorit). Cng c th cho ng vt ung nhm thuc chut.
Cc sn phm hay dng trong thc n vi mc ch b xung nguyn t vi lng ca
km sulphat, carbonate, clorid v bi kim loi rt d hp thu (ti 100%)
Km c hp thu, tch ly trong c th theo % ca lng n vo, thng nh hn
0,50%. Vi ln choai n khu phn ng - kh du u tng c b xung km. Kh nng gy
c ty thuc dng mui v c hay hu c. Km hu c t khi gy c.
* Triu chng:
Th cp tnh do n cc mui km v c: 5 - 10 g ZnSO4 hay 3 - 5 g ZnCl2, c th
gy cht... sc vt nn, tiu chy, v m hi, try tim mch ri cht.
Th mn tnh: ln choai n khu phn ng - kh du u tng c b sung 2000 4000 ppm s c biu hin c: r, vim khp, chy mu khp khy, vim d dy - rut.
c tnh ca km ph thuc vo ngun km, mc n, thi gian n v hm lng cc
khong khc c trong khu phn.
iu tr: Vi th cp tnh ung tht nhiu dung dch natri bicarbonate sau khi gy nn.
g. Selen (Se)
Selen l thnh phn c trong enzym glutatione peroxidase, n tham gia gii c lipid
peroxides bo v mng v cn mng cc t bo, chng tn thng do peroxide. Tc dng thay
th ln nhau ca vitamin E. v selen pht sinh t vai tr chng peroxidant ca chng. Trong
thc t khng th s dng mc vitamin E cao thay th c selen. Selen c chc nng
ng ha thyroid
* Nguyn nhn.
Cc cy dng lm thc n cho ng vt c nhiu selen trn th gii: Astragalus
species, Xylorrhiza, Oonopss, Stanleya, Gutierezia, Atriplex pargi...c ti 1000 - 1500 ppm.
Cc cy thuc chi Astragalus praelongus hm lng selen c ti 2170 ppm. Cn cy Atriplex
cha khong 80 ppm. Nc ta c cy trinh n - Mimosa pudica L., keo du - Leucaena
glauca Benth. c nhiu selen. Nhiu vng trn th gii hay mt s vng ca M v Canada
trong t rt ngho selen dn n cy, c, thc phm cng ngho selen. Thiu selen ng vt
b bnh. Ngc li, khi b sung selen nng cao, lu di s gy c.
* c tnh
LD50 cu natri selen cho chut ung liu 3 - 6 mg/kg.
LD50 ca th cho ung liu 8,62 mg/kg, tim bp liu 2,53 mg/kg, tnh mch 2,24 mg/kg.
Liu ti thiu (MIC) gy cht ca natri selen trn nga 3,3 mg/kg, b 10 mg/kg, ln 17
mg/kg th trng. Nu ung a cid selenic liu 0,1 mg/kg/ngy cng gy nhim c mn tnh.
62
63
Trong thc n nu b sung vt qu 0,3 ppm vi ln cai sa, 0,15 ppm ln v bo,
ln ni nui con c biu hin c.
Vi cu nu trong khu phn n trong ngy c cha 900 g cy Astragalus praelongus,
cu s cht sau khi n t 1 - 12 gi tu trng thi c th, vi hm lng 110 - 227 g cht sau
12 - 24 gi; hm lng 55g cht sau 7 ngy. Vi cy Atriplex cu c th n ti 900 g/ ngy,
sau khi n 4 ngy cu mi b cht.
C quan qun l thc phm v thuc ca M (FDA) nm 1974 cho php b sung 0,1
ppm selen trong khu phn n ca ln. Nm 1982 PAO chp nhn cho php b sung 0,3 ppm
vi ln con n 20 kg/con. iu lut hin hnh ca FDA 1987 a, b vn cho php b sung 0,3
ppm. Hin ti trnh nhim mi trng, Ullrey 1992 ang lm mi n lc gim mc
selen xung ch cn 0,1 ppm, song mc 0,3 ppm vn ang c s dng nhiu nc. Kh
nng gy ng c ca selen cng cn ph thuc ngun gc (dng selen v c c hn dng
hu c nhiu), dng bo ch, mc , thi gian v loi ng vt.
* Triu chng
Thiu selen gy cht bt ng l c im ni bt.
* Bnh tch
Bnh tch i th ging nh thiu vitamin E: hoi t gan, thy thng rut gi, phi, t
chc di da v cn nim mc d dy. Xc gy, c suy thoi (c trng), c tim teo, xut
huyt lm tm (tim hnh qu du). Sinh sn km, sa gim, phn ng min dch km. Cc ch
tiu sinh ha thay i: gim hot tnh glutione peroxidase.
* iu tr
B sung selen cho ln dng sodium selenite, sodium selenate, selenomethionin hay
ng seleniferous mc 5 ppm vn cha c biu hin c. Trn mc 5ppm (7,5 - 10 ppm) ln
b c c cc triu trng: chn n, rng lng, gan thoi ha m, sng to. Thn ph thng. Cc
mng chn b bong ra ng vin. Thn kinh xut hin cc im vim, hoi t i sng.
h. Thy ngn (Hg)
* Nguyn nhn
T nhin ch yu do qu trnh thot kh ca v tri t, s phun ln ca ni la. Hng
nm thin nhin a vo mi trng khong 2700 - 6000 tn thy ngn.
Thu ngn nhn to gm: Khai thc hng nm ca th gii khong 10000 tn kim
loi thy ngn, ngoi ra khi khai thc, lng thy ngn cn b mt i trong mi trng, thi
ra kh quyn.
Cht thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc: t nhin liu, luyn qung kim loi: vng,
st, thp.., sn xut xi mng, thiu t cht thi rn...
Trong sn xut, i sng: dng thy ngn kim loi in phn nui n sn xut
kh clor v natrihydroxyd; cng nghip sn xut giy; thuc tr su; cc dng c o lng,
thit b y hc, lm rng gi. Dn Chu phi dng thy ngn sn xut x phng v kem
dng da...Hng nn ring hot ng ca con ngi thi thy ngn ra kh quyn khong
3000 tn.
Thy ngn khng tham gia vo s ng ha, chc nng chuyn ha ca ng vt v
ngi. Thy ngn rt c, ngi v ng vt b nhim l do nhim mi trng. Trn o
63
64
Monamata ca Nht, ngi v ng vt b nhim hng lot t khng kh v c bin b nhim
c thy ngn. Ngi ta ly tn o t tn cho bnh (bnh monamata).
ng vt b nhim do dng cc mui ca thy ngn trong bo qun chng nm, mc
cho ht ng cc. Trng hp ny hay gp ng c trn ln.
* S phn b v bin i
* S phn b v bin i trong mi trng.
Hi thy ngn trong khng kh chuyn sang dng ha tan, lng thnh ht bi, ln vo
t, nc. Hi thy ngn kim loi c th tn lu trong khng kh ti 3 nm, khi chuyn sang
dng ha tan ch sau vi tun.
Giai on u ca qu trnh tch ly sinh hc (bioacumulation) tc chuyn t thy
ngn v c sang dng metyl thy ngn CH3 - Hg. Gc metyl thy ngn ny rt bn
vng
64
65
* Dng cp tnh: ng vt au bng, nn, tiu chy c mu ti. nu lng qu ln s
try tim mch, cht rt nhanh. Liu thp hn c th ko di 2 - 3 ngy sau, vt vn tip tc nn,
tiu chy ra mu, vim tuyn nc bt, nim mc ming b vim, c nhiu t bo cht. ng
tit niu b ri lon hot ng, lc u a niu, sau thiu niu v cui cng l v niu do tiu
cu thn b vim. Xt nghim nc tiu thy t nhin tng hm lng phophatasa kim, men
GOT, GPT v cc t bo ng thn. Vt hn m ri cht do ure huyt cao sau 8 - 12 ngy
* Dng mn tnh: Chnh l triu chng ca bnh monamata. Triu chng ch yu trn
h thn kinh. Thn kinh c cc ri lon khng th hi phc c do t bo thn kinh b tn
thng, bin dng.
Vi b lc u co git, sau b t lit. Vt gim n, xc gy, gim kh nng sn xut.
Vi ln chn nui cng nghip hay gp cc biu hin: km n, st cn, ri lon vn
ng, i li kh khn. Trn da c nhiu im xut huyt.
65
66
Tnh cht lan truyn ca thy ngn nhim vo khng kh gy ra ng c cng nguy
him v ging nh bnh truyn nhim.
S mn cm ca thai nhi vi thy ngn rt ln.
S tch ly thy ngn trong c th qu lu: xng, sng, lng, mng...
pht hin c mi tng quan gia ngi n c b nhim thy ngn vi t l cc
trng hp nhim sc th b gy trong lympho bo.
*iu tr: Trng hp b nhim c cp tnh cho ung ngay nc lng trng trng,
sa, than hot tnh hay dung dch 5% natri thiosulphat. Sau cho ung thuc ty mui gy
nn hay ra d dy, rut.
Khi hp thu vo mu vi ch, mo tim bp dung dch dimercaprolum liu 2 - 3
mg/kg th trng. C 6 gi tim nhc li. Vi ng vt n tht khng tim dimercaprolum m
thay bng truyn tnh mch dung dch natri thiosulphats 10 - 20%. Dng thuc cha triu
chng, an thn, gim au
* Bin php phng
- Chuyn i qui trnh cng ngh mi, b sn xut kh clor v xt bng cch in phn.
- Khng dng cc thuc tr su, dit nm, bo qun ht ng cc c cha thy ngn
- Kim sot cht ch hm lng thy ngn trong mi trng: nc, khng kh, t
- Thc hin ng v sinh lao ng ti cc nh my, m khai thc, luyn kim...
i. Thic (Sn)
Dng trong bo qun thc n. Dng ch v lon ca nc gii kht.
Thic thuc nhm khong vi lng cn cho ngi v ng vt. Do s dng thc n
cng nghip c b sung thic vi liu cao, lu ngy cng c th dn n nhim c.
2.2. Ng c cc cht c v c khc.
a. Fluorid
* Nguyn nhn gy ng c
Cc hp cht fluorid c trong thnh phn ca cao lanh, photphorid, supperphotphat v
trong qung apatit. Trong chn nui, th y hay s dng ngun ny lm thc n b xung thm
ngun photpho hay s dng lm thuc tr giun, sn cho ln. Do s dng sai nn th nui b
nhim c.Ti cc khu cng nghip luyn kim loi: nhm, st... hay quanh cc khu m apatit,
nh my sn xut phn ln... ngun nc cng nh c cy b nhim nhiu.
Cc ng vt nui u mn cm, trong b mn cm nht, sau n ln nga. Gia
cm t mn cm hn.
* c tnh
Trn chut liu gy c ca natri fluorid cho qua ng tiu ha 200 - 250 mg/kg th
trng; Loi n c b 1,5 mg/kg gy nhim c mn tnh. Trong thc n kh cha 5 ppm cha
gy c cho b v cu, trn 14ppm xut hin cc bin i bnh l c hi, t 25 - 50 ppm tru,
b b trng c r. Vi nga 50 mg/kg b ng c, ln n hng ngy 1,5 - 2% c triu
chng ng c.
* Triu chng v bnh tch
66
67
Nu qua ng tiu ha, liu cao gy kch ng nim mc do hydrogenfluorid. Vi loi
nhai li, fuorid c ch vi sinh vt d c. Sau khi c hp thu vo mu to CaF2 kh tan ng
thi lm gim Ca trong mu. Kt qu lm chm qu trnh ng mu, c ch s chuyn ha,
h hp ca m bo. Fluorid cn c ch hot ng ca cc men lipaza, phopataza, ngn cn s
tng hp vitamin C trong gan. Trong c th fluorid c mt trong nhiu t chc: xng, rng,
lng, da, sng, mng. Khi b nhim c s tng o thi CaF2 nn lm gim Ca trong mu,
xng v gy hi n cc men tham gia qu trnh trao i cht ca canxi v photpho.Vt
nui c th b c 2 th
Ng c cp tnh hay xy ra trn ln khi dng thuc ty giun c triu chng chy
nhiu nc di, nn, au bng, tiu chy phn c khi ln mu. Vt kht nc, c bp v ton
thn co git. Cc trung khu h hp v vn mch b te lit. Vt cht do try tim mch.
Bnh tch: thy vim d dy - rut rt nng. gan thn t mu. Mu en khng ng.
* Cha tr:
Cho ung nhiu nc pha long nng fluorid hay tim tnh mch dung dch
CaCl2, b xung thm ng glucoza, cc vitamin D, E, C
Nhim c mn tnh: vt c triu chng km n, st cn nhanh, gim kh nng sn
xut. Xng, rng bin dng: chn cong, ct sng vo, d dng, vt i li kh khn. Rng bin
mu, d gy. Bnh tch ch yu xng v rng. Cc t chc nhu m b thoi ha, nhiu khi
thy thn b vim mn tnh.
Cha tr cho n thc n c b xung thn canxi, photpho, vitamin D, nhm oxid. Chn
th ngoi ng xa vng c cy v nc ung b nhim fluorid.
b. Nitrate, nitrit v c (c)
* Nguyn nhn
Ngi v ng vt c th b nhim: Do nc ung c nng nitrat cao, dung dch
1,0 - 3,0 ppm gy c. Hay dng thc n b sung cha cc mui ca chng, c bit l
nui nitrat kali (KNO3)
* Triu chng: Phn ny xem trong cy c cha cc hp cht hu c ca nitrat
C hi chng cyanosis. Kh tiu, th nhanh, c m ran t do dch tit nhiu nhnh
kh qun. Mch nhanh c th n 150 nhp trn giy. Vt suy sp nhanh, nm nghing. Nc
tiu chuyn mu nu rt nhanh trong vi pht. C khi xut hin co git, nhng hn m thng
xuyn gp. Mu chuyn mu en nu nhiu ngi gi l mu mu chocolate, long, khng
ng. Vt chn n, nht l ng vt non: b, ngh. Con ci d sy thai. Tit rt nhiu nc
bt, ph nng t chc lin kt di da.
Vi nitrate ca cy c th gp: au bng, tiu chy, b n, cyanosis, co git ri cht.
Xc cht: mu mu en v xut huyt.
Th nghim c ngn ngy trn tru, b nhn thy vi liu lng 1,5% trong c kh,
gy cht sc vt, do nitrat b chuyn ha bi vi khun trong rut thnh nitrit v chnh nitrit
gy ng c. Nhng ch, th, chut cng trng vi liu lng: 500 mg/kg th trng li khng
b nh hng v nitrat c thi nhanh chng ra ngoi , qua phn v nc tiu.
Vi ngi dng liu 4 g ung lm nhiu ln trong ngy, cng c th b ng c. Tr
em nhy cm hn c bit t 6 thng tr xung li cng d b ng c. Nhiu trng hp tr
b ng c do ung nc c nitrat t 93 - 443 mg NO3/lt nc. Tr em mc chng bnh kh
tiu vi lng 50 mg/lt nc ung b ng c ri.
67
68
68
69
Trn chut tim mch 2500 mg/kg; tim phc mc 5000 mg/kg.
Trn ln cho ung liu 2 - 4 g/kg c biu hin c.
Vi gia cm liu 4,5 g/kg gy cht.
Tru, b liu 1 - 3 kg/con, nga 0,75 - 2,0 kg/con.
Ch 50 - 60 g/con ung mt ln git cht ch.
Khi thiu nc, lng mui gy ng c cn thp hn nhiu. Bnh thng khn phn
n ca ln mui chim 2,5%, nu khng cho ung nc 24 - 36 gi nng mui gy ng
c ch cn 0,7 - 0,8%
* C ch
Khi ng c mui n, lng ion Na+ trong mu cao gy kht nc, ng thi no
nng Na+ cao gy tch nc (ph no), p lc trong hp s tng, c ch thn kinh trung
ng, gy ri lon hot ng
* Triu chng
Th qu cp do nng ion Na+ tng cao trong mu. Vt nn, chy nhiu di, c bp
run, cht sau 1 - 2 ngy.
Th cp tnh triu chng xut hin chm thng sau 3 - 4 ngy. Vt khng thch vn
ng, thnh th gic gim, bnh nng c th b ic v m. Vi ln hay chui u xung nn
chung, nghin rng. Cc c vng u, c b co git theo chu k ngh ri li co. Vt giy gia,
nn thn nhit cao hn bnh thng. Bnh c th ko di vi ngy. T l cht khong 30 - 40%.
Vi gia cm g b tiu chy, kht nc, co git, ri lon vn ng, tch nc xoang bng.
* iu tr
Loi tr thc n nghi c hm lng mui cao. Dng thuc ty ra rut. Cho ung
cc cht bo v nim mc rut: h tinh bt, cho long, lng trng trng, sa hay du
thc vt. Tim cc thuc tr sc: caphein, truyn ng hay dung dch canxi chlorua
vo tnh mch.
Bng 3.4: Hm lng ca mt s kim loi v kim cho php c trong
nc hng ngy dng cho ngi v ng vt nui tht (gia sc, gia cm)
Tn nguyn t
ha hc
U.S. EPA 2
NAS 3
CAST4
5,0
No limit
Arsenic
0,05
0,2
0,2
0,02
Barium
1,0
N.E
Berylium
No limit
No limit
Boron
5,0
10,0
Cadmium
0,01
0,05
0,05
0,5
Chlomium
0,05
1,0
0,1
5,0
Coban
1,0
0,1
1,0
Fluoride
0,5
0,5
0,5
Aluminun
69
70
Iron
2,0
2,0
3,0
Lead
0,05
No limit
N.E
No limit
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,002
0,001
0,01
0,01
Molybdenum
No limit
N.E
No limit
Nickel
1,0
Nitrate
45
100
440
1320,0
Nitrite
33
33
33,0
Selenium
0,01
0,05
0,1
Vanadium
0,1
0,1
1,0
Zinc
25,0
25,0
25
Manganese
Mercury
Ghi ch:
1. U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA 14/3/1975.
2. U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency U.S EPA 17/8/1973.
3. NAS National Academy of Sciences nng khong cho php trong nc ung ca
gia sc, gia cm 1974.
4. CAST - Council for agricultural Science and Technology cht lng nvs ung dng
cho vt nui.
5. N.E - Not established; No limit - th nghim cha tm c chnh xc.
Bng 3.5: Hm lng cho php ca mt s nguyn t c mt
trong thc n ca ng vt (COM. 1999 654 final. Bruhsels 17-12-1999)
Tn kim loi
Asenic
Ch
10
Cc thc n hn hp cho d dy n
12
10
C xanh phi kh
40
30
150
Thc n hn hp cho b sa
30
Thc n hn hp cho th nh
50
Thc n hn hp cho ln
100
70
71
Fluo
Thu ngn
Nitrat
350
Thc n hn hp cho g
250
Thc n b xung
500
2000
2000
125
0,1
0,5
0,4
0,2
Thc n c sn xut t c
Cu hi n tp
60
71
72
72
73
Chng IV
Ha cht bo v thc vt
Cc ho cht bo v thc vt (HCBVTV) c vai tr quan trng trong sn xut nng
nghip. Chi ph cho nhm ny rt ln. Theo WHO, nm 1988 th gii dng 3,1 triu tn
hot cht BVTV vi gi tr 20 t USD trong thuc tr c 9,1 t, thuc tr su 6,1 t v
thuc tr bnh 4,2 t. Ngi ta cng c tnh, nu khng s dng cc cht ho hc bo v
thc vt th ma mng s b thit hi khong 50% sn phm.
Chnh v l do trn nn vic sn xut cc ha cht bo v thc vt trn th gii ngy
cng tng. Cc mt hng thuc bo v thc vt lun c thay i nhm: To ra cc hp cht
c mnh vi su bnh nhng t c i vi ng vt mu nng; To ra cc hp cht t gy
c trng din, nht i vi ngi v sc vt; Hn ch su bnh quen thuc.
Chng IV tp trung gii thiu ba nhm ho cht bo v thc vt l: clo hu c,
phosphor hu c v carbamat.
Phn cui chng c gii thiu mt s thuc dit chut c c tnh cao
1. i cng
Hin nay trong nng nghip cc cht ho hc c s dng ngy cng nhiu, vi cc
mc ch khc nhau, bao gm:
- Cc loi phn bn c ngun gc ho hc hay vi sinh nhm tng dinh dng cho cy.
- Cc cht iu ho sinh trng (phytohormon): v d nh anxin, cytokinin, gibberelin. Cc
cht ny c vai tr quan trng trong cc qu trnh vn chuyn cht, pht trin, gi, chn ca cy trng.
- Cc ha cht bo v thc vt (pesticides): s dng vi mc ch phng tr cc cc
loi ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt gy thit hi cho cy trng.
Mc d cc nh khoa hc, nh sn xut c nhiu c gng nghin cu to ra cc hp
cht tr su dit c c cc u im nu trn, nhng hin nay cc cht ny vn c c tnh cao.
Thi gian bn hu ca nhiu cht rt lu, trn 50 nm (v d: DDT). To ra cc cht c hn
nh dioxin khi s dng 2, 4 D v 2, 4, 5 T. Gy ng c cp khi c th nhim phi lng ln.
Gy ng c trng din khi c th hp th phi nhng lng ht sc nh trong thi gian di
v chng tch lu trong c th. Khi s dng khng ng quy trnh hng dn thng gy ng
c (cp v trng din). Hn na, trong qu trnh s dng con ngui lm dng mt tch
cc, khng ch ng mc n mt tiu cc dn n ph v h sinh thi, gy hu qu xu
cho mi trng, nh hng n sc kho con ngi.
1.1. Phn loi cc ha cht Bo V Thc Vt.
C nhiu cch phn loi cc cht BVTV.
- Phn loi theo ngun gc: cc cht c ngun gc t nhin hoc do tng hp
- Phn loi theo cu to ha hc
dit c,
73
74
Sau y l mt s thuc BVTV dng ph bin nc ta trong thi gian gn y. a
s cc hp cht ny c quy nh gii hn ti a cho php trong mi trng ca tiu
chun Vit Nam (TCVN).
Bng 4.1: Mt s thuc bo v thc vt thng dng Vit Nam
Tn cht
1. Nhm phospho hu c
Methylparathion
(Hn ch dng Vit Nam)
Diazinon (Basudin)
Sumithion (Fenitrothion)
Kitazin (Iprobenphos)
Hinosan (Edifenphos)
Monocro - tophos
(Hn ch dng Vit Nam)
Monitor (Methanidophos)
(Hn ch dng Vit Nam)
Acephate
Dipterex (clorofos)
Malathion (Carbofos)
Dimethoat (Bi - 58)
Glyphosate
2. Nhm clo hu c
Dalapon
Anvil (Hexaconazol)
Fenclorim
Methoxyclor
3. Nhm Carbamat
Cng dng
Dit nhiu loi su trn cy trng
c cho ngi v gia sc, LD50=10 -50 mg/kg
Dit su v tuyn trng, tr ry cho hoa qu, thuc l,
hoa mu.
LD50 = 300 - 400 mg/l
Tr su tip xc, tr nhn, dit cn trng hi la, rau
qu. Dit mui gin rui.
LD50 = 800 mg/kg
Tr nm o n (dng nh du).
LD50 = 490 mg/kg
Tr nm cho cy trng,
LD50 = 100 - 260 mg/kg
Dit su mnh (dng dng dung dch).
c vi oxy, chim, c. LD50 = 8 - 23 mg/kg
Tr su, tr nhn (dung dch 40% v 60%).
c lc cao LD50 = 30 mg/kg
Tr su tip xc (dng bt ha nc).
LD50 = 940 mg/kg
Tr su cho hoa mu, cy cnh, ht ging, dit cn
trng. LD50 = 150 - 400 mg/kg
Tr su (dng nh du, bt rc).
LD50 = 2800 mg/kg
Dit su, nhn, dit rui ve, cn trng.
LD50 = 235 mg/kg
Dit c khng chn lc (dng sau ny mm). Dit c
kh tr nh c c, c tranh, c ch.
LD50 = 1300 mg/kg
Dit c chn lc tr c tranh, c g (thng dng 2 - 5
kg/ha). Hn ch dng Vit Nam
LD50 = 9330 mg/kg
Dit nm: tr bnh sng mai, mc phn, gh l ca
dy leo, qu mng, rau.
LD50 = 2190 mg/kg
Tr c (Herbicode safener). Dng phi hp vi nhiu
loi khc nh Pretilaclor.
LD50 > 5000 mg/kg
Tr su tip xc.
LD50 = 6000 mg/kg
Tr ry la, su rp hai bng (nh du, bt rc). LD50 =
74
75
Fenobncarb (Bassa)
Cartap (Padan, Patap)
Thiobencarb (Saturn)
Carbaryl (Sevin)
4. Nhm Pyrethroid
Cypermethrin (Sherpa)
Fenvalerate
Dn xut acid phenoxy acetic
Fusilade (Fluazofopbutyl)
MCPA
(2 metyl 4 cloro phenoxy acetic acid)
MCPB
6. Hp cht c kim loi
Maneb
Zineb
Ziram
7. Nhm Acetamid
Diphenamid
Pretilaclor (Sofit, Rifit)
Metolaclor
8. Dn xut Triazin
Simazin
Altrazin
9. Dn xut khc
Fufi - one
Fenoaprop - Ethyl
410 mg/kg
Tr su (bt ha nc, bt rc)
LD50 = 345 mg/kg
Dit c thi k trn ny mm: c di, c l rng. LD50 =
1300 mg/kg
Dit su ph rng trn nhiu loi cy: cam, chanh, la
ng, rau, c chua.
LD50 = 560 mg/kg
Dit c, dit cn trng tr su (nh du25%).
LD50 = 251 mg/kg
Tr su ph rng cho nhiu loi cy trng.
LD50 = 451 mg/kg
Thng dng dng ester butyl dit c cho tng,
bng, lc (0,25 - 0,5 kg/ha)
Dit c chn lc (c 2 l mm, c rng, c lc, 0,5 - 1
kg/ha). LD50 = 700 mg/kg
Dit c, thng dng phi hp vi thiobencarb.
LD50 = 4700 mg/kg
Tr nm cho c chua, khoai ty, bp ci, u, nho (dng
bt rc, bt thm nc).
LD50 = 7900 mg/kg
Dit nm cho nhiu loi rau, qu (dng bt rc, bt
thm nc).
LD50 = 5200 mg/kg
Tr nm gy bnh thng l, thi hoa (dng bt rc, bt
thm nc).
LD50 = 1400 mg/kg
Tr c chn lc: c hng nin, c l rng cho thuc l,
caf, khoai ty.
LD50 = 1050 mg/kg
Tr c chn lc trc khi c mc hoc sau khi c mc
cho lc cy hay gieo thng (0,3 - 0,5 kg/ha). LD50 =
6100 mg/kg
Tr c chn lc: trn vo t trc thi k ny mm dng
cho rung ng, khoai ty, bng.
LD50 = 2780 mg/kg
Dit c chn lc: x l trc khi c mc dng bt ha
nc (dit c hai l mm, ha tho mt nm).
LD50 > 5000 mg/kg
Tr c chn lc
LD50 = 1870 - 3080 mg/kg
Tr su, tr nm ni hp: bnh chy l la, ry hi la.
Dng nh du 40%.
LD50 = 1190 mg/kg
Dit c
LD50 = 2350 mg/kg
75
76
LD: nu khng ghi ch th l liu cho chut cng qua ng ung
1.2. S tn lu ca ho cht bo v thc vt trong mi trng
HCBVTV c phun di dng m hay bi cho cy ci vi mc ch dit tr su
bnh v do vy s trc tip ngm vo t. HC BVTV cn ngm vo nc, kh quyn, tham
gia vo cc phn ng ho hc, quang ho. S tn lu ca thuc BVTV trong mi trng ph
thuc vo: Kh nng bay hi; ha tan trong nc v trong dung mi; Mc phn ng
(ho hc, sinh hc) trong mi trng.
Sau khi tham gia cc phn ng, ho cht bo v thc vt phn hu thnh cc hp cht
n gin. S tn lu ca thuc BVTV trong mi trng c o bng thi gian cn thit
95% thuc b phn hu hoc mt hot tnh. Da vo thi gian thuc BVTV c chia lm 3
loi:
- Loi khng bn: thi gian phn hu 1 - 2 tun.
- Loi trung bnh: thi gian phn hu 1 - 18 thng.
- Loi bn vng: thi gian phn hu t 2 nm tr ln.
S phn b ca thuc BVTV trong mi trng rt a dng v phong ph tu thuc
vo tnh cht ca hp cht v iu kin bn ngoi.
N
c
Kh
quyn
ng
vt
Phun thuc
Cy
CH2COOC2H5
76
77
+ H2O
H3CO
CH - CH2COOC2H5
H3CO
CH2COOH
CH - CH2COOH
P
H3CO
enzym
+ 2 C2H5OH
Thuc BVTV sau khi tham gia cc phn ng trong mi trng s phn hu dn. Phn
cn tn lu li gi l d lng tn ti trong t, trong nc, khng kh v c trn cy trng.
D lng ny lm gim cht lng mi trng, c th gy nguy c nhim c cho ngi v
ng vt. V vy tiu chun cht lng mi trng ca nhiu quc gia c quy nh gii hn
ti a cho php tng loi hp cht c th trong mi trng: t, nc, thc phm.
1.3. c tnh v c lc ca ho cht bo v thc vt.
Thuc BVTV c c lc rt khc nhau. Cn c vo c lc trn ng vt th nghim
(chut cng, chut nht) chng c chia thnh 4 nhm:
- c lc rt cao: LD50 50 mg/l
- c lc cao
2. Ng c cc ha cht bo v thc vt
Nh trong phn i cng v HCBVTV nu, nu kt hp phn loi theo mc ch
s dng v cu trc ha hc, cc HCBVTV c th c phn thnh 3 nhm chnh: Thuc tr
su, thuc tr bnh v thuc tr c. Trong phn ny chng ti gii thiu ch yu v phn
thuc tr su.
Da vo cu to, thuc tr su c chia thnh 5 nhm: Cc hp cht phosphor hu
c, clo hu c, carbamat, thuc BVTV c ngun gc t tho dc: pyrethrin t cc tr trng,
rotenon t cy thuc c, thn mt, ht c u v thuc tr su sinh hc.
2.1. Ng c cc hp cht phospho hu c:
Cc hp cht phospho hu c (PPHC) do b thu phn nhanh thnh cc hp cht v
hi v khng tch ly cht c lu di trong mi trng nn PPHC ngy cng c s dng
rng ri trong nng nghip vi cc mc ch: bo v cy trng, chng cn trng ph hoi
trong cc kho tng, iu tr cc bnh k sinh trng th y dit rui... Cng v s dng rng ri
nh vy nn ng c phospho hu c rt thng gp ngi v gia sc ( ngi chim
khong 50 - 80% trng hp ng c cp phi vo vin).
y l nhm thuc c nhiu chng loi nht, c s dng t nm 1946. Chng l dn
xut ca axit phosphoric, c th l:
- Dn xut phosphat: DDVP, monocrotophos, clorphenviphos.
- Dn xut phosphonat: clorofos.
- Dn xut thiophosphat: diazimon, cyanophenphos.
- Dn xut dithiophosphat: malathion, dimethoat.
77
78
- Dn xut thiophosphoramid: acephat, methamidophos.
a. Cu trc ha hc v tnh cht
Cc hp cht phospho hu c (PPHC) l cc cht bao gm carbon v cc gc ca axit
phosphoric. Cht u tin c s dng dit cn trng l Tetraetyl pyrophosphat (TEPP).
Ngy nay c hng ngn hp cht phospho hu c ra i nhng vn trn c s mt cng thc
ho hc chung.
R1
R3
P
R2
78
79
nh aceton, benzen, clorofor t tan trong nc. Thuc nhm c loi I. LD50 =14 - 24
mg/kg
Thuc ny thng c dng phun cho cc cy u, , cy n rau qu c, bp ci.
Parathion - methyl l loi thuc tr su c tc dng tip xc, ng rut v xng hi. Trong
mt s trng hp cn c pha ln vi mt s loi thuc khc.
Sn phm chuyn ha ca parathion trong c th l paranitrophenol, c o thi
qua nc tiu. C th xc nh paranitrophenol trong mu v nc tiu chn on ng c
methyl- parathion hoc parathion.
*Clorofoc v Dichlorovos.
Dichlorovos: Tn gi khc: DDVP, Dedevap, Nogos, Nuvan, Vapona.
- Cng thc ha hc:
H3C
O
P
H3CO
OCH = CCL2
CH = CCL2
OH
O, O - dimethyl (1 - oxy, 2, 2, 2 tricloetyl) phosphat
Chlorofoc l cht kt tinh khng mu, d tan trong dung mi hu c.
LD50 = 56 - 108 mg/kg.
Dichlorovos c s dng tr su cho ng cc, lc, cy n qu. Dichlorovos l loi thuc
tr cn trng dng tip xc, xng hi v v c. Hi thuc c kh nng khuch tn nhanh v
mnh, nn c th s dng lm cht bo qun hng ha, s l kho tng, tr rui, mui v gin.
Sn phm chuyn ha ca Dichlorovos c o thi qua phn, nc tiu v
ng h hp.
*Methamidophos: Tn gi khc: Monitor, Tamazon, Filitox.
- Tn ha hc: O, S - Dimethylphosphoamidothioat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C2H8NO2PS.
- Tnh cht: Thuc nguyn cht th rn. Thuc k thut 70 - 75% th lng tan
trong nc (200g/100 ml). Ru Izopropyonic (140g/100 ml) tan t trong xylen v benzen.
Bn trong mi trng kh, khng bn trong mi trng nc, acid, kim v nhit cao
(400C). LD50 = 30 mg/kg.
Thng s dng thuc 70% phun cc loi t, c chua, rau qu. L loi thuc tr cn
trng c tc dng v c, tip xc v ni hp.
79
80
*Diazinon. Tn gi khc: Basudin.
- Tn ha hc: O,O - Diethyl - O,2 - isopropyl - 6 - methyl - pyrimidin - 4 - ylphosphorothioat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C12H21N2O3PS.
- Tnh cht: Dng dung dch khng mu, tan trong aceton, benzen, t tan trong nc.
LD50 = 300 - 400 mg/kg.
- Diazinon c tc dng tip xc v c xng hi v thm su. S dng cho ng
cc, rau qu.
* Dimethoa: Tn gi khc: Bi 58, Rogor, Roxion.
- Tn ha hc: O,O - Diethyl - S - methyl - carbomoylphosphorothioat.
- Cng thc ha hc: C5H12NO3PS2.
- Tnh cht: dng tinh th 96% c mu trng ng, t tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong
ru v cc dung mi hu c, bn trong mi trng acid v trung tnh, thy phn nhanh trong
mi trng kim. LD50 = 250 - 680 mg/kg.
L loi thuc tr su ni hp c tc dng tip xc, v c dng cho cc loi rau
n c, qu l, ng cc, c chua, tr cn trng v tr cc loi ry, rp, b xt cho cc loi
cy cng nghip.
* Parathion: Tn gi khc: Thiofot.
- Tn ha hc: O,O - Diethyl - 0,4 - nitrophenyl - thiophosphat.
- Tnh cht: Cht lng snh nh du, khng mu, si 1620C, t tan trong dung mi
hu c, b phn hu ngoi nh sng.
Vi chut LD50 = 250 - 680 mg/kg.
* Triclophot: Tn gi khc: Dipterex, chlorophot.
- Tn ha hc: O,O-Dimethyl - oxy 2, 2, 2 - tricloetyl phosphonat.
- Tnh cht: Cht kt tinh khng mi, nhit nng chy 82 - 830C. Tan trong nc 16%
200C. Tan tt trong cc dung mi hu c. B loi Clor di tc ng ca kim.
- LD50 = 400 - 850 mg/kg.
* Malation: Tn gi khc: Carbophat.
- Tn ha hc: O,O - Dimethyl - 1, 2 - dicarbetocidi - thiophosphat.
- Tnh cht: Cht lng mu vng, mi kh chu, nhit si 156 - 1570C. Khng tan
trong nc ln vi cc dung mi hu c, bn vng cc mi trng trung tnh v axit nh. B
ph hu nhanh mi trng kim.
- LD50 = 620 - 1600 mg/kg.
b. ng phi nhim
Cc hp cht phospho hu c c hp th rt tt qua ng da v nim mc, ng
tiu ho v ng h hp. Nguyn nhn dn n ng c c th l s dng khng ng quy
nh trong nng nghip. ngi c th do tai nn, t t v b u c. Ngoi ra ngi v gia
sc cn b ng c hng lot do thc phm, thc n b nhim c. Cc du hiu v triu
chng ng c rt thay i tu theo ng phi nhim v mc nhim c. Khong thi
gian t lc b ng c n lc xy ra triu chng thng di 12 gi. Nhim c kh dn n
triu chng xy ra trong vng vi giy. Tuy nhin, mt s ho cht mi nh diclofenthion v
fenthion ho tan trong m nhiu hn nn c th gy ra cng cholinecgic sau vi ngy v
triu chng c th tn ti vi tun n hng thng do thuc tr su lc u c gi li trong
cc m m v sau c ti phn b vo mu.
c. ng hc (toxicokinetic)
80
81
- S hp thu: Cc hp cht phospho hu c c th c hp thu t khp b mt ca c
th, c bit qua phi, ng tiu ha, da, v mt.
- S phn b: khi vo mu c phn b nhanh n cc t chc nhng khng tch ly
trong cc m m.
- S chuyn ha: Nhng yu t lm tng chuyn ha pha 1 hoc lm tng hot tnh ca
men oxy ha c chc nng hn hp (MFO) lm tng c tnh ca PPHC do bin chng thnh
cc cht oxy ha tng ng. Cu ni este trong phn t PPHC hoc carbamat lm gim ng
k c tnh ca chng.
Triclorfon trong c th hnh thnh nn diclordimetyl vinylphosphat (DDVP) rt c.
DDVP li do tc dng ca enzym, tip tc phn hy nhanh thnh O, O - dimetylphosphat v
dicloraxetaldehyd t c hn. Chnh nhng sn phm trung gian ny gy nn tc dng hip ng
gia cc phospho hu c.
- Trong c th, cc hp cht phospho hu c b phn hy kh nhanh do v mt ha
hc n khng phi l cht tch ly.
- S thi tr: Hu ht cc PPHC v carbamat thi tr nhanh v hon ton. Cc PPHC
cha clo tan nhiu trong du m hn nn tn lu trong trong c th lu hn cc PPHC khc.
Sau khi vo ng tiu ha, ch mt t thi tr qua phn dng khng bin i, cn phn ln
th hp thu, bin i gan v theo nc tiu thi ra ngoi. Nhm parathion thi tr qua nc
tiu di dng paranitrophenol. PPHC c th thi tr qua sa. B sa s dng fenclorfos, sau
28 ngy trong sa vn cn thuc. Trong sa cu, thi gian v hm lng thuc thi tr cn
lu v cao hn b.
81
82
Trung tm Esterase
Trung tm Anion
Men phc hi
B. Ng c phospho hu c v gii
c
Qu
Qu trnh
trnh thy
thy
phn
c ch men
Tc ng ca
pralidoxime
Men phc hi
Men
Menphc
b vhi
hot
Pralidoxine - hp
cht phospho hu c
Men phc hi
82
83
d. C ch gy c (xem dc l chng thuc tc dng h TKTV v c ch gii c khi
gia sc, gia cm b trng c thuc tr giun sn)
Cc hp cht phospho hu c tc ng ch yu ln qu trnh dn truyn xung ng thn
kinh. Cu to ca thn kinh c si trc dn xung ng v si nhnh nhn cc xung ng t
si trc thn kinh v truyn n cc si nhnh do mt cht trung gian ho hc c bit l
Acetylcholin. N tc ng ln thm ion ca mng t bo, lm thay i in th ca mng.
Phn tch in dng (+) ca phn t Acetylcholin b ht trong tm tch in m (-) ca b phn
th cm ca nron sau gy nn s thay i in th ca mng t bo thn kinh th cm v sinh
ra mt xung tc mi. Khi ch c mt xung tc thn kinh th lng Acetylcholin tit ra khong 1
- 2 mg. Acetylcholin l cht trung gian ho hc ti cc xinap thn kinh trc hch ca h thn
kinh thc vt (giao cm v ph giao cm), ti cc xinap hu hch ca thn kinh ph giao cm
v dy thn kinh giao cm chi phi cc tuyn m hi, cc cc tn cng ca cc dy thn kinh
vn ng chi phi cc c vn, cc im ni t bo thn kinh trong no. C hai loi receptor
chu tc ng ca acetylcholin, l th th muscarinic v th th nicotinic. Acetylcholin c
to t Acetyl CoA cc nhnh tn ca dy thn kinh (tin xinap) v cholin t dch ngoi bo.
Sau khi tc ng ln cc receptor c hiu mng t bo hu xinap, Acetylcholin s b thu
phn bi men acetyl cholinesterse (AChE). Nu tc phn hu chm s gy s ng
Acetylcholin dn n gy c v ph hu nghim trng h thn kinh, c th cht.
S phn hu Acetylcholin c xc tc bi men Acetylcholinesterase. Trn mt hot
ng ca men cholinesterase c 2 trung tm: trung tm anion (-) c tc dng hot ho phn
in tch dng (+) ca phn t Acetylcholin. Trung tm este thc hin thu phn
Acetylcholin thnh Acid Acetic v cholin.
Phospho hu c khi vo c th s gn vi AChE thnh phc hp phosphoryl ho bn
vng v lm mt hot tnh ca ChE, lm gim hoc mt tc dng ca men cholinesterase, do
vy phn ng phn gii Acetylcholin b gim st hay nh tr v dn n ng c. Hu qu l
Acetylcholin tch t ti cc xinap thn kinh. S tch t ny gy ra s kch thch lin tc qu
mc cc receptor hu xinap (lc u), sau l giai on kit xinap c h thn kinh trung
ng v thn kinh ngoi bin. S kch thch dn ti hi chng cng cholin cp v s kin
synapes dn n nhng thay i sinh l v chuyn ho khc nhau biu hin ra ngoi thnh cc
triu chng bnh cnh ng c cp PPHC. C hai loi receptor: muscarinic ( hu hch ph
giao cm) v nicotinic ( hch thn kinh thc vt v cc im ni thn kinh c vn - cc
bn vn ng) chu tc ng ca acetylcholin. V vy cc triu chng lm sng rt phc tp
v tp trung thnh cc hi chng bnh l khc nhau.
Enzym acetylcholinesterase (AChE) b c ch bng phosphoryl ha enzym.
Acetylcholine (ACh) tch t li gy ri lon:
- im ni thn kinh c c trn v t bo bi tit s gy co c v tng tit,
- im ni thn kinh c- xng gy kch thch co git,
- no, ACh lm tng ri lon cm gic v hnh vi, suy gim chc nng vn ng.
* Trong c th c 2 loi men ChE:
- Enzym acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cn c gi l enzym Cholinesterase tht tn
ti trong hng cu (v vy cn gi l enzym ChE hng cu), trong h thn kinh trung ng v
cc c, ch yu l thy phn acetylcholin thnh cholin v acid acetic.
e. c tnh v c lc
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c tnh ca cc hp cht phospho hu c c lin quan n cu trc ha hc ca
chng v loi gia sc, gia cm. Cc gc alkylamin R1 v R2 (phn cu trc ha hc) cng
di th c tnh cng cao. Gc acid v c R3 cng mnh th c tnh cng cng cao (khi
HCN gn vo R3 s rt c). Thay nguyn t oxygen bng Se2+ c tnh tng nhng b gim i
nu thay bng sulfur. Dithiophosphat t c hn thiophosphat v cht ny li t c hn
phosphat.
* Liu gy c v liu cht ca mt s hp cht PPHC gia sc, gia cm
- Dipterex (triclorfon): Liu gy c p.o. b l 5 - 10 mg/kg, b 75 - 100 mg/kg, d
cu 100 - 200 mg/kg, ngng 50 mg/kg th trng.
LD50 g mi l 80 mg/kg, liu 120 mg/kg th trng gy cht hng lot. Liu 35
mg/kg th trng per.ose. lin tc nhiu ngy c th gy cht ngng.
- Parathion: Liu ti thiu gy cht p.o. ln l 25 mg/kg; cu 20 mg/kg; b v b
25 - 50 mg/kg th trng. Liu cht nga l 5 mg/kg, g gi 3,13 mg/kg th trng.
- Malation: B di 2 tun tui, p.o. 20 mg/kg gy bin i cho c th; liu 50
mg/kg th trng gy cht. Liu ti thiu gy c b l 100 mg/kg th trng. G gi 3 tun
tui, LD50 = 200 - 400 mg/kg th trng. Ch c kh nng chu ng tt hn (3500 mg/kg th
trng khng gy cht).
- Diazinon: Liu gy c b di 2 tun tui, p.o. 2,5 mg/kg, trn 1 nm tui 25
mg/kg th trng, d 300 mg/kg; nga 20 mg/kg th trng.
Liu cht vt l 14 mg/kg th trng.
Theo Gary D. Osweiler, mt s PPHC dng thng phm nh phorate, fonofos,
carbofuran c c lc rt cao, liu gy ng c cp l trong khong 1 - 20 mg/kg. Nng
ca hot cht l 5% - 50%.
Cn ch l nu dng phi hp cc thuc bo v thc vt cng mt lc, chng c th
tc dng hip ng lm tng c tnh. V d nu dng phi hp parathion vi bromofos-etyl
lm gim LD50. Dng phi hp bromofos - etyl vi lindan hoc heptalclor, s tc dng i
khng v LD50 tng ln.
Nhiu cht khi dng phi hp s lm tng c tnh ca hp cht PPHC:
- Thuc trn tnh phenothiazin lm tng c tnh ca PPHC.
- Haloxon, 1 loi thuc PPHC tr k sinh trng thng qua c ch c ch men chE cng
c tc dng hip ng vi PPHC.
- Levamisol l thuc tr k sinh trng thng qua phong ta thn kinh c loi nicotinic
lm tng tc dng nicotinic ca PPHC. Nicotin v curare cng lm tng c tnh.
- Thuc khng sinh nhm aminoglycosid phong b dn truyn xinap thng qua c
ch gii phng men chE hoc phong b thn kinh c sau xinap. Cc men cm ng vi MFOs
lm tng qu trnh oxy ha phosphoryl ha PPHC.
- Malation lm tng tc dng c ca triclorfon do c ch men phn hy DDVP, ko
di v duy tr tc dng ca DDVP.
Nhiu hp cht PPHC c dng trong chin tranh ha hc. l: Tabun c LD50 l
0,35 - 0,40 mg/kg; Soman LD50 = 0,1 mg/kg; Sarin LD50 = 0,04 - 0,1 mg/kg th trng;
Tamerin - este c LD50= 0,01 - 0,1 mg/kg th trng
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Thi gian c php s dng cc sn phm nng nghip sau khi dng PPHC l 1 - 56
ngy, ty loi thuc. Hm lng d cn cho php l 0,1 - 2 ppm.
* mn cm ca gia sc gia cm vi PPHC
Trong cc loi gia sc, mo thng mn cm hn so vi ch.
Gia cm km dung np vi mt s PPHC hn gia sc.
f. Chn on ng c
Khi sc vt b ng c PPHC, c th da trn cc triu chng lm sng v cc kt qu
xt nghim trong phng th nghim chn on.
* Cc triu chng lm sng
Khi sc vt b ng c PPHC, cc receptor muscarin, receptor nicotin v cc receptor
ti h thn kinh trung ng b kch thch, nu phn tch theo c ch sinh bnh, c th phn
triu chng lm sng ca ng c phospho hu c thnh cc nhm sau:
- Cc triu chng Muscarin: Do tc ng ca acetylcholin kch thch hu hch ph
giao cm, tc dng ch yu ln cc c trn gy co tht rut, ph qun v c trn bng quang,
co ng t v gim phn x ng t/nh sng, kch thch cc tuyn ngoi tit: tng tit nc
bt, dch rut, m hi, nc mt, dch ph qun... Bnh sc au bng, nn, a chy, a i
khng t ch, kh th dn n suy h hp, nhp tim chm.
- Cc triu chng nicotin: Do s tch t ca acetylcholin cc bn vn ng dn n ri
lon s kh cc ca cc c vn gy co git, co cng c, lit c bao gm c cc c h hp.
- Cc triu chng thn kinh trung ng: Trung tm h hp v tun hon b c ch dn n
suy h hp, tru mch, co git, hn m su.
- Cc triu chng thn kinh ngoi vi mun: Xy ra 8 - 14 ngy hay mun hn sau ng
c cp PPHC. Cc triu chng bao gm: yu c, lit c, chng mt mi, chut rt, c th
tin trin n lit ton thn v cc c h hp gy suy h hp v t vong. Bnh thoi trin sau
vi thng n vi nm, teo c nhiu, phc hi chm v khng hon ton. C ch sinh bnh l
do cht cc si trc thn kinh.
Trong ng c cp PPHC, triu chng muscarin thng n sm nht v lun lun
xy ra. c th vi giy sau nhim ng h hp, vi pht n vi gi sau nhim c ng
tiu ho; nhim c ng da mc nh c th n mun hn. Triu chng nicotin v triu
chng thn kinh trung ng xy ra khi nhim c trung bnh hoc nng. Sc vt thng cht
trong nhng ngy sau, nguyn nhn trc tip l suy h hp. Suy h hp trong ng c PPHC
l do tng tit dch v co tht ph qun, lit c h hp, c ch trung tm h hp, bi nhim
phi.
Triu chng ng c cc loi gia sc nh sau: Sau khi b ng c qua ng
ming 15 - 30 pht, qua da 4 - 6 gi a s cc loi sc vt (tru, b, nga) b ri lon chc
nng thn kinh trung ng nghim trng: Lc u con vt trng thi bn chn, khng yn,
chy nc ri, nhu ng rut tng (au bng) a chy, ng t mt co nh, tim p lon nhp,
huyt p bin ng ( nhng con ci c cha c th sy thai) tip c run ry, co git, suy
c, sau lit cc c h hp. Lc u con vt th gp, mnh, sau chm v yu, phn x
nghe, nhn v xc gic tng.Thn kinh trung ng b nhim c, co git ton thn ri n cc
triu chng hn m. Con vt cht trc tip do ngt h hp (c h hp lit), thy thng phi,
nhp tim nhanh v yu, tm tht cha cng y mu, khng y mu i c.
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- Tru, b: Chy nhiu nc di, th li ra ngoi, bn chn kh chu, cong lng,
cong ui, mt nhn s hi, kt mc , thn nhit bnh thng hoc tng nh (39,50C), mch
chm, th th bng a chy, b n, tot m hi, co git. Hm lng AChE trong mu gim, s
lng bch cu tng hoc bnh thng.
- Nga: Bn chn, chy nhiu nc di, au bng, phn lng, th nhanh v kh, co
git, mch chm v yu, thn nhit hi tng (39,50C trong trng hp nga b bnh nu th
nhanh th thn nhit s tng).
- Cu: Chy nc di, a chy, thn nhit tng nhanh (410C), mch chm, th kh, co
git, ng t mt co, run c v c th b lit.
- Ln: yu ton thn, chn khng ng thng c, phn lng, th kh, co git.
- Ch: Chy nhiu nc di, a chy, th nhanh v kh, co git.
- Gia cm: Chy nhiu nc di, x cnh, u ngho v pha sau, a chy, th nhanh
v kh. Sau khi xut hin triu chng u tin 15- 20 pht th con vt cht.
Ng c mn tnh: in hnh l cc biu hin sau:
Hot ng cc tuyn tng, a chy, c suy yu c nhng biu hin ca ri lon trao i
nc v cc cht in gii. Hm lng lipid huyt thanh cao (hyperlipemia) do m cc ni
d tr trong c th b phn hy (lipolisis). H thng min dch ca c th b ph hoi nn k
pht cc bnh nhim trng, truyn nhim d dng. C nng ca cc tuyn h no ri lon nn
s sn sinh ra cc corticosteroid cng gim thp. T , thn b ri lon. Trng thi ri lon
mn tnh c th ko di nhiu tun.
Nu iu tr kp thi v y , con vt c th hon ton hi phc. Tc dng c thn
kinh giai on cui c lin quan ti s thoi ha ca cc axon ca cc t bo thn kinh. Do
qu trnh myelin ha ca cc si thn kinh t ct sng i ra (phn lumbago i ra), gia cm b
lit phn sau c th. ng vt c v, cc chi sau cng lit (atropin khng c tc dng iu
tr hu qu ny).
* Chn on qua cc kt qu xt nghim
- Xt nghim men cholinesteraza (ChE): c hai loi ChE acetyl cholinesterase c trong
t chc thn kinh v trong hng cu (cn gi l enzym tht v lin quan trc tip n triu
chng kch thch ph giao cm trong NC PPHC), butyro cholinesterase c trong huyt
tng do gan sn xut ra (cn gi l enzyme gi). Tuy nhin, v hm lng butyro
cholinesterase thay i tng i ph hp vi din bin lm sng ca ng c cp PPHC li
d xc nh nn c dng chn on v theo di tin trin ca ng c cp PPHC. Hm
lng men ChE trong no gip chn on sau khi sc vt cht.
- Xc nh s c mt ca PPHC v sn phm chuyn ha: Tn d ca PPHC trong m
thng rt thp v cho kt qu m tnh. C th tm cht c, trong cht cha d dy, d c,
trong mu bng phng php sc k lp mng v sc k kh. Trong nc tiu c th pht hin
sn phm chuyn ha ca PPHC.
- Cc tn thng bnh l: thng hn ch v t c gi tr chn on. C th quan st
thy tch nc phi. ng tiu ha gin rng v cha nhiu dch.
Ngoi cc triu chng, kt qu xt nghim nu trn, mt s ti liu cho bit:
- Cc hp cht phospho hu c cn c ch cc enzym khc nh trypsin, kymotrypsin,
cytocromoxydase, carboalhydrase, carbooxydase, aminase, dehydrogenase.
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- Cc hp cht phospho hu c lm tng cng sn xut catecolamin v sn xut cc
steroid ca thng thn. Mt s cht trong nhm ny cn th hin nh hng r rt n hot
ng ca h thng trc hypothalamus - hypophisis v thng thn. Thymus teo i. ng
huyt v hm lng lipid trong mu tng ln.
- Khi ng c cc hp cht phospho hu c, cc bin i ca c tim (myopathia) cng
c th xy ra. Trong cc b c c xut huyt v hoi t.
- Phn ln cc hp cht phospho hu c c tc dng gy t bin. V d: Malation gy
qui thai phi g. methyl v ethyl-paration gy qui thai ca phi g g v chim ct.
- Gia sc c cha, nu nhim cp tnh mt lng ln cc estephosphat th thai c th b
ng c, thai cht, sy thai, non.
- Nu nhim c lin tc ko di 3 thng s xut hin hi chng thch ng. S tng
hp acetylcholinesterase tng. Cc triu chng ng c khng r. iu ny gip gii thch s
khng thuc ca cn trng, k sinh trng.
* Tn thng bnh l
Cc gia sc cht v ng c phospho hu c, khng c cc bnh tch in hnh, c trng.
C du hiu cht do ngt th, cc mch mu ni tng gin to, d dy v rut vim, phi thy
thng (thng gp gia cm), b c thoi ha khng bo cc t bo thng b tiu cu thn.
C th thy hoi t cc ng tit niu, cc nhn t bo bt mu kim km. Mao mch no v
nim mc cha y mu. Nu ng c ko di thy hin tng myelin ha cc si thn kinh.
* Chn on phn bit:
- Vi ng c carbamat: cng gy kch thch thn kinh ph giao cm nhng triu
chng thng nh hn, iu tr ch yu bng atropin, khng dng APM. Phn bit nh xt
nghim c cht tm carbamat trong nc tiu.
- Vi thuc tr su clo hu c: triu chng thn kinh - c l ni bt vi ri lon
thc, co cng c, run c, co git. Xt nghim c cht tm clo hu c trong nc tiu.
g. iu tr:
Trong iu tr ng c cn theo cc nguyn tc sau: Hn ch cht c tip tc hp thu
vo mu; Dng cc cht i khng; iu tr b sung, tng cng th lc; phng k pht
cc bnh truyn nhim.
* Cc bin php hn ch hp th:
- Khi phi nhim cht c qua da:
Sc vt c tm bng x phng hoc cht ty nh v nc sch. C th dng natri
hydrocarbonat 5% ra. Ch gia sc cn lu trnh b nhim c.
-Khi phi nhim cht c qua ng h hp:
a ngay bnh sc ra khi khu vc nhim c, t ni thong gi.
- Khi phi nhim cht c qua ng tiu ha
Cho ung than hot hp ph cht c trong ng tiu ha. gy nn ln v ch.
Ra d dy nu khng gy nn c v sau khi gy nn, ra n khi nc trong. Nga v b
(nu s lng t) ra d dy. C th dng cc loi du c ngun gc khong vt (Paraffinum
liquidum) y phn than hot hp ph cht c ra ngoi. Nu gia sc a chy th khng
dng du parafin. C th cho ung natri hydrocarbonat 5% v phn ln cc phospho hu c b
gim c tnh khi tc dng vi cht kim. Cht c vo mt ra bng natri hydrocarbonat 3%.
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*iu tr bng cc cht khng c
Atropin l thuc cha cc triu chng muscarin, lm gim cc tnh trng: tng tit ph
qun, nc bt, m hi, lm mt au bng, bun nn, nhp chm v lm gin ng t. Liu dng t
0,5 - 1 mg/kg, tim nhc li sau 6 gi, khng dng qu liu, s gy c. Khi tim nhc li ch nn
tim di da hoc tim bp. An ton nht l tim tnh mch 1/4 liu, ch 15 pht quan st tc
dng, phn liu cn li tim bp hoc tim di da. Theo di ng t mt, khi ng t gin tr
li mc bnh thng th ngng tim atropin. Atropin khng c tc dng trn lit c v suy h hp
bnh sc ng c nng. Cn lu l mch nhanh, gin ng t c th l triu chng nicotin.
Khi gia sc b ng c hng lot, cn cp cu nhanh, tim bp 2- 3 v tr khc nhau, lm
tng tc hp thu atropin. Tc dng ca atropin c th c tng cng bng cch dng phi hp
vi papaverin hydroclorid: 0,3 mg atropin sulfat + 4 mg papaverin hydroclorid cho 1 kg th trng.
Diphenhydramin dng cho ung 4mg/kg, 3 ln/ngy cha triu chng nicotin. Khng
dng phi hp vi atropin.
Pralidoxime l thuc khng c c hiu theo c ch trung ho cht c. Ngy nay
tng hp c mt s cht nh oxime hoc acide hydroxamine. Trong s chng 2 - PAM (2
pyridine aldoxime methyl iodua hoc clorua, l dn cht ca Pralidoxime) c tc dng tt. 2 PAM s gn vng bn vi PPHC, gn lng lo vi ChE to thnh phc hp b 3, enzym tch
ra li phn phosphoryl - oxime s tip tc thu phn cho cc sn phm thoi ho ca
PPHC v axit phosphoric. Nh vy PAM kh phosphoryl v ti hot ho ChE. PAM cn
c tc dng phng c bng cch kh c cc phn t PPHC cn li trong mu.
ngi, PAM hiu qu hn khi c dng trong 24 - 48h u, song n vn c hiu
qu 4 - 6 ngy sau nhim c, nht l nhng bnh nhn nhim c nng, do mt s thuc tr
su (parathion) lm men ChE chm lo ho (slow aging) . Liu lng 2 - PAM - clorid dng
cho tiu gia sc l 20 mg/kg th trng. C ti liu cho bit c th dng 25- 50 mg/kg th trng
pha thnh dung dch 20% v truyn chm tnh mch (5 - 6 pht). Liu ti a l 100 mg/kg th
trng. Cho tiu gia sc 20 - 50 mg/kg th trng, pha thnh dung dch 10% tim bp hoc tim
chm tnh mch. LD50 ca 2 - PAM - clorid th l 95 mg/kg th trng, ch l 190 mg/kg
th trng. Dng qu liu s gy ng c. Triu chng: th dc, nn, mt phn x, co git.
Obidoximclorid (toxogonin) c tc dng nhanh hn 2 - PAM - clorid. Liu iu tr 2 8 mg/kg th trng. Liu ti a l 20 mg/kg th trng. Pha thnh dung dch 25% tim tnh
mch. Nu cha ht triu chng c th sau 2 gi tim nhc li. Qu liu toxogonin cng gy
c v triu chng c ging nh 2 - PAM - clorid. gii c khi b ng c alkylphosphat,
ta dng ng thi 2 th atropin v oxim s c hiu qu tt.
* iu tr b sung
- B sung nc v cht in gii: Do ng c, con vt b toan huyt v mt nc, mt
cht in gii (do a chy), cn b sung cc dung dch in gii. B sung vitaminB,
polyvitamin.
- Chng vi trng k pht: dng khng sinh sulfamid iu tr b sung. Chng vim
bng cc ch phm cortizon phi hp vi khng sinh.
- Tng cng tun hon, h hp: Digitalis, ephedrin, simpetamin.
- Trong y t s dng bin php kch hot enzym microsom: phenolbarbital natri, liu thp
lm tng cng phn hy v thi tr PPHC. Liu lng phenobarbital natri 5 - 30 mg/kg th trng
cho ung lin tc nhiu ngy.
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2.2. Ng c cc hp cht carbamat
a. Cu trc ho hc v tnh cht
Cc hp cht carbamat s dng trong nng nghip l dn xut ca cc acid carbamic,
thiocarbamic, v dithiocarbamic.
HO
NH2
O
Acid carbamic
HO
NH2
S
Acid thiocarbamic
HS
NH2
S
Acid dithiocarbamic
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* Butocarboxim: Tn gi khc: Drawin 755.
- Tn ha hc: 3- (methylthio) butanone - O - methylcarbamoyloxime.
- Cng thc ha hc: C7H17N2O2S.
- c tnh: thuc k thut th lng (85%) cha 2 ng phn (E) v(Z), tan t trong
nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c, bn vng trong mi trng trung tnh; tng i bn
trong nc, nh sng v khng kh; khng n mn kim loi.
Thuc tc dng ni hp, tip xc, c hiu lc cao vi rp phn trng hi cam, rp hi
thuc l, cy cnh.
* Cartap: Tn gi khc: Padan, Cartap clo ha l Cartaphydroclorua.
- Tn ha hc: S, S - 2 - Dimetylaminotrimetylenbis (thiocarbamt) hydroclorua.
- Cng thc ha hc: C7H16N3O2S2.
- c tnh: thuc k thut (97%) dng tinh th, tan trong nc (20%), cn etylic v
metylic; bn vng trong mi trng acid, nhng thy phn trong mi trng trung tnh v
kim; ht m mnh; khng n mn kim loi.
Cartaphydroclorua tc dng tip xc, v c v thm su hiu lc xng hi yu. Thuc
c dng dit nhiu loi su hi la, rau mu, v cy cng nghip.
b. ng hc (toxicokinetic)
Cc hp cht carbamat trong c th b phn hy nhanh v cc sn phm trung gian ca
qu trnh phn hy b thi tr nhanh chng ra khi c th. Carbamat b phn hu theo 2 cch:
(1) Do tc dng trc tip ca cc esterase; (2) Do cc enzym ca microsom, lc u b oxy
ha sau b thy phn. Rt nhiu sn phm phn hy c hnh thnh, trong c 1 naftol. V mt ha hc, carbamat khng c tch ly.
c. C ch gy c
Carbamat c ch men cholinesterase l do acetylcholin tch ly li nhiu ni: Thn
kinh trung ng, th th nicotin v muscarin. V vy, trn lm sng c th thy cc triu
chng tng t nh ng c phospho hu c.
Tuy nhin c s khc nhau trong c ch tc dng ca 2 nhm thuc tr su ny:
* Ester carbamat N- metyl s carbamyl ha AChE lm tch ly acetylcholin tng t
nh phosphor hu c. Tuy nhin qu trnh carbamyl ha ny c th hi phc c, enzym li
c gii phng. Nguyn nhn l do carbamat ch dnh vo b mt ca enzym, gn mt cch
lng lo, thun ty vt l, khng c phn ng ha hc vi enzym. Cn tc dng ca phospho
hu c l khng hi phc.Thi gian nhim c ngn.
Mt s nghin cu d xc nh, carbamat khng c ch cc hot ng ca
acetylcholinesterase trong huyt thanh, m ch tc dng vi enzym ny gan v hng cu. V
vy tc dng phong b enzym ch trong thi gian ngn v bn thn cholinesterase cng nhanh
chng tch ra khi s phong ta ca carbamat. S tch ly sinh hc tc dng ca carbamat
khng c nh phospho hu c. Thc nghim trn chut tim 10 mg/kg th trng carbaril,
sau kim tra s phn b ca n trong c th, bng phng php phng x nh du v kt
qu cho thy: mt ngy sau cho thuc, n phn b gn nh u khp trong cc kh quan. C
nhiu hn mt cht xng, thnh d dy v rut, no v cc tuyn sa. Trong d dy ca gia
sc non b sa cng c carbamat.
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Tuy vy n vn c th gy nn ng c cp tnh. Carbamat c ch cc enzym
microsom trong gan. Nu cho carbamat ko di v tng dn liu lng ln th cc enzym
sau y b gim hot lc: NADPH - cytocromC reductase; aldolase, phosphofructokinase,
glucozo - 6 - phosphatase ng thi s lng cytocrom P450 trong gan tng ln.
d. c tnh v c lc
Khong cch gia liu gy ng c v liu cht ca cc hp cht carbamat ln hn cc
hp cht phosphor hu c. LD50 ca carbaril chut, cho ung l 500 - 800 mg/kg th trng;
b cho n 200 ppm trong thc n, lin tc trong 30 ngy, khng thy nhng biu hin lm
sng th hin c. Cho n 400 ppm trong 2 tun cng khng c. Nhng cc carbamat khc
c hn carbaril nhiu ln. V d pyrolan c cha hot cht l dimetyl - carbamat, nu cho b
c n thc n c cha 0,1 - 0,05% sau 10 pht ng c nng v sau 20 pht c th cht.
LD50 cp tnh ca alkylsevin gia cm l 942 mg/kg th trng; ca carbofuran loi nhai li
l: cu 2,5 mg/kg th trng, b 0,25 mg/kg th trng. Carbamat rt c vi cn trng, c v
cc ng vt sng trong t, ong mt cng rt mn cm vi.
e. Chn on ng c.
* Cc triu chng lm sng
Tng t ng c phosphor hu c nhng nh hn. Sc vt b ng c cc hp cht
carbamat thng c cc triu chng: lng x xc, chy ri (tng tit nc bt), chy nc
mt, tot m hi, nn, b n, a chy, co ng t, ri lon th gic, th kh, suy c, lon nhp
tim, run c, co git. Nng hn na l ph phi cp. Trc khi cht, con vt mt ht nhn bit.
Ng c xy ra nhanh, cc trng hp qua khi cng hi phc nhanh.
Cc thuc tr su loi carbamat c tc dng nh n s pht trin ca thai. C th thy
carbamat c mt trong nhau thai, trong thai, trong sa v trong ng vt s sinh. Ngoi ra,
carbamat cn kch thch nim mc.
- Nhiu tc gi cho rng, hp cht carbamat cn c tc dng: Gy tn thng c quan
ni tit; C kh nng gy ung th; nh hng n di truyn.
* Tn thng bnh l
Cc tn thng bnh l thng khng in hnh. C th pht hin thy t huyt
nim mc d dy, rut, cc mch mu ni tng gin to. C cc biu hin cht do ngt. Ng
c trng din c hin tng hoi t cc ng tit niu (c th gii thch l do ATPase v
succinyldehydrogenase b gim hot tnh).
Thc nghim cho thy: nh lng hot tnh ChE tht khng c gi tr trong chn on
nhim c carbamat.
f. iu tr ng c.
*Phi nhim cht c qua da: ra bng nc x phng. Cht c vo mt th ra bng nc.
*Phi nhim cht c qua ng tiu ho: - Gy nn i vi ln, ch, mo thi tr
cht c trong d dy.
- Cho than hot tnh hp ph cht c v dng thuc ty sulfat (tr trng hp sc
vt b a chy khng dng thuc ty).
- iu tr bng thuc khng c l atropin sulfat. Cm s dng cc thuc c tc dng
khi phc cholinesterase nh toxogonin, TMB-4, PAM v nhng thuc ny lm tng tc
dng gy c ca carbamat. Thng tim atropin l , rt t khi dng n Pralidoxim.
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- iu tr b sung: tng t nh ng c cc hp cht PPHC.
2.3. Ng c cc hp cht clo hu c
Clo hu c l nhng hp cht c dng u tin dit su b sau chin tranh th
gii th 2. Trong hai thp k 50 v 60 nhiu cht c s dng ph bin, in hnh l DDT.
Clo hu c c tnh tch ly sinh hc, tn ti rt lu trong mi trng gy nhim t v
ngun nc. (thi gian bn hu di). V vy, t nhng nm 90, nhiu cht b cm s dng
nh DDT, Lindan, Toxaphene, mt s t cht khc c s dng hn ch. Da theo cu trc
clo hu c chia thnh cc nhm sau:
- Hp cht diphenyl alphatic: DDT, methoxyclor, Perthane, difocol.
- Nhm aryl hydrocarbon: lindan (tictak), mirex, kepone, paradichlorobenzen.
- Nhm cyclodiene: Aldrin, Endrin, Dieldrin c lordan, Heptaclor, toxaphene.
Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) l mt clo hu c c s dng rt ph bin
trong nhng nm 60 - 70 sau b cm dng M v Ty u nhng n nay n vn c
tip tc s dng cc nc nng nghip ngho.
Vit Nam DDT v cc clo hu c khc c s dng mt s vng nng nghip
di nhiu dng nh: dng bt, dung dch, phun m... Clo hu c c th thm nhp vo c th
qua da, qua ng ht, c bit l ng ung gy ng c cp hoc mn tnh. Ng c cp
thng c chn on v x tr, ng c mn thng t c pht hin do thng tn
thng tin trin mn tnh nhng c th dn n cc thng tn trm trng nh suy gim
chc nng cc c quan, ung th...
Hin nay mt s clo hu c c bit nguy him c tnh cao b cm s dng nh:
Aldrin, Diedrin, Endoufungal, Kepone,.. Cc clo hu c khc c c tnh thp hn vn cn
c s dng nh DDT v cc sn phm c cu trc lin quan vi DDT nhng t c hn nh
Dicofol, Methocyclo, c bit l Chlordane c s dng thng dng trong dit kin, mi,...
Trong nhm ny c cc cht ph bin sau y: DDT, hexaclorbenzol, dieldrin v
aldrin l nhng cht c tch ly mnh, heptalclor tch ly mc trung bnh, g- HCN v
metoxiclor th t tch ly hn.
Do s dng nhiu, rng ri cc thuc nhm ny nn d lng ca n tn ti trong t,
trong cy trng kh cao v lu. t gy nhim c cho ngi v gia sc.
Trong c th gia sc, tn d ca DDT cao nht t chc m, thn, bung trng, no.
Ngi ta chng minh rng vic dng DDT lm nh hng n s sinh sn ca cc
loi chim. Trong ng vt c v, n ph hoi kh nng d tr vitamin A ca gan. Cho chut
n thc n c cha cc cht ny, thy gan b nhim c, bch cu tng v mt s bnh khc.
Trong m c 7- 11 ppm DDT. Mc nhim ny cng gn vi mc ngi b nhim ni trn.
Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Koil J.E v cng s, gia hm lng DDT trong mu v
hot lc ca enzym gluco-6-phosphat-dehydrogenase (G6PD) c tng quan r rt. G6PD l
mt yu t di truyn. Hot ng ca n c tc dng cn tr hm lng DDT trong huyt thanh.
Nh vy, s tch ly DDT, kh nng chu ng DDT ca mi loi ng vt mang tnh di truyn.
Trong t, DDT phn hy rt chm, dn n gy nhim cc ngun nc. V th
nhiu nc cm s dng DDT t lu (Hungari cm s dng t 1/1/1968). DDT b cm
dng cn v tnh quen thuc, khng thuc ca su b i vi hp cht ny. nhiu ni, phi
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tng tht cao liu lng DDT mi dit c su. Liu cao gy ng c d dng cho cc ng
vt khc v tch ly nhiu, lu trong t.
nc ta, t nm 1993 c vn bn chnh thc ca Nh nc cm s dng DDT
trong bo v thc vt v tnh cht c hi ca n.
a. Cu trc ha hc v tnh cht
Sau dy l l ha tnh ca mt s hp cht clo hu c
* DDT: Tn khoa hc: 4, 4 diclodiphenyltriclorometymetan.
Tnh cht.
DDT l cht kt tinh trng khng mi, khng v. Nhit nng chy 108,5 - 1090C.
Hu nh khng tan trong nc, trong cc acid v trong kim. Tan tt trong nhiu dung mi
hu c v m. Sn phm cng ngh c cha 75 - 76% ng phn 4,4 v 24 - 25% cc ng
phn khc. Ch c ng phn 4,4 mi c tc dng dit su.
*Hexaxyclohexan (666 hexancloran) C6H6Cl6
Tnh cht
Hexaxyclohexan sn xut trong k ngh l hn hp tng i phc tp ca cc ng
phn ca xyclohexan u l nhng cht kt tinh, chng khc nhau v nhit chy v ha
tan trong dung mi hu c. Ni chung cc ng phn u ha tan tt trong mt s dung mi:
benzen, toluen, metanol, etanol, ete Chng bn vng vi cc acid c nh H2SO4, HNO3,
HCl v cc cht oxy ha.
Trong s cc ng phn ch c ng phn g ca hexaxyclohexan gi l lindan c gi
tr nht. Trong nng nghip lindan c dng ch yu dit nhng cy c hi, trong y t
lindan c dng tr chy, rn ngi.
*Lindan l cht kt tinh, nhit c nng chy l 112,80C. Khng tan trong nc, tan
trong cc dung mi hu c. C mi kh chu.
* Thiodan: Tn gi khc: Endoufan.
- Tn ha hc: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10a - hexaclo1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a - hexahydro - 6, 9 - metano
- 2, 4, 3 - benzodioxathiopin - 3 - oxit.
- Cng thc ha hc: C9H6Cl6O3S.
- c tnh: Endoufan nguyn cht khong tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu
c nh clorofoc, xylen, bn khi bo qun, thuc nhm c I. Thuc t gy hi k sinh c ch,
nhng rt c i vi ong mt, c v chim.
Endoufan l loi thuc tr su v c v tip xc, dng tr cn trng v nhn hi
bng, ng, la m, khoai ty, cy n qu...
* Chlordan: (octachlor, C10H6Cl3)
- L cht lng sng mu, khng mi, c hn DDT 4 - 5 ln.
* Aldrin: (C12H8Cl6), Dildrin (C12H8Cl60).
- L cht bt trng hoc mu ghi nht, c mi ca naphtalein v chloroform.
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nguyn c tnh ri c thi tit ch yu qua mt nn n c chu k gan rut. Sn phm bin
i cui cng ca DDT trong c th l acid 4, diclorodiphenylacetic (DDA).
- Thi tr: ng o thi chnh l qua mt. C thy chu k gan rut. Clo hu c o
thi chm qua thn. Thi gian bn thi ca diphenyl aliphatics (DDT) v cyclodien dao ng
trong khong vi ngy n hng tun. S o thi d lng ca OC c th c miu t bng
m hnh 2 ngn, pha 1 rt nhanh, pha 2 l rt lu. Nhng con vt ang cho sa thi OC vo
trong m sa.
+ DDT (diclorodiphenyl tricloro etan) c dng rng ri trn th gii t 1939, thi
tr qua nc tiu di dng DDA. DDT o thi ra khi c th ng vt qua phn, nc tiu
v sa. Thuc tch ly trong m v thi tr rt chm.
+ Cc dn xut ca indan: aldrin, clodan... c chuyn ha trong c th di dng
epoxide (c hn) ri c hydroxyde ha v thi tr qua nc tiu.
+ Cc dn xut ca cyclohexan: hexaclorocyclorohexan (HCH, 666), lindan... tch ly
trong m rt lu v thi tr rt chm.
+ Cc dn cht clor ca tinh du terebenthin v ca long no (toxaphen) t tch ly
hn, v thi tr nhanh. Cc thuc BVTV nhm ny c th hp thu qua ng tiu ha, qua da
v qua ng h hp. Cc thuc ny t tan trong nc nn trong rut n t c hp thu;
nhng nu c m ha tan hoc c cc dung mi ha tan sn ( dng s dng trong sn xut
c dung mi sn), n s c hp thu rt nhanh v nhiu. Trn da cng tng t nh vy.
Lipoit v lipofil gip cho thuc hp thu qua da nhanh chng.
Thi tr qua phn (dng khng bin i) v qua thn (dng bin i). Mt phn
thi qua sa, qua mt, mt phn nh qua cc tuyn. S thi tr din ra qua 2 bc: u tin
thi tr kh nhanh, sau l giai on thi tr rt chm.
+ Phn ln lng DDT, chloran, Dildrrin, mt phn HCH v tocxaphran thi qua sa.
+ Tch ly trong m, gan, thn v ty xng. DDT v HCH gi trong c th 3 thng,
chng gy tn thng gan v thn.
d. C ch gy c.
Vi thn kinh ng vt: C ch gy c ca clo hu c do lm thay i hot ng ca
knh Na+, K+, qua mng t bo. Di tc ng ca DDT Na+ c vn chuyn d dng qua
mng t bo trong khi K+ b chn li lm c ch h thng bm Na+ K+ ATPase v
Calmoduline lm gim ti kh cc ca t bo dn n cc biu hin thn kinh, co git.
Cyclodine, hexachloro, cyclohexan gy ng c thn kinh do kch thch receptor aminobutyric acid (GABA) ca h thn kinh trung ng. Trong h thng lymbic, lindane c
th kch thch trc tip neuron v gy cc cn co git.
Vi thn kinh thc vt: S chuyn ha ca cc amin sinh hc no cng ri lon, dn
ti hm lng acetylcholin v serotonin no thay i, khng cn mc sinh l bnh
thng, do gy nhng ri lon thn kinh.
Cc thng tn tim mch thng l lon nhp do clo hu c lm halogene ho
hydrocacbon lm tng tnh nhy cm ca c tim vi catecholamin gy lon nhp c bit khi
dng catecholamin ngoi sinh.
Gan l ni chuyn ho clo hu c, cc thng tn ti gan tu theo mc ng c c
th tng men gan n thun n hoi t t bo gan.
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Clo hu c trc ht l cht c thn kinh, ngoi ra n c ch men carboanhydrase (c
trong hng cu, ty sng, thn, tuyn nc bt, d dy) c vai tr trong cc qu trnh trao i
khi to HCl trong d dy. C kin cho rng hin tng co git l do kt qu ca s c ch
men carboanhydrase.
e. c tnh v c lc.
Ng c clo hu c ch yu qua ng tiu ho, ng c qua da hoc qua ng h
hp gp t hn v cng t trm trng hn. Trong ng c cp, clo hu c tc dng ch yu ln
thn kinh trung ng (tiu no v v no vng vn ng).
- Nhm cyclodien l c nht. LD50 ch l 15- 65 mg/kg th trng, ln v tru b
l 20- 100 mg/kg th trng. Mo l loi vt mn cm nht: v d LD50 ca endrin l 3- 6
mg/kg th trng.
- DDT l cht c i vi h thn kinh trung ng. LD50 i vi mt vi ng vt
khong 250 - 400 mg/kg.
- c tnh ca hexaxyclohexan tng t nh ca DDT nhng t c hn DDT 4 - 5 ln
do n c o thi ra khi c th ng vt mu nng nhanh hn DDT. Cng nh DDT v
cc dn xut c cha clor khc, hexacloran cng bn vng trong thin nhin v c tc dng
tch ly trong c th ng vt mu nng v ngi. l nguyn nhn gy ng c trng
din ca hexacloran. Hin nay t c dng trong nng nghip cng nh trong y t.
- Cc dn xut ca indan v cyclohexan c hn DDT.
Sau y l liu gy c v liu cht ca mt s hp cht clo hu c.
* Lindan (Hexaclor - Cyclorhexax): liu gy cht chut qua ng tiu ha l 125 200 mg/kg th trng, th l 60 - 200 mg/kg th trng, ch 40 - 200 mg/kg th trng,
nga khong 50 mg/kg th trng. ng vt non mn cm vi lindan hn ng vt trng
thnh. Lindan pha trong nc nng 0,05% tm cho b di 2 thng tui dit k sinh
trng gy ng c v cht. Nu dng lindan dng xng khi, nng trong khng kh
0,0002%, sau khi xng khi 30 pht - 2 gi, gia cm ng c v cht.
Lindan thi tr rt chm khi c th. 54% thi qua nc tiu, 13% thi qua phn.
* Toxaphen policlorcamphen (C10H10Cl8):
Liu cht per.os: chut 40- 125 mg/kg, mo 60 mg/kg, ch 15- 60 mg/kg, d 100- 200 mg/kg,
b 50 mg/kg th trng. Liu ti thiu gy c b di 2 thng tui l 5 - 40 mg/kg, b 35
mg/kg, d trng thnh 25 mg/kg th trng.
* Metoxiclor (p - p ,- dimetoxi - diphenyl - trychloretylen):
Liu cht per.os chut 5000 - 7000 mg/kg th trng.
B ang b m 500 - 1000 mg/kg th trng gy ng c nng.
Cu c th chu c liu 1000 mg/kg th trng khng gy ng c.
- Nga mn cm nht vi hexacloran:
+ Liu gy c 10 mg/kgP; Liu gy cht 20 mg/kgP.
* Lindan: liu gy cht ch l 10 - 100 mg/kgP per os.
* Hexacloran:
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+ Cu: 100 mg/kgP per os, 35 ngy gy cht.
PPHC tch ly trong m m 8 thng khi cho tru, b, ln, th PPHC Liu 0,01 - 0,5
g/kgP.
* DDT:
- Liu gy cht per os: tru, b: 0,2 g/kg; b 0,44 g/kgP; cu 0,1 g/kgP; th (mn cm
nht) 0,05 g/kgP; g 0,5 g/kgP gy c v 1 g/kgP gy cht. Ln t mn cm hn cc loi vt
khc vi DDT v HCH, chu c liu 0,5 g/kgP per os m khng gy c. Nu phun tr k
sinh trng DDT 1,5% v HCH 5% nhc li nhiu ln s gy c.
- Nu bi ngoi da Tocophen, cloran v kcylol 1,5% gy cht cu non, d v b.
- Liu cht per os ch:
+ Aldrin 59 - 105 mg/kgP;
+ Dildrin 65 - 95 mg/kgP.
Sc vt bo mn cm hn vi Clor hu c so vi con gy v nhng cht ny tch ly
nhiu trong m v rt chm thi tr. Sc vt non v b i mn cm hn nhng con ln v no.
Dung dch DDT v HCH trong du v m c hn nhiu so vi dng dng bt bi
ngoi da.
f. Chn on ng c
* Triu chng lm sng.
- Ng c qua ng tiu ho
+ Cc triu chng sm ti ng tiu ho:
Tit nc bt, nn ma, au bng, a chy.
+ Cc biu hin thn kinh, c: Bn chn, s hi, run ry, run c, kch thch qu mc,
mt iu ha. Yu c, gim vn ng, gim ng tc th lc. Lm ng tc kh v d mt c
(trng hp in hnh) do ri lon bm Na+ K+ ATPase.
+ Biu hin h thn kinh trung ng: Ri lon thc: vt v, kch ng... Nng: hn
m. Co git: co git kiu cn ng kinh ton th.
+ Biu hin tim mch: Ngoi tm thu tht. Tn thng nng gy cn nhp nhanh, rung
tht, tru mch l du hiu tin lng nng.
+ Biu hin ti gan: Tn thng nng biu hin ca bnh cnh vim gan nhim c:
vng da, gan to... (gan l ni chuyn ho ch yu ca clo hu c).
Sau y l triu chng ng c cc hp cht clo hu c cc loi gia sc, gia cm:
Tru, b
Ng c HCH:
Xy ra vi gi sau khi n phi thc n c c; thn nhit tng (0,7-1,20C) tim p
mnh v nhanh, tng nhp th, gim n, khng nhai li, chy nhiu nc di, nghin rng, n
vo vng d c gy au. Sau 1-2 ngy quan st thy con vt b lit d c hon ton, vim d
dy - rut, tng nhu ng rut dn n b a chy, phn lng ln cht nhy, con vt b suy sp.
- Con vt bn chn, run ry, co git n co cng c, trc khi cht ng t mt gin.
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- Xt nghim mu: s lng bch cu tng v nghing t, lympho gim, lng Hb
gim, tiu cu tng, fibrinogen tng, thi gian mu ng gim 50%, nc tiu c ng v
albumin.
Ng c DDT:
Triu chng xut hin sau 12-24 gi b nhim c.
- Con vt bn chn khng yn, run c c bit l c vng lng v chn sau.
- B v cu co git, mt thng bng sau b lit chn, b n, a chy, cht sau khi suy
sp do co git.
Nga
Ng c HCH: Bn chn, au bng do co tht, co git kiu tetanos, s hi, th nng
v nhanh, nhu ng rut tng, v m hi v tng xc gic.
Ln
Ng c HCH: r, i ng siu vo (mt iu ha), co git v cht.
Ng c DDT: Kch thch v no, nhp th gim v ri lon, run c v cht.
- Dng mn tnh: tn thng gan cc mc khc nhau.
Gia cm
B n, run c dn n co git, lit v cht.
Ng c mn:
L giai on sau ng c cp nng hoc do thng xuyn tip xc vi clo hu c. Sau
nhiu ngy mi xut hin cc triu chng ng c. Con vt lc u run nh, sau mi co git. Gia
cm b ng c mn tnh khng c triu chng thn kinh, thng b n, nm gc mt ch, lng
x xc, rng. Thymus v tuyn gip trng ph i. Nhiu trng hp c thp khp cp.
Mt s cht gy hin tng porfirin c nhiu trong mu (Delta-ALA-sylterase b kch
hot). Trong nc tiu v trong phn c nhiu sn phm chuyn ha ca porfirin.
* Tn thng bnh l
Ng c HCH: Xut huyt di da, phi v mng phi, lon dng (distrophia) gan,
thn, phi, m xung quanh thn c mi HCH.
Ng c DDT: Gan sng nhim m, hoi t phn gia tiu thy. Hoi th thn v c
chn sau. M nhum mu vng. tru, b cn thy b xut huyt lan trn nim mc d dy,
rut v c tim.
* Tin lng: Sc vt b ng c DDT thng b cht sau 24 - 36 g. Sc vt b ng
c cc loi Clo hu c khc thng b cht sau 4 - 10 ngy.
C th b nhm ln vi ng c mui n, phospho hu c, vim no virus gia cm.
* Chn on qua cc xt nghim:
- Trong trung hp gia sc b ng c cp: nh lng clo hu c trong mu v nc
tiu bng phng php sc k. nh lng cht chuyn ho ca clo hu c trong mu xc
nh chn on.
- Trong trung hp gia sc b ng c mn: Tm clo hu c trong m m, sa.
- Kt qu xt nghim cc ch tiu huyt hc cho thy: Hm lng cc men SGOT,
SGPT tng, Bilirubin mu tng v CPK mu tng.
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g. iu tr ng c.
* Cc bin php hn ch hp thu:
+ Phi nhim cht c qua da: Tm ra bng x phng, nc hoc cht ty ra. Cc con
vt lng di cn c ct bt. Ngi chm sc bnh sc cn mc o ma bo h.
+ Phi nhim cht c qua ng tiu ha: Ngng s dng thc n c c.
- Ra d dy (nga), diu (gia cm); Cho n than hot tnh (500 - 1000 g/ngy) i
vi i gia sc.
- Ln: tim thuc gy nn (veratrin 0,02 - 0,03 trong 5 - 10 ml cn hoc 1 - 3 ml
chormotonin 0,1%). Sau dng thuc ty (Natri hay Magie sulphat).
- Chng tn thng gan: Truyn dung dch glucose 30% t 500 - 800 ml cho GS,
cho GS v 30 - 80 mg cho TGS. Tim thm vitaminB1 600 mg.
Ng c DDT: bt buc tim VitaminB2 5 - 10 mg cho ln, ch. Nu khng c
VitaminB2 th cho men bia hoc men bnh m 0,4 - 1 kg/ngy cho GS. Cho polyvitamin B1,
B2, C, A, E, K. Canxigluconat 40-80 g pha trong dung dch glucoza 10% cho GS.
- Chng run c v co git: chm lnh vo ma h, tim chm tnh mch Natribromid
10%, liu 30 ml/100 kgP v 1% Novocain cho GS. Uretan 0,1 mg/kgP cho tiu gia sc.
- Chng co git: Uretan, mui bromid, luminal natri: 0,06 - 0,07 g/kgP: s.c hoc i.v.
cho ch. Pentotal natri 13 - 17 mg/kgP pha long thnh dung dch 2% tim tnh mch cho
GS v TGS. Chloralhydrat 4 - 6 gam, cn etynic 330 100 ml tim tnh mch cho GS.
Khng c cht khng c c hiu.
* Phng bnh:
Ch khi cho sc vt n thc n l c, cy sau khi ngng phun thuc t nht 20-30
ngy, c bit trong trng hp tri ma nh. Cho n thc n chua an ton hn.
2.4. phng ngi v gia sc nhim c ho cht bo v thc vt
phng nhim c cc thuc BVTV cn thc hin nhiu bin php ng b.
Ngi phun thuc tr su phi tun theo cc quy nh: Khng c dng tay trc tip
khuy trn thuc tr su khi pha dung dch phun. Cn phi s dng cc phng tin phng
h lao ng trong qu trnh phun: eo gng tay cao su, eo khu trang. Khi phun phi i git
li, ngc theo chiu gi. Thay qun o v tm sau khi phun.
* Yu cu v sinh khu bo qun v vn chuyn thuc tr su.
- Kho cha thuc tr su phi xa im dn c, xa khu chn nui v xa ngun nc t
nht l 200 m.
- Kho cha thuc phi c kha. Thuc tr su phi ng trong cc bao b c bit, c dn
nhn. Phi x l bao b cn thn chng tr thnh v hi: un bao b bng kim loi hoc thy
tinh vi nc vi, bao b bng giy hoc g th em t.
- Trong kho khng c thc phm, thc n chn nui.
- Vn chuyn thuc tr su trn nhng xe ring. Nghim cm dng xe chuyn ch
thuc tr su ch ngi, sc vt, thc phm, thc n chn nui... Sau khi chuyn ch xong
phi ra xe bng nc vi, nc javel... ri ra sch bng nc.
Bo v khng kh khi b nhim c bi cc thuc tr su c ngha quan trng trong
phng nhim c. Nng thuc tr su trong khng kh khng c vt qu nng
cho php vi tng cht ni lm vic, chung tri...
99
100
Ngi lao ng phi c trang b y cc phng tin bo h lao ng. Phng
tin phng h ng h hp l quan trng nht: dng mt n phng c, nu khng c mt n
phng c th phi dng khu trang...
Bng 4.2: D lng cho php ca mt s ha cht bo v thc vt
Tn ha cht
1. Lindan
2. Clorofot (Diptrex)
3. DDVP
Thc phm
- Sa, du, m, trng
- Thc phm khc
- Sn phm thc vt
- Sn phm ng vt
- Bt m
- Cc loi khc
4. DDT
0,0
5. Kentan
- Cc sn phm thc vt
1,0
6. Melatinon
- Cc loi qu v ht
1,0
7. Metofot (Volfatox)
- Mi thc phm
0,0
8. Sevin (Cacbavil)
- Cc loi qu
0,0
- Mi thc phm
0,0
- Mi thc phm
5,0
- Mi thc phm
5,0
T l % b phn hu
97
87
95
35
100
101
3.1. Phn loi thuc dit chut.
Hin nay c trn 28 loi thuc chut v c phn loi nh sau:
a. Phn loi theo bn cht ho hc
*Cc hp cht v c: Arsenic, thallium, phosphorus, barium carbonate v zinc
phosphide.
*Cc hp cht hu c: Sodium fluoroacetate, ANTU (alpha naphthyl thiourea), warfarin,
red squill, strychnine, norbormide v PNU (N-3 pyridylmethyl-N-p-nitrophenyl urea).
b. Phn loi theo c lc
* Thuc dit chut c c tnh cao (nguy him): Gm cc cht c liu gy cht (LD50)
< 50mg/kg. Khi ngi hoc sc vt b ng c, triu chng xut hin t 1 - 24 gi v b cht
trong ngy u tin. l cc cht Thallium, Sodium monofluoroacetate (SMFA 1080),
Sodium monofluoroacetamide (1081), strychnine, zinc phosphide, yellow phosphorus,
arsenic, barium, PNU.
* Thuc dit chut c c tnh trung bnh: Gm cc cht c liu gy cht (LD50) trong
khong t 50 mg - 500 mg/kg. Bao gm: ANTU alpha - Naphthyl Thiourea, cholecalciferol
(vitamin D3).
* Thuc dit chut c c tnh thp: Gm cc cht c liu liu gy cht (LD50) trong
khong 500 mg - 5000 mg/kg. Gm: Red squill (trc o), norbormide (dicarboximide),
bromethalin, warfarin, prolin, indandiones (Pindone, Pivalyn).
3.2. Mt s thuc dit chut.
Cc thuc dit chut c sn xut di dng bt, nc, ht trn vo mi (b) d s
dng. Cc b mi thng c nng thuc chut trong 0,1% - 10% tu loi c cht gy ng
c cp. Cc mi ny ngi ta thng vo nhng ni chut chy qua. Mu ca thuc chut
c th l khng mu, hoc mu xanh, hoc mu en hay .
Cng c dng xng khi nh cc khi thuc tr su, hydrogenecyanide methyl bromide,
carbon monoxide v phosphine thng c dng cc dng aluminium phosphide, calcium v
sodium cyanide c dng rng ri.
Sau y l mt s thuc dit chut c c tnh cao: Nhng cht ny c quy nh vi
liu n thun LD50 < 50 mg/kg gy cht ngi, cn phi thng bo r trn nhn bao gi.
a. Sodium fluoroacetate - SMFA v fluoroacetamide (hp cht 1080 v 1081)
Fluoroacetate l loi thuc dit chut c tnh cao, thng gp Vit Nam nhp qua
ng bin gii Bc-Trung Quc t nhiu nm ca thp k 90. Fluoroacetic acid l thnh
phn c chnh ca mt loi cy Dichapetalum cymosum Nam Phi, loi Palicourea Nam
M v loi gastrolobium, oxylobium v Acacia Chu c.
SMFA l mt cht khng mu, khng mi, khng v, c th ho tan tinh th trong nc.
* Cu trc ho hc:
FCH2 - C - O (Na)
FCH2 C - NH2
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102
* ng hc v chuyn ho:
Fluoroacetate hp th qua ng tiu ho, ng ht th v nim mch, khng thm qua
da nguyn vn m c th qua vt thng h. Qu trnh chuyn ho cha bit r c th nhng
c th tng o thi qua lc mu. Khi sodium fluoroacetate b nng ln phn hu thnh khi
sodium v fluorine c tnh rt cao. cha c cng b v tim nng gy ung th ca tc nhn ny.
* C ch gy c: Fluoroacetate gy c bng cch c ch chu k acid citric.
Fluoroacetate kt hp vi oxaloacetate thnh dng fluorocitrate, cht ny c ch men
aconitase trong chu trnh Krebs, c ch cnh tranh, qu trnh chuyn citrate thnh isocitrate b
nh tr gy gy nn nh tr h hp t bo c bit t bo thn kinh trung ng v t bo tim,
gy t vong.
* c tnh v ng c:
- Ch mo: Liu gy cht rt gn vi liu gy c, LC = 0,05 - 1,0 mg/kgP.
Triu chng ng c ch rt in hnh, th hin bn chn, si bt mp, nn. Tip
theo l a i lung tung, chy, sa v nn lin tc, co git kiu tetanus. C th hn m v cht
trong vng 2-12 gi sau khi sau khi b ng c.
mo triu chng ng c thng l nn v lon nhp tim.
- Nga v tru b: Liu gy cht < 1,0 mg/kgP. Triu chng ni bt l lon nhp tim
v cht t ngt.
- Gia cm: Liu gy cht trong khong t 0,1 n 1,0 mg/kgP.
- chut: Liu gy cht trong khong t 5 n 8 mg/kgP.
- Cc xt nghim sinh ho cho thy cc hin tng: toan huyt, tng ng mu, suy
thn, tng cc men transaminase, h Ca mu, tng acid uric mu.
- Phn tch c cht: Phn tch dch c th v t chc c th pht hin thy fluoride v
citrate ch khng thy fluoroacetate.
- Cc k thut: Sc k lng, kh v sc k lng cao p (HPLC - gas - liquid
choromatography) c kh nng pht hin fluoroacetate trong mu sinh hc.
*iu trng c: Khng gy nn
- Ra d dy: Ra d dy 3 - 5 lt nc c pha mui (5g/l). Cn ra ngay loi b s
lng ln cht c trong gi u. Cho ung than hot tnh.
- Gim qu trnh fluoroacetat chuyn ho thnh fluorocitrat bng cch: (1) Tim bp
glyceryl monoacetate liu 0,55 g/kgP tng gi n khi t tng liu l 2 - 4 g/kgP; (2) Cho
ung ethanol 50% v acid acetic 5% mi ln 8 ml/kgP.
Hin nay cha c cht khng c c hiu nn hi sc tch cc v chm sc l quan
trng. Truyn dch, chng ri lon nhp, chng suy h hp khi thy cn.
b. Strychnin
Strychnine l alcaloid ca cy m tin (Strychnos nux vomica). c s dng trong
iu tr th y nh thuc kch thch thn kinh trung ng. Ngoi ra cn l thuc dit chut c
c tnh cao. LD50 i vi cc loi vt nui nh sau: mo - 2 mg/kgP, ch - 0,75 mg/kgP,
tru b, nga, ln - 0,5 mg/kgP, g - 5 mg/kgP v chut l 3 mg/kgP.
Con vt b ng c strychnin thng co git d di, lin tc, b cht do suy h hp v
hu qu ca co git. C ch gy c do strychnin tranh chp vi glycin, amin ca qu trnh
c ch dn n kch thch qu mc thn kinh trung ng.
102
103
iu tr ng c: Bnh sc c a vo ch ti, trnh nh sng, ting ng v mi
kch thch. Hp ph cht c bng than hot tnh (2 g/kgP). Khng gy nn v lm tng co
git. Dng thuc an thn va gin c: pentobarbital, methocarbamol (150 mg/kgP). Cho th
oxy v h hp nhn to nu cn thit. Khng c cht khng c c hiu.
c. Thallium sulfate (Tl2SO4)
Thallium sulfate khng mi khng v, d hp thu qua ng h hp, ng d dy, rut,
qua da, sc vt c th b ng c do n ng vt b ng c thallium. Hin nay trn th gii d
cm dng do c tnh ca n.
- C ch gy c: Tl kt hp vi nhm sulfhydryl ty lp th gy cn tr qa trnh
phosphoryl oxy ho.
- Triu chng ng c: Xy ra trong khong t 0,5 ngy n 2 ngy vi cc triu chng
tiu ho nh au bng, nn, bun nn, nn ra mu, a chy c mu. Triu chng thn kinh
xut hin sau 2 - 5 ngy nh au u, yu c, mt xu, au v yu chi, mt iu ho (ataxia),
gin ng t co git, tr tr v hn m. Nu ngi hoc vt khng cht ngay thng li cc
triu chng thn kinh ko di. Liu gy cht l 14 mg/kg.
Cu hi n tp
1. Trnh by c ch gy c ca cc hp cht phospho hu c v carbamat?
2. Nu cc phng php chn on ng c cc hp cht phospho hu c v carbamat v
cc bin php phng, tr?
3. Trnh by c ch gy c ca hp cht clo hu c?
4. Nu cc phng php chn on ng c clo hu c v cc bin php phng, tr?
5. Trnh by c ch gy c ca cc thuc dit chut c c tnh cao (strychnin, Thallium
sulfate, Sodium fluoroacetate v fluoroacetamide).
6. Nu cc bin php phng v iu tr ng c strychnin, Thallium sulfate, Sodium
fluoroacetate v fluoroacetamide.
Chng V
Ng c thuc th y
Hin ti s khc nhau gia thc n - thuc - cht c trong cuc sng hng ngy vn
cha tht r rng. Thuc l con dao hai li, nu dng ng n c tc dng cha bnh, ngc
li l cht c. Khi nng thuc trong c th cao ( mu cao thng do nhim c cp;
trong t chc cao thng do nhim c mn tnh) u gy ra trng thi ng c thuc.
Chng ny khng cp n cc trng hp s dng thuc qu hn, km phm cht. Cng
khng bn n trng hp tu tin, hay do trnh chuyn mn km, bo qun, pha ch
khng ng qui cch...dn n ng c thuc th y. Ch yu phn ny cp n nhng vn
sau
- Ng c thuc c lin quan n bn thn cc dng thuc s dng.
- Hin tng d ng thuc
- Tc dng ph ca rthuc
103
104
- c tnh ca thuc khng sinh v cc thuc ho hc tr liu trong chn nui th y.
Do nhu cu thuc phng tr bnh cho ng vt ngy cng tng, s lng v chng loi s
dng ngy cng nhiu. Tnh trng s dng nhm thuc a ti ng c l khng th trnh khi.
Chn nui theo kiu cng nghip pht trin, s u gia sc, gia cm nhiu, vic s
dng thuc phi tin hnh i tr, ng lot, do vy s gp cc trng hp ng c sau:
Nhng c th c mn cm vi thuc cao cng tn ti trong n.
Nhng con c sn cc yu t bnh l v gan, tim, thn... lm gim sc chu ng vi
thuc
Khi tim vacin cng lm gim kh nng chu thuc gy ng c.
S dng thuc khng ng qui nh: qu liu do pha trn khng u, ch nhiu, ch t...
1. i cng
1.1. Nguyn nhn
Do liu lng thuc: qu liu, sai liu lng, liu trnh. Ngc li c th do gim liu
trong qu trnh iu tr hay dng qu lu mt loi thuc. Cng c th do s tng tc gia cc
thuc dng khi iu tr. C th ng vt b bnh v gan, thn nn gim kh nng o thi
thuc. ng a thuc khng thch hp, sai chu k dng thuc.
Do tc dng ph c hi ca thuc: Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) mt phn ng c hi
ca thuc khng c nh trc v xut hin liu phng, tr lm thay i mt chc nng
sinh l (tc dng c hi xut hin liu dng thuc cho php). ADR khng bao gm nhng
phn ng do dng sai thuc, sai liu ca nguyn nhn mt. Nguy c xut hin RDA l hu
qu khng th trnh khi ca vic dng thuc. Hu nh tt c cc thuc c hiu lc, d c
dng khn kho n my u c th gy RDA.
1.2. Bin php phng
Tu theo nguyn nhn gy ra c bin php phng nga thch hp.
Vi nguyn nhn th nht ch yu l do thao tc k thut ca cn b chuyn mn. Khi gia
sc b trng c do nguyn nhn nay, ta nhn bit c ngay, c bin php khc phc kp thi.
Gan, thn l hai ni chuyn ho tha tr cht c ch yu. T bo gan to enzym gip
cho qu trnh chuyn ho thuc bng cc phn ng: oxy ho kh, thu phn, kt hp... bin
thuc thnh nhng sn phm khng hay t c thi ra ngoi qua thn, hay tan trong dch mt
theo phn ra ngoi. Mun c nng ca gan c tng cng trong khi ng c thuc cng
nh cc cht c hi khc cn ch :
Dng cc vitamin, nht l nhm vitamin tan trong du: vitamin A, D, E v cc acid
amin khng thay th: methionin, L- lysin, cystein...
Qu trnh kh c ca thuc cn nng lng, tn glucoza, cn tip thm glucoza 5%,
hay 10%. Dung dch ny va cung cp nng lng va tng li tiu, tng thi cht c.
Dng cc thuc kch thch qu trnh li mt, to mt: colagonum, cao actiso, cao gan
Tim cc cht kch hot sn sinh enzym P450 hay cc cht chelat ho cht cng
cua to phc khng cho thuc ngm qua vch t bo.
Dng thuc i khng: i khng ho hc, vt l, hay tc dng dc l. Khi a thuc
vo c th s lm gim nng thuc c trong mu v t chc.
104
105
i khng ha hc, vt l: khi b cao sn b ng c toan (aceton huyt do n nhiu
tinh bt) cn b sung NaHCO3 trung ho lng acid trong mu. Khi ng c cc kim loi
nng: Cu, Hg, Fe, Pb... dng EDTA - cht cng cua gii c. Cht DETA s gn cht vi
kim loi nng, gi khng hp thu c, ri thi ra ngoi.
Dng thuc i khng dc l: ng c thuc m, thuc ng dng cc thuc kch
thch h thn kinh trung ng: caphein, strychnin, long no hay ngc li. Ng c cc thuc
tr ni, ngoi k sinh trng: Mebendazol, Levamyzol, Detomax... dng Atropin.
1.3. Hin tng d ng thuc
D ng thuc c xu hng ngy cng tng do c nhiu loi thuc mi ra i. Trong
lm sng li s dng thuc ba bi, khng c nguyn tc c bit l thuc khng sinh. Khi
iu tr mt ca bnh c th hay kt hp nhiu thuc cng mt lc, nu khng nm r c ch
tc dng, dc ng hc, nht l cc tnh tng k ca chng ...rt hay gp d ng thuc.
a. Nhng yu t nh hng n pht sinh d ng
Theo Del - Rio - Navario B.E phn thnh
- Thuc v thuc: Tnh cht l ho ca thuc (cc thuc thuc nhm b - lactam, nhm
thuc h st, gim au, novocain v cc acid aminosalicylic, sulfadiazin v cc sulfamid khc
cc cht ny c nhng thnh phn cu trc ho hc tng t nhau..). Thuc l mt hapten, khi
vo c th s kt hp vi protein ca huyt tng hay ca m bo. Khi thuc c vai tr nh
mt khng nguyn. Do vy c kh nng kch tch c th sinh khng th gy d ng. Phn ng d
ng c th xut hin vi thuc c cu trc khng nguyn ging vi thuc gy mn cm.
- Ph thuc ng a thuc: D ng thuc hay gp khi cho ung vi nhng c th c
bit, shock phn v c th xy ra khi dng thuc by k ng no nhng nu tim gp
nhiu hn, nht cc thuc thuc nhm b - lactam khi tim hay vi ch mo tim B - comlex
vo di da rt d gy d ng.
- Cch s dng thuc: Dng thuc ko di, dng nhiu thuc cng mt lc, dng
thuc ngt qung cng d gy d ng thuc.
- Yu t gia sc: loi, tui, tnh trng bnh l thng gia sc non, con qu gi u mn
cm vi thuc hn. T l di ng thuc nhm gia sc ny cng c hn do cc men chuyn ho,
ging ho thuc gan ca chung cha c hon thin hay cng nng ca gan, thn km....
- C a v tin s d ng. Hay gp nhng ngi c c a d ng atopy khi dng
thuc d b d ng hn. Nhng ngi c tin s d ng thuc th bn thn ngi v cc con
u d b d ng thuc khi dng li thuc .
b. C ch:
D ng thuc thuc d ng typI theo phn loi ca Gell v Coombs, gm 3 giai on:
* Giai on 1:. K t khi d nguyn (thuc) vo c th. D nguyn c cc t bo khng
nguyn trnh din tip nhn ri truyn thng tin ny n t bo Th2. Th2 di tc ng ca IL4 v
IL13 (Interleukin 4 v 13) lm t bo lympho B bit ho thnh plasmocyte. T bo ny s tng hp
khng th IgE. Cc IgE s gn ln mng mastocyte nh cc receptor c hiu.
* Giai on 2: Giai on sinh ho bnh. Khi d nguyn ln 2 vo c th, d nguyn
ny s kt hp vi khng th c sn gn trn mng mastocyte nh cc receptor c hiu. S
kt hp ny lm t bo mastocyte tn thng, gii phng ra cc cht trung gian ho hc
(mediators): histamin, serotonin, bradykinin, leucotrien
105
106
* Giai on 3: Sinh l bnh. Cc cht trung gian ho hc trn tc ng h thng nim
mc ca cc c quan. H h hp: ph qun, ph nang, mi, hng... H thng tim mch, c
bit mao mch di da...gy nn d ng: hen, mi m day, ph Quincke, vim mi d ng,
shock phn v
c. Triu chng lm sng
Hi chng lm sng ca d ng thuc rt a dng, biu hin ch yu ngoi da, nim mc
ming mi, mt, km theo nhng tn thng cc c quan khc nhau: gan, thn, phi, mu...
* Sc phn v: L d ng nghim trng nht, d gy t vong. Thng xut hin sau
30 pht. Xut hin cng sm, bnh cng nng. Cc thuc hay gy ra shock phn v:
Cc khng sinh: Penicillin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxim, Gentamicin, Kanamycin,
Citrimmoxazol, Cloramphenicol, Chlortetracyclin, Streptomycin, Cephalosporidin, Lincomycin...
Cc thuc c phn t ln: huyt thanh, vaccin, globulin, dextran
Thuc gy t: Procain, Lindocain.
Thuc chng vim physteroid: Indomethacin, Salicylat, Anagin
Cc vitamin tim tnh mch: Vitamin C, vitamin B1; Cc loi m: Moriamin, Alvesin,
plasma, Beotamin
Cc thuc khc: Optalidon, Pamin, Seda, Insulin, hormon ACTH...
Ch nhng din bin mun xy ra sau shock phn v: vim c tim d ng, vim
thn, vim cu thn, vim ph qun, my ay, ph quicke ti pht nhiu ln.
Mi ng a thuc u c th gy ra nhng nng nht khi tin tnh mch. Mo, ch
tim B - comlex di da hay tnh mch. Lc u c th mi m day, ph Quincke. Tng tun
hon, huyt p, th nhanh. Sau chuyn nhanh sang ri lon h hp, tun hon, tm ti, tt
huyt p...Tiu ho au bng, nn ma, tiu chy ran mu...
* My ay: Cng hay gp khi d ng thuc. Cc loi thuc u c th gy d ng,
nhng hay gp cc thuc khng sinh, thuc chng vim physteroid (CVPS), vitamin, huyt
thanh... Sau khi dng thuc vt c cm gic nng, nga. Xut hin cc m ban sng to, dy
di da gy nga rt kh chu, cng gi cng sng to, ph nhanh. i khi km theo au bng,
du khp, chng mt, nn, st...
* Ph Quincke: Nm 1882 tc gi Quincke m t: trong da, t chc di da xut
hin tng m sng, ph n, ng knh 2 - 10 cm trn da mt lng, khp, nhiu nht m
mt v mi. Mu sc da c th bnh thng hay hi ti, hoc hi hng. Ming, thanh qun
sng, ph n, gy kh th.
Cc thuc hay gy d ng: Penicilin, Streptomycin, Tetracyclin, Chloramphenicol,
Sulphamid, Cc thuc chng vim physteroid, heparin, hormon tuyn yn, insulin... Quincke
c th xut hin sau vi pht, vi gi hay vai ngy. Ph Quincke nu bn trong nim mc
ng h hp, tiu ho tit niu.. Quincke thanh qun nguy him nht gy t vong.
* Hi chng (Stevens - Jhnon syndrome): Gy vim lot da v nim mc do thuc
nht l thuc khng sinh: Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracycllin, Chloraphenicol.. cc thuc
chng vim physteroid: Anagin, Paracetamol
106
107
* Hen ph qun do thuc: Cn kh th xut hin sau khi tip xc vi thuc. Nghe
phi y ran rt, ran ngy. Nhiu thuc c th l yu t sinh hc gy hen ph qun d ng:
Penicillin, Sulphamid, Hydrothiazid, Methotrexat...
1.4. Tc dng ph ca thuc
Trong lch s dng thuc c nhng cht c cuc i lm thuc rt di: Morphin,
Digitalis, Aspirin... C nhng cht c dng lm thuc rt tt nhng trong qu trnh theo
di, iu tr bnh pht hin ra cc tc dng ph nguy hi n sc kho cng ng, sc vt
nn mc d vn cn hiu lc cha bnh nhng b loi ra khi dnh mc thuc: Santonin,
Pyramidon, cc sulfamid c in, Phenacetyl, Chloramphenicol, cc n xut ca bc, asen
trong tr k sinh trng ng mu... Cc nguyn nhn gy tc dng ph ca thuc gm:
* Thuc v ng vt: ng vt nui qu mn vi thuc (shock phn v), liu iu
tr khi tim naganol phng tr k sinh trng ng mu cho tru b nhng vn c con b d
ng vi thuc, chim khong 0,02%. Vt nui b d ng vi thuc khng sinh, c bit nht
l nhm b - lactame.
* Thuc v dng thuc, ng a thuc: ng dng thuc khc nhau nh Vitamin
nhm B, C, tim tnh mch gy chong phn v, nhng nu ung khng gp phn ng ny.
* tinh khit ca thuc
Mt th thuc d hon ho n my cng khng th l cht siu sch l tng c.
Tp cht trong thuc c nhiu ngun gc khc nhau:
(1) Do nguyn liu ban u tng hp hay ch bin nhng cha loi ht. Tp cht l
cc hot cht ph c trong dc liu khi chit xut i km theo hot cht chnh. Tp cht
c hnh thnh trong qu trnh bo qun thuc iu kin bt li.
(2) Do qu trnh bo ch, sn xut, xy ra nhiu phn ng ho hc khc khng cn
thit.
(3) Tng tc gia cc thuc vi nhau.
2. c tnh ca mt s thuc th y
Thuc vo nc ta bng nhiu ng khc nhau cha kim sot c. Trong khi
li c hng trm c s v cng ty kinh doanh, sn xut, xut nhp khu thuc th y ln nh
ng trn c nc. Cng thm vo trnh hiu bit ca dn cn cha y , nn d c
nguy c xut hin cc phn ng c hi ca thuc. tin theo di, trnh nhng sai lm ng
tic trong lm sng, khi dng thuc cn ch n c tnh ca thuc. Tu loi thuc, tu loi
ng vt m c tnh ca chng biu hin trong lm sng c khc nhau.
2.1. Thuc khng sinh
a. Nhm beta-lactam
- D ng: hay gp trn ln ngoi: chong phn v, tru tim mch, kh th, ni m ay,
c khi pht ban hay bng nc.
- Lon khun ng rut hay gp g chn nui cng nghip hay ln con t 1 - 21
ngy tui khi ung Ampicillin, Amoxicillin. ng vt nui s b tiu chy nng sau khi
dng thuc. Ampicillin trn ch, mo v b c th gp: ri lon vn ng, tng huyt p, kh
th.
Liu c ca Penicillin G gp 2700 ln so vi liu iu tr trn gia sc. Khi dng thuc
cn lu dng Procain - penicillin chm v cc thuc bn tng hp: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin,
107
108
Oxacillin... . Penicilin G trn nga, ch, b gp tng huyt p, d ng, kch thch thn kinh
trung ng, nn, co git. Vim thn c th gp trn nga. Bi nhim nm ng tiu ha gp
trn b
Cc thuc tng hp thuc nhm Cephalosporidin trn g cng nghip v chim ct.
Cc thuc ny cng gy tc dng ph ging nh trn ln ngoi: shock phn v, d ng, tiu
chy, ri lon qu trnh to mu
b. Nhm aminoglycozid.
Cc thuc thuc nhm ny gm: Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin, Neomycin...
Khi b ng c cp gy lit trung khu h hp, vn mch g con, g ty, thu cm, nht l vt
con rt nhy cm vi Streptomycin. Nu tim c vt con d cht rt nhanh.
Ng c cp tnh hay gp vi cc loi d day n v nhng ng vt c bnh vim
thn, suy thn do kh nng thi tr cc Amynoglucozid km s gy hin tng v niu hay
thiu niu. Vt cht trong tnh trng hn m do c t tch li nhiu trong mu. Trng hp
shock ca thuc trong nhm ny rt t, nhng nhng con b c t l cht rt cao. Theo di
trn lm sng c ti 6/10 ng vt b cht khi shock do dng thuc thuc nhm
Amynoglucozid.
Ng c mn s lm lit thn kinh c - xng, ng vt nui c b, ln, ch, mo u
b mt thng bng, ri lon vn ng, ph, lit thn kinh thnh gic gy ic ngi. C bit
trn ln v ch khi dng Erythromycin tim, c con b au do ni tim vim. Ri lon v
thn kinh thnh gic gp trn ch nghip v do tin nh b nhim c trc c tai, gy chng
mt ri lon vn ng, mt thng bng do no b ph, tch nc, tai ch b ri ic. Tc
dng xy ra trong khi dng thuc lu ngy (dng thuc qu 10 ngy), v ko di khi ngng
thuc 7 ngy c khi hng thng. Hay cng c th xy ra do trc khi dng nhm
Amynoglucozid dng cc thuc c c vi thnh gic: Furosemid hay Vancomycin.
- c vi thn. Cc Amynoglucozid thi ra ngoi nguyn vn qua thn. Nu thn b
suy s gy tch lu v thn (nng thuc trong thn cao gp 20 - 30 ln so vi huyt
tng) hay gp ng vt d dy n c tin s v bnh thn. Gy vim cu thn cp n n
v niu. Khi c th mt mui, nc c tnh thuc cn tng ln.
- Lm gin c vn. Thuc c tc dng hip ng vi nhm curare (thuc gy mm c khi
phu thut). Nu dng lu c th gy lit c h hp. c vi thai, nht l ch gy sy thai k 3.
c. Nhm tetracycline.
Vi loi nhai li (b), sau khi tim tnh mch Tetracyclin hay gp cc triu chng: lo
u, bun chn, c nhng biu hin kh chu, nhng li d b kch ng, nc bt chy nhiu.
Sau khu h vi sinh vt ng rut b ri lon, nht l loi nhai li. Khi tim bp
Oxytetracyclin cho nga, cu hay gp vim ti ch. Cn lm tng lng trombocyt, leucocyt
trong mu gy nh hng n qu trnh ng mu. Trn b nu tim bp qu liu (c bit ngay
liu iu tr) gy ng c cp s mt thng bng, suy sp, kh th b lit trung khu h hp,
vn mch, gy tn thng gan, ri lon qu trnh to xng ca ng vt. Mt vi trng hp
c th gy methemoglobin khi tim mch
- Gn vo xng: thuc tham gia chelat ho vi ion Ca++ gim s to xng, km pht
trin khung xng gy ci xng.
- Ri lon tiu ho, vim ming - li - hu - thc qun. C th gy tiu chy do lon
khun (thng 3 ngy). Khi dng thuc lu ngy r gy bi nhim nm ng tiu ha, vt s
b mt thng bng, r, chn n, c th b st t vi ngy n vi tun.
108
109
Liu cao gy tn thng gan, suy thn (triu chng r khi sc vt c thai). Vi g
v gia sc sinh sn nu dng Doxycyline lm gim sn lng trng, gim kh nng th thai,
gim s con trn la , gim sn sinh tinh trng v hot lc tinh trng. Trn thi trng c
loi Tetra-eggs dng cho g trng hay sc vt sinh sn thnh phn c cha chlo hay oxy
tetracycline l nhng loi t hay khng c phn b trong bung trng v dch t cung, dch
hon == khng c cho ng vt sinh sn.
Ch : Nu tim bp cng c th gy au do b vim. Mo c th gy st do thuc
khong 2 ngy sau khi ngng thuc. Khng dng khi gia sc b nhc c, mang thai, khai
thc sa, suy gan, thn.
d. Nhm lincosamid
Gy tiu chy mt nc v cht in gin nng do rut b vim th mng gi, st, xut
huyt nim mc. Nn, nga hu mn (gia sc, nht l ch, no hay quay li lim hu mn),
vim xoang ming, li, li.
Nu dng phi hp Lincomycin vi Spetinomycin trn b c th gp shock qu mn
xy ra ngay sau khi tim. Phi hp lincimycin vi Neomycin tim cho loi linh trng s b
shock qu mn xy ra ngay tc khc 5 -10 giy ging nh shock ca penicilin trn ngi.
e. Nhm polypeptid
Khi s dng Polymycin B tr bnh cho ch s gp hin tng tng BUN.
f. Nhm quinolone (c th h I v II)
- H tiu ho: Gy ri lon tiu ho, tch thc, au bng, c th nn.
- Liu cao gy co git, lm tn thng m sn == nh hng n tc pht trin.
Ch : khng dng khi gia sc c cha k I v k III, ang khai thc sa (dng sa
cho b con b); hay khi b bnh suy gan, thn.
g. Nhm nitro - imidazole
- Trn h tiu ho gia sc c hin tng chn n, bun nn, vim ming v li, giai
on sau li b en, ri b tiu chy.
- Gy ri lon hot ng thn kinh khi dng liu cao, lu ngy do cc dy thn kinh
thnh, th gic v thn kinh ngoi vi b vim == ri lon vn ng, t khi gp.
Ch : Khng dng khi c cha k I, ang nui con, hay b bnh cc c quan to mu.
h. Cc sulfamid
Biu hin mn cm: hay gp trn d dy n: ch, mo, ln ... Gy vim da bng
nc, bong biu b, tn thng nim mc mi, ming. Nu bi trn da gy vim da do tip
xc. Hin tng rng lng gp nhiu trn ch, mo.
- Gy tn thng thn loi d dy n do hin tng acetyl ho thnh cc sn phm
khng tan trong mi trng a xit gy si mu xanh, tm trong b thn, bng quang, gan, ng
mt. Vi ch gp: kh i tiu (i dt), sau chuyn v niu, hm lng BUN tng cao, mu
khng ng. Vi loi linh trng li tn lu trong t bo
- Gy ri lon tiu ho, khng nhai li (b), thc n tch trong thc qun hu (nga),
sau chn n vi ngy ri tiu chy. K pht vim phc mc sau chuyn vim dnh ton bng.
Gy thiu mu do thiu a xid folic to t bo mu. Vng da do gan b bnh hay b tc ng mt.
109
110
Ch : khng dng cho gia sc b suy gan, thn, c thai, cho con b, ng vt non.
Cn thn khi dng cc sulfamid chm: Sulfadoxine, Sulfamethoxypyzidazin = SMP hay Co trimoxazole c cha Sulfamethoxazole, Fan - sidar c cha Sulfadoxine.
i. Thuc chng nm
AmphotericinB: c vi thn, gy gim K+ v Mg++ trong mu, st vim tnh mch huyt
khi. Trn ch hay gp co git c, st do thuc. C mo v ch u c hin tng tng BUN.
Ketoconazole: gy ri lon tiu ho, d ng ngoi da, c vi gan, ri lon sinh dc,
gim kh nng sinh tinh trn con c. Khng dng khi c thai hay cho con b.
Miconazole: ri lon tiu ho, d ng, vim tnh mch, gim bch cu v lipid/mu,
lon nhp tim (nu tim tnh mch). Khng dng khi c thai hay ang nui con.
Fluconazole: gy ri lon tiu ho, sng phn, d ng trn da. Khng dng khi c cha
v cho con b.
Sau y l bng cc thuc cm dng hay dng cn ch .
Thuc cm dng
Chloramphenicol
Cc aminoglucozid
Dapsone
Amphotericin B
Dehydroemetine, emitine
Clindamycin
Erythromycin estolate
Ethambutol
Furazolidone
Fluconazole
Griseofulvin
Imipenem
Mefloquine
Idoquinol
Nitrofurantoin
Isoniazid
Norfloxacin
Ketoconazol
10
Ofloxacin
Mebendazole
11
Oxamniquine
Miconazole
12
Primaquine
Piperazin
13
Cc sulfamid
Pyrazinamide
14
Cc tetracycline
Pyrimethamine
15
Co-trimxazole (Bactrim)
Quinacrine
16
Cc quinolone c 2 th h
Quinine
110
111
17
Cc nitro - imidazol nh
Rifampicin
Metronidazole
Thiabendazol
Vancomycin
Trimethoprim
Sau y l bng danh sch cc thuc c o thi qua sa m. Trong giai an khai
thc sa hay nui con cn lu phng c cho ngi v u sc.
Bng 5.2.: Thuc ho hc tr liu thi ra qua sa
Tn thuc
pKa
Milk pH
Thc nghim
Mi trng a cid
Penicillin G
2,7
6,8
0,20
0,13 - 0,26
Cloxacillin
2,7
6,8
0,20
0,25 - 0,30
Ampicillin
2,7; 7,2
6,8
0,26
0,24 - 0,30
Amoxycillin
2,7; 7,2
6,8
0,26
Cephaloridin
3,4
6,8
0,25
0,24 - 0,28
Sulfadimethoxine
6,0
6,6
0,19
0,23
Sulfamethazine
7,4
6,6
0,55
0,59
Mi trng kim
Erythromycin
8,8
6,8
6,1
8,7
Tylosin
7,1
6,8
3,0
3,5
Lincomycin
7,6
6,5 - 6,8
2,8
2,0 - 5,6
Trimethoprim
7,6
6,5 - 6,8
2,8 - 5,3
2,9 - 4,9
Amynoglucozid
(7,8)
6,5 - 6,9
Spectinomycin
8,8
7,5
0,20 - 0,80
0,4
6,5 - 7,1
(1,0)
1,1
Oxytetracyclin
6,5 - 6,8
0,75
Doxycyline
6,5 - 6,8
1,53
111
112
k. Tc hi ca tn d khng sinh
* i vi sc kho. nh hng ca cht tn d khng sinh n sc kho ca gia sc, con
ngi c th trc tip hay gin tip: Chloramphenicol gy qui thai, suy tu, ri lon h vi sinh
vt ng rut...
* Cc phn ng d ng: c bit i vi nhng c th mn cm, s c mt cc cht
tn d trong thc phm c ngun gc ng vt c th gy ra phn ng d ng trn ngi mn
cm. Nhng ngi c sn c a d ng vi nhm b - lactam, khi ung sa b hay dng cc sn
phm cn tn lu nhng thuc khng sinh thuc nhm ny s b d ng mi m ay hay tiu
chy.
* Gy ri lon khu h vi sinh vt ng rut: Chng c nh hng xu theo 2 cch:
- Bin i thnh phn h vi sinh vt, git cht vi khun c li, to iu kin thun li
cho vi khun khng thuc pht trin. c rt nhiu bng chng v vi khun khng thuc c
th truyn t ng vt sang ngi. iu ny gy kh khn trong vic chn on, chn thuc
iu tr s bnh. S truyn tnh khng thuc ca vi khun gy bnh ng vt sang ngi c
th do tip xc trc tip hay qua ng tiu ho khi dng thc n b nhim vi khun khng
thuc hay do nhim vi khun khng thuc ti cc bnh vin. Vic ny li do vic s dng
khng sinh ba bi, tu tin trong c nhn y v th y, nht l vic dng khng sinh vi mc
ch kch thch tng trng.
- Cht tn d ca cc tc nhn khng khun trong thc phm (tn d thuc ho hc tr
liu trong c khng sinh) c nng cao hn LMR - Limite Maximale Residuc s gp
phn to vi khun khng thuc trn ngi.
* Tc hi v mt cng ngh
Cc tn d khng sinh cn tr vic ln men trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm: sa
chua, phomat, ch xc xch...
2.2. Cc cht st khun
Cht st khun l nhng cht dng vi mc ch st trng ti ch, cc b, ni tip xc
vi c th vt nui (cht st trng ngoi da, vt thng, cc cht ung vo vi mc ch
chng nhim khun, lon khun ng tiu ha); cc cht kh trng, ty u toa tu, xe vn
chuyn vt nui, nn chung, sn chi... Ti nhng ni thuc tc dng vi t chc ca c th
liu qu cao s gy hoi t t bo. Thng qua vt thng, chng c hp thu vo mu gy
ri lon chc nng sinh l ton thn. Cht st khun cn bao gm c nhng cht cho vo thc
phm vi mc ch c ch hay tiu dit cc vi sinh vt lm h hng thc phm trong qu
trnh thu hoch, ch bin, bo qun. Nh m ko di kh nng s dng nhng vn bo
m cht lng ca thc phm. Thuc nhm ny gm c cc acid mnh, kim mnh v cc
mui kim loi cng c coi l cc cht c do tip xc.
Trong cc acid v c, acid clohydric, acid sunphuric, acid nitric, acid photphoric l
nhng acid thng gy c cho ng vt. Trong chn nui khi dng cc premix khong b
sung theo ng tiu ha, nu dng qu liu s gy ng c acid hay kim ty dng thc n
v loi vt nui. Cc acid hu c: acid lactic, acid acetic, acid oxalic hay gy ng c cho loi
nhai li.
* S hnh thnh ng c v cc dng ng c
112
113
Khi b nhim khun ng tiu ha thng dng cc cht st khun, hay acid long
cho vt nui ung. Cc acid clohydric, acid acetic c th bay hi qua ng h hp gy hi
cho c th. Cc acid nng cao, m c u gy phn ng vi mi loi t bo ca c th
do lm bin i nguyn sinh cht. Mc bin i t l thun vi nng ca acid. Nng
cng cao s tn ph t bo cng nng. Xong nng cao, cc acid c tc dng ti ch l
chnh do lm bin cht ng kt cht protein nn ngn cn khng cho acid tip tc hp thu
vo mu gy nhim c ton thn. Ngc li nng thp cc acid c hp thu t t vo
mu d gy nhim c ton thn.
* Tc dng cc b: ti ni tip xc vi acid, t chc thng b bin mu. Vi acid
clohydric, t chc s c mu xm; acid sunphuric cho mu nu en, acid nitric c mu vng.
Ring vi acid acetic m c ch gy hoi t b mt, cn acid mercuric gy cc lot trn
b mt da.
Khi ung cc acid ( nng nht nh tr lon khun ng tiu ha) nu nim
mc
ng tiu ha b vim chng s ph hy lp c di nim mc d dy - rut, tip l qu
trnh nhim trng k pht. Hu qu nng n nht ca nhim c acid ng tiu ha l gy
vim phc mc. Do acid kch thch nim mc ng tiu ha d a ti nn e, thc n c th
trn sang ng h hp gy vim phi, co tht ph qun, thy thng phi, vt cht do ngt th.
Cng c th do tc dng ca cc acid, ton b ng tiu ha, d dy, rut b xung, xut huyt.
* Triu chng ton thn: thng gp vi cc acid v c. Acid v c c nng
long v yu d hp th, d trng c hn cc acid hu c. Khi hp thu vo mu qu ngng
bnh thng s gy toan huyt (acidosis). Vi hm lng thp do c h thng m c th t
iu chnh nn pH khng c bin i. Nhng nu c tip tc hp thu, s cn bng toan - kim
trong mu b ri lon, pH v kh O2 gim, lng kh CO2 tng, thn kinh tr nn mm cm
gy co git. Vt cht do hn m.
Bn cnh nhng triu chng chung ni trn cc acid khc nhau cn c mt s triu
chng c trng ring bit.
- Acid acetic - CH3COOH : c dng trong ch bin, bo qun thc phm v chng
lon khun ng tiu ha. C tc dng c ch men vi sinh vt gy hi trong ng tiu ha.
- Acid focmic - HCOOH: S dng bo qun thc phm. i vi ch nu cho n
theo khu phn 10% tng ng 50 mg/kg th trng gy methemoglobin trong mu ko di
10 ngy l do acid focmic c ch men catalaza. Nu cho n liu thp khong 0,5 g acid
focmic/ngy, n hng ngy, ch vn khng pht hin thy c.
- Hexa-metylen-tetramin - (CH2)6N4: Trong mi trng acid hoc du cc hp cht
hu c v protein, Hexa-metylen-tetramin b thy phn dn dn thnh amoniac hoc focmon,
do tnh cht gy c cng ging nh focmon: gy ng vn ng lot protein, kch ng
nim mc. Focmon c nh hng n vic tng hp protein ca c th. ng thi cn gy t
bin trn ging rui Drosophila.
c tnh trn chut cng trng: nu tim di da lp li nhiu ln dung dch Hexametylen-tetramin 35 40% s thy saccom cc b trn 2/3 s chut th nghim.
113
114
- Formol (HCHO): Trc y hay dng trong bo qun thc phm, hin nay b
cm. Trong lm sng cn dng cho tru b ung khi b chng bng y hi, nu dng qu
liu s gy c.
- Acid socbic - CH3 - CH = CH - CH = CH - COOH v cc mui natri, kali socbat:
c s dng trong bo qun thc phm vi mc ch c ch men mc v cc vi khun c
hi. Hot cht dit mc c tng ln trong mi trng acid hoc natri clorua vi pH = 4,5.
Thuc c c hi trn chut cng trng v ch. Hng ngy cho n vi liu 5% trong
thc n (tng ng 2500 mg /kg th trng/ngy) cha c hi. Vi liu 8% thy trng lng
gan ca chut cng trng to hn l i chng nhng cha thy bin i v bnh l.
- Acid benzoic - C6H5COOH v mui natri benzoat C6H5COONa: Dng lm cht
st khun trong bo qun thc phm chng men, vi khun v mc. Tc dng dit khun tng
ln mi trng acid. Nu chut n vi liu 1090 mg/kg th trng cha thy biu hin c.
Nhng liu cao 8% Natri benzoat trong thc n, 13 ngy sau c 50% s chut cht; s
chut cn li trng lng ch bng 2/3 so vi l i chng. Chut cht c bnh tch trong gan
thn. Vi ch liu 1 g/kg th trong cha c biu hin c, nhng vi liu cao hn ch b ri
lon thn kinh nh co git, ng kinh ri cht.
Acid salicylic: S dng lm thuc st khun, bo qun thc phm.Trong th y cn
dng lm thuc h st, gim au v chng vim (tronng nhm thuc chng vim physteroid).
Nu dng liu cao trn vt nui s gy hin tng dn mch ngoi vi, h thp hm lng
protrombin trong mu, ni mn ngoi da, gan hoi t v xut huyt.
Acid Boric - H3BO3 v mui natri borat - Na2B4O7.10H2O: c dng lm cht st
khun chng vi khun. Nu chut cng trng, ch mo n ngn ngy s c hin tng chm
ln, tn thng gan. Chut cng trng n di ngy vi liu 100 mg/kg th trng/ngy c hin
tng teo tinh hon gy v sinh.
Anhydric sunfure - SO2: Trong thc t hay dng cc mui ca acid sunfur nh:
Natri sunfit Na2SO3, Natri sunfit kt tinh vi 7 phn t nc: Na2S2O5.7H2O, Natri meta
bisunfit Na2S2O5, Natri bisunfit NaHSO3. Tc dng c hi ca cc mui trn ph thuc vo
nng , hm lng v tc gii phng kh SO2.
c dng rng ri chng men mc vi khun trong bo qun thc phm v st khun.
Trn th vi liu 1 - 3g/ngy ko di lin tc 127 - 185 ngy c hin tng st cn, chy mu
d dy. Vi chut cng trng liu 0,1% Natri sunfit c ch s pht trin do ph hy vitamin
B1 trong thc n. Do vy khng c dng SO2 v cc mui ca n bo qun cc thc n
c nhiu vitamin B1 nh tht, ng cc, u ht, sa v cc ch phm.
Cc acid khc khi b nhim c nh acid clohydric v acid acetic gy dung huyt, dn
ti huyt niu. Khi nhim c acid lactic cc t chc nhu m ca gan tim b thoi ha. Nhim
c acid oxalic s nh hng n hot ng ca thn nh vim thn, si thn. c bit i vi
ng vt d dy n. Khi acid oxalic xut hin nhiu trong mu chng s kt hp vi canxi
to canxi oxalat lng ng trong thn a ti hng lot cc ri lon tip theo. c bit khi
thn b c si ct ngang thn quan st vng ty thy c nhng m, nhng vt xm di 1 - 2
mm. l nhng m Canxi oxalat lng ng to nn.
* iu tr
Trn da: khi b dy acid nn dng bng hay vi gc lau sch ri ra bng nc Natri
bicacbonat trung ha ht acid.
114
115
Trong ng tiu ha: khi b nhim c nn dng dung dch Magi oxyt trung ha.
Khng c dng hydrocacbonat hoc cc ch phm khc cha cacbonat cho ung trung
ha acid trong ng tiu ha. Khi di tc dng ca axit, mt lng ln CO2 s c
hnh thnh. Kh CO2 ny s lm gin on vic ty ra cc b ti ch axit ng tiu ha.
Khng c ra d dy v gy nn. gim au c th dng morphin v cc piopat khc.
Cho ung nhiu nc pha long acid. phng k pht cc bnh truyn nhim, dng cc
thuc chng vi trng. C th dng atropin gim co tht c trn ng tiu ha do tc dng
ca acid gy nn. Chng toan huyt dng dung dch Natri hydrocarbonat 2 - 4% tim tnh
mch. Tt nht dng dung dch glucoza 5 - 10% truyn tnh mch.
Trng hp ng c acid oxalic mt mt phi trung ha acid, mt khc phi b sung
canxi duy tr hm lng canxi huyt, bng cch cho ung hoc tim cc dung dch c cha
cc ion Canxi. ng thi phi tin hnh iu tr triu chng.
2.3. Thuc h st, gim au v chng vim
Vi mu: gy dung huyt. Liu cao gy methemoglobin gim kh nng vn chuyn o
xy ca t bo hng cu. Lm toan huyt. Tn thng gan nht l nhm anillin hay cc thuc
thuc dn xut ca salicylat, pyrazolon. Gim bch cu cc thuc thuc nhm pyrazolon
- Hay gy quen thuc, nghin thuc,
+ Khng dng kt hp cc ancaloid ca nm ca g (Ergot de seigle, Secale
cornutum, Claviceps purpurea) gm: Ergotamin, Ergotoxin kt hp vi cc thuc gy co
mch qun ngoi vi s lm hu hoi t chc: hoi t u cc chi, ui, tai, mi...
cu hi n tp
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chng VI
c t nm mc
Chng 6 trnh by nhng kin thc v mt s loi nm mc v c t nm mc gy
bnh cho gia sc, gia cm. Cc triu chng bnh do nhim c t nm mc v cc bin php
phng, tr cng c cp n trong chng ny.
1. Mt s loi nm mc gy c cho gia sc, gia cm
1.1. Nm mc ng rung trc v trong thu hoch
a. Pithomyces chartarum
Ch yu l loi hoi sinh, gp trn cc ng c, cc cy h ho tho v cc cy h u
cht kh. Loi nm ny hnh thnh nhng tng mu en, hnh chm, ng knh ti
0,5mm. Sinh trng tt nht 240C, m tng i gn 100%.
Nm Pithomyces chartarum sn sinh ra 3 c t: sporidesmin, sporidesminB,
sporidesminC.
115
116
b. Stachybotrys alternans
L mt loi nm hoi sinh v c coi nh mt trong nhng loi ch yu ph hoi
xenluloza. Thng pht trin trong t, trn nhiu c cht, c bit a rm r. Sinh trng tt
nht 20-250C, nhng c th mc c 20C v 400C. Tu loi chng sinh c t c tn l
stachybotryotoxin.
c. Fusarium (nm lim)
Loi nm ny kh ph bin, c trong t, trn cc loi cy trng v cc loi ht ng
cc. Khun lc c nhiu mu sc nh pht hng, vng, tm, trng...
Fusarium a pht trin nhit thp. Nhit thch hp cho sn sinh c t l 80C.
c t gm T2 - toxin , fusarenol, nivalenol...
1.2. Nm mc trong qu trnh bo qun.
Nhng loi nm mc ny thng xut hin trong lng thc, thc phm c bo
qun. Chng c c im chung l phn hu xeluloza km, a p sut thm thu cao, c kh
nng chu nhit cao v lm axit ho c cht. C 2 loi hay xut hin nht, sn sinh c t rt
nguy him cho ngi v vt nui: loi Penicillium v Aspergillus.
a. Loi Penicillium
Khun lc c nhiu mu sc, ph bin l mu xanh khi, mt tri c mu vng chanh,
thng mc nhiu ng, kh du lc, u tng, cm... Loi ny a nhit trung bnh (10400C), ti u khong 250C, sinh trng tt nht m gia 95 v 100% HR.
b. Loi Aspergillus
Aspergillus gm 78 loi v nhiu chng, trong A. flavus ng c quan tm nht.
Aspergillus flavus pht trin thch hp m 85%, nhit 25 - 300C, pH = 5,5.
Nhit ti u sn sinh c t l 270C.
2. c t nm mc v bnh c t nm mc.
2.1. nh ngha c t nm mc v bnh c t nm mc
c t nm mc l sn phm ca s chuyn ho th cp trong qu trnh pht trin ca
mi loi hoc ca mi chng nm mc nht nh.
Bnh c t nm mc l bnh ca ngi v ng vt c cn nguyn do c t nm
mc. bnh ny thng c mt s c im chung nh sau:
- y l mt bnh khng ly. iu tr bng ho hc tr liu t hoc khng c hiu qu.
- Bnh thng bng n theo ma. S bng n ca bnh thng lin quan n loi thc
n c bit.
- Mc nhim bnh chu nh hng ca tui, gii tnh v trng thi dinh dng ca c
th.
- Khi kim tra thc n, c du hiu ca nm mc.
Nhng theo Neuhold, 1982, trong thc n c th khng pht trin nm mc, vn cha
c t, v ngc li c th tm thy nm mc trong thc n m khng c c t.
116
117
Nhng c t nm mc chu cc bin i ho hc do nh hng qua li gia cy, vi
sinh vt v khng xc nh c bng nhng phng php phn tch bnh thng c gi l
c t ngu trang (masked mycotoxin). Trong qa trnh tiu ho nhng c t ny d c
gii phng v gy c cho c th.
hm lng cao, c t nm mc gy bnh cp tnh v gy cht, hm lng thp
gy hng lot ri lon chuyn ho ca c th (khng hoc c km theo bin i bnh l).
Bng 6.1: Mt s ri lon chuyn ho do c t nm mc gy ra
H chuyn ho
c t
1. Cc h chuyn ho
- Chuyn ho Carbohydrat
- Chuyn ho lipid
- ng ho vitamin
Aflatoxins, Dicoumarol
- Tng hp protein
- H hp ty lp th
Aflatoxins, OchratoxinA
2. H ni tit
3. H xng
Aflatoxins, OchratoxinA
2. G ty
3. Ln
Bnh
Candidiasis, Coccidiosis, Infectious brouchitis,
Infectious bursal diseases, Mareks disease, Salmonellosis.
Pasteurellosis, Salmonellosis
Erysipelas, Salmonellosis
Clostridial infection
4. Tru b
Fascioliasis
Intramammary infections
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118
c t nm mc gy c cho gia sc, gia cm, lm nh hng n nng sut chn
nui v hiu qu kinh t. Chng cn gy c trc tip cho ngi ( thc phm b nhim nm
mc) hoc gin tip (t nhng c t tn d trong thc phm).
2.2. C ch chnh ca s hnh thnh c t nm mc
Chuyn ho s cp l cc phn ng to thnh cc cht cn thit, m bo cho s
sng v pht trin t bo. Cn chuyn ho th cp l cc phn ng, cc qu trnh to thnh
cc cht m vai tr sinh l ca chng cha c r, cha tht cn thit cho s tn ti ca
chnh t bo . S chuyn ho th cp ph thuc kh cht ch vo mi loi, chng nm
mc nht nh v thng xy ra cui giai on pht trin ca t bo nm mc (giai on
cui ca tng hp protein trong t bo). Cc c t nm mc c tng hp t nhiu
ng chuyn ho khc nhau. V d: dn cht ca polyaceto acid gm c Aflatoxin v mt
s c t khc, khi kt hp vi acid amin c ochratoxin.., cn trichothecen l dn cht ca
cc terpen. Dn cht ca polyaceto acid l cc c t thng gp trong lng thc, thc
phm v c c lc rt cao.
2.3. Mt s c t nm mc gy bnh vt nui (Mycotoxin) v bnh c t nm
mc (Mycotoxicosis)
a. Stachybotrytoxin v Stachybotrytoxicosis
* Stachybotrytoxin
L c t do nm Stachybotrys alternans (nm mui than, n en) sn sinh. C 7 loi
stachybotrytoxin: loi A, B, C, D, F, G, H.
Stachybotrytoxin A tan t trong nc, tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c, tan trong
nhng li ta trong ether petrol. y l steroit, c cng thc ho hc C25H34O6, phn t lng
430,3, gy phn ng mnh trn da th nn s dng nghim php ny chn on bnh.
Stachybotrytoxin B c mu vng nu, t c hn, t tan trong dung mi hu c, cng
thc l C26H38O6, trng lng phn t 446,3. c t H thuc nhm sesquiterpen.
Cc c t ny tn ti lu v kh bn vng trng thin nhin (trong thc n n 30
nm), chu nhit tt, khng b dch tiu ho ph hu, c phn ng mu vi resorsin. Tia X v
UV cho bc x hunh quang.
* Stachybotrytoxicosis
c t nm mui than gy chy nc mt, vim kt mc, vo ng h hp gy ho,
ng tiu ho gy vim rut nh (r nga), b nh hn. Gy vim rt r xung quanh
ming ln con. Khi chng b sa, lm vim quanh nm v ln m.
Sau khi hp thu vo mu, c t c a i khp c th, ph hoi cc t bo ang
phn chia, nht l tu xng v nim mc, gy xut huyt, tn ph tu xng nh tc ng
ca tia X v tia phng x.
Stachybotrytoxin lm gim kh nng to khng th chut. N lm gim
hemaglutinin, cn tr thymus v ti fabricius. Do , sc khng ca c th b gim, con vt
rt d mn cm vi cc bnh truyn nhim k pht.
Kt qu xt nghim cc ch tiu huyt hc cho thy, h thng min dch b suy thoi,
s lng bch cu gim t 6000 - 8000/mm3 cn 1000 - 2000/mm3. S lng tiu cu gim
r, t 300 - 400 nghn/mm3 cn 100 - 200 nghn/mm3, lm xut huyt cng trm trng.
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119
Do nh hng ca c t, cc vi khun c bit l bacterium pyosepticum pht trin
mnh, gy c trc tip. Vit nam, c trng hp ngng nhp ni b nhim c t ny v
k pht bnh t huyt trng.
Nu dch tiu ho c pH kim th s hp thu c t gim, v vy b b nhim c
thng nh hn nga, ln.
chn on bnh ng c nm mui than cn phn lp tm nm trn thch saboro c
mantoza. Quan st trn knh hin vi, nm c hnh bu dc. Thc hin cc nghim php th sinh hc:
nghim php da th, nghim php th trn tch g, nghim php th trn Paramecium caudatum.
Khi pht hin bnh cn loi b tt c rm r, vt b nhim nm, khng cho tip xc vi sc
vt. iu tr triu chng, nng cao sc khng. Dng liu php khng sinh phng bnh k pht.
b. Ochratoxin v Ochratoxicosis
* Ochratoxin
- Ngun gc: Ochratoxin l cc c t c sn sinh bi cc chng nm Penicillium:
P. cyclopium, P. viridicatum, P. commune, P. variabile, P. purpurescens, P. palitans v cc
chng nm Aspergillus: A. ochraceus, A. sulfureus, A. melleus, A. sclerotiorum, A. alliaceus,
A. ostianus, A. petrakil.
- Tnh cht l ho: Nhm gm 7 c t. Ochratoxin A l sn phm ca chng nm
Aspergillus ochraceus. c t c dng tinh th khng mu, di nh sng ca tia UV, bt
mu xanh hunh quang. dng mui d tan trong nc, dng axit tan trong cc dung mi hu
c c phn cc (chloroform, methanol).
Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin B
Ochratoxin C
(Ochratoxin A ethyl ester)
Ochratoxin A methyl ester
Ochratoxin B ethyl ester
Ochratoxin B methyl ester
R1
R2
H
H
C2H5
Cl
H
Cl
H
H
H
CH3
C2H5
CH3
Cl
H
H
H
H
H
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120
4-Hydroxyochratoxin A
Cl
OH
120
121
121
122
G con 1 ngy tui n thc n cha 4 - 16 mg/kg T-2 toxin s thy nhng biu hin
nh r cnh, yu chn, lo o. Ngng nhim c t, u, cnh run, lng x, chm chp v
chuyn ng kh khn.
Trichothecene do nm Stachybotrys alternan sn sinh l nguyn nhn gy
bnh stachybotrytoxicosis ln v gia cm.
d. Zearalenon v tc hi ca zearalenon i vi vt nui
* Zearalenon
- Ngun gc: Zearalenon l c t do mt s chng nm Fusaria tng hp
- Tnh cht l ho: c t ny khng tan trong nc tan trong nc kim v cc dung
mi hu c nh benzen, chloroform, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile v cn.
R2
R3
R4
Zearalenone
H2
H2
=O
Alpha-and beta-zearalenol
H2
H2
OH
6,8-Dihydroxyzearalene
OH
H2
OH
8-Hydroxyzearalenone
OH
H2
=O
7-Dehydrozearalenone
=O
5-Formylzearalenone
H2
H2
=O
CHO
* Tc hi ca zearalenon vt nui
- Tru b: dch chit ca nm F. graminearum lm gim kh nng sinh sn tru b
c th tinh nhn to. Zearalenone gy sng, ph cc c quan sinh sn.
- Ln: Zearalenone thng gy hi chng ri lon sinh sn ln. Triu chng th hin
l vim m h, m o, tip theo l vim t cung, sng ph c, sng t cung
e. Aflatoxin v Aflatoxicosis
*Aflatoxin
- Ngun gc:Aflatoxin l nhm c t do nm Aspergillus flavus v Aspergillus
parasiticus sn sinh ra trong nhng iu kin nhit , m thch hp.
- Cu trc ho hc
122
123
123
124
Trong cu trc ho hc ca Aflatoxins c mt khung ho hc ging cc dn cht ca
coumarin (dimethoxy - 5 - 7 coumarin, dimethoxy - 5 - 7 - cyclopenten coumarin v Sterigmatocystin).
V vy, ngi ta coi Sterigmatocystin l tin thn ca Aflatoxin. n nay, pht hin c 12
loi Aflatoxin. Cc Aflatoxin c gi tn l B1, B2, G1, G2 da vo mu hunh quang ca chng:
B (blue) - vt hunh quang mu xanh da tri; G (green) - vt hunh quang mu lc.
Aflatoxin B2 v G2 c cu trc gn ging nh Aflatoxin B1 v G1, ch khc ch ni
i cch trong nhn hydrofuran tn cng ca B1 v G1 b kh.
Aflatoxin M1, M2 (M = milk) l sn phm oxy ho ca Aflatoxin B1 v B2, c thi
qua sa v c kh nng gy ra vt con nhng ri lon tng t nhng ri lon do Aflatoxin.
Khi phn tch nc tiu ca kh n Aflatoxin B, Dalezios, Wogan v Weinreb, 1971
pht hin c Aflatoxin P1, dn xut phenolic ca Aflatoxin B1. y l mt sn phm trao
i cht, l kt qa s kh metyl ca Aflatoxin B1.
- Chuyn ho, trao i cht v bi tit
S chuyn ho v o thi Aflatoxin trong c th ng vt n phi chng l mt vn
rt quan trng. S hiu bit v vn ny s gip cho chng ta c bin php phng, chng,
gp phn bo v sc kho ngi v gia sc.
Theo thng bo ca Allcroft v Carnaghan (1962 - 1963) trong sa ca b n bt kh
lc c Aflatoxin B1, cha mt cht c gy cht vt tng t nh Aflatoxin B1. Cht ny ch
c trong phn casein kt ta.
Aflatoxin B1 i qua sa chuyn ho thnh Aflatoxin M c c tng t Aflatoxin
B1. Khi cho chut ung v tim vo phc mc Aflatoxin B1 cng pht hin trong gan chut c
c Aflatoxin B1 v Aflatoxin M1.
S chuyn ho Aflatoxin B1 cc ng vt khng c v ch yu l s hydroxyl ho,
song cng thy mt nhm metyl, to ra nhng sn phm nh Aflatoxin P1 t c hn nhiu.
Th nghim ca Wogan v cng s, 1967 chut c Fischer tim vo mng bng
Aflatoxin B1 c nh du bng C14 trn gc methoxy bn (I) hoc trn mt carbon ca nhn
vng (II), 24 gi sau khi tim cho thy t s bi tit ra C14 nhiu nht nh sau:
Mu
II
Nc tiu
26,10
14,80
Phn
14,10
69,80
Rut
11,80
3,30
Gan
5,90
7,70
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125
125
126
Homogenate gan mt s loi chim v gm nhm kch thch mnh qu trnh chuyn
ho Aflatoxin B1, v G1 thnh cc Hemiacetals - Aflatoxin G2a v Aflatoxin B2a. Cc cht
chuyn ho ny gn cht vi protein v gy ra nhim c cp tnh.
S hnh thnh cc epoxides ca Aflatoxin B1 v G1 l dng hot ho quan trng
hn. Khi c t m c vi microsome gan, mt cht chuyn ho c hnh thnh v
tn ti tm thi, c hot tnh mnh, gn ng ho tr vi DNA v sn sinh t bin h vi
khun th nghim. th kt lun: Cc epoxides ca Aflatoxin B1 l t bin vi khun v l
nhn t chnh gy ung th.
G c nui g bng thc n nhim Aflatoxin trong tht v gan c th pht hin
Aflatoxin tch tr n ngy th 8 k t sau khi ngng cho Aflatoxin.
Tm li, Aflatoxin o thi phn ln di dng cc sn phm ca s hydroxyl ho
(Aflatoxin U, M), sn phm ca s kh metyl (Aflatoxin P1) dng t do hoc dng lin kt.
ng o thi ch yu qua phn, nc tiu, c th c trong gan, sa, thn...
* Aflatoxicosis
- C ch tc dng v mt ho sinh hc ca Aflatoxin
Bn thn nhn dihydrofurofuran trong cu trc ho hc ca Aflatoxin B1 khng gy
ung th. Kh nng sinh ung th ph thuc vo s cng tn ti ca nhn trn
dihydrofurofuran v phn d - lacton cha no. C th c mt s epoxi ho phn t, do c
ni i phn tn cng difuran trong cng thc cc Aflatoxin B1, G1 v M1. Ni i ny
khng c cc Aflatoxin B2 v G2, do vy hot tnh ca chng km i. Cng c ngi cho
rng Aflatoxin B1 ch l mt cht tin sinh ung th v c chuyn thnh mt hp cht
sinh ung th c l nh cc enzym.
Cliford v Rees 1967 s ho cc giai on k tip nhau ca tc ng ho sinh
hc ca Aflatoxins tm cc t bo gan, m mi giai on l kt qu ca giai on trc.
- Tc ng qua li vi ADN v c ch cc polymeraza chu trch nhim tng hp ADN v
ARN:
Tc ng qua li vi ADN ch yu xy ra vng purin. ADN chui n cng c th phn
ng vi Aflatoxin, kh nng ny c th gii thch s c ch qu trnh tng hp ADN v ARN.
- nh ch s tng hp ADN:
ADN mt kh nng nhn i bi cc Aflatoxin l do s c mt ca cc chc quinon v
amin cho php phn t c th xen vo vng xon kp ca ADN v tr mang guanin. Khng
c g thay i ch adenin v thymin.
Vai tr ca cc Aflatoxin lm mt hot tnh cc h enzymes, km theo vic nh ch
tng hp ADN c nhiu tc gi nhn mnh.
- Tiu gim s tng hp ARN v c ch ARN truyn tin: Cc Aflatoxin tc ng ln
s tng hp ARN bng cch ngn cn sao chp ADN bi ARN polymenaza, c ch hon ton
hot ng ca ARN cht t bo, ARN ca nhn cng b ri lon.
- Bin i hnh thi ca ht nhn
S bin i hnh thi ca ht nhn c lin quan n s c ch cc hot tnh enzyme,
th hin bng mt s tch ht nhn.
- Tiu gim s tng hp protein
126
127
y l hu qu cui cng ca cc giai on trn.
127
128
Aflatoxin B1 (c mt na vinyl - ether) c th hnh thnh mt cch trc tip epoxide,
cn Aflatoxin B2, G2 ch hnh thnh cc cht chuyn ho tng t mt cch gin tip.
LD50 (mg/kg)
0,30 - 0,50
0,30 - 0,60
0,55
0,62
1,00
1,40 - 2,00
2,00
2,20
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129
G
6,50 - 16,00
Chut nht
9,00
Chut ng
10,00
Nhim c Aflatoxin c th dng cp tnh hoc mn tnh. Khi nhim c cp
tnh, con vt c th cht nhanh hoc chm tu theo s mn cm c trng ca tng loi.
Kim tra bnh tch thy gan mu vng nht, sng, thu gan bn tri b nh hng nhiu
hn. C hin tng tng sinh v thoi ho t bo gan, xut huyt rut v hoi t lp
biu m tiu cu thn.
Sc vt b nhim c Aflatoxin mn tnh th hin cc triu chng: Km n, chm ln,
gim tng trng. Gan b bin i nhiu nht (t mu, c nhng vng chy mu v hoi t).
gia sc, vt con, g ty c nhng c trng l tng sinh biu m ng dn mt.
* Aflatoxicosis ng vt nhai li
Triu chng ni bt tru b b nhim c Aflatoxin l gim tng trng. B 15 - 8
tun n thc n nhim Aflatoxin B1 (2000 ppb) sau mt thng thy gim tng trng so vi
i chng. Sau ba thng, nhng con b nhim c thy c cc hin tng sau: kh mi, lng
dng, da x x. T 16 - 25 tun tui xut hin cc triu chng: nghin rng, cc vt thng
bng, a chy phn ln mu v nim mc.
B b nhim c Aflatoxin hm lng 700 - 1000 ppb u gim tng trng, khi lng
gan, thn tng. Cc tn thng gan b ch yu l x gan c bng km theo ph thng ni
tng. Khong thng th t b nhim c c biu hin hoi t trung tm cc t bo gan, tng
sinh ng mt v tc tnh mch gia tiu thu. Cc bin i ho sinh quan trng nht l tng
hot ca phosphataza kim trong huyt thanh trong 12 tun u.
tru b, trong d c, Aflatoxin lm gim s phn hu celuloza, gim rt r t l acid
acetic/acid propionic trong qu trnh ln men (in vitro) ca c kh trong dch d c.
Tru b v cc ng vt nhai li trng thnh khc c sc khng tt nht vi
Aflatoxin. Chng ch b cht khi nhim c hm lng Aflatoxin B1 c bit cao (60 mg/kg). Sn
lng sa b ci ch b nh hng khi thc n b nhim c t 2,5 mg/kg.
* Aflatoxicosis ln
Nhim c th cp tnh xy ra khi cho ln ung Aflatoxin vi liu vt qu 0,2mg/kg
th trng. Quan st thy ccc biu hin lm sng sau: Suy nhc c th, c yu, chi run ry,
b n, kht ko di, chy mu trc trng v cht.
Th nhim c mn tnh, biu hin dng lm sng v h lm sng. Ln c cho n
thc n cha 0,5 mg/kg s chm ln, gim tiu ho thc n nhng cha c cc bin i gan.
Tn thng gan c pht hin nhng trng hp nhim c do thc n cha 0,8 mg
Aflatoxin/kg. Nhng giai on cui ca nhim c mn tnh con vt lng un cong, gc u,
r v vng da. Nhng con nhim c Aflatoxin dng nh c th kh pht hin. Cc triu
chng c trng ln nhim c Aflatoxin gm ataxia (mt iu ho c), sa nim mc trc
trng, st vng, bing n v st cn khi liu Aflatoxin vt 0,1 mg/kg.
Trong nhim c thc nghim thy c hin tng nhim m gan, tng sinh ng mt,
x ho quanh t bo dn n nhn khng l v cui cng l tng sn nt nh.
Xt nghim huyt hc cho thy, hot ca cc enzym phosphataza kim, GOT,
dehydrogenaza, huyt thanh u tng, hm lng lipid tng, lng vitaminA gim.
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130
* Aflatoxicosis gia cm
Mc nhim Aflatoxin gia cm ph thuc vo loi, lng Aflatoxin tiu th
v thi gian nhim c. Khi b bnh con vt thng bing n, chm ln, rng lng t
hoc lng v.
G n thc n c Aflatoxin B1 mc 225 ppb v 300 ppb t mt ngy tui th khi lng
g gim i r so vi i chng, gim t l , gan b thoi ho m.
Aflatoxin B1 c ch qu trnh tng hp protein, dn n gim tng trng g. Khi g
b nhim Aflatoxin, cn bng enzym ca tuyn tu b thay i, lm gim amylaza v lipaza,
kh nng tiu ho v hp thu dinh dng km, t gim tng trng. Gan ca g, vt b
nhim c khng b x ho. T bo nhu m gan thoi ho km theo tng sinh biu m ng
dn mt. Thn b mu v xut huyt. C hin tng vim rut non chy nc.
Gan g nhim c Aflatoxin sng to, nht mu, xut huyt im v c th b hoi t
nhng con nng. Thymus v Fabricius teo nh r rt, c vn nht mu. C con b tn thng
khp chn.
Nhng bin i v cc ch tiu huyt hc: s lng hng cu gim gy thiu mu
gia cm do Aflatoxin lm gim hp thu st. c vt v g broiler khi b nhim c Aflatoxin,
% lm ba cu b gim. Hot men SGOT v SGPT g nhim c tng cao. Aflatoxin lm
thoi ho gan g , lm gim hm lng lipid ca lng , hm lng albumin gim cn
hm lng cc globulin th tng.
G khi cho n thc n c 250 - 500 ppb b gim sc khng vi cc bnh truyn
nhim do Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella spp., virus gy bnh Mareks, cu trng, bnh
Gumboro. Nguyn nhn gy gim min dch c th do khi nhim Aflatoxin con vt km n,
gim tng hp protein v kh nng khng th cng b gim. Hot ng ca b th b ngn cn
v p ng min dch qua trung gian t bo cng b gim c g broiler v g ty. Mc
globulin min dch (IgG v IgA) b gim khi g n thc n nhim Aflatoxin. Ti Fabricius,
tuyn c v lch b teo, nh hng n qu trnh p ng min dch (min dch dch th v
min dch qua trung gian t bo).
3. Cc bin php phng chng c hi ca c t nm mc
3.1. Cc bin php hn ch s pht trin v lan nhim ca nm c trong lng thc,
thc phm, thc n chn nui
a. K thut canh tc trn ng rung.
Vic phng trit lan nhim nm mc trong lng thc, thc phm rt kh thc hin
iu kin kh hu nng m nh nc ta. Tuy nhin vn c mt s bin php phng chng
nm ngay trn ng rung. Cc bin php ny gm c:
- Chn t trng thch hp v thc hin lun canh. Trnh gieo trng qu dy.
- Chn ging c sc khng vi nm mc.
- Bn phn hp l. Thu hoch ng thi v.
Ngoi ra cn c th x l ho hc t. Vic x l ny c ngha quan trng i vi s
tin ho ca h nm trong t.
b. K thut bo qun, ch bin
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131
Sau khi thu hoch, ht phi c phi kh, qut sch, bao gi kn. Kho tng cn thng
thong, dit chut, b, mi, mt... Gm c nhng bin php c th sau:
* Bin php vt l
- Nhit : C th phi kh (dng nng lng mt tri), sy kh bng cc nhin liu
khc nhm m bo m ca lng thc ni chung di 12%, lc di 9%. y l mi
trng khng thch hp cho nm mc pht trin v sn sinh c t.
- Chiu x: cc tia gamma (g), tia cc tm (UV) tiu dit nm mc liu t 4 - 5 KGY.
Theo quy nh ca FAO, IAEA v WHO (1970), liu dng cho khoai ty l 0,1 KGY,
cc loi ht nh cc khc - 0,75 KGY. Cn lu liu ny c th kch thch s pht trin v
sn sinh Aflatoxin Aspergillus Flavus.
- S dng cc loi kh:
(1) Kh CO2 nng 20% nhit 170C v 40% nhit 250C bo qun c
lng thc, thc n gia sc ng trong cc ti polyetylen kn.
2) Kh ozon 10 mg/m3 khng kh ngn cn c nm mc pht trin trn lng thc.
(3) Kh methylbromid 120 mg/l/4 gi hoc 40 mg/l/24 gi tiu dit c nhiu loi nm
mc.
* Bin php ho hc
+ Cc acid hu c: Do tnh cht d tan, c thp, mt s acid hu c mch ngn
c s dng ngn cn s pht trin ca nm mc.
- Acid Sorbic: tc dng chng nm ca acid sorbic tt nht pH = 5. Nng 1% acid
Sorbic hoc mui Sorbat u c ch hon ton sn sinh c t Aflatoxin
- Acid Propionic: L loi acid tan trong nc, cn v chloroform. nng 0,5 n
1,0% acid propionic hoc Natri propionat gi cho ng khng b nhim nm mc trong 17
tun.
- Acid benzoic: Acid benzoic v natri benzoat u c ch rt mnh Aspergillus flavus
sinh c t. Acid benzoic v natri benzoat nng 1% c ch sn sinh c t t 23,2 - 23,6%.
liu t 1 - 3% cc acid hoc mui Na v Ca ca cc acid Sorbic, propionic, acetic,
benzoic c th c ch s pht trin ca nm mc trong mt thi gian kh di. Mt s hp cht
hu c khc nh cc Thiosulfid - Na2SO3, KHSO3, NaHSO3, Na2S2O5, hiabendazol, Diphenyl
u c tc dng c ch nm.
* Mt s ch phm c tc dng chng nm:
- Natamycin (pimaricin) l loi khng sinh c tc dng dit nm rt tt, c cho php
dng bo qun lng thc, thc phm cc nc chu u. Natamycin 100 ppm (0,01%)
c ch s pht trin ca nm Aspergillus flavus trn phomat. Natamycin 1,0 ppm (0,0001%)
c ch yu A. flavus nhng hn ch c 25% vic sinh c t.
- Khng sinh Nisin (nystatin) liu lng 5 v 125 ppm hn ch pht trin ca nm
Aspergillus parasiticus.
- Dichlorvos liu lng 20 ppm (0,002%) c ch hon ton s sn sinh c t
Aflatoxin t nm A. flavus v A. parasiticus mc trn go, ng, lc t
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132
- Quixalud c th c ch s pht trin ca nm mc hm lng rt thp (0,05 v
0,1%).. . Ch phm Mold - Zap (cha 60% acid propionic, 15% amonium hydroxid (NH4OH) v
cc acid acetic, sorbic v benzoic) b sung vo ng m c tc dng chng mc tt.
* Mt s dc liu c tc dng chng nm Aspergillus flavus
Cht O - methoxycinnamaldehyd chit t bt qu hm lng 100mg/ml (0,01%) c
ch hon ton s pht trin ca nm A. flavus v A. parasiticus.
Dch chit ca cy inh hng, tinh du thym ( nng = 0,4 mg/ml ~ 0,04%)c ch
hon ton nm A. flavus. Ethanol extract ca ht anit 0,2% c ch pht trin tt c cc loi
nm. Tinh du cam, chanh, bi c tc dng c ch pht trin v sinh c t ca Aspergillus
flavus. Cc loi tinh du hi, tinh du ti, bc h u c tc dng chng nm.
3.2. Cc bin php kh c t nm mc.
a. Kh c t trong lng thc, thc phm v thc n chn nui.
* Bin php vt l
- Nhit : Aflatoxin rt bn vng nhit cao. m l yu t gip cho nhit
lm gim hot Aflatoxin. Thc n cha 30% m un nng nhit 1000C trong 2,5 gi
lm gim c lc ca 85% c t. iu ny c th c gii thch l mun m nhn lacton
ca phn t phi c s thu phn v c th c s mt nhm carbocyl. Nhng nhit lm
gim phm cht ca cc protein, c th l lng Lyzin.
- Hp ph: C th hp ph Aflatoxin B1 trong cc cht lng, Aflatoxin M1 trong sa
bng Bentonit.
* Bin php ho hc
- Loi b Aflatoxin bng dung mi: Cc dung mi chit xut, loi b c t l
aceton, benzen, cloroform.
- Cc cht lm gim hoc v hot Aflatoxin: Cc cht ny lm bin i cu trc ho
hc ca Aflatoxin, da vo qa trnh oxyho, hydroxyl ho phn t Aflatoxin, ph v ni i
nhn furan u cng cc Aflatoxin B1 v G1. Trong s cc cht 3 - aminopropanol, natri
glycin, 1 - amino - 2 propanol, trinatriphosphat, acid phosphoric, vi v amon carbonat c hiu
lc trung bnh. Cc cht methylamin, ethanolamin, trimethylamin, xt, cholin cho hiu qu cao.
Aflatoxin thng b gim c lc bi cc acid mnh v kim mnh. Na2SO3,NaHSO31%
hoc 2% c tc dng lm v hot Aflatoxin. C th kh Aflatoxin trong thc n bng NaOH,
NaHCO3, NH3. Bm kh NH3 vo cc bao thc n kn.
* Bin php chuyn ho sinh hc
- Nm v vi khun: Loi Absidia repens v Mucor griseo - cyanus lm bin i
Aflatoxin B1 thnh mt cht c tnh c km i 18 ln.
Cc loi Aspergillus niger, Penicilium roistricki v nht l Flavobacterium
aurantiacum (chng NRRL B. 184) c kh nng lm thoi bin cc Aflatoxin. Cy cc loi
vi khun ny vo thc n b nhim c (kh lc, la m, sa, du cha lc) sau 44 gi,
phn ln cc Aflatoxin b ph hu. Flavobacterium aurantiacum ph hu c Aflatoxin
B1, G1 v M1.
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133
Mt s loi thuc ging Rhizopus lm bin i Aflatoxin G1 thnh mt cht chuyn
ho l Aflatoxin B3. Cc hydroxy - ng v khng gian tch c t Aflatoxin B1 do kh chc
keton trn vng cyclopentan trong cu trc Aflatoxin B1.
- ng vt nguyn sinh: Loi ng vt nguyn sinh Tetrahymena pyriformis lm
thoi bin 58% Aflatoxin B1 (trong 24 gi) thnh mt hp cht hunh quang mu lam ti.
l Aflatoxin R0 do gc carbonyl ca nhn cyclopentan b bin i thnh nhm hydroxyl.
Loi cn trng Trogium pulsatorium cng lm thoi bin cc Aflatoxin G1 v G2 .
Chuyn ho sinh hc l mt gii php tt, khng lm bin cht protein, khng lm h
hi n cc yu t cu thnh gy nh hng n gi tr lng thc, thc phm. a vo
ng dng cn phi c mt qu trnh thc nghim lu di v chnh xc.
b. Kh c lc ca Aflatoxin trong c th ng vt.
* Bin php vt l: C th kh hot Aflatoxin trong c th ng vt bng cch gn
chng vi cc cht hp ph.
- Cc cht khong st (Clay minerals): Cc cht khong st l cc cht khong th cp
c hnh thnh do qu trnh phong ho ca cc loi silicat v c trng bi cu trc tng lp.
Cht khong st 3 lp - montmorrilonite - c kh nng hp ph cao, c tnh khng c hiu v
ph thuc vo th tch ca mng hp thu. Cc phn t c cht b ht ti mng v b cn li.
Lin kt ny khng phi l c nh ho hc, ch l mt phc hp sng, da trn cu ni H-O-H
(lc ht Van - der - waal) trong mng hp thu, n c th m nu mi trng thch hp. Cc
cht khong st l nhng cht hp ph r tin v c nhiu u im. Tuy nhin chng ht c
cc vitamin v cht dinh dng.
- Cc cht khong Zeolit: Zeolit l cc cht khong th cp c cu trc tinh th. C c
Zeolit thin nhin v tng hp. Trn b mt ca Zeolit c mt vt tch in c bit. Zeolit ht
cc phn t nc cng nh cc phn t khc. Kh nng ht c t Aflatoxin ca cc Zeolit
ph thuc vo ngun gc ca chng. V kch thc ca cc phn t l mt yu t quan trng
trong s lin kt, loi Zeolit hp ph Aflatoxin cng hp ph cc phn t cht dinh dng c
cng kch thc.
- Cc cht trng phn nh Polyvinylpolyrrolidone: Polyvinyl-polyrrolidone l mt
homopolymer ca N - vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidon. L cht bt trng mn, c trng lng phn t
cao, tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c. Cc cht trng phn ny c c ch tc dng
tng t nh clay minerals. Cc thnh phn polymer ht cc phn t nc, cc lin kt
cu ni hydro hnh thnh mt mng hp thu. Nh c mng ny, cng vi cc phn t
nc, cc thnh phn phn cc khc cng b hp ph. Kh nng hp ph ca cc cht
trng phn tt nhng chng c nhc im rt ln l cc phn t phn cc c cng kch
thc nh vitamin d b hp ph. Nhng phn t c t nm khng phn cc s khng b
hp ph.
- Than hot tnh: L cht bt mu en, khng mi, khng v, khng tan trong nc
v nhiu dung mi khc. Than hot tnh c t t g, mu, xng ng vt v cc vt
cht hu c khc. c tnh quan trng nht ca than hot l c kh nng hp ph rt cao.
Khc vi mt s cht hp ph khc, than hot hp ph tt c cc phn t mang in tch
dng v in tch m.
* Bin php ho hc
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134
Khi c t Aflatoxin vo trong c th ngi v ng vt th bin php ho hc
thng t c gi tr. Trn thc t, khng c cht i khng c hiu gii c Aflatoxin. Mt
khc, cc cht ho hc dng gii c u c cc tc dng ph khng c li cho c th.
* Bin php sinh hc
- Ch phm sinh hc Mycofix Plus do hng Biomin (Austria) sn xut c b
xung vo thc n gia sc gia cm, c tc dng lm v hot cc c t nm mc, trong
c Aflatoxin. C ch tc dng ca Mycofix Plus mt mt thng qua s hp ph
mycotoxin, mt khc ph hu cu trc ho hc ca mycotoxin da trn cc men c trong
ch phm. Qu trnh hp ph mycotoxin xy ra trn mng hp thu do cht hp ph to ra.
Cc phn t Aflatoxin v mt s mycotoxin phn cc khc b ht ti mng, c nh trn
b mt mng v tr ln hon ton v hot. Cc khong xc tc trn mng hp thu iu
chnh in th ring ca a s cc nhm mycotoxin to nn cch hp ph c bit ca
Mycofix Plus. Qu trnh ny bt u t khoang ming khi con vt tit nc bt (hoc ngay
trong thc n trc khi c tiu ho), tip tc d dy v rut. Cc c t b c nh
bi Mycofix Plus khng hp thu c vo trong mu. Hp cht Mycofix Plus v
mycotoxin c hp ph cng thi ra ngoi theo phn.
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135
Mycofix Plus lm v hot Aflatoxin B1 vi cc liu lng: 400 v 1000 ppb Aflatoxin,
2kg Mycofix Plus/1 tn thc n b xung trong thc n ca g cng nghip.
- Tc dng ca 1,2 - dithiole - 3 - thione (DTT), mt cht cm ng enzym n chc
nng n qu trnh hnh thnh cc lin kt Aflatoxin - ADN trong gan chut. Cc lin kt
ADN chnh nh Aflatoxin B - N7 guanin thi theo nc tiu chut c cho ung DTT gim
i rt ng k. T rt ra kt lun DTT l cht c th chng li ung th do Aflatoxin gy ra.
Ch phm Oltipraz c trong nhn y chng ung th do nhim c Aflatoxin.
Tc dng ca ch phm curcumin c ch s hnh thnh 50% cc mi lin kt
Aflatoxin B1 - ADN. N c th hn ch qu trnh ung th do cc cht ho hc thng qua vic
iu chnh chc nng ca cytochrom P450.
Cc thuc lm tng cng bi tit cht c, tng cng cng nng gii c gan, hn
ch c hi do Aflatoxin gy ra cho c th trong c cy Actiso. Tc dng hn ch c hi
do Aflatoxin gy ra ca Actiso l tc dng nhiu mt. Trong thnh phn ca Actiso c hot
cht cyranin, quyt nh tc dng thng mt, li tiu, nhun gan dn n tng cng cng
nng gii c ca gan. Mt khc cc hot cht c trong Actiso nh Silymarin, mt loi
antioxydant flavonoid (cn c gi l anti - hepatoxic) c tc dng hn ch ung th gan thc
nghim. Cng c tc dng nh vy l 2 loi triterpen hydroxyd: Taraxasterol v fradiol c
chit t hoa Actiso.
Cu hi n tp
1. Nu tn cc loi nm mc v c t gy c cho vt ?
2. Gii thch c ch gy c ca aflatoxin?
3. Ng c c t nm vt nui?
4. Trnh by cc bin php phng chng nm mc v c t nm mc trong thc n
chn nui?
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136
chng VII
cht c ngun gc thc vt, ng vt
Chng ny gm hai phn chnh: cht c c ngun gc thc vt v cht c c ngun
gc ng vt. Cht c c phn loi theo nhm v gii thiu nhng cy c, nhng c t
ng vt m vt nui hay b trng c. Cc nhm cht c cng nh cy c u c gii
thiu v ngun gc, nguyn nhn, triu chng, bnh tch trn c s ra bin php phng tr
Thc t mt cht c c th tn ti trong nhiu cy tu hm lng, thi gian pht trin
ca cy, b phn dng hay loi sc vt nui. C cy c vi loi vt nui ny nhng li khng
c cho loi khc. Hay thm ch cc cy cha cng mt cht c nhng khi b ng c li c
nhng triu chng, bnh tch khc nhau trn cc loi sc vt.
1. Cht c ngun gc thc vt.
1.1. Phn loi.
a. Alcaloit.
Alcaloid l cc hp cht hu c c tnh kim nh - kim thc vt. a s c ngun gc
t thc vt. Cc alcaloid c dc tnh rt mnh. Hin nay c khong > 3000 loi alcaloid khc
nhau, trong c khong 3% nghin cu k v c s dng rng trong c nhn y, th y
v nng nghip (cc thuc tr su t).
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137
Trong cy alcaloid tn ti di 3 dng: alcaloid thc; alcaloid gi v cc dng tin
alcaloid. Hm lng alcaloid trong cy cng rt khc nhau t 0,2% n 2 - 5% hoc nhiu
hn. Mt cy c th cha mt vi loi alcaloid, thm ch cn ti hn 20 loi khc nhau nh
nha thuc phin, r cy da cn, v canh k na, ht cy vng nem - Erythrina americana, E.
breviflora (Sotelo. 1993). Mt s alcaloid gy c hay gp trong lm sng.
+ Cy thuc phin (Papaver somniferun L), trong nha c khong hn 20 loi ancaloit
khc nhau, trong ch yu l: mocphin, codein, papaverin, naxein....
+ Cy u (Aconitum fortunei Hemsl) r c rt c do c cht aconitin. Ch cn 2 - 3
mg gy cht ngi; 5 mg gy cht nga. thng do ung qu liu hay do cch ch bin
cha lm gim c c cht theo qui nh.
+ Cy m tin (Strychnos nux vomica L) trong ht c strychnin, bruxin.
+ Cy c c dc (Dutura metel L) trong l c atropin, hyoscyanin.
+ Cy thuc l (Nicotiana tabacum L) trong l c nicotin c tnh rt mnh, tc dng
nhanh. L c s dng ch vitamin PP.
+ Cy l ngn (Gelsemium elegans Benth) ton co c gelsemin, kumin,
kuminidin...l ancaloit c c tnh rt mnh, ch dng u c hay t t. Khng dng lm
thuc
+ Pyrrolzidine
3. Structure
a. Pyrrolizidine nucleus
CH2OH
CH2OH
Lindelofidie
Supinidine
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138
CH2OH
OH
CH2OH
OH
N
heliotridine
N
Retronecine
138
139
H3C
CH
H
H3C
OH
C H
C = C CH2 CH C CH3
H3C
CO
CH3
CH
HO
CH2 O CO CH CH3
CO
HO
OCH3
N
O
CH2 - O
Heliotrine
( single esterified )
N
Senecionine
( double esterified)
a. N oxide
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140
H3C
CH3
CH
HO
CH2
O - CO
- C - CH -
CH3
HO OCH3
N
O
Heliotrine
(1) Amount varies in the plant ( Hm lng bin thin ph thuc vo loi cy
)
(2) More palatable ( D n hn )
(3) Toxicity is slightly less ( C c tnh t hn )
140
141
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142
hoang - P. virginiana - choke cherry. Chng ch tr thnh c t khi cy b ct v lm ho
trn bi chn th, Ht cy anh o cng c c t.
- H bng - Linum usitatissimum. Flax - cy bng, cy lanh
- Cc cy cho g mu pht : Cercocarpus spp. Mountain mahogany, Rocky
mountain States - cy di nga . Cy mc vng ni cao, ni t, . Chng ch tr thnh c
khi loi nhai li, nht l cu, hu...n phi trong trng hp cy b b hay ct ho.
- Cy - Suckleya Suckleyana cht c l suckleya.
- Cy c lng mn - Holcus lanatus. C tai gu - Vevet grass (Verbascum thapsus),
hay rau tu bay - Gynura crepidioides; c git mui - mosquito grass, cy hng nhu xanh
- Ocimum veride.
- H to - Malus sp. Ht to gy c cho ngi.
* C ch: Trong c th, khi c gii phng ra, nhm cyanide tc dng vo men h
hp ni bo (cytochrome oxidase) ca hng cu, gy MetHb. Hng cu khng th vn chuyn
c oxy ti cc t bo, mu ng vt chuyn thnh mu en. Hu nh mi loi ng vt u
mn cm vi cyanide, nht l u sc v tr nh. Kh nng gy c tu thuc lng cyanide,
tc gii phng cyanide ra khi dng lin kt trong ng tiu ho, kh nng hp thu cng
nh mn cm ca tng loi vt nui.
* Liu c: Liu gy c ti thiu (MIC) trn ng vt t 2 - 2,3 mg/kg th trng
(Humpherys 1988). Liu ny cn ph thuc ngun gc v kh nng thu phn glucozid cha
cyanide ca tng loi vt nui. Nu ng vt n nhiu, vi tc hp thu nhanh (ch vi
loi c d dy n), ch cn 4 mg/kg th trng git cht vt nui. Ch khong 20 mg acid
cyanhydric/100 gam thc n s gy nguy him cho ng vt.
xc nh chnh xc ng c do cyanide nn kim tra lng cyanide trong gan v
cht cha d dy. Khi b ng c hm lng cyanide trong gan ti thiu l 1,4 mg/g (th mn
tnh); trong d c phi c t 10 mg/g tr ln (th cp tnh).
* Triu chng: Th cp tnh do n qu nhiu thc vt c cha cyanide gy trng thi
MetHb cho vt nui. C th gy cht ngay lp tc, thng vt cht sau mt vi pht n vi
gi vi cc biu hin: co git, si bt mp, hn m, gin ng t mt. Vt thiu t ch, tiu
tin ba bi. Nim mc mt, mi, ming tm ti, dch nhy chy ra mi ni: ming, mi v
c cc t chc di da. Ngng th trc khi ngng tim. ng vt mc chng kh tiu, tch
thc. Vt cht nhanh trong trng thi ngt th.
Th mn tnh do sc vt n thng xuyn, vi lng t nn gy ng c cho gan.
Gan b c do phi oxy ha kh cyanide nh cc a cid amin cha lu hunh thnh dng t c
hn - thioglucozid. trong c th, cht thioglucozid li c ch s ng ho, hp thu iode ca
tuyn gip trng. Nu tch nhiu thioglucozid vt s b bu c.
* Bnh tch: Xc cht khng c s bin i tr mu en, long vn chy ngay c khi
xc cht kh ==mu khng ng.
* Chn on phn bit: Kim tra nhng cy nghi c cha cyanogenetic.
- Kim tra lng cyanide trong cht cha d dy.
Nu nghi vt b trng c bi cy cha cyanide, ta cn phi ly mu ca cht cha trong
d dy bng cch t ng thng d dy. Kim tra lng cyanide trong cht cha ca d dy.
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143
* Cha tr: Truyn vo tnh mch 75 - 150 ml dung dch gm: 1% mui nitrat natri v
25% thiosulphat natri.
* C ch gii c:
ferricytochrome + CN === Ferricytochrome oxidase cyanide
(Respiratory enzyme)
NaNO2 + Hb
MetHb + CN
( R.E. inhibited)
=====
Methemoglobin
==== Cyanmethemoglobin
(Temporary tie -up of cyanide)
Na2SO4
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144
cha cc a cid amin bt thng c lu hunh trong phn t. Khi hp cht S - methyl cystein - sulphoxide trong d c s b phn gii thnh Dimethyl - disulphide. Cht ny rt c,
c tc dng gy dung huyt theo phn ng sau.
O
2CH3-S-CH2CHNH2COOH+H2 == CH3-S-S-CH3 +2CH3-CO-COOH+ NH3
S methylcysteine- sulphoxide
Trong h ci c ging green brassicas c cha 10 - 20 g S - methylcysteinesulphoxide/kg cht kh. B n 15 g/100 kg th trng/ngy s b trng c do dung huyt. Nu
n 10 g/100 kg th trng/ngy s b thiu mu nh. Qui nh trong khu phn ca loi nhai li,
nht l b, lng thc n thuc h hoa ch thp khng c qu 1/3 tnh theo vt cht kh
trnh nhim c. Ngoi ra trong cc cy thuc h ci ny cn mt cht c na l nitrat gy
c cho sc vt.
Bng 7.1: S phn b cc thio - glucozid trong thc n thc vt
Loi thc vt
ng
Aglycan
Gluconapin
C hoa bng ch
thp, ci c.
Glucoza
ISO-thiocynat, H2SO4
Brassiconapin
Ci bp
Glucoza
Progoitrin
Ci ngng trng, en
v ht ca n.
Glucoza
Vinioxolidonthion
H2SO4
Tn Glucozid
(VOT)
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145
Cht saponozid trong c alfalfa sp cn l cht khng dinh dng (antinutritive). Cht
chit ra t c alfalfa sp c ch s sinh trng i vi g, ln, b. Dch chit t c alfalfa
sp cng cha c ch tiu ho (antiproteinase).
c. Cc acid amin khng protein (non protein amino acid)
Cc acid amin nay c tn khc acid amin bt thng. C trong cy h u c nh m
(nitrogen - fixing trees). Trc tin nitrogen lin kt vi cc hp cht hu c to cc alkaloid
hay nhng acid amin bt thng. Cc cht ny tch lu li trong cy, to sn phm th cp
khng hi cho cy. Cc acid amin ny c cng thc ging nhng acid amin khng thay th
(acid a min cn thit) rt cn cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca vt nui. Nhng khi vo c
th, chng khng gi c vai tr sinh hc, tr thnh yu t i khng vi acid amin cn thit
gn ging n. Khi ng vt n phi, n s c hp thu vo c th lm thay i v gy ri
lon qu trnh trao i cht, gy c.
Nhiu cy thuc h u nhit i cha a cd amin bt thng nh cy u chm Indigofera spicata, cy Lathyrus cicera.
Bng 7.2: S phn b ca acid amin bt thng trong ht cy h u
Acid amin bt thng
Cc ging cy h u
Hm lng (g/kg)
Neurolathyrogens
b - cyanoalanine
Vicina sativa
1.5
b - (N-oxalylamino) alanine
Lathyrus sativa
25,0
a, g - diaminobytiric a cid
Lathyrus latifotius
16,0
Arginine analogues
Canavalia ensiformis
51,0
Gliricidia sepium
40,0
Robinia pseudoacacia
98,0
Indigofera spicata
9,0
Vicia Villosa
29,0
Indospicine
Indigofera spicata
20,0
Homoarginine
Lathyrus cicera
12,0
Canavanine
Aromatic
Mimosine
Leucaena leucocephala
145,0
* Cht mimosin.
* S phn b: Mimosin c nhiu trong cy h u nhit i, nht l cy bnh linh Leucaena.
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146
* C ch: Do c cng thc tng t nh thyrosine v DOPA (3,4 - Dihydroxyphenylamine)
- cht chuyn ho ca thyrosine. Mimosin c ch trao i thyrosine, cht Iodothyrosine (MIT,
DIT- cht ban u ca qu trnh tng hp thyrosine T3 v T4) khng c to thnh. Khi gia
sc n nhiu l cy c cha mimosin s gy ra bu c.
* Tc ng gy c ca mimosin trn cu: Hm lng mimosin trong cy bin i
tu theo ging, ma v trong nm. Liu gy c ca mimosin i vi cc th rt khc nhau.
Theo D.J.Hamphrys 1988; v Szska & Ter Meulen, 1984. liu gy c ca mimosin tnh
theo g/ngy/kg bng ng ung: loi nhai li tru, b, d: 0,18; cu: 0,14; th: 0,23; g:
0,16. Nu n qu nhiu l cy binh linh > 30% s gy bu c, gim hot ng ca tuyn
gip loi nhai li. Vi g, khi cho n khu phn c 150g l bnh linh/kg thc n khng nh
hng n sinh trng. Khi b xung thm st hay nhm trong thc n c l binh linh s lm
gim kh nng hp thu cc kim loi trn, do mimosin lin kt vi chng ng tiu ho.
Trong khu phn c b xung 5% bt l bnh linh, g chm ln; t 8 - 10% g s b rng
lng, to tuyn gip.
Bng 7.3: nh hng ca cht mimosin trn cu ly lng
ng a thuc
nh hng ca mimosin
Khng gy nh hng
Rng lng
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147
Bng 7.4: c tnh ca lathyrogenic amino acid trn h thn kinh gia cm
Lathyrogenic
Loi g
Triu chng
b - cyanolanine G con, d TA (0,75 g/kg) hay tim di Co git tetanos, cht LD50 =
da
70 mg/kgP
BOAA
a,g
diaminobutiri
c acid
u v c co git
G trng
thnh
Cht
30 mg/con
100 mg/con
Ng c
12,9 mgl/kgP
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148
S lin kt, gii c phenolic vi glyxin, acid glucoronic hoc sulfat... nhng gii hn
khi s dng thc n c lng phenolic cao cng l nhng vn c cc nh khoa hc quan
tm nghin cu s dng tt nguc thc n ny.
e. Nhng cht khng enzyme tiu ho protein (Proteinase Inhibitors)
Thc n c cht khng enzym tiu ho protin kh phong ph.
Trong sa u c antitrypsine chng li s hot ng ca men trypsin v
chymotrypsin. Do vy lng khng th trong sa m mi chuyn sang cho con.
Trong cc ht ca cy h u u c cha antitrypsine, nhiu nht l u nnh, c ve,
sau n cc ht u khc: H Lan, nga, ht lanh, u phng... cng c nhng t hn.
Th nghim ca Chan v Lume 1982 trn chut n u sng winged liu 280 g/kg
khu phn. Chut gim trng lng v cht sau 12 ngy. M khm thy tuyn tu pht
trin to hn bnh thng. Cng loi u ny, hp chn n liu 300 g/kg chut vn pht
trin bnh thng.
J.P.F D`Mello th nghim trn g a ra kt qu tng t nh trn chut, tuyn tu
ca g tht n u sng cng to hn.
Cc th nghim trn th, cho vt nui n u nnh sng s tng trng ch bng 1/3 so
vi n u nnh chn.
Thnh phn cht khng enzyme tiu ho protein trong u nnh
+ Glycinin - l dng protein, cht ny c ch s tit men, lm gim hot ng cu men
trypsin, chymotrypsin v amylase. b li s thiu ht men, buc tuyn tu phi lm b.
Kt qu, tuyn tu b phnh to (hypertrophia). Cht ny c tc dng trn mi th nui, nht l
g con, chut, heo khi cho n u nnh sng.
+ Lectin hay protein lectin, c c tnh gy dung huyt, ngng kt hng cu hemagglutinin. Cht ny c tc dng c ch s sinh trng ca ng vt non, nht l chut,
ln v g con...
+ Soyin c ch s hot ng ca trypsin v lipase, lm gim s tiu ho m v m.
C ba cht trn u l cht khng dinh dng (antinutritiv), chng rt nhy cm vi
nhit , ging nh men urease cng c nhiu trong ht u nnh sng. Chng b dit 105 110 0C /10 - 30 pht.
f. Cc cht nhy cm quang hc - phostosensitive compounds.
* Nguyn nhn
Cc cht nhy cm quang hc c nhiu trong mt s cy dng lm thc n chn nui:
Cc cy thuc h kiu mch c Fagopyrum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum - gy c
cho loi nhai li trong mn cm nht l b sa.
Vi ln, nu n thng xuyn c alfalfa ch c ln ngoi do thiu sc t da nn b
vim. Cn vi ln ni da mu chng khng c biu hin vim da.
Cht ny cng c nhiu trong ht ca thc vt ammi visnaga v ammi majus - gy c
cho gia cm: vt, g, ngan, ngng. Trong g ty mn cm nht do trn c th c nhiu da
khng c lng che ph.
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149
Khi th nui n c ny nhiu xut hin loi bnh c triu chng rt in hnh, ngi
ta dng tn ny t tn cho bnh - fagopirizmus.
*C ch: Sau khi c hp thu vo mu, chng c chuyn n di da ni khng
c sc t bo v. Di tc dng ca tia t ngoi, trong nh sng mt tri vi bic sng 540 610 nm lm cho da ng ln, gy au, nga, sau vim dp da.
* Triu chng
Trn th: s vim nhim ny hay thy xung quanh mt, c, cc khp chn, cc ngn
chn thy au. Nu c tip tc cho n, gia sc s b vim dp, bong trc da. ng vt b kch
ng mnh, rt kh chu, thch chui ch ti, mt. Do trao i cht b ri lon, gim kh nng
chuyn ho thc n, gim sc sn xut. Vi b sa s b gim lng m trong sa, mi v v
ca sa cng khng bnh thng. Bnh nng c th cht. Vi b khng nn cho n c
Fagopyrum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum qu 10kg /con/ngy.
Trn gia cm triu chng rt r, da xung quanh m, mp, tch, mo, tai v bn chn
u b vim. G ty b rt nng do phn da tip xc vi nh sng nhiu. T l cht c th ti
20%. Ngoi ra cn gy gim sc sn xut: gim , chm ln.
*Phng tr
Mun tr bnh ny, phi trnh khng cho vt nui tip xc vi nh sng mt tri. Nht
vt nui trong bng ti hay nu cn chn th ni no trn da khng c sc t bo v cn c
che ph kn bng mu ti. Cn trnh khng cho gia sc n nhiu c Fagopyrum vulgare,
Fagopyrum esculentum, gia cm n nhiu ht ht ca thc vt ammi visnaga v ammi majus,
ln n thng xuyn c alfalfa.
g. Cc protein ca thc vt- Toxanbunin
Gm cc protein thc vt c c tnh cao nh: rixin c trong ht Thu du, croton
trong ht ba u, abrin trong ht cy cam tho dy. Cc protein ny c th gy c do lm
dung huyt hay hu hoi t bo nng thp.
h. Cc axit hu c
Trong cy n tn ti di th t do hay kt hp vi cht khc. C 2 trng thi u gy
c cho ng vt nui khi n phi vi s lng ln. Trong ng ch nht l: axit oxalic
c trong kh chua, chua me, cht cht...vi liu ln gy ph n, xut huyt ng tiu ho.
Axt cyanhydric trong c sn, mng tre, l v ht m, mn, o.
i. Cht nha
Nhiu loi nha cy khi n phi c th gy tn thng ng tiu ho hoc chm
phi s kch ng da hay nim mc. Cc cy mang lng nga cha a xt formic l han. Cc
cy thuc loi sn manh nha c bay hi, d gy d ng do tip xc.
1.2. Mt s cy c
Cy c cha Glucozid cng tim
* Ngun gc
L cy dng a hong cha digitalis. L cy trc o Nerium oleander cha
nerionin. Cy sng d, sng tru gm ton cy, nht l ht cha Strophantin. Trong ht cy
thng thn Thevetia yellow oleander cha thevertin
* Cng thc chung
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150
Cng thc phn t ca glucozid cng tim gm 2 phn, phn ng oza v phn
khng phi ng l genin hay glycon. Phn genin c tc dng c hiu trn tim. Phn ng
quyt nh ha tan v khi lng phn t.
Cy khc nhau cha cc glucozid khc nhau nhng li c tc dng tng t nhau trn
tim - kch thch hot ng ca tim. Cc tc dng khc ngoi tim ca glucozid cng tim c
ta ra do hiu qu tng hp ca hai tc nhn trn (phn ng v khng ng ca tng cy
mt). Mi cy cn c mt kiu gy c khc ngoi tim. Cc glucozid cng tim cn c tc
dng trn ng tiu ha: tu tng cy, chng c th gy vim cata hay xut huyt rut cc
mc nng nh khc nhau. Mi loi ng vt u rt mn cm. ng bo da dng
nhng cy c cha glucozid cng tim ny lm thuc tm tn trong sn bn th trn rng.
* Triu chng: Cc glucozid cng tim u c tc dng c hiu n hot ng ca
tim; ng thi vn cn tc ng khc trong c th ngoi tim. au bng, lm ging, bun nn,
nn, tiu chy, co git. T chi lnh, nhit c th bnh thng hay gim thp. Mch nhanh
nhng yu (trm). H hp tng c v tn s v bin (th su). Lit v cht (trc khi cht
thng khng co git). Cc triu chng trn thng ko di khng qu 24 gi
* Bnh tch: Xc cht c cc biu hin: Vim cp hay chy mu d dy - rut. Mu
chuyn mu nu en, long khng ng cha y khp cc xoang trng trong c th.
* Cha tr: Nhanh chng loi tr tt c cht cha trong d dy v rut. ng vt nh
cho ung thuc gy nn sau tht ra d dy. Nga v tru, b dng thuc ty v tht ra
trc trng. Loi nhai li ch n s n nh ca vi sinh vt trong d c.
Hy nh rng: ch vi mt liu rt thp - mt cht l cn ng li lu trong d c c
th git cht ng vt.
Khng c thuc cha c hiu cho tng loi ng vt. Hin nay ang cha th nghim
theo hai cch sau
Ung procain 10 - 20 gam/con cu hay tru, b. C sau 4 gi li ung nhc li.
Ung Kali glutamate 10 - 25 gam/con cu hay tru, b.
Mt s trng hp ng c gia sc do n cy trc o.
- Mt tri chn nui gia sc Bac b cht 8 con nga trong 2 tun do l ca cy
Trc o ln vo c ct. Mi nga u cht t t, khng b m. Mt con nga Los Angeles
b cht do n phi cc mu ct nh ca l cy trc o ln trong b c ct vn. Cy ny
c ch gia sc trng lm hng ro quanh vn.
- Ti Los Angeles c mt nhm b b cht rt nhanh (t t) vi cc triu chng
khng in hnh. Khi kim tra tm c l ca cy Trc o trong b c kh. Cc b c
kh ny li c tm thy gn hng ro, ni c cy Trc o mc. L cy Trc o ri
ln trong b thc n kh. C 4 con b ci t b cht do chng n l cy Trc o khi ang
rt i. Trng hp khc, mt ngi ch chn nui b cht 15 con b hu b do bi chn
th v phi thc n cho gia sc cnh l t c cy trc o.
cy dng x Tn khc: cy lng kh, cu tch (bracken)
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151
* Nguyn nhn: Bnh thng ng vt khng thch n, nhng do b i hay thiu thc
n buc phi n cy ny trong 30 - 60 ngy hay lu hn. Khi gia sc n nhiu, trong thi gian
di cy ny, s b c. ng vt b ng c dng nh thng xuyn, b quanh nm, hay gp
nht vo ma kh, khi lng c gim.
*Triu chng: Hay gp trn loi n c, tru, b, nga thng b ng c do thiu
vitamin B1. Ln c biu hin khng r. Triu chng trn tru, cu khi ng c nh sau: Bnh
tin trin rt nhanh.
Xut huyt l triu chng hay gp nht. Chy mu c th nhn thy bt k ch no
trn c th: tit nim dch nhy c ln mu nim mc mi, ming. Da xut huyt... Chy mu
cc khoang trng trn c th. Vim rut, tiu chy ra mu. H huyt p, gim nhp tim. Kh
th do dch thm xut hay xut huyt thanh qun, cc kh qun. Nhiu khi ng vt cht m
cha kp quan st c cc triu chng trn do bnh tin trin qu nhanh. Thng cht sau 1 10 ngy. T l mc bnh ri m yu chim 20%. T l t vong cao. Triu chng c th b pht
hin trong khong thi gian 2 - 3 tun sau khi di chuyn n gia sc ti ng c mi.
* Bnh l: Nhn bit u tin i vi i gia sc l s gim cc t bo bch cu ht
v tiu cu mu ngoi vi. Chng chnh l cc t bo nhn khng l (t bo i thc bo)
tu xng. Gim th thc bo. Gim kh nng khng khi b nhim khun. Gim lng
thrombocytes gy nn bnh chy mu. Gim kh nng sn sinh t bo hng cu, nhng xut
hin chm hn bi v n c lin quan vi cuc sng lu di ca rbc mach mu ngoi vi.
Bc tranh v mu khi loi n c b ng c nh sau: Gim bch cu trung tnh. Gim
tiu cu mu v rbc b gim giai on sau. Vi cu: b gim hng, bch cu tng s thng gi l bnh sng mt
* Chn on phn bit vi cc bnhng c sau: Bnh leptospilosis, huyt nhim
khun, st pht ban, da b nhim bc x, nhim tia X, bnh say nng, nhim cc ho cht:
benzen, dinitrophenol, trinitrotoluene, cc cht khng chuyn ho - chng li s trao i cht diaminopurine, mercaptopurine, cht khng vitamin - antivitamin, cc thuc: aminopterin,
urethane, cc tc nhn kim sinh hc - nitrogen mustard (cy ci c nitrogen), triethylene
melamone gi l myleran - chng gy sm, tm da, tc nhn trichlorethylene c chit ra
t du u, mt s mui ca arsenicals.
*Cha tr khi tru, b b ng c: Dng khng sinh phng bi nhim. Truyn
mu, nht l cc nguyn t khong trong mu.
h c la min - orghum spp
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152
acid cyanhydrac t do bay vo khng kh. Sc vt n c kh s khng b c. Nhng trong c
non c khong 30% a cid cuanhydric, lng ny s gim dn v mt i sau 4 - 4,5 thng
* C ch: Tru, b, cu v nga u mn cm. Khi vo c th di tc dng ca dch
tiu ha v men phn gii c trng ca cyanogenetic glucozid, a cid cyanhydrac t do c
gii phng. Khi a cid cyanhydrac t do kh hot tnh ca men vn chuyn in t
cytochrome oxidase, c ch Fe+++ ca hng cu, gy methemogbin. Kt qu hng cu khng
vn chuyn c oxygen cho cc t bo.
* Triu chng: Vt s cht nhanh trong 30 pht n 2 gi, nhiu ch khng hiu l
do, vt gn nh khng b m. Khi cht vt c cc biu hin: chy nc bt, di nhiu; kh
th, ri lon vn ng cc chi, sau kit sc do c bp b co git lin tc, khng khng ch
c. Vt cht cn do lit trung khu h hp. Vi gia sc ci gy xy thai, non. Vi u sc
gy vim khp.
* Kim tra cht c: kim tra nng a cid cyanhydric trong mu c ti v cht cha
d dy ca sc vt.
* Bnh tch: Bnh cp tnh: vim cu thn c t huyt
Bnh mn tnh: vim lot i trng dng ht. Tn thng v thoi ho si thn kinh
cc t sng lng, khum, tu sng
Xut huyt nghim trng di da. Cc kh quan ni tng b xung huyt. Mu c mu
sng. l nhng biu hin c trng khi sc vt b trng c HCN trong thc vt. Ph
dc ng h hp. Dch nhy cha dy t mi, hu, thanh v cc nhnh kh qun - phi.
Ch : gia ng c cyannide v c la min c s ging nhau v c ch ho hc gy
ng c. Triu chng lm sng v mc tn thng.
+ Neuro lathyrism (dipeptide) c sn xut ra bi R - glutamyl - B - cyanoalanine.
+ Cyanide metabolism l sn phm tin thn ca dipeptidas.
+ Phn ng.
L - cystine + HCN == H2S + B - cyanoalanine (R - glutamyl transferase).
B - cyanoalanine ==== R - glutamyl - B - cyanoalanine.
* Cha tr: Truyn vo tnh mch 75 - 150 ml dung dch gm: 1% mui nitrat natri v
25% thiosulphat natri.
C ch gii c:
ferricytochrome + CN === Ferricytochrome oxidase cyanide
(Respiratory enzyme)
NaNO2 + Hb
=====
(R.E. inhibited)
Methemoglobin
MetHb + CN
==== Cyanmethemoglobin
(Temporary tie -up of cyanide)
Na2S2O3 + CN + O===SCN +
Na2SO4
(Sodium thiocyanata)
(Permanent tie - up of cyanide)
- S dng dung dch thiosulphat a vo d dy loai tr acid cyanhydric trong d
y. Cch pha ch dung dch gm 30% thiosulphat natri v 2% nitrite natri. Liu dng t 30
-50 ml/i gia sc; 10 -20 ml/tiu ga sc (cu, hu).
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153
- Chuyn ng vt ra khi khu vc ng c c cc cy c.
153
154
Amaranthus reetroflexus dng ti mc d qua la. Cc trng hp khc ln b m sau 2
- 3 ngy khi cho n cy Amaranthus reetroflexus c 5 - 10 ngy tu liu lng.
Cht c nitrate cng hay gy c cho loi n c. Khi trn bi chn th c ln cy
Amaranthus reetroflexus dng ti, non. Cng c khi gp tru, b b nhim c do cho n
c non c bn qu nhiu m, phn hay sau khi tri ma qua mt vi ngy lm lng
cht c, nht nitrate trong cy t nhin tng cao.
* Triu chng: Mi ng vt c d dy n v d dy kp u mn cm, tuy nhin
triu chng ca mi loi c khc nhau. Trc tin chng u c biu hin chn n, suy nhc,
sau chuyn sang co git, mt thng bng. c bit cc chi u b sng ty v vin cc khp
ngn, khp c chn b dnh cht ( ln triu chng ny rt r). Hu nh ng vt b sng, sau
ko l chi sau trc ri chuyn nhanh sang trng thi lit. Cui cng hn m v cht trong
trng thi nm nghing. Mt s trng hp khc li xut hin ph ni vng thp (dc bng,
ym). Lc hay b ph ton thn. Nhit vn bnh thng, khng tng nhng BUN li
tng. ng vt thng b cht sau 24 gi khi xut hin triu chng u tin, mt s nh cht
sau vi ngy.
Vi ng vt nhai li, vi sinh vt trong d c c kh nng bin nitrate trong cy thnh
amoniac tng hp protein. Sau prototzoa trong d c s thc bo vi sinh vt v s dng
thm cc gc adenin, guanin v uraxin tng hp nn a cid nucleic. Nh vy thng qua vi
sinh vt v protozoa cng sinh trong da c, loi nhai li s dng protein cao cp. Khi hm
lng nitrate trong cy cao s lm tng c tnh ca cy vi loi nhai li do lng d tha
nitrate khng c vi sinh vt s dng s hp thu vo mu gy methemoglobin. Khi trong
mu c khong 10% s hng cu b chuyn thnh dng methemoglobin, khi lng
cyanozid tip tc hp thu vo mu bo vo b mt hng cu lm mu ca hng cu chuyn
mu nu en. Kt qu ng vt cht do thiu lng oxy trong t chc t bo.
* Bnh tch: c t ca cy l c t thn (nephrotoxic) tn cng ch yu vo thn.
Bnh tch ch yu xut hin trn thn. Thn khng sng to nhng nht mu. V thn b xut
huyt. ngs thn b vim, thoi ho. Cu thn v b thn c si khng tan hay gp ln, tru,
b, t gp trn lc . Xt nghim nc tiu c nhiu t bo ng thn.
Ng c nitrate cp tnh thng gy bnh tch trn nim mc mt, mi, ming v da
ton c th mu tm ti. Mu mu nu en chocolat.
* Cha tr: Khng c thuc cha c hiu cho chng ph chn.
Cha methemoglobin bng cch tim tnh mch liu 4 ml/25 kg th trng dung dch
gm 1ml natri nitrit 20% v 3 ml dung dch natri thiosulphat 20%. Cng c th dng 2 - 3 g
xanh methylen/220 kg th trng pha thnh dung dch c nng 1 - 4% trong ng glucoza
5% truyn tnh mch.
Cy thng lc - tn khc: trng bt lo, kim tht nng
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155
*c t: Cht c c trong cy l do saponozid cng vi lng nh ca ancaloid v
phytolaccin. Cht c c trong ton cy, nhng r cha nhiu nht. Nhiu khi chi non ca
cy ny c dng lm rau xanh cho ngi. Tu trng hp, ma v, t khi thy c. Nhng
cng c nhng bng chng ghi nhn c t ca cy, c bit l r.
* Nguyn nhn: ng vt n c thng b nhim vo ma xun, do ma phn lm t
t nho, trong khi gm c chng ko c r ca cy t di t ln. Ma h kh, thc n
tt rt t khi gp sc vt nhim c. Cng c th do cy c ln trong c kh hay cc ht thc
n tinh: ng, thc, u dng ch thc n cho ng vt.
* Triu chng: Tru, b, cu mn cm vi cht c trong cy hn cc loi khc,
nhng ngng, nga v ln cng c th b ng c.
Cht c trong cy kch thch mnh nim mc ng tiu ho d dy - rut. Vt b nng,
sinh rt rut, thng tiu chy ra mu. Gim sn lng sa sau vi ngy vi b. Trng hp
nng gy dung huyt do saponozid. Giai on cui nhn thy vt b snh bng d di do c
trn b co tht. Sc vt b cht trong 6 gi do khng th c.
* Bnh tch: Bnh tch bin i r nht ng tiu ha. xung, xut huyt nim
mc d day - rut r. Ph bin l hin tng thiu mu. C th b dung huyt.
* Cha tr: Dng du v cc cht bo v nim mc ng tiu ha. Dng a cid acetic
long trung ha c t. Dng thuc kch thch v cc thuc cha triu chng khc. C th
truyn mu, cha cho tng c th ring bit khi cn.
Vic lm bt buc l tm ra cy c c ln trong kho.
Cy k u nga - cocklebur
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156
Loi nhai li: tru, b trng thnh nhn chung c sc chu ng cao hn tiu gia sc,
nhng vi b, ngh li mn cm hn. B ngh thng cht sau khi n 12 gi hay cht ngay.
Nhiu con b m do b kch thch qu mn, xut hin nhng cn co, git ni u, cc trn khp
cc c bp l triu chng kh in hnh.
*Bnh tch: D dy b kch thch mnh gy xung, xut huyt mnh. Gan xut huyt,
mu vng, th nhm. Cht c ch yu tn cng vo gan. Bnh l ca gan bin i t t
ging nh trng c c t nm mc. ng thn b thoi ho. Xt nghim nc tiu c nhiu t
bo ng thn. Trn ln bnh s gan tin trin rt r, nhn r t bo gan b hoi t.
* Cha tr: Dng cc cht gy nn v kh c l bin php hiu qu nht. Ngn cn
s hp thu cht c vo c th bng cch cho vt ung du thc vt hay m ln. Ch y gi m
cho c th l iu kin bt buc.
Cn thit tim physostigmine vo bp liu 5 - 30 mg/con tu trng lng; tim nhc
li sau 30 pht n 1 gi.
Nhng cy ging keo giu Cassia spp senna
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157
con vt. Thng vi loi nhai li ly li s cn bng ng tiu ha phi mt khong vi
tun.
Cy thu du tn khc: u ta, du sinh, t sinh.
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158
thu du. Cht c gy ty mnh l croton resin. Croton chnh gm croton-anbumin v
croton- globulin l protein thc vt c vi nguyn sinh cht t bo nim mc sut dc nim
mc ng tiu ho t d dy n rut. i khi cn lm ng vn mu. Du ba u c c
gn gp 30 ln so vi du thu du.
Cht c ancaloid, monocrotaline c ly ra t C. sagittals v C. retusa rt nguy
him. Cc cht ancaloid, monocrotaline va gy c cho t bo d dy - rut va gy ng
vn mu. Cht chit ly ra t ht C. spectabilis t c nht, khng gy ng mu. Kh nng
nhim c cng rt khc nhau iu ny cn ty thuc loi ng vt.
Cht c ca C. spectabilis rt c vi gia cm, dng nng 0,05% ht s c ch tc
ln ca gia cm con, nng 0,3% s c 100% g con cht sau 18 ngy. Trn g trng
thnh cht sau 30 - 60 ngy.
B, ngh c nng 120 - 130 kg b cht bi 0,4 kg ht trong 4 ngy. 2 gam ht
lm cht mt ln 22 kg trong 7 ngy.
c ca C. giant atriata thp hn. Tru, b, nga, cu, ln c th chu c nng
5% trong khu phn n. Vi gia cm li rt c ch 0,1% c biu hin ng c. Ht C.
retusa c hn C. spectabilis.
* Nguyn nhn: ng vt n c cng c th b nhim c do n phi cy c mc trn
ng c, hai bn ng ln trong cy thc n. Cng c khi n phi ht c trong khu phn.
Vi ln l c th gy c mnh hn ht do mt phn ht c trong khu phn khng
c hp thu ng tiu ha. Nhng cht c c trong cy C. rentusa khi dng vi nng
thp li c tc dng kch thch tiu ha, khng c biu hin c.
* Triu chng: Tru, b, nga, la, cu, d, ln v gia cm u mn cm. vt nui b
nhim c hai th cp v mn tnh.
- Th cp tnh: Xut hin triu chng u tin sau khi n cy 24 gi, v cht sau 96
gi. Biu hin: chn n, vim ming, hng do du kch thch gy phng, rp. au bng d di
do d dy rut b kch thch, tiu chy phn ln mu. Mch nhanh, yu, huyt p h. Khi cht
mu vn tip tc chy ra hu mn.
- Th mn tnh: Thng ko di 2 - 6 thng vi cc triu chng pht trin dn. Nga,
la c th cht khong 6 - 8 thng sau khi n cy vi liu thp v c nhc li thng xuyn,
c bit c con cht trong 1 - 2 tun. Triu chng bnh mn tnh: gim cn, chn n, suy sp.
C tru, b, ln v gia cm u c trng thi b kch thch mnh ng tiu ha d dy, rut
nn b sinh bng, tiu cha thng xuyn.
* Bnh tch: Gan b x v thoi ha l biu hin u tin, nhn bn ngoi gan b sn
si, ni u, cc cun ln. Do gan b bnh nn tht ln b vng. Thn tru, b b xut huyt.
Theo Berry v Bras chnh ancalois ca crotalaria l c t hepatotoxic gy bnh tch ca gan.
* Cha tr: Th cp tnh sau khi dng thuc ty mnh cho vt ung nc lnh hay nut
cc gim kch thch ng tiu ho, gim sinh bng. Dng thuc cha triu chng nh
cc thuc bo v nim mc ng tiu ha bo v gan. Cn thit c th truyn mu.
Cy mc kn - tn khc cy bm bm, may kho, sinh keyeng
158
159
* c im thc vt: Cy mc hoang hay c trng mt s tnh min ni: Lng
Sn, Cao Bng, Ha Bnh, Bc Cn, Tuyn Quang, H Ty, Thi Nguyn Trong dn
thng dng qu n hay p du, v cy dng thuc c.
Cy g mc ph bin, cao khong 3 - 5 mt, l kp chn vt chung mt cung gm 5 - 7
l cht hnh mc thun. Khi trng c 4 - 5 nm cy s cho qu. Mt cy cho khong 25 kg.
Ra hoa vo thng 3 - 4, thu qu thng 9 - 10. Qu chm, trong qu cha 1 - 3 ht, mu shocola.
* c t: Trong cy cha glucozid: aesculin, fraxin, c mt saponozid c c vi c
v ngoi k sinh trng, cy A. glabra willd cn c ancaloid - narcotic. C v, qu, ht v l
u cha cht c.
* Tri chng: ng vt n c hay b trng c t ng tiu ha: tru, b, cu, nga.
Cc triu chng: nn, v thc, hong lon, dn ng t mt xut hin nhanh sau khi n. Vi c
bp, lc u xut hin co git sau chuyn sang lit, hn m ri cht. Vi nga gy snh bng.
* Cha tr: Ung thuc ty, than hot tnh, lng trng chng. Dng thuc kch thch
h thn kinh, chng hn m.
Cy ban - tn khc in vng, in c vng, nc si, chm hng
159
160
* c im sinh vt: Cy tho sng hng nm, thn, c gi ging nh cy hnh, l hnh
bn di 30-40cm, rng khong 2cm. Cm hoa trn ngn cy gm 6-8 hoa. Qu nang. Cy mc
cc nc vng ng Nam : Nht bn, Trung Quc. Nc ta hin c trng lm cnh.
* c t: Ton cy, c bit thn gi c cc cha ancloid: narxipotein, narxisin c
cho gia sc.
* Nguyn nhn: Tru, b, d, ln... u mn cm., ng vt n phi thn c ca cy
do ngi o ln vt b quanh vn hay trn b rung ln trong c.
* Triu chng: Triu chng xy ra nhanh ngay sau khi sc vt n phi vi cc triu
chng sau: Trn ln nn, ma, tiu chy.
Vi loi n c gy vim i trng, to bn. Thn nhit tng, th nhanh, sau chuyn
sang suy sp ton thn, chn n, sinh bng, co git c. Sang ngy th 2 th 3 bnh nng hn.
* Cha tr: Dng thuc bo v nim mc v thuc ty. Trc tin ung cc cht kt
ta, hp ph cht c: t st, tanin, than hot. Sau ung thuc ty. Kt hp iu tr triu
chng ca tng loi ng vt.
Cy cn c poisonhemlock cy cn ty, mi ty
160
161
Tn khoa hc Nicotiana tabacum L Thuc l, Nicotiana. rustica L
Thuc lo. H C Solanceae
* Nguyn nhn: Thng cy c mi nn ng vt khng n, chng b nhim c l do
n phi c c cha thuc bo v thc vt.
* c t: Trong ton cy cha cht c nicotin, tp trung nhiu trong l chuyn mu
vng. Nicotin rt c vi ng vt mu nng. LD50 trn chut 58 - 60 mg/kg th trng. Vi
ngi 20 - 60 mg tu mn cm ca h thn kinh. Liu gy cht ti thiu nga 200 -300
mg; cu 100 - 200 mg; ch, mo 20 - 100 mg/con. Liu c trn tru, b 4,5 mg/kg th trng.
Tru, b trng thnh n 300 - 500 gam thuc kh c th cht.
* C ch: c cht hp thu tt qua da tn thng, nim mc ng tiu ho, h hp.
Thuc tc dng trc tip ln c h thn kinh trng ng v thn kinh t ng. Trn cc si
thn kinh, n tc dng vo synap thn kinh. Giai on kch thch thng qua i rt nhanh v
ri vo trng thi c ch. ng vt cht do b lit c h hp, gy ngt th.
Nicotin tc dng mnh trn thn kinh t ng, trc tin kch thch hch ph giao cm
lm tt huyt p, tng phn tit ca cc tuyn: nc bt, dch d day, rut gy tiu chy, tng
tit m hi, gy co ng t. Sau chuyn sang kch thch giao cm gy tc dng ngc li:
tng huyt p, dn ng t. Khi c hai hch u lit s gy co git, lm run c.
* Triu chng: Vi ng vt thng xy ra rt nhanh ch vi pht sau khi nhim. Vt
khng yn tnh, thi phn ba bi, chy nhiu di, nht. Bnh tch khng in hnh.
* Cha tr: Khng c thuc c hiu. C th dng thuc ra d day nh thuc tm
0,1%, ung thuc ty, than hot tnh hay nc a cid acetic long. Dng thuc tr sc, tr tim.
bch hoa x Tn khc ui cng, cy chin, bm bm tch lan
161
162
162
163
Tu loi, kch thc rn. Thng cc loi rn nh (rn lc xanh), tu lng nc t
nhng li c c rt nguy him. Tu thi gian b ko di k t lc b cn n khi cha. Ty
loi ng vt b cn, tui, trng lng v trng thi ca ng vt khi b rn cn. S rng c
(rng chnh l nc). V tr rn cn: u, mnh hay t chi. Hng tn cng ca nc c: thn
kinh, sinh l h hp, tun hon...
Ph thuc loi ng vt b rn cn: ch mn cm vi nc c ca rn hn mo. Ln
ty thuc tng c th v v tr cn. Nu ln b cn vo phn m s khng c phn ng. Nga
khng hon ton vi nc c ca rn.
Bng 7.5: Bng so snh v cng nc c ca cc loi rn
Lng nc/ln cn
170 - 325
0,40
Rn cp nong n
8 - 20
0,09
Rn ui chung Nga
13- - 250
0,08
Rn h mang chu u
30 - 70
0,04
Rn bin i ty dng
4 - 20
0,01
130 - 200
3,68
370 - 720
1,68
Rn ui chung bin Bc
75 - 160
1,29
50 - 90
0,21
40 - 72
10,92
2-6
0,97
Loi rn
163
164
Vt thng bn ngoi dng thuc tm ri ra ph hy nc c ca rn. Trong s cc
bin php nu trn, vic dng thuc c hiu cha rn cn vn l bin php c hiu qu nht.
* Nc c ca rn ui chung cn
Triu chng khi b rn ui chung cn: Ph, ni ban v tr cn, cng c khi ban
khp ngi, hay ch mt phn c th gn v tr cn hoc mt chi b cn. Rt au do vt cn
sng ty rt nhanh, c khi sng cng cc chi. Vt rt kht nc, i ung lin tc. Shock qu
mn rt quan trng vi ng vt nh, t khi gp ng vt ln. Bun nn, nn, tiu chy vi
ng vt nh. Chn n do qu au. C triu chng thn kinh, hay b lit na ngi pha chi
sau. Rt kh th, c bit khi b cn vo mi, mm. Nu cn mi, da mi b trc, chy nc
c bt si ra l mi. M do mt sng qu to, mt nhm cht khng m c. Mu chy c
khi hng gi. Sau vt cn b vim cc b
Kh nng gy c ca nc rn cn ph thuc ma trong nm. Thng ma xun khi b
ng rn s cn vng u, gy nguy him nht. c bit ch quan st loi rn cn c bin
php tch cc, ph hp khi tm thuc cha.
b. Nc c ca loi b st c 4 chi - Lizards
C nhiu loi b st, trong ch s t cha nc c: loi Gila manster Helodema
suspectum; loi Mexican beaded lizard c Heloderma horridum.
K nhng ca Caliornia - Taricha torosa. Chu u - Triturus spp; Tai Anh - UNK c
Bombia spp
* c im chung ca b st c nc c.
C hm rng chc, khe, trong c 4 tuyn c nm cnh 4 rng ca. c bit, tt c
4 rng c c u mc chia ra ngoi. Khi sn mi, mi loi b st u dng ming cn gi
con mi. Sau khi cn, nhim v ca cc rng ca l truyn nc c ngm vo c th ng vt
b. Thng thng hng ngy, nhng con c c khi sn mi hay giu mnh, nm gi cht,
khng tn cng.
* Triu chng: Trc tin au, ph ni cn, sau c th au, sng ton thn. Shock,
nn, thn kinh trung ng b suy nhc.
c. Nc c ca loi lng th Amphibian.
Nhn chung cc loi lng th (sng c nc v trn cn) u c cc tuyn tit cht
nhn du trong da. Mc ch gi cho da lun lun m t, mt s loi cn nui trng n
thnh con ngay trn lng. C th kim tra s pht trin ca tuyn di da bng cc do hiu
lc ca c t vi h tun hon. Trong s cc loi lng th, cn lu loi cc - toad. Tt c
cc u c nhiu mn tuyn nm di da vi mc ch chng li s tn cng ca ng vt sn
mi, c bit ch nh. Ng c thng xuyn v hay gp l ch nh.
Nhng cc c cha c t: Loi Bufo alvarius c Colorado river toads. Loi Bufo
marinus c Marine toads. Loi Dendrobates Spp c Arrow poison frogs (ch c sng trung
tm chu M).
Cht c ca cc loi cc v ch trn u cha trong tuyn di da, nhiu nht nm
cnh mang tai, ngay sau mt. c t ca chng c tc dng ging nh glucozid cng tim.
Tu theo loi, c loi rt c nh Dendrobates. spp ln ln bng cch n con nhi.
nc ta loi cc ph bin l Bufonis melanostictus, trong cc ta, cc mt rt c. Tht
cc khng cha cht c, nhng do khng bit cch lm, nha cc - thim t (rt c)
164
165
dnh vo tht. Nha cc rt c do cha cc cht c dc tnh mnh nh: cholesterol, a cid
ascocbic, cc cht gy dung huyt, tc dng trn h tim, mch, huyt p: bufogin, bufotalin,
bufotoxin...
* Triu chng: Trn ch. Tng tit nc bt, c th suy nhc nhanh, lon nhp tim,
ph, tng huyt p, co git v cht trong khong 15 pht.
* Cha tr: Ra sch mm, mi ch bng mc vi.Tim atropin c ch tit nc bt;
thuc ng chng co git, truyn calxium - gluconat. Cn thit c th tim thuc chng shock
d ng bng phenoxybenzamine hay propranolol cha lon nhp tim.
d. Nc c ca Lp nhn - Arachnids
* Cc nhn c c
Nhn en ca s - lactrodectus mactans gy co tht c bp.
Nhn Tarantukas - Eurypelma spp c c trung bnh.
Nhn nhiu mu: en, violet, vng... loi ny rt c.
Nhn sng quanh nh, trong cc t cha nn ngi v gia sc rt d b cn. Tuy vt
cn nh, nhiu khi khng gy au nhng li gy st, c th suy nhc, bun nn, nn, xut
huyt, mu chy khng ng.
* Cha tr: Dng cc thuc cha triu chng.
e. Nc c ca Lp cn trng - insects
* Ong c
Gm ong bp cy Black hornet - Vespula macuaat.
Ong c nhiu vch en xen ln vng Wasps - Polistes spp.
Ong mt (Apis honey) - Apis mellifera.
Ong to mnh c lng (Bumble bee) - Bumbus californicus.
* Cht c ca nc ong Apis cerana, apis mellifica
Ong thng t khi tn cng gia sc, c th lm cht gia sc, gia cm, nht l ong rng.
Mc mn cm ca ng vt vi nc ong khc nhau tu v tr t, s lng ong t. Vi
ng vt, loi vt mn cm nht. V tr t cng gn thn kinh trung ng (vng u) cng
nguy him.
Thnh phn ho hc ca nc ong thay i ty theo loi ong, Ong b v, ong t c nc
rt c. Thnh phn ca nc bao gm: axetylcholin, histamin, cc amino acid t do, cc
protein, cc enzyme: cholinesteraza, hyaluronidaza, nhiu loi dehydrogenaza v
photpholipaza - A. Cht gy c l mellitrin c tnh kim v mt lng ln a cid mercuric.
Khi b ong t, di tc dng ca hyaluronidaza, cc cht c trong nc ong c
phn tn rt nhanh vo t chc xung quanh vt t gy au but, rt, sng... Nu b nhiu ong
t c th tt huyt p.
Cht mellitrin c trong nc ong c ch h thng thn kinh, gy dung huyt.
Photpholipaza - A thc y s s dung gii hng cu, gii phng hemoglobin do bin
leuxitin thnh ioleuxitin gy dung huyt.
* Triu chng: au, sng cc mt cn. Cng c vi trng hp gy shock, d ng
165
166
vi sc vt nh nhng con vt qu mn cm. Khi b qu nhiu con cn, s gy sng, au
ton c th, vt c th cht sau vi pht n mt gi. Phn ln triu chng trn ng vt khi
b ong t, cn trng cn ch gy triu chng vim cc b. Khi b ong t, ni t ng vt c
cm gic au, triu chng chung b kch thch, nng gy ri lon nhn thc, co git, tt huyt
p, dung huyt. Phi b ph, ri lon hot ng siu lc thn.
* iu tr: Dng thuc iu tr triu chng: adrenalin thuc gim au, thuc chng vim...
f. Kin c c
Kin la - Solenopsis xyloni
Kin mt mui - Pogonomymex californicus.
* Triu chng: Ch au, sng nt cn. Cng c vi trng hp gy shock, d ng nu con
vt qu mn cm. Khi b qu nhiu con cn, s gy sng, au ton c th, vt cht sau vi pht
n mt gi.
2. 2. Ng c cht c ng vt
a. Ng c do n c nc fugu ocellatus
C khong trn 60 loi c nc khc nhau sng vng bin m, nhiu nht vng bin
n , Thi Bnh Dng. Trong s ny ch c mt s c c. C nc c do cha cc cht
c: Ciguatoxin, cht ny tan c trong lipt v nc. Hai cht khc: aminopehydroquinazolin,
tetrodotoxin. Cc cht c tp trung ch yu ph tng: gan, rut, trng v da bng. c
ca c nc tng cao trong ma trng (t thng 2 - 7).
Cc cht c ca c nc khng b nhit ph hu. Ngc li, khi nu chn lm
tng thm c. Tht c nc khng cha cht c, nhng do khi sn, bt, a c vo kho
bo qun lm cht c. Khi c cht hay b lm dp cc ph tng, trng c. Cht c t ngm
vo tht gy ng c. Do vy khng nn n nhng con c b i, p nt. Chn con ti, loi
b ht ph tng, trng v da.
Triu chng trn ngi, tu theo loi, lng c c c n vo v trng thi c th. S
ng c xy ra sau khi n 30 pht n 30 gi. Nn nhn thng b t trn mi, li, kin b
t chi. Sau nn ma, vng u, au khp mi ni, ng t rn, lit, tt huyt p, da tm ti.
Nn nhn cht do lit h hp. T l t vong cao, trn 60% trong vng 1 - 24 gi nu khng
cp cu kp thi. Theo Phc in c (Nht Bn), ch n 10 gam tht c nc c th b ng c
v cht. Trn ng vt, vi ch n 0,01 mg/kg cht sau 30 pht. Tim 4 mg/kg th trng cng
lm cht th.
b. Ng c do n phi loi nhuyn th
Loi ho Mytilus oedulis c cha cht rt c mytilotoxin gy chng mt bun nn,
tiu chy, t, lit tay chn, bn chn, lo lng. Sau cht do b lit c h hp. Trong loi ho cn
c loi ho Mytilocongestin cha c t hng ng tiu ho gy tiu chy, xung, xut
huyt ton b nim mc ng tiu ho tu lng c t n phi... Khng phi tt c loi ho
u c, ch c mt s con c bit, khi n phi bit chn.
Cu hi n tp
1. K tn cc cy c cha ancaloid v glucozid c hay gy ng c cho vt nui?
2. K tn cc nhm cht c chnh c trong cy v tc hi ca chng?
166
167
3. Nguyn nhn, c ch, triu chng, bnh tch v cch cha tr khi vt nui ng c
glucozid cha cyanide? nu cc cy c cha cyanide ?
4. Ngun gc, triu chng, bnh tch v cch cha tr khi gia sc trng c glucozid cng
tim?
5. Ngun gc, triu chng, bnh l, cch chn on, cha tr khi gia sc ng c cy
dng x, cy thng lc, c la min, cy k u nga, cc cy thuc h trinh n, cy
thu du, cc cy ba u, cc cy thuc l, thuc lo, cy bch hoa x?
6. c t, triu chng, bnh tch v cch cha tr khi gia sc ng c do ung nc trong
ao h c cha to c?
7. Nguyn nhn ng c cht c c ngun gc ng vt?
8. Nu cc loi cht c c ngun gc ng vt hay gp Vit Nam?
9. Trnh by cc bin php phng chng ng c cht c c ngun gc ng vt?
167
168
3. Nguyn Th D. T vn chn on v x tr nhanh ng c cp. NXB Y hc, 2004.
4. Gary D. Osweiler. Veterynary Toxicology. Iowa State Univercity Press/AMES, 1996
5. u Ngc Ho, L Th Ngc Dip. Nm mc v c t Aflatoxin trong thc n chn nui.
NXB Nng nghip, 2003.
6. Henry J. A. H. M. Wismen. Management of poisoning. World Health Organisation, 1997.
7. Phm Khc Hiu c cht hc th y. Gio trnh Sau i hc. NXB Nng nghip, 1998.
8. Konie H. Plumlee. Clinical veterinary toxicology. Iowa State Univercity Press/AMES,
2003.
9. Trn Cng Khanh. Cy c Vit Nam. Nhim c - Gii c v cch iu tr. Nh xut
bn y hc 1992.
10. Dng Thanh Lim. c cht hc. Trng i hc Nng lm TP H Ch Minh, 2001.
11. tt Li. Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Y hc, 1999.
12. Susan E. Aiello. The Merck veterinary manual. 8th edition, 1998.
13. Wallace A. Hayes. Principles and methods of toxicology. Third edition, 1998.
14. Wolfdietrich Eichler. Toxicants in food. Nguyn Th Thn dch. NXB Khoa hc k thut.
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169
mc lc
Trang
Phn A: c cht hc i cng
Chng I
mt s vn c bn v c cht hc
1. Mt s khi nim
1.1. c cht hc
1.2. Cht c
1.3. Ng c
2. ng hc ca cht c
2.1. S xm nhp ca cht c
2. 2. S phn b cht c
1.3. S chuyn ho cht c
1.4. S o thi cht c
3. C ch tc dng ca cht c
3.1. C s phn t ca tn thng t bo do ng c, nhim c
3.2. C ch gy c c trng trn c quan, t chc
3.3. nh hng c hi ca cht c
4. Cc yu t nh hng n tc dng ca cht c
4.1. Cc yu t thuc v cht c
4.2. Cc yu t thuc v c th
4.3. Cc yu t mi trng
Chng II
Chn on v iu tr ng c
1. Chn on ng c
1.1. Khi nim
1.2. Chn on ng c
1.3. Ly mu cho cc xt nghim chn on ng c
1.4. Chn on phn bit
2. iu tr ng c
2.1. Loi cht c ra khi c th
2.2. Ph hy hoc trung ha cht c bng cc cht khng c
2.3. Hi sc cp cu v iu tr triu chng
1. i cng
1.1. Nguyn nhn gy nhim kim loi nng
1.2. Tc hi ca cc kim loi nng
1
1
1
2
7
8
8
10
12
14
14
15
20
23
25
26
27
31
35
35
35
35
40
43
44
44
47
49
51
51
51
51
51
169
170
2. Ng c cc cht c v c
2.1. Ng c kim loi nng
2.2. Ng c cc cht c v c khc
Chng IV
Ha cht bo v thc vt
1. i cng
1.1. Phn loi cc ha cht Bo V Thc Vt.
1.2. S tn lu ca ho cht bo v thc vt trong mi trng
1.3. c tnh v c lc ca ho cht bo v thc vt.
2. Ng c cc ha cht bo v thc vt
2.1. Ng c cc hp cht phospho hu c:
2.2. Ng c cc hp cht carbamat
2.3. Ng c cc hp cht clo hu c
2.4. phng ngi v gia sc nhim c ho cht bo v thc vt
3. Thuc dit chut
3.1. Phn loi thuc chut
3.2. Cc thuc dit chut
Chng V
Ng c thuc th y
1. i cng
1.1. Nguyn nhn
1.2. Bin php phng
1.3. Hin tng d ng thuc
1.4. Tc dng ph ca thuc
2. c tnh ca mt s thuc th y
2.1. Thuc khng sinh
2.2. Cc cht st khun
2.3. Thuc h st, gim au v chng vim
52
52
65
71
71
71
73
75
75
75
85
88
95
97
97
97
100
100
100
100
101
103
103
103
108
110
Chng VI
c t nm mc
112
112
112
112
113
113
114
114
170
171
3. Cc bin php phng chng c hi ca c t nm mc
3.1. Cc bin php hn ch s pht trin v lan nhim ca nm c trong
lng thc, thc phm, thc n chn nui
3.2. Cc bin php kh c t nm mc
126
126
128
Chng VII
cht c ngun gc thc vt, ng vt
132
132
132
140
153
153
156
171